Sweetener - II

Natural sources
of
Sweeteners
(Sweeteners: Part – II)
Presented by
Dr. Sudhakar Kokate
Director PPRC, India

Advantages of Natural Sweeteners
No calorific value
Cause the least possible side-effect
Qualitative & quantitative improvement of
sweeteners is within the reach of biologists
through modern breeding and biotechnology
techniques.
PPRC/INDIA 01

Thaumatococcus daniellii (Bennett) Benth.
PPRC/INDIA 02

Thaumatocacus danielli (Bennett) Benth.
 Family: Marantaceae
 Miraculous fruit
 Distribution in West Africa
 Aril of fruit
PPRC/INDIA 03

 Sweetening principle: Protein – Thaumatin
(Trade name Talin I & II)
 Sweetening intensity: 5000 times than sucrose
 Uses: to sweeten bread, fruits, palm wine, tea,
coffee
Thaumatocacus danielli (Bennett) Benth.
PPRC/INDIA 04

Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii (Stapf) Diels
PPRC/INDIA 05

 Family: Menispermaceae
 Berry from West Africa
 Sweetening principle: Protein – Monellin
 Sweetening intensity: 1500 – 3000 times
sweeter than sugar
 Taste life: max 24 hrs.
Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii (Stapf) Diels
PPRC/INDIA 06

Stevia rebaudiana
PPRC/INDIA 07

 Family: Asteraceae
 Cultivated in Japan & S.E. Asia
 Leaves are useful
 Sweetening principle:
 Diterpene glycosides
 Rebaudioside A-E
 Dulcoside A & B
Stevia rebaudiana
PPRC/INDIA 08

 Sweetening intensity: 300 times sweeter than
sugar
 Uses: Sweetening drinks, tea, coffee, used for
treating diabetes
Stevia rebaudiana
PPRC/INDIA 09

Citrus grandis, Citrus paradisii
PPRC/INDIA 10

 From Malaysia, N.E. India
 Common names: Seville orange or Shaddock,
Grapefruit
 Part: Fruit
PPRC/INDIA 11

 Sweetening principle: Flavonoid derivatives,
Neohesperidin dihydrochalcones
 Sweetening intensity: 600 – 1000 times
sweeter than sugar
PPRC/INDIA 12

Zero calorie sweeteners
 Brazzein: West Africa
 Curculin: Fruit of Curculigo latifolia from
Malaysia
 Lue Han Cuo: Monk fruit in China
 Miraculin: West Africa
PPRC/INDIA 13

 Monellin: Berry from Central & West Africa
 Penadin: Climbing plant from West Africa
 Stevia: Native to South America
 Stevioside: Extract of plant from South
America
Zero calorie sweeteners
PPRC/INDIA 14

Polypodium glycyrrhiza D. Eaton
PPRC/INDIA 15

 Family: Polypodiaceae
 Known as Liquorice fern
 Distribution: Coastal Alaska, Central
California
 Plant part: Rhizome
PPRC/INDIA 16

 Sweetening principle: Triterpene glycoside-
glycyrrhizin
 Sweetening intensity: 50 – 100 times as sweet
as sugar
PPRC/INDIA 17

Polypodium vulgare Linn.
PPRC/INDIA 18

 Family: Polypodiaceae
 Wall fern, European polypody
 Useful plant part: rhizome
 Sweetening principle: steroid saponin, osladin
 Sweetening intensity: 3000 times as sweet as
sucrose
 Very low yield
Polypodium vulgare Linn.
PPRC/INDIA 19

 Family: Apiaceae
 Known as sweet cicely, sweet cheroil
 Distributed in Europe, West Asia
 Fresh whole plant useful
 Sweetening principle: phenylpropanoid-trans anethole
 Sweetening intensity: 13 times sweeter than sugar
Myrrhis odorata
PPRC/INDIA 21

Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.)
PPRC/INDIA 22

 Tea of heaven
 Distributed in Japan, Korea
 Useful plant part: Leaves
 Sweetening principle: Phyllodulcin, hydrangenol
sugar
Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.)
PPRC/INDIA 23

Perilla frutescens (Linn.) Britt
PPRC/INDIA 24

 Family: Lamiaceae
 Known as Perilla mint, wild coleus
 Whole plant is useful
 Sweetening principle: Monoterpene-perillartine
(Perillaldehyde)
 Sweetening intensity: 2000 times as sweet as
sugar
Perilla frutescens (Linn.) Britt
PPRC/INDIA 25

Engelhardia roxburghiana wall
PPRC/INDIA 26

 Family: Juglandoceae
 E. chrysolepis Hance
 Known as Huang-qui (Chinese)
 Distributed in India, China, Indo-china,
Malaysia
 Leaves are useful
PPRC/INDIA 27

 Sweetening principle: Dihydroflavonol
glycoside-neoastibine huangqioside,
neohuangquiside
 Leaves used to make sweet tea
 Sweetness increases on heating
PPRC/INDIA 28

Periandra dulcis Mart.
PPRC/INDIA 29

 Family: Fabiaceae
 Distributed in Brazil
 Root useful part
 Sweetening principle: Periandrin I-IV
Glycorrhizin
 Used as Liquorice substitute
Periandra dulcis Mart.
PPRC/INDIA 30

Tessaria dodoneifolia (Hook & Arn.)
PPRC/INDIA 31

 Arrow weed
 Distributed in Paraguay, Tropical America
 Young shorts useful
 Sweetening principle: Dihydroflavanol
(Dihydroquercetin-3-acetate)
 Sweetening intensity: 80 times sweeter than sugar
Tessaria dodoneifolia (Hook & Arn.)
PPRC/INDIA 32

Abrus precatorius Linn.
PPRC/INDIA 33

 Family: Fabaceae
 Known as Crab’s eye, Indian Liquorice
 Distributed in tropics
 Leaves are useful part
PPRC/INDIA 34

 Sweetening principle: Cycloartane glycoside
Glycorrhizin
 Sweetening intensity: 30 – 100 times sweeter
than sugar
PPRC/INDIA 35

Lippia dulci Trev.
PPRC/INDIA 36

 Family: Verbenaceae
 Known as Honey herb
 Distributed in Central America, West Indies
 A small shrubby herb, flowers are white
 Aerial parts useful
Lippia dulci Trev.
PPRC/INDIA 37

 Sweetening principle: Sesquiterpene-
hernandulcin
 Sweetening intensity: 1000 times sweeter
than sugar
Lippia dulci Trev.
PPRC/INDIA 38

Illicium verum Hook F.
PPRC/INDIA 39

 Family: Illicinaceae
 Distributed in South China
 A slow growing tree
 Useful plant part: dried fruits
 Used in flavouring liquors and medicines
PPRC/INDIA 40

 Sweetening principle: Phenyl propanoid-
trans-Anethole
sugar
PPRC/INDIA 41

Piper marginatum Jacq.
PPRC/INDIA 42

Piper marginatum Jacq.
 Family: Piperaceae
 Dried leaves are useful
 Sweetening principle: Phenyl propanoid-
trans-Anethole
sugar
PPRC/INDIA 43

Curculigo latifolia Dryand ex Ait.
PPRC/INDIA 44

Curculigo latifolia Dryand ex Ait.
 Family: Hypoxidaceae
 Distributed in India and Malaysia
 A rhizomatous polygamous herb
 Useful part: Fruit
 Sweetening principle: Protein “Curculin”
PPRC/INDIA 45

Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
PPRC/INDIA 46

Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
 Known as Fennel
 Distributed in Europe, Mediterranean regions
 A perennial herb
 Fresh aerial parts are useful
 Sweetening principle: Phenyl propanoid-trans-
Anethole
PPRC/INDIA 47

Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC.
PPRC/INDIA 48

 Also known as Smooth sweet cicely
 Distributed in North and South America
 A perennial herb
PPRC/INDIA 49

 Sweetening principle: Phenylpropanoid-
trans-Anethole
sugar
PPRC/INDIA 50

Fraxinus spp.
 Family: Oleaceae
 European ash
 Distributed in East Asia, North America,
Mediterranean regions
 A small tree
 Useful part: Stem
 Sweetening principle: Mannitol
PPRC/INDIA 52

Thladiantha grosvenori (Swingle)
C. Jeffrey
PPRC/INDIA 53

 Family: Cucurbitaceae
 Distributed in China
 Tendril climber with root tubers
 Sweetening principle: Cucurbitane glycoside -
mogroside V.
Thladiantha grosvenori (Swingle)
C. Jeffrey
PPRC/INDIA 54

Tagetes filifolia Lag
PPRC/INDIA 55

 Known as Irish lace
 Distributed in Mexico
 Fresh whole much branched annual herb
PPRC/INDIA 56

 Sweetening principle: Phenyl propanoids-
trans-Anethole and Estragole
 Sweetening intensity: trans-Anethole is 13
times sweeter than sugar
PPRC/INDIA 57

Ocimum basilicum Linn.
PPRC/INDIA 58

 Family: Lamiaceae
 Known as Sweet Basil
 Distributed in old world tropics
 An aromatic herb
 Fresh aerial parts are useful
PPRC/INDIA 59

 Sweetening principle: Phenyl propanoids-
trans-Anethole and Estragole in volatile oil
sugar
PPRC/INDIA 60

Taste modifying sugar substitutes
PPRC/INDIA 61

These plants have certain chemical principles
which have the property of modifying the taste
of foods, making sour or bitter foods taste
sweet.
They temporarily suppress the sensitivity to
sweet substances
PPRC/INDIA 62

Synsepalum dulcificum (Schum.) Daniell
PPRC/INDIA 63

 Family: Sapotaceae
 Miraculous berry / fruit
 Found in West tropical Africa
 Limited food application
 Extraction difficult
PPRC/INDIA 64

 The fruits contain a glycoprotein – Miraculin
which is taste modifier of sour foods with the
sweet taste persisting for 1 – 2 hours
PPRC/INDIA 65

Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.
PPRC/INDIA 66

Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.
 Family: Asclepiadaceae
 A large woody climber of Asia, Africa and
Australia
 Ovate leaves, yellow flowers, follicles large
seeds winged
 Leaves contain “gymnemic acid” a taste
modifying substance
PPRC/INDIA 67

Cynara scolymus Linn.
PPRC/INDIA 68

 A coarse perennial herb
 Pinnate leaves, purple flowers
 Native of Mediterranean region
PPRC/INDIA 69

 Taste modifying substance Caffeolocunic acid,
Chlorogenic acid, Cynarin
 Sweet taste persists for 4 – 5 hours
PPRC/INDIA 70

Larix decidua Mill. (L. europea) DC.
PPRC/INDIA 71

Larix decidua Mill. (L. europea) DC.
 Family: Pinaceae
 A tall conifer of Central Europe
 Taste modifying substance: “Melezitore”
PPRC/INDIA 72

 Roots and tubers of some plants contain high
quantity of Insulin which is converted to D-
Fructose, basically better tolerated by Diabetes
than any other carbohydrate
 Therefore, high fructose sweeteners (HFS) are
being developed to suit diabetic nutrition charts
 Diabetic bread, other confectionary using insulin
/ HFS are being manufactured
PPRC/INDIA 73

Sweetener - II

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Sweetener - II