Nicotiana tabacum, Tobacco, Taamraparna, Dhuumrapatraa

Nicotiana tabacum L.
(Spelling variations: Nicotiana tobaccum, Nicotiana tobacum)
Family: Solanaceae

Vernacular names: Ahisi, Aka, Akomi, Cauai, Chandi, Charhû, Chiri, Chiri Tseri, Chomak, Cutz, Cuutz, Erba Regina, Erba Tornabona, Erva Santa, Fumo, Fumo Commum, Hece, Henbane of Peru, Herb à la Reine, Hici, Hici Pvkpvki, Hini, I’pa, Iri, Istewaw, I’tci, Iúri, Kshátey, Kuutz, Lapscon, Mannah Sha, Morqona, Nicotiane, Non-Ni-Hi, Ojenqua, Paich, Paimbá, Pai’mba, Peenti, Petim, Petima, Petum, Petume, Petun, Pinaji, Pistacan, Pori, Punche, Rombo, Rome, Romu, Rume, Sairi, Sayri, Se’ma, Seri, Shahuano, Shiña, Ssina, Taaba, Tabac, Tabacco, Tabacco di Virginia, Tabac Commun, Tabac Mannoque, Tabaco, Tabaco Bobo, Tabaco de Oler, Tabak, Tac, Tambacu, Tamrakuta, Tanbak, Theyamah, Tobacco, Tombaca, Tsaang, Tsa’lu, Tsiña, Tsit, Tütün, Twahko, Uar, Uenaña, Upook, Uppówoc, Virginischer Tabak, WX’ru, Yan Cao, Yani’, Yapo, Yemats, Yen Ts’ao, Yerba de la Reina, Yerba del Embajador, Yerba del Gran Prior, Yetl, Yiri, Zèb a la Rèn, Pogaaku, Tambaaku, 

Activity: Acaricide, Analgesic, Anorectic, Anticonvulsant, Antidote, Antidote , Antiparasitic, Antiseptic, Antispasmodic, Aphrodisiac, Cathartic, CNS-Stimulant, Convulsant, Curare, Deobstruent, Depressant, Discutient, Diuretic, Emetic, Expectorant :45); Febrifuge, Fumitory, Fungicide, Hemostat, Hypertensive, Hypotensive, Insectifuge, Intoxicant, Larvicide, Laxative, Molluscacide, Narcotic, Parasiticide, Pediculifuge, Piscicide, Poison, Psychedelic, Purgative, Respirostimulant, Sedative, Sialagogue, Vermifuge. [Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America]

Dominican Medicinal Uses
Leaves: poultice, topically, for wounds, skin infections, bug bites, sinus infection and headache.
Safety: Cases of toxic effects in humans have been reported due to ingestion of the dried leaf or nicotine and excessive exposure to the fresh leaf.
Contraindications: Pregnancy, lactation, children under 5 years.
Laboratory & Preclinical Data: In vitro: acaricidal, antifungal, insecticidal (methanolic leaf extracts); antifungal (seed). [Dominican Medicinal Plants: A Guide For Health Care Providers Second Edition]

Cured leaf poultice for postpartum pain. Fertility disruptant [Ethnomedicinal Plants - Revitalization of Traditional Knowledge of Herbs]

The leaves are useful in dental caries, dyspepsia, asthma, scabies, skin diseases, ulcers, painful tumors. [Herbal Cures: Traditional Approach]

Leaves—decoction is locally applied for muscle relaxation in dislocation, strangulated hernia and orchitis. Also for arthralgia, lumbago, rheumatism and gout (an ointment is made by simmering the leaves in lard). Not used internally as a medicine. 

The plant contains nicotine as the major alkaloid. Toxic influence of cigarette and bidi smoking on carboxyhaemoglobin levels of the blood of regular smokers was compared and no significant difference was observed in both of them. A pyrolysed tobacco product, used in India as a dentifrice, when administered to rats, showed activity comparable to benzo(a)pyrene, a potent carcinogen.  [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

Chemical Constituents: 2,3,6-Trimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone: Pl, 2-Methylquinone: Lf smoke, 2-Naphthylamine: Lf, 3-Hydroxypyridine: Lf smoke, 3-Hydroxypyridine: Lf smoke, 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pirydyl)-1-butanol:, Lf, 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pirydyl)-1-, butanone: Lf, 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)butyric, acid: Lf, 4-(Nitrosomethyloamino)-1-(3-pirydyl)butyric, acid: Pl, 4-(Nitrosomethyloamino)butyric acid: Pl, 4-(N-nitrosomethyloamino)-4-(3-, pirydyl)butyric acid: Pl 0.01-0.95, 4-Aminobiphenyl: Lf smoke, 6-Methyl-3-hydroxypyridine: Lf smoke, Abienol, cis: Pl, Abscisic acid, â-D-glucopyraoside: Stigma, Abscisic acid, cis-2-trans-4: Petiole, Abscisic acid, methyl ester: Stigma, Abscisic acid: Petal, Cy, Ovary, Style, Stamen,, An, Stigma, Acetaldehyde: Lf, Acetamide: Lf, Acetic acid: An, Acetonitrile: St, Acetophenone, 3-4-dimethoxy: Lf, Rt, St, Bk,, Tw, Acetophenone: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Acrolein: Lf, Acrylonitrile: Lf, Actinidiolide, dihydro: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Actinidol, 3-oxo: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Adenine, 6-benzyl: Call Tiss, Aesculetin: Lf, Agropine: St 7%, Alainine: Sd, Alanine, phenyl: Sd, Albumin: cured Lf, Alkyl-2-cyclope, smoke, Alkyl-2-hydroxy-2-cyclope, smoke, Amine, N-nitroso-diethanol: Lf, Amine, N-nitroso-dimethyl: Lf, Amyrin, â: Lf, Anabasine, N'-formyl: Lf 4.3–8.6, Anabasine, N'-methyl, (2'S): Pl, Anabasine, N'-nitroso: Lf, Anabasine, N-methyl: Lf, Anabasine, N-nitroso: Lf, Anabasine: An, Anatabine, N'-formyl: Lf, Anatabine, N'-methyl: Lf 1, Anatabine: An, Rt, Anatalline: Rt 10.4, Anethole: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Aniline-HCl: Lf smoke, A, A, Arachidic acid: Lf, Areginine: Sd, Arginine: Pl, Aristolochene, 5-epi: Pl, Aspartic acid: Sd, ATP: St, Avenasterol, 7-dehydro: Sd, Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid: Pl, Basm-4-en-6-one, 7-8-epoxy: Lf, Basman-6-one, 1(R)-3(R)-3(R)-epoxy-4(S)-, 8(S)-dihydroxy, (2S-8S-11R-12S): Fl, Basman-6-one, 1(R)-3(R)-epoxy-4(S)-8(R)-, dihydroxy, (2S-7R-11S-12S): Fl, Benzaldehyde, 3-4-dimethoxy: Lf, Rt, St, Bk,, Tw, Benzaldehyde: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Benzene, 1-2-4-trihydroxy: Lf, Benzene, allyl: Lx (St), Benzene, N-propyl: Lx (St), Benzene, tert-butyl: Lx (St), Benzo-(A)-a, Benzo-(A)-fluorene: Lf 4.9 ìg/100 Cig, Benzo-(A)-pyrene: Lf 1.7 ìg/100 Cig, Benzo-(F)-fluora, Cig, Benzo-(G-H-I)-perylene: Lf 0.3 ìg/100, Cig, Benzo-(K)-fluora, Cig, Benzo[e]pyrene: Smoke, Benzofuran, octahydro, 6-hydroxy-4-4-7-(A)-, trimethyl: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Benzoic acid: Lf 36, Benzonitrile: Lf, Benzopyrene: Lf, Benzoquinone, 1-4: Call Tiss, Rt, Lf, Benzyl acetate: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Benzyl alcohol: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Bicycle-(4-4-O)-decan-9-one, 1-3-7-7-, tetramethyl-2-oxa: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Bicyclo-(4-4-O)-dec-5-en-9-oe, 1-3-7-7-, tetramethyl-2-oxa: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Bicyclo(5.4.0)-undecan-3-one, 4-oxa-7(R)-11-, 11-trimethyl, (1S): Lf 0.016, 3-(Nitrosomethyloamino)propionic acid: Pl, Bicyclodamascenone A: Lf EO, Bicyclodamascenone B: Lf EO, Biphenyl methane: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Bipyridine, 2-3': Pl, Bipyridyl, 2-3', 5-methyl: Lf 0.9, Bipyridyl, 2-3': Lf, Bipyridyl, 2-3'-5-methyl: Lf 11, Blumenol A â-D-glucopyranoside: Lf, Blumenol C: Lf 0.23, Brassicasterol: Sd, But-2-en-4-olide, 3-(4-methyl-1-pe, Lf 0.002, But-3-en-2-one, 3-methyl: Lx (St), Butan-1-ol, 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-4-(3-, pyridyl): Lf, Butan-1-one, 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-, (3-pyridyl): Lf, Butan-4-olide, 4-ethyl: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Butane-2-3-dione: Lx (St), Buten-2-al: Lx (St), But-trans-2-en-1-one, 1-(2-3-6-trimethylphenyl):, Lf, Butyraldehyde: Lf, Butyric acid, N, caffeoyl-4-amino: Pl, Butyric acid, N, N-caffeoyl-4-amino: Bd, Butyric acid: Lf, Butyronitrile, 1: Lx (St), Cadinene, Ä: Lf, Cadinenol: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Caffeic acid: Lf, Calamanene: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Campest-7-en-ol: Sd, Campestanol: Sd, Campesterol acyl glycoside: Lf, Campesterol ester: Lf, Campesterol glycoside: Lf, Camphor: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Capnos-11-ene-2-10-dione, 4-6-8-trihydroxy:, Fl, Capnos-12(20)-en-2-one, 8(R)-11(S)-epoxy-, 4(S)-6(R)-dihydroxy, (1S-3R-7R): Fl, Capnos-12(20)-ene, 4(S)-6(R)-diol, 2(R)-, 11(R), 8(R)-11(R)-diepoxy, (1S-3S):, Fl, Capric acid: Lf, Caproic acid: Lf, Capronic acid, iso: An, Capsidiol: Pl, Capsidol: Rt, Carboxylase, ribulose-diphosphate: Pl, Cardinene, ã: Lf, Carotene, â: Call Tiss, Carotene: Lf, Carvone: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Caryophyllene, â: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Catechol: Lf, Cedrene, á: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Cedrol: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Cembr-2-en-12-one, 4-6-dihydroxy-7-8-epoxy-, 20-nor, (1S-2-trans-4S-6R-7R-8R): Fl, Cembra-2-6-12-(20)-triene-4-8-diol, 11-, hydroperoxy: Lf 0.1, Cembra-2-7-11-trien-6-one, 4(R)-hydroxy,, (1S-2-trans-4R-6R-7-trans-11-trans): Fl, Cembra-2-7-11-trien-6-one, 4(S)-hydroxy,, (1S-2-trans-4S-6R-7-trans-11-trans): Fl, Cembra-2-7-11-triene-4-6-diol, (1S-2-trans-, 4R-6R-7-trans-11-trans): Fl, Cembra-2-7-11-triene-4-6-diol, (1S-2-trans-, 4S-6R-7-trans-11-trans): Fl, Cembra-2-7-11-triene-4-6-diol, á: Lf, Cembra-2-7-12 (20-triene-4-6-11-triol),, (1S-2-trans-4S-6R-7-trans): Fl, Cembra-2-7-dien-12-one, 4-6-dihydroxy-20-, nor, (1S-2-trans-4S-6R-7-trans): Fl, Cembra-2-7-diene-4-6-diol, 11-12-epoxy,, (1S-2-trans-4R-6R-7-trans-11-trans): Fl, Cembra-2-7-diene-4-6-diol, 11-12-epoxy,, (1S-2-trans-4S-6R-7-trans-11-trans): Fl, Cembra-3-7-11-15-tetraen-6-ol: Gum, Cembra-trans-2-12(20)-dien-6-one, 4(S)-8(R)-, 11(S)-trihydroxy, 1(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-12(20)-dien-6-one, 4(S)-8(S)-, 11(S)-trihydroxy, 1(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-12(20)-dien-6-one, 8(R)-, 11(S)-epoxy-4(S)-hydroxy, 1(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-12(20)-diene-4(S)-6(R)-7(S)-, triol, 8(R)-11(S)-epi-dioxy: Fl, Cembra-trans-2-12(20)-diene-4(S)-6(R)-7(S)-, triol, 8(R)-11(S)-epoxy, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-8(19)-12(20)-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-7(R)-11(S)-tetraol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-8(19)-12(20)-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-7(S)-11(S)-tetraol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-en-6-one, 8(R)-11(S)-epoxy-, 4(S)-12(R)-dihydroxy, 1(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-11-diene-4-(S)-6(R)-, diol, 7(R)-8(R)-epoxy. 1(S): Lf, Cembra-trans-2-trans-11-diene-4(S)-6(R)-diol,, 7(S)-8(S)-epoxy, 1(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-12-dien-6-one, 8(R)-, 11(S)-epoxy-4(S)-hydroxy, 1(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-12(20)-trien-4-ol,, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-12(20)-triene-4(R)-, 8(S)-11(S)-triol, (1S): Fl 14.5, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-12(20)-triene-4(S)-, 8(S)-11(S)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-diene-4-12-diol, 8-11-, epoxy, (1S-4S-8S-11R12S): Lf 0.01, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-trans-10-triene-4(R)-, 8(S)-12(R)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-trans-10-triene-4(R)-, 8(S)-12(S)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-trans-10-triene-4(S)-, 8(S)-12(R)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-trans-10-triene-4(S)-, 8(S)-12(S)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-trans-11-triene-4-6-, diol, 4-O-methyl, (1S-4R): Lf, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-trans-12-trien-4-ol,, 8-11-epoxy, (1-2-4-R-8R-11S): Lf 0.03, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-trans-12-trien-4-ol,, 8-11-epoxy, (1S-4S-8R-11S): Lf 0.2, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-trans-12-triene-4-6-, diol, 12-hydroperoxy, (1S-4R-6R-12S):, Lf, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-10-triene-4-6-, diol, 12-hydroperoxy, (1S-4S-6R-12R):, Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-10-triene-4-6-, diol, 12-hydroperoxy, (1S-4S-6R-12S):, Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene, 4(S)-, 10(S)-dihydroxy, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-10-one,, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-10-one,, 4(R)-6(R)-dihydroxy, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-4(R)-, 6(R)-10(R)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-4(R)-, 6(R)-10(S)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-4(R)-, 6(R)-13(R)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-10(R)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-10(S)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-12(20)-triene-4(R)-, 6(R)-11(S)-triol, (1S): Fl 36.1, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-12(20)-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-11(R)-triol, (1S): Fl 9, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-12(20)-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-11(S)-triol: Lf, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-12(20)-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-diol, 10(R)-11(R)-epoxy, (1S):, Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-12(20)-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-diol, 10(S)-11(S)-epoxy, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-12(20)-triene-4-6-diol,, 11-hydroperoxy, (1S-4R-6R-11S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-12(20)-triene-4-6-diol,, 11-hydroperoxy, (1S-4S-6R-11S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-cis-11-triene-4(R)-, 6(R)-10(S)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-cis-11-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-20-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-dien-6-one, 11(S)-, 12(S)-epoxy-4(S)-hydroxy, 1(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-diene-4(R)-6(R)-diol,, 11(R)-12(R)-epoxy, 2(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-diene-4(S)-6(R)-, 11(S)-12(R)-tetraol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-diene-4(S)-6(R)-diol,, 11(R)-12(R)-epoxy, 1(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-diene-4(S)-6(R)-diol,, 11(S)-12(S)-epoxy: Lf, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-diene-4-6-diol, 11-12-, epoxy, (1S-4R-11S-12S): Lf 0.09, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-10-trans-6-one,, 4(S)-12(S)-dihydroxy, 1(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-10-triene-4(R)-, 6(R)-12(R)-triol, (1S): Fl 13.3, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-10-triene-4(R)-, 6(R)-12(S)-triol, (1S): Fl 21.7, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-10-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-12(R)-triol, (1S): Fl 20.5, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-10-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-12(S)-triol: Lf, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-4(R)-, 6(R)-diol: Lf, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-diol: Lf, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-4-6-, diol, 4-O-methyl, (1S-4R-6R): Lf, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-4-8-, diol, 4-8-di-O-methyl: Lf, Cembratriendiol, á: Lf, Cembratriendiol, â: Lf, Cembrene: Lf 0.031, Cembrenodienol, á: Lf, Cembrenodienol, â: Lf, Cerotic acid: Sd, Cerotic acid: Sd, Chlorogenic acid: Lf, Chlorophyll A: Call Tiss, Chlorophyll B: Call Tiss, Cholest-7-enol, 4-á-methyl: Sd oil, Cholest-7-enol: Sd oil, Cholesta-7-24-dien-3-â-ol, 4-á-24-dimethyl:, Sd, Cholesta-7-24-dien-3-â-ol, 4-á-methyl-24-, ethyl: Sd, Cholesta-8-24-dien-3-â-ol, 4-á-14-á-24-, trimethyl: Sd, Cholestanol: Sd, Cholesterol acyl glycoside: Lf, Cholesterol ester: Lf, Cholesterol glycoside: Lf, Cholesterol, 24-methylene: Sd oil, Cholesterol: Sd oil, Choline, phosphatidyl: Pl, Choline: Pl, Chrysene: Lf smoke 5.1 ìg/100 Cig, Cineol, 1–8: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Cinnamonitrile, dihydro: Cured Lf, Cinnamyl alcohol: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Citric acid: Lf, Citronellol: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Citrostadienol: Sd oil, Clerosterol: Sd, Coenzyme Q-10: Pl, Collidine,ã: Lf, Coniferyl alcohol: Lf smoke, Cotinine: Lf 95.9, Cotinine: Lf, Coumarin: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Cresol, m-: Lf, Cresol, ortho: Lf, Cresol, para: Lf, Crotonaldehyde: Lf, Cupalene: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Cupalene: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Curcumene, á: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Cycloartanol, 24-methylene: Lf, Cycloartanol, 31-nor: Sd, Cycloartanol: Sd oil, Cycloartenol, 24-methylene: Sd oil, Cycloartenol, 31-nor: Sd oil, Cycloartenol: Lf, Cycloeucalenol: Sd oil, Cyclohex-2-en-1-4-dione, 2-6-6-trimethyl-4-, methylene: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Cyclohexanone, 4-hydroxy-2-2-6-trimethyl:, Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Cyclohexanone, 4-hydroxy-3-3-5-trimethyl:, Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Cyclope, carboxylic acid: Lf, Cyclope, St, Bk, Tw, Cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid-1-amino: Call, Tiss, Cyperone, á, 2-keto: Lf, Cysteine: Sd, Damascene, â, 3-hydroxy: Lf EO, Damascene, â, 3-hydroxy: Lf, Rt, St, Bk,, Tw, Damascene, â, 4-hydroxy: Lf EO, Damascene, â, 8-9-dihydro, 3-hydroxy:, Lf EO, Damascene, â: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Damascenone, â: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Damascenone: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Daucosterol: Lf, Debneyol, 1-â-hydroxy, 12-O-â-D-glucoside:, Lf 7.4, Debneyol, 1-hydroxy: Pl 3, Debneyol, 7-epi: Pl 1.1, Debneyol, 8-hydroxy: Pl 3, Debneyol: Pl, Deca-cis-2-trans-4-dienoic acid, 6-iso-propyl-3-, methyl-9-oxo: cured Lf, Decane: Smoke, Deca-trans-2-trans-4-dienoate, 9-oxo-6-isopropyl-, 3-methyl, methyl: Lf, Deca-trans-2-trans-4-dienoic acid, 6-iso-propyl-, 3-methyl-9-oxo, (–): LfJ, Deca-trans-2-trans-7-dienoic acid, 6-iso-propyl-, 3-methyl-9-oxo: cured Lf, Deca-trans-4-9-dienoic acid, 3-hydroxy-6-isopropyl-, 3-methyl-9-(5-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-, 2-yl): Lf, Dec-trans-4-en-9-one, 1-3-dihydroxy-6-isopropyl-, 3-methyl, (3-å-6-å): 0.009, Dec-trans-4-enoic acid, 3-å-hydroxy-9-oxo-, 3-å-methyl-6-(S)-iso-propyl: Cured, Lf, Dec-trans-4-enoic acid, 3-hydroxy-6-iso-propyl-, 3-methyl-9-oxo, (6S): Lf 0.037, Dec-trans-4-enoic acid, 3-hydroxy-6-iso-propyl-, 3-methyl-9-oxo: Lf 0.008, Dehydratase, Ä-amino-levulinic acid:, Call Tiss, Dehydrogenase, NADP-linked-glyceraldehyde:, Pl, Docosan-1-ol: Lf, Dodeca-trans-6-trans-9-dienoic acid, 3-psihydrohy-, 4-psi-9-dimethyl: Cured Lf,  and many more [Medicinal Plants of The World – Vol.3]
Selected Published articles of  Nicotiana tabacum

Jacquemontia pentantha

Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) G. Don
Family: Convolvulaceae
Common name: Skyblue Clustervine, Pentantha

Description: Climbers, the stems herbaceous, pubescent to glabrate. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, 3-6 cm long, basally cordate, apically acuminate, glabrate. Flowers in dense cymes, usually with 1-2 flowers opening at any one time. Sepals ovate to lanceolate, acute to acuminate, 4-5 x 2-4 mm, pubescent. Corolla mostly blue, sometimes white, 2 cm long. Fruit capsular, globose, brown, glabrous. Seeds brown, 2.5 mm long, glabrous.

Morinda pubescens, Indian Mulberry, Maddi, Achyuta, Paphanah, Manchanari

Morinda pubescens J. E. Sm.
Family: Rubiaceae

Synonyms: Morinda tinctoria Roxb., Morinda tomentosa Heyne ex Roth, Morinda tinctoria, Morinda tomentosa, Morinda tinctoria var. tomentosa

Common name: Indian Mulberry
Hindi:औछ Auch, आल Aal
Kannada:ಮಡ್ಡಿ Maddi
Konkani:बारतोंडी Bartondi
Malayalam:Manjapavitta, Kattapitalavam, Manjanathi, മഞ്ഞപ്പാവട്ട Manjappaavatta, Pavitta
Marathi:बारतोंडी Bartondi, Aseti, धौला Dhaula
Oriya:Pindra, Achu
Others:Indian Mulberry, Togari Wood Of Madras, Morinda, Noni
Sanskrit:अक्षिकिफल Akshikiphala, अच्युत Achyuta, Paphanah
Tamil:நுணா Nuna, மஞ்சணாறி Manchanari, Mannanunai, Mannanatti,
Telugu:తొగరు Togaru, మడ్డి Maddi
Urdu:Togar Mughalai
Kannada: Haladipavette, Maddi
Chinese: Ran liao ji yan mu.
French: Morinda des teinturiers.
Malay : Kudu kras (Java), Mengkudu padang (Indonesia).
Thai :   สลัก ป่า  Salak paa, ยอ ป่า Yo paa, Khu.

Deciduous trees, to 12 m high, bark pale brown, thick, vertically fissured and irregularly cracked; blaze turmeric yellow. Leaves simple, opposite, decussate; stipules interpetiolar, connate, sheathing, bifid at apex; petiole 5-20 mm long, stout, pubescent, grooved above, glabrous; lamina 7.5-25 x 2-8 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, oblanceolate or elliptic-oblong, base acute, cuneate or attenuate, apex acute to acuminate, margin entire, pubescent or tomentose, chartaceous; lateral nerves 7-12 pairs, pinnate, prominent; intercostae reticulate, slender; domatia present. Flowers bisexual, white, in terminal, globose heads; calyx limb truncate; corolla 2 cm long; tube 1 mm long, villous within; lobes 4, oblong, recurved; stamens 4, attached to the throat of corolla; anthers exserted; ovary 1.5 mm, 2-celled or incompletely 4-celled, inferior; style 4 mm; stigma 2 lobed. Fruit a syncarp, 15-18 mm across, globose, pyrenes 4, oblong; seeds not winged.

10 Published articles of Morinda pubescens

Euphorbia tirucalli Bleistiftstrauch Thirukkali sanna jemudu

Euphorbia tirucalli L.
Family: Euphorbiaceae

Synonyms: Arthrothamnus bergii Klotzsch & Garcke, Arthrothamnus ecklonii Klotzsch & Garcke, Arthrothamnus tirucalli (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke, Euphorbia geayi Costantin & Gallaud, Euphorbia laro Drake, Euphorbia media N.E.Br., Euphorbia rhipsaloides Lem., Euphorbia scopaha N.E.Br., Euphorbia suareziana Croizat, Euphorbia viminalis Mill. [Illegitimate], Tirucalia indica Raf., Tirucalia tirucalli (L.) P.V.Heath, Euphorbia rhipsaloides Willd., Euphorbia media var. bashawei N.E.Br., Euphorbia tirucalli var. rhipsaloides (Willd.) Chev.

Telugu: సన్న జెముడు sanna jemudu, Pullajimada
Malayalam: Thirukkalli, തിരുക്കള്ളി, Guda, Kodikalli, Kolkalli, Pasam, Katerumakkali
Tamil: Thirukkali
Kannada: Mundukalli
Deutsch: Bleistiftstrauch
Bahasa: Patah tulang (tumbuhan)
Japanese: ミドリサンゴ
Português: Avelós
Russian: Молочай тирукалли
Vietnamese: Cây xương khô
Chinese: 绿玉树, lü yu shu
Kinyarwanda: Umuyenzi
Spanish: aveloz, consuelda, esqueleto
French: euphorbe antivenerien
Maori (Cook Islands): ‘āmangamanga

Shrubs; branchlets terete, succulent, articulated. Leaves deciduous, 5-10 mm long, linear-oblong, base cuneate, apex obtuse to subacute. Cyathia clustered in the forks of the branchlets, shortly pedicelled, mostly female. Involucre campanulate; glands 3-5, transversely oval, peltate, lobes short, hairy; appendage 0. Male florets bracteolate, bracteoles laciniate at tip. Styles short, recurved, 2-lobed. Capsule 5 mm, globose, cocci compressed, velvety. Seeds ovoid, smooth.

96 Published articles of Euphorbia tirucalli

Bixa orellana, Annato, Lipstick Tree

Bixa orellana L.
Family: Bixaceae

Common names: Annato, Annatto, Annatto Plant, Annatto Tree, Arnatto, Arnotto Dye Plant, Lipstick Plant, Lipstick Tree, Lipsticktree, Yellow Dye.

Vernacular names: Arabic: Galuga; Bangladesh: Latkan, Utkana; Brazil: Acafroa, Acafrao Do Brasil, Acafroeira, Da Terra, Anato, Annato, Anoto, Colorau, Urucu, Urucu, Urucu Bravo, Urucu Da Mata, Urucu-Bravo, Urucu, Urucum (Portuguese); Bulgarian: Achiote, Ačiote, Aчиoтe; Chamorro: Achiote, Achoti; Chinese: Hong Mu, Yan Zhi Mu, Yan Zhi Shu; Columbia: Achihuite; Cook Islands: ‘Uaeva (Maori); Côte d’Ivoire: Kuiguehe (Kru-Guere); Creole: Chiot, Woukou Rocou; Czech: Annata; Danish: Annatobusken, Orleantra, Smorfarvetra; Dutch: Achiote, Anatto, Annotto, Orleaan, Rocou; Eastonian: Annatopoosa, Varvibiksa; Fijian: Nggesa, Nggisa, Qesa; Finnish: Annaatto; French: Achiote, Annato, Atole, Rocou, Rocouyer, Roucou, Roucou (West Indies), Roucouyer; German: Anatto, Anattosamen, Anattostrauch, Annatto, Annattosamen, Orleansamen, Orleansbaum, Orleansstrauch, Orleanstrauch, Orleanstrauch Orlean-Strauch; Ghana: Daagyene, Konin (Akan-Asante), Dagyiri (Brong), A’jama (Ga), Bernitiku (Gbe- Vhe), Brsfo Agyama (Twi), Daagyeni (Wasa); Guatemala: Achiote (Mayan); Guinea-Bissau: Djanfarana (Crioulo), Djambarana (Fula-Pulaar); Hawaiian: ‘Alaea, ‘Alaea La‘Au, Kūmauna; Hungarian: Bjoul, Orleanfa, Orleanfa, Ruku; India: Jolandhar, Jorot Goch (Assamese), Kong, Kuombi, Latkan, Lotkan, Sindure (Bengali), Sinduri (Gujarati), Gowpurgee, Latkan, Latkhan, Senduria, Sinduria, Sinduriya, Vatkana (Hindi), Aarnatu, Arnattu, Bangaara Kaayi Bangarakayi, Bhangarakai, Bhangarakayi, Chaayulitha, Chayalitha, Jaaphra, Jaaphredu, Japhredu, Japrero, Kappu Mankaali, Kappumankala, Kesari, Kesari Rangu, Kuppamanhale, Rangamalar, Rangamali, Ranggida, Rangoomalai, Rangu Maale, Rangu Malle, Rangumale, Rungamali, Sannajabbale, Sannajapali (Kannada), Korangumunga, Korungoomungal, Kurangamanchil, Kurannamannal, Kurannumannal, Kuppamanjal, Kuppamannal (Malayalam), Ureirom (Manipuri), Kaesari, Kesari, Keshri, Kesui, Kesuri, Kisri, Sendri, Shendri, (Marathi), Rawngsen (Mizoram), Jampra, Lotkons, Rawngsen (Oriya), Karachhada, Raktabija, Raktapushpa, Shonapushpi, Sindurapuspi, Sinduri, Sindurpushpi, Sunomala, Trivapushpi, Virpushpa (Sanskrit), Amudadaram, Amutataram, Amuttaram, Amuttiram, Aruna, Avam, Camankalikam, Cappira, Cappiran, Carani, Caruni, Curanacanimaram, Curattunacani, Irakumancal, Iram, Jaffra-Maram, Japhara, Kantukam, Karankumankal, Konkamaram, Konkaram, Konkaramam, Konkaramaram, Konkarayam, Konkari, Kunkumam, Kunguman, Kuppaimancal, Kurakumancal, Kurankumancal, Mancatti, Mancitti, Manjitti, Nakamucikai, Nakamucikaimaram, Naravam, Naravu, Naravucaram, Punkavi, Sabara, Sappiravirai, Sappiravirai, Tumpacitamaram, Turumam, Uragumanjai, Uragumanjal, Varagumanjalmantiravanci, Vennaivirai (Tamil), Jaabara, Jaabura, Jaapharaa Chettu, Jabaru Kaya, Jabura, Jaffra, Jaffrachettu, Jafra (Telugu); Indonesian: Galuga, Galinggem (Sundanese), Galuga, Kasumba Kling, Pachar Kling, Somba Kling; Italian: Annatto, Anotto; Japanese: Achiote, Anatoo, Anatto, Beni No Ki, Beninoki; Khmer: Cham´ Puu, Cham´ Puu Chraluek; Korean: A Chi O Te, A Na To, A-Ci-O-Te, A-Na-To, Achiote, Anato, Bik Sa Sok; Laotian: Kh´Am, Somz Phuu, Satii; Malaysia: Jarak Belanda, Kesum, Kesumba, Kesumba Kling, Kunyit Jawa, Sumpeh, Suntak; Nahuatl: Achiote, Achiote Caspi, Achiotl; Nepalese: Sindur, Sindure; Nigeria: Uhie, Uhie (Igbo), Ufie, Uhia Nkum (Igbo-Ibusa), Ula, Ula Machuku (Igbo-Onitsha), Uhie Ņkū, Uhie (Igbo-Umuahia), OVun Bukẹ (Yoruba); Palauan: Burek, Burk; Panama: Achote; Papua New Guinea: Pen; Philippines: Achuete (Bikol), Sotis (Cebu Bisaya), Asoti (Ibanag), Achiti, Achuete, Asuite, Atsuite (Iloko), Apatut (Gaddang), Achuete (Panay Bisaya), Chotes (Samar-Leyte Bisaya), Achuete, Atsiute (Sambali), Chanang, Janang (Sulu), Achote, Achoete, Achuete, Asuti, Atseuete (Tagalog); Polish: Arnota, Arnota Właściwa; Portuguese: Acafroa, Acafroa Do Brasil, Acafroeira-Da-Terra, Acafroa-Do-Brasil; Puerto Rico: Anatta, Annato, Bija, Bija, Bijol, Chacuanguarica, Pumacua; Russian: Achiote, Annato, Biksa, Biksa Orel´Ina, Pomadnoe Derevo; Samoan: Loa, Loa; Serbian: Orlean-Drvo; Sierra Leone: Yellow Dye (English), Kamgo- Poto (Bulom-Kim), Bundu (Kono), Red-Red (Krio), Kudonia (Limba-Tonko), Mbundona (Loko), Mbunds, Pu-Bunds (Mende), Kamonyi (Susu), Lugbagbel-La (Susu-Dyalonke) A-Kam- A-Loli (Temne); Slovak: Anatto; Spanish: Achioytello, Roucou; Swahili: Mzingefuri; Swedish: Annattobuske; Tahitian: ‘Uaefa; Thai: Kam Set, Kam Saed, Kam Tai, Kham Faet, Kham Ngae, Kham Ngo, Kham Saet (Bangkok), Kham Thai, Sati; Togo: Berniticu (Gbe-Vhe), Kirane (Tem- Tshaudjo); Turkish: Arnatto; Venezuela: Onoto; Vietnamese: Dieu Nhuom, Ht Iu Mau, Siem Phung; Yapese: Rang. [Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants]

Bixa orellana (achiote, kachá) Family Bixaceae Shrub or small tree 2–10 m, sap orange. Leaves alternate, stalk 2–10 cm long, blade 5–20 cm long, 3–18 cm wide, heartshaped to broadly elliptical, tip pointed, veins palmate at base, pinnate above, shiny green. Flowers white or pink, radially symmetrical, about 5 cm wide, showy, petals 5, 2–3 cm long, broadest near apex, slightly overlapping, anthers numerous, yellow; inflorescence of  branched clusters, pollinated by bees; blooms Aug.–Feb. Fruit becoming dry, dark red, 2–4 cm long, elliptical, covered with soft spines, splitting apart to reveal seeds covered with an orange fleshy coat. [A Field Guide to Plants of Costa Rica].

Plant Part Used: Seed coats, leaves.
Dominican Medicinal Uses: The powdered seed coats are traditionally combined with other plants to make a tea or vegetable juice drink for treating anemia, cysts, dysmenorrhea, tumors, uterine fibroids and to support post-partum recovery. The seeds coats and/or leaves are also used externally for topical burns, injury and musculoskeletal trauma.

Safety: The seeds and seed coats are generally regarded as safe and commonly used as a culinary flavoring and coloring agent. Animal studies have shown this plant to be relatively nontoxic, although allergic reactions reported.

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity; history of allergic reaction.
Laboratory & Preclinical Data: The seed extract has shown the following activities in animal studies: anti-inflammatory, chemopreventive,

hyperglycemic. In vitro the plant extract has demonstrated antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial and antiplatelet effects, and the seed extract has

shown anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activity. [Dominican Medicinal Plants: A Guide for Health Care Providers Second Edition]

The leaves have been used to treat snakebites. and jaundice and the seed is considered a good cure for gonorrhoea. The bark of the root is used to treat fever and as an aperient. In Cambodia, the leaves are a popular febrifuge while in Indonesia, water in which the leaves are rubbed is poured over the head of children with fever. In Malaysia, the leaves are used in a postpartum medicine and in the Philippines the leaves are pounded in coconut oil and heated, then applied to the abdomen to relieve tympanites. Pastes of the fresh leaves are rubefacient and used in dysentery. In Vietnam, lotions or baths of leaves are used during fever. Its unripe fruits are emollient in leprosy. Alcoholic extracts of seed coat are taenifuge and laxative.] Decoctions of barks are used for catarrh. Infusions of seeds are used to treat asthma and excessive nasopharynx mucus production. Traditionally, it is also used as a gargle for sore throats and oral hygiene. In Trinidad and Tobago, the leaves and roots are used for hypertension, diabetes and jaundice. Leaves and seed pods are used as a female aphrodisiac. [A Guide to Medicinal Plants - An Illustrated, Scientific and Medicinal Approach]

Seeds and latex used for tumors, cancer, and condyloma. Seeds gargled with vinegar and rice water for cancer of the mouth. Leaf infusion used in Costa Rica to prevent baldness. Leaf infusion gargled for tonsilitis. Bolivians press leaves on aching body parts. Seeds are reportedly aphrodisiac, astringent, cordial, expectorant (laxative and vermifuge), and febrifugal. Astringent febrifugal fruit pulp is used for dysentery and kidney disease. The reddish paste is applied as an unguent to burns. Considered a cosmetic, dye, food, hair dressing, medicine, ornamental tree, and vitamin source. In India, where the useful ornamental weed tree has established itself, as it has pantropically, leaves are used for jaundice and snakebite, the root bark for fevers, including malaria. Fruits are considered astringent and laxative. The plant is also recommended for gonorrhea (MPI). The hot water extracts potently inhibit lens aldose reductase, perhaps due to isoscutellarein. [CRC Hnand Book of Medicinal Spices].

305 Published articles of Bixa orellana

Nymphaea pubescens Kumuda

Nymphaea pubescens Willd.
Family: Nymphaeaceae
Hindi: Kokaa.
Manipuri: Tharo angouba
Tamil: வெள்ளாம்பல் VeLLAmbal
Sanskrit: कुमुद Kumuda
Bengali: Shaluk
Malayalam: Neerambal, സുന്ദരി ആമ്പൽ
Kannada: Kannaidile
Assamese: Nal
Catala: Nimfea pilosa
Farsi: نیمفائه پاب‌اسکنس
Svenska: Bronslotus
Thai: บัวขม
Chinese: 柔毛睡蓮
Vietnaamese: Súng đỏ Ấn Độ
Swedish: bronslotus

10 Published articles of Nymphaea pubescens

Euphorbia hypericifolia, Chamaesyce hypericifolia

Euphorbia hypericifolia L., Chamaesyce hypericifolia
Family: Euphorbiaceae

Synonyms: Anisophyllum hypericifolium (L.) Haw., Chamaesyce boliviana (Rusby) Croizat, Chamaesyce glomerifera Millsp., Chamaesyce hypericifolia (L.) Millsp., Ditritea obliqua Raf., Euphorbia boliviana Rusby, Euphorbia glomerifera (Millsp.) L.C.Wheeler, Euphorbia papilligera Boiss., Euphorbia decumbens W., Euphorbia hypericifolia var. maculata Klotzsch

Common names: Graceful Sandmat, Graceful spurge, large spotted spurge, milk purslane
Chinese: tong nai cao
Spanish    golondrina, lechera, lechosa
Marshallese: bwilbwilikkaj
Palauan: karkar
French Guiana: marie claire
Surinam: melkie tiekie

Activities — Antipyretic, Astringent, Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Emmenagogue, Hemostat, Laxative, Narcotic .
Indications  — Abrasion, Bleeding, Buccal Ulcer, Callus, Cancer, Colic, Coma, Constipation, Diarrhea, Dysentery, Dysuria, Fever, Gynecopathy,

Intestinal Ailment, Leukorrhea, Marasmus, Menorrhagia, Ophthalmia, Respirosis, Ringworm, Sclerosis, Stomatosis , Toothache, Tumor, Uterosis,

Wart, Water Retention. [Handbook of Medicinal Herbs]

Whole plant: Used to treat syphilitic blennorrhoea. In a cataplasm for cephalalgia. Seed:Drastic purgative. [Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana)]

Patent & Published articles of Chamaesyce hypericifolia:
1. Traditional Chinese medicine oral liquid used for treating dysentery and strengthening body resistance, comprises Brucea javanica, radix curcumae, flos Lablab, pseudoginseng, and Euphorbia hypericifolia herb
Patent Number: CN102671149-A, Patent Assignee: HUANG Y

2. Chamaesyce hypericifolia (L.) Millsp., a newly naturalized Spurge species in Taiwan
Chen, Shih-Huei; Wu, Ming-Jou
Taiwania  Volume: 49   Issue: 2   Pages: 102-108   Published: June 2004

Canscora diffusa Kilwar Jeerakapullu

Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.
Family: Gentianaceae
 
Synonyms: Canscora diffusa var. tenella C.B.Clarke, Canscora diffusa var. tetraptera Naik & Pokle, Canscora decurrens Dalzell, Canscora foliosa D.Don, Canscora khandalensis Santapau, Canscora kirkii N.E.Br., Canscora lancifolia Miq. ex C.B.Clarke, Canscora lauri C.B.Clarke, Canscora lawii Wight, Canscora pauciflora Dalzell, Canscora rubiflora X.X.Chen, Canscora stricta Sedgw., Canscora tenella Wall, ex Wight, Canscora tenella Wall., Cobamba dichotoma Blanco, Exacum diffusum (Vahl) Willd., Exacum erectum (R.Br.) Roth, Exacum tenellum Wall. [Invalid], Gentiana diffusa Vahl, Orthostemon erectus R. Br., Striga esquirolii H. Lev.,

• Marathi: किलवर Kilwar
• Hindi: भुई नीम Bhui Neem
• Malayalam: Jeerakapullu
• Marathi: किलवर Kilwar, titavi, yavotchi
• Others: Kilwar, Canscora, Irula : Poolaikkida, Jeerakapullu

Description: Stem 4-angular. Lower leaves 2 x 1.5 cm, elliptic, petiolate; upper ones ovate, sessile, 3-ribbed, glabrous. Cymes terminal; bracts ovate. Flowers many; pedicel 1 cm long, filiform; calyx 6 mm long, wingless, 5-toothed, glabrous; corolla white, 9 mm long, tube cylindrical, lobes lanceolate, acute; two stamens fertile, two sterile. Capsule 5 mm long, linear-oblong. (Dr. N Sasidharan, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi)

3 Published articles of Canscora diffusa

Butea monosperma Palash Moduga 229 Published articles

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taubert
Family: Leguminosae
Synonyms: Butea braamania DC., Butea frondosa Roxb., Butea frondosa Willd., Butea frondosa var. lutea (Witt.) Maheshw., Butea monosperma Kuntze, Erythrina monosperma Lam., Plaso monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze, Plaso monosperma var. flava Kuntze, Plaso monosperma var. rubra Kuntze, Rudolphia frondosa (Willd.) Poir., 

Deciduous trees, to10 m high, bole crooked, irregular; bark 5-6 mm thick, grey to greyish-brown; exudation red; branchlets densely tomentose. Leaves trifoliate, alternate; stipules small, lateral, cauducous; rachis 12-20 cm long, stout, pubescent, pulvinate; stipels subulate; petiolule 5-10 mm long, stout, pubescent; lateral leaflets 8.8-13.7 x 5.5-11 cm, broadly oblong-ovate or suborbicular, base oblique, apex obtuse, terminal leaflet 11-15 x 12.5-15 cm, widely rhomboid, base obtuse, apex emarginate, silky pubescent on both sides when young, glabrous above, silky pubescent beneath when mature, margin entire, coriaceous; lateral nerves 4-8 pairs, pinnate, prominent; intercostae scalariform, prominent. Flowers bisexual, 5 cm long, bright red, in terminal or axillary, densely fascicled, racemes; calyx broadly campanulate, teeth 5, deltoid, short, upper 2 connate, velvety; corolla much exserted; petals 5, standard petal 5 x 2.5 cm, lanceolate, clawed, wings falcate 4.5 x 1.5 cm adnate to keel, keel united 4.5 x 3 cm, curved; stamens 9 + 1; vexillary stamens free; anthers uniform; ovary 2.5 cm, inferior, 1-celled, ovules2; style long, incurved, beardless; stigma small. Fruit a pod, 12.5-28 cm long, oblong, the base flat, wing-like and indehiscent, the tip splitting round the apical seed; seed obovate, compressed. (Dr. N Sasidharan, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi)

Common names: Flame of the Forest, Bastard teak
Assamese: বিপৰ্ণক bipornok, কিংশুক kingxuk, পলাশ polax
Bengali: পলাশ palash
Gujarati: કેસૂડો kesudo, ખાખરો khakhro, પલાશ palash
Hindi: ढाक dhak, पलाश palash, टेसू tesu
Kannada: ಮುತ್ತುಗ muttuga, ಪಲಾಶ palasha, ವಾತಪೋಥ ಮರ vaatapotha mara
Kashmiri: पलाश् palash
Konkani: पळस palas
Malayalam: ചമത chamata, കിംശുകം kinsukam, പ്ലാശ് plaas
Manipuri: পাঙ গোঙ pangong
Marathi: ढाक dhak, पळस palas
Nepali: पलाँस palans
Oriya: ପଳାଶ palasha
Pali: किंशुक kimshuka, पलाश palasha
Punjabi: ਢਾਕ dhak, ਪਲਾਸ palas
Sanskrit: किंशुक kimshuka, पलाश palasha
Tamil: கிஞ்சுகம் kincukam, பலாசம் palasam
Telugu: కింశుకము kimsukamu, పలాశము palasamu, మోదుగ Moduga
Tibetan: rgya skyegs sin, tshos-sin
Urdu: ڐهاك dhak

Ayurvedic uses: Arsha, Grahani, Gulma, Vrana, krimi roga, daha, Meha, Mutrakrucchra, Rapktapitta, raktavikara, Trishna, vaata rakta, pliha roga,

netrasula, kandu. (API)
Prevention of Pregnancy: young leaves of Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub. (palasa) homogenously mixed with cow's milk as a slow sterilizer;

Powdered seeds of Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub. (palasa) mixed with country liquor is given for three days after menstruation;
Termination of Pregnancy: ash of seeds of Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub. (palasa) with latex of Ferula alliacea Boiss. (bahlikam) and cow's milk.
Ethnic communities of Mayurbhanja (Orissa) use seeds as contraceptive, whereas ethnic societies of Kannanore (Kerala) employ flowers in infertility. Many tribal communities of India use different parts of the plant for treatment of many diseases. According to the Atharva Veda, the extract of stem is beneficial for sperms and helps securing conception. In Ayurvedic system the leaves are regarded as sex stimulant and useful in menorrhagia, while flowers as sex stimulant. Further, different parts of the plant are considered of medicinal importance in Ayurvedic, siddha, unani, and allopathic systems of medicine. In modern medicine the usefulness of alcoholic extracts of bark, flower in the physiology of reproduction is acknowledged.
The bark is useful in diarrhoea, dysentery, intestinal worms, bone fractures, gonorrhoea, ulcers, tumours and diabetes. The leaves useful in pimples, boils, colic, worm infestations and haemenorrhoea. The flowers are useful in diarrhoea, fever, leprosy, skin diseases, bone fractures and are very efficacious in birth control. The seeds are useful in herpes, shin disease, ringworm, epilepsy, roundworm and diabetes. gum is useful in diarrhoea, haematemesis, diabetes, leprosy, skin diseases, ulcer and fever. [Herbal Cures: Traditional Approach]

Flowers of Butea monosperma, stem bark of Moringa oleifera and Acacia catechu are mixed in equal amounts and made into a fine powder and 5 to 10 g of this powder is taken orally with water twice a day for 3 d to cure leucorrhoea. [Herbal Drugs: Ethnomedicine to Modern Medicine]

Traditional Use: Khasi and Garo: Leaf: in delirium; Tribes of Purulia (West Bengal): Seed: in ascaris; Tribes of Ma Yurbhanja (Orissa): Seed: as contraceptive; Tribes of Santal Parganas (Bihar): Root: in tuberculosis; Tribes of Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh): Leaf: in boils; Seed: as vermifuge; Tribes of Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh): Bark: in dysentery; Gum: in diarrhoea, dysentery; Tribes of Siwalik (Uttar Pradesh): Gum: as tonic; Bhat: Seed: as abortifacient; Bhoxa: Bark: in bone fracture, Gum: in piles, urinary complaints; Garhwali: Leaf: in boil, inflammation, Flower: in diarrhoea, dysentery, pimples, Seed: as anthelmintic; Tharu: Gum: as diuretic, Seed: as cooling agent; Folks of Delhi: Gum: as astringent, Flower: as aphrodisiac, astringent, diuretic, Seed: as anthelmintic; Folks of Kurukshetra (Haryana): Flower: in stomachache; Dang: Bark: in diarrhoea; Tribesofratanmahal Hills (Gujarat): Flower: in eye complaints; Korku (of Maharashtra): Flower, in dysentery; Tribes of Khandla (Maharashtra): Flower: in dog bite, urinary complaints; Tribes of Chandrapura (Maharashtra): Leaf: in skin diseases; Tribes of Jhabua (Madhya Pradesh): Root: in dog bite; Tribes of Sagar (Madhya Pradesh): Leaf: as vermifuge, Flower: in diabetes, diarrhoea, piles; Tribes of East Godavari (Andhra Pradesh): Gum: in diarrhoea; Tribes of Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu): Bark: as haemostatic, in wounds, Flower: in eye complaints; Tribes of Kannanore (Kerala): Flower: in antifertility.

Atharva Veda: Extract of stem: beneficial for sperms and helps securing conception; Charaka Samhita: Stem-extract: useful in leprosy, piles, gastroenteritis and menorrhagia; Sushruta Samhita: useful in diseases caused by vayu (wind), Seed: effective against intestinal worms;

Ayurveda: Bark: useful against snake venom, wounds, indigestion, gastroenteritis, fever, tuberculosis, Gum: astringent, beneficial to children and women, Leaf: astringent, sex stimulant, useful in intestinal worms, dyspepsia, piles, menorrhagia, pimples, wounds in mouth/throat, Flower: diuretic, sex stimulant, helps menstruation, useful in gastroenteritis, Seed: useful against intestinal worms.

Siddha: Flower-juice: used in preparation of the medicine Murukkam, Seed and Kernel: in Palac. 
Unani: Ingredient of the medicine called 'Dhak (tesu)' and 'Samaghke Dhak'.  [Horticultural, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants]

Bark—astringent, styptic (prescribed in bleeding piles, ulcers, haemorrhages, menstrual disorders), anthelmintic. Flowers— astringent, diuretic, emmenagogue (also given for leucorrhoea). A decoction of flowers is given in diarrhoea and haematuria, also to puerperal women. Seeds—clinical use of seeds as an anthelmintic drug is not considered safe in humans. Leaves—antibacterial. Stem bark— antifungal. An aqueous extract of flowers has shownhepatoprotective activity against CCl4-induced liver injury in albino rats. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

229 Published articles of Butea monosperma

Chrozophora rottleri, Suryavarta, gurugu, Purapirakkai

 

Chrozophora rottleri (Geisl.) A.Juss. ex Spreng.
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Synonym: Chrozophora plicata var. rottleri (Geiseler) Müll.Arg. , Croton rottleri Geiseler
Vernacular names:
Bengali: Khudi Ojra (খুদি ওকরা)
Hindi: शदेवी shadevi, dekha chowkdi, dekha-chowkdi, gubra, khakaguddi, sonballi, subali
Marathi: सुर्यवर्ती suryavarti
Tamil: Purapirakkai
Telugu: ఎర్ర మిరియము erra miriyamu, గురుగుఛెట్టు guruguchettu, లింగమిరప linga mirapa
Kannada: ಲಿಮ್ಗಮೆಣಸು lingamenasu, gurugu
Konkani: सुवर्ली survarli
Urdu: चोटकी हुङ्काथ chotaki hunkatath, सुर्यवर्त suryawarta
Sanskrit: सुर्यवर्त suryavarta

"The real Chrozophora plicata (Vahl) A.Juss. ex Spreng. does not occur in India. It is confined to Africa and Middle East. What is given as C. plicata in Indian floras are now known as Chrozophora rottleri (Geisl.) A.Juss. ex Spreng. - N.P.Balakrishnan

Habitat- Garden/ Urban/ Wild/ Type- Weed; Plant Habit- Herb; Size: around 1 feet or a little lesser; Leaves Type: simple; Shape: slightly lobed into 3 parts. margin wavy; Size- 7-8 cm x 5-6 cm; Ovate with silvery hair on both faces of leaves stem, tender parts of plants etc.; Flower: calyx/Corolla: abt 0.8 cm 5 numbers lance shaped. stigmas 5 yellow tallest part of the flower Anthers yellow; Fruits Type: 3 lobed, spiny with persistent styles red in appearance Aslo see this page

Published articles of Chrozophora rottleri

Glochidion hohenackeri

 

Glochidion hohenackeri (Müll.Arg.) Bedd.
Family Phyllanthaceae
Synonyms: Diasperus hohenacheri (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Phyllanthus hohenackeri Müll.Arg.

Bengali: Kechchua, Bhauri; Kakra, Anguti
Kannada: nirchalli, nirjani, nirjanni
Malayalam: gruyan, kulucan
Marathi: bhoma, bhomo


Published articles of  Glochidion hohenackeri
1.A new variety of Glochidion hohenackeri (Muell.- Arg.) Bedd. (Euphorbiaceae) from Agasthiyamalai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Jothi, G. J.; Manickam, V. S..  Indian Journal of Forestry  Volume: 27   Issue: 1   Pages: 41-42   Published: 2004
2. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF GLOCHIDION HOHENACKERI
GANGULY, AK; GOVINDAC.TR; MOHAMED, PA; et al., TETRAHEDRON  Volume: 22   Issue: 4   Pages: 1513-&   DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4020(01)99451-7   Published: 1966

Aloe vera Ghrita kumari Chinna kalabanda Chirukuttali

Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.
Family: Xanthorrhoeaceae
Synonym: Aloe barbadensis, Aloe humilis, Aloe indica
Afrikaans : Aalwee, Aalwyn.
Arabic :    الألوة  ,   الألوه نبات., صبر_حقيقي
Bengali :   ঘৃতকুমারী  Ghrita kumari, Kumari.
Bulgarian: Алое вера
Chinese :   龙舌兰.
Danish : Lægealoe.
Dutch : Aloë.
English :  Barbados aloe, Coastal aloe, Curaçao aloe, Indian aloe, Jaffarabad aloe, Medicinal aloe, Mediterranean aloe, Star cactus, True aloe, West Indian aloe.
Finnish : Lääkeaaloe.
French :  Aloès, Aloès vulgaire.
German : Echte Aloe.
Hindi : Guar patha, Ghikanvar, घृत_कुमारी Ghruta kumari
Italian :  Aloe di Curacao, Aloe delle Barbados, Aloe mediterranea, Aloe vera, Legno aloe.
Japanese :  アロエ  Aroe , アロエベラ
Kannada : Lolisara
Korean :  알로에.
Malay :  Pohon gaharu, Pokok Lidah Buaya
Malayalam :  Kumari, കറ്റാർവാഴ
Marathi : Korphad.
Nepalese :  घिउ कुमारी  Ghiu kumari.
Oriya : Kumari.
Persian :   داربو.
Polish : Aloes zwyczajny.
Portuguese :  Aloés, Aloé vera, Babosa (Brazil), Aloés de Barbados, Erva-babosa, Azebre Vegetal.
Russian :  Алоэ  Aloe, Алое настоящее  Aloe nastojaščee, Алоэ Вера  Aloe vera.
Sanskrit : घृत कुमारी Ghrita kumari,  कुमारी  Kumari.
Serbian :  Aloja.
Shona : Gavakava.
Spanish :  Acíbar, Aloe, Flor do deserto (Argentina), Loto do deserto (Argentina), Lináloe, Maguey morado, Penca sábila (Colombia), Pitera amarelo (Argentina), Sábila (Mexico), Sábila do penca (Argentina), Sávila, Toots amarelo (Argentina),  Zábila, Zábila dos toots (Argentina).
Swedish :  Aloe, Barbados aloe.
Tamil : Chirukuttali
Telugu : చిన్న కలబంద Chinna kalabanda.
Thai :   หางตะเข้   Hang ta khe,  ว่านไฟไหม้  Wan fai mai,   ว่านหางจระเข้  Wan hang chora khe,
Turkish : Ödağacı.,  Sarısabır, Sarýsabýr.
Vietnamese :  Cây aloe vera, Cây Lô Hội , Cây Nha Đam.

Some other vernacular name: Aloe capensis, aloe curacao, aloe vera, aloes, aloès, aloès du Cape, aloès fèroce, aloes vrai, aloès vulgaire, alovis, Barbadoes aloe, Barbadoes aloes, Barbados aloe, Bergaalwyn, Bitteraalwyn, Cape aloe, chirukattali, Curacao aloe, Curacao aloes, Curacao alos, Echte Aloe, ghai kunwar, ghai kunwrar, gheekuar, ghikanvar, ghikuar, ghikumar, ghikumari, ghikwar, ghiu kumari, ghrita kumari, ghritakumari, grahakanya, gwar-patha, haang takhe, hlaba, Indian aloe, jadam, Korphad, korphad, kumari, kumaro, kunvar pata, kunwar, laloi, laluwe, lo-hoei, lo-hoi, lou-houey, lu wei, luchuy, manjikattali, Mediterranean aloe, murr sbarr, musabar, rokai, sabbara, saber, sábila, sabilla, sabr, saibr, savila, savilla, semper vivum, shubiri, sibr, siang-tan, star cactus, tuna, umhlaba, waan haang charakhe, wan-hangchorakhe, yaa dam, yadam, zábila, zambila.

Published article list 1-500
Published article list 501-1000
Published article list 1001-1619 posted below

Dysoxylum binectariferum, Dysoxylum gotadhora

Dysoxylum gotadhora (Buch.-Ham.) Mabb.
Family: Meliaceae

Synonym: Dysoxylum binectariferum (Roxb.) Hook.f. ex Bedd., Alliaria golodhara Kuntze , Amoora ficiformis Wight , Dysoxylum binectariferum (Roxb.) Hook.f. ex Bedd. , Dysoxylum binectarifolium C.DC. , Dysoxylum ficiforme (Wight) Gamble , Dysoxylum grandifolium H.L.Li [Illegitimate] , Dysoxylum reticulatum King , Epicharis gotadhora M.Roem. , Guarea amaris Buch.-Ham. , Guarea binectarifera Roxb. , Guarea gotadhora Buch.-Ham. , Dysoxylum binectariferum var. coriaceum C.DC. , Dysoxylum binectariferum var. punctulatum C.DC. , Dysoxylum binectariferum var. pyyriforme Thwaites ex Trimen, 

Siddha/Tamil: Agunivagil, Cembil.
Folk:  Lassuni (West Bengal).
Action: Fruit—anti-inflammatory, diuretic, CNS depressant.

The bark from mature trees contain 15% tannin and that from young trees 10%. EtOH (50%) extract of fruit—antiinflammatory, diuretic and CNS depressant.

The fruit contains a tetranortriterpenoid, dysobinin, a potential CNS depressant and inflammation inhibitor. The stem bark contains an alkaloid, rohitukine, which exhibited anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory property [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

12 Published articles of Dysoxylum binectariferum

Bauhinia scandens, Bauhinia anguina, Monkey's staircase

Bauhinia scandens L.
Family: Leguminosae
Synonyms: Bauhinia anguina Roxb. , Bauhinia debilis Hassk. , Bauhinia horsfieldii (Miq.) J.F.Macbr. , Bauhinia piperifolia Roxb. , Lasiobema anguina (Roxb.) Miq. , Lasiobema anguinum (Roxb.) Miq. [Spelling variant] , Lasiobema scandens (L.) de Wit , Phanera bifoliata Miq. , Phanera debilis (Hassk.) Miq. , Phanera scandens (L.) Raf. , Bauhinia anguina var. horsfieldii (Miq.) Prain , Bauhinia scandens var. anguina (Roxb.) H. Ohashi , Lasiobema scandens var. horsfieldii (Miq.) de Wit

Common names: Snake Climber, Snake Bauhinia, Monkey ladders, Monkey's staircase
Hindi: नागबेली Nagbeli
Malayalam: നാഗമു വല്ലീ Naga-mu-valli, നാഗ വല്ലീ Naga-valli

Lianas, mature stem twisted regularly and ultimately splitting along the middle; tendrils leaf-opposed, young shoots glabrous. Leaves lobed to 1/3 of their length, lobes caudate-acuminate, membranous, glabrous, to 10 x 7 cm; basally 5-7 nerved. Flowers clustered on the branches of terminal panicles. Calyx lobes ovoid, 1 mm long. Petals white, oblong, 3 mm long. Pods oblong, flat, narrowed and oblique at base, to 5 x 2.5 cm; seeds 1 or 2

3 published articles of Bauhinia scandens