dcsimg
Image of barnyard grass
Creatures » » Plants » » Dicotyledons » » True Grasses »

Barnyard Grass

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.

Comments

provided by eFloras
Echinochloa crus-galli (Cockspur Grass, Cockspur Panic-grass, Barn-yard Grass, Barnyard Millet) is distinguished by its untidy racemes of acuminate or awned spikelets. It is a polymorphic weed of warm temperate and subtropical regions, whose numerous intergrading races are apparently the consequence of cleistogamous self-pollination. There is much uncertainty as to which segregates are worth recognising as species (see, for example, Gould, Fairbrothers and Ali in Amer. Midl. Nat. 7: 36-59.1972 for North America; and Vickery in Flora New South Wales, Gram. 189-211.1975 for Australia).

Certain specimens among those cited are unusual in that the lower lemma is indurated. Such specimens are found occasionally among populations of Echinochloa crusgalli (notably in India and Pakistan), and have been separated as Echinochloa glabrescens.

This is said to be a good fodder grass, once sown for its grain in Lahore district and occasionally still eaten in times of want. It is common in marshy places and rice fields below 3000 m.

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 193 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Description

provided by eFloras
Annuals; culm caespitose, 30-100 cm tall. Blade linear, 10-40 cm long, 2-15 mm wide; sheath slightly keeled; ligule absent. Panicle 10-20 cm long, axis often papillose-hisped, racemes 2-7 cm long. Spikelets 3-5 mm long, awned or awnless, hispid on veins, interveins scabrous to hispidulous; glumes minutely hairy, with longer, rigid hairs on veins; lower glume ca. equaling lower lemma, acuminate to awn-pointed; upper lemma pale, coriaceous; lower lemma mucronate-tipped or with an awn as much as 4 mm long.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Gramineae (Poaceae) in Flora of Taiwan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Poaceae in Flora of Taiwan @ eFloras.org
editor
Chang-Sheng Kuoh
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Description

provided by eFloras
Coarse annual; culms 25-100 cm high, erect or ascending. Leaf-blades 7-35 cm long, 4-20 mm wide; ligule absent; sheaths glabrous, rarely appressed hairy. Inflorescence linear to ovate, 6-22 cm long, the racemes untidily 2-several-rowed, the longest 2-10 cm long, usually with short secondary branchlets at the base. Spikelets ovate-elliptic, mostly 3-.4 mm long, hispid; lower lemma acuminate or with an awn up to 5 cm long; upper lemma 2-3 mm long, including the short herbaceous tip.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 193 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Distribution

provided by eFloras
Tropical Asia and Africa. A very variable weedy species; several varieties ( 4 in Taiwan) were recognized.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Gramineae (Poaceae) in Flora of Taiwan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Poaceae in Flora of Taiwan @ eFloras.org
editor
Chang-Sheng Kuoh
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Distribution

provided by eFloras
Distribution: Pakistan (Sind, Baluchistan, Punjab, N.W.F.P., Gilgit & Kashmir); warm temperate and subtropical regions of the world, extending into the tropics (but scarcely so in Africa).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 193 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Flower/Fruit

provided by eFloras
Fl. & Fr. Per.: June-October.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 193 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Synonym

provided by eFloras
Panicum crus-galli L., Sp. Pl. 56. 1753. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. var. formosensis Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot.11: 38. 1942; Hsu, Fl. Taiwan 5: 554. 1978. Panicum oryzicola Vasinger, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Selekts. 25(4): 125. 1931. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. var. oryzicola (Vasinger) Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 11: 38. 1942; Hsu, Fl. Taiwan 5: 554. 1978. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. var. praticola Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 11: 37. 1942; Hsu, Fl. Taiwan 5: 554. 1978.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Gramineae (Poaceae) in Flora of Taiwan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Poaceae in Flora of Taiwan @ eFloras.org
editor
Chang-Sheng Kuoh
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Brief Summary

provided by EOL authors

Echinochloa glabrescens (Barnyard Grass) is an upright annual grass, 50-100 cm high, with a closely tufted habit in wetlands, but a spreading habit in dry situations. The leaf sheaths clasp the stem tightly and the leaf blades are strap-like, 10-20 cm long and 5-8 mm wide, with a long thin apex (tip). The inflorescence is closely branched, 10-20 cm long, and the flower clusters are 2.5-8 cm long and up to 7 mm in diameter. The fruit is held tightly within its bracts, and shed as a unit (PIER 2008).

Echinochloa glabrescens is native to eastern Asia (PIER 2008).It prefers inundated areas, especially rice paddies, as well as fallow ground and cropping land.Vegetative fragments and seeds are probably dispersed in water.

In south-east Asia, Echinochloa glabrescens is a weed in rice and maize crops (PIER 2008).

In Australia, other barnyard grasses (Echinochloa species) are significan problem weeds traditionally associated with sod or combine sown rice. Surveys in New South Wales suggest that Barnyard grasses are a major impediment to rice production. It requires significant expenditure in herbicides and extra water for control and reduces rice yields (Pratley & Broster 2004).

References

  • Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (2008). Echinochloa glabrescens. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, US Forest Service. Available at http://www.hear.org/pier/species/echinochloa_glabrescens.htm
  • Pratley, J.E. and Broster, J.C. (2004). Influence of species on efficiency of barnyard grass control. A report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. Available at http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/RIC/04-010.pdf

license
cc-by-3.0
copyright
Commonwealth of Australia
bibliographic citation
Weeds in Australia, Echinochloa glabrescens. Australian Government Department of the Environment. Retrieved November 12, 2015 from http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/biodiversity/invasive/weeds/weeddetails.pl?taxon_id=82731#
author
Dana Campbell (danac)
original
visit source
partner site
EOL authors

Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
barnyard grass
common barnyard grass
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Value

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: cover

Barnyard grass cover values are as follows [86]:

UT WY ND

upland game birds poor fair good
waterfowl poor fair good
small nongame birds fair fair good
small mammals fair fair ----
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: warm-season

Barnyard grass is an introduced, nonrhizomatous, warm-season annual.
Stems may be solitary or in small tufts, erect or reclining at the base,
up to 6.6 feet tall (2 m) [16,28,39,52,80]. Leaves are flat, 4 to 12
inches (10-30 cm) long and 0.2 to 0.6 (5-15 mm) inch wide [18,19,27,46].
The panicle is 2 to 8.4 inches (5-21 cm) long, upright or nodding
[19,46,68]. Barnyard grass has a fibrous root system [39,49].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Barnyard grass is a weed of Eurasian origin that occurs throughout the
continental United States. It is also found in southern Canada from
British Columbia east to Novia Scotia [19,27,39,57,63].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire regime, seed

Barnyard grass may colonize burned areas from soil-stored seed after
fire. Fires that thin or remove canopy vegetation produce conditions
that may be conducive to colonization by barnyard grass.

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: therophyte

Therophyte
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Barnyard grass is widespread in fields, waste places, ditches, marshes,
wet meadows, floodplains and along lakeshores and streambanks
[18,20,33,38,39]. It is locally common in floodplains, riverbottoms,
and seasonally wet habitats [1,63,80], but also occurs in drier habitats
[24]. Barnyard grass is most often found on disturbed, generally
nonsaline soils [25,53,63], but grows on a variety of soil types
[38,53]. Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli is generally absent
from sites that have greater than 12 inches (30 cm) of standing water
for more than 4 weeks at a time [42,63]. It occurs in shallow water or
after drawdown [63]. Barnyard grass tolerates poor drainage and
flooding, but not severe drought [7,31,44,60].

In California, the two varieties of barnyard grass differ in habitat
preference and colonizing ability. Echinochloa crus-galli var.
crus-galli is a cosmopolitan weed of wet, disturbed ground and occurs in
shallow water around the periphery of rice fields. Echinochloa
crus-galli var. oryzicola is a crop mimic that is found primarily in
permanently flooded cultivated rice fields [1].

Elevations of barnyard grass are as follows:

feet meters

Arizona 150-7,000 45-2,100 [27]
California less than 4,950 less than 1,500 [20]
Colorado 4,500-7,500 1,350-2,250 [19]
Kansas 3,370-4,675 1,021-1,417 [38]
Montana 2,800-3,300 840-1,000 [86]
South Dakota 1,940-2,025 587- 614 [71]
Texas 7,400 2,320 [21]
Utah 2,705-7,045 820-2,135 [80]
Wyoming 3,700-5,100 1,110-1,530 [86]
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

20 White pine - northern red oak - red maple
22 White pine - hemlock
23 Eastern hemlock
28 Black cherry - maple
39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
55 Northern red oak
57 Yellow-poplar
58 Yellow-poplar - eastern hemlock
59 Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak
63 Cottonwood
67 Mohrs (shin) oak
110 Black oak
217 Aspen
235 Cottonwood - willow
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES31 Shinnery
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

K048 California steppe
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Barnyard grass is probably killed by fire.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: cover

Barnyard grass is readily grazed by livestock in Arizona and West
Virginia, and can be cultivated for hay [27,67].

Seeds of barnyard grass are eaten by songbirds, waterfowl, and greater
prairie chickens [6,9,59,63,75]. Barnyard grass is an important source
of food and cover for waterfowl in the Sacramento Valley [47]. In the
playa lakes of Texas and New Mexico, meadows dominated by barnyard grass
are important habitat for waterfowl and pheasant [4].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: codominant, cover, forest, swamp

In the Sacramento Valley of California, barnyard grass occurs in wetland
communities with swamp grass (Crypsis schoenoides) and bearded
sprangletop (Leptochloa fascicularis) [47].

Barnyard grass is found in the southern High Plains region of northern
Texas and southern New Mexico. In this region, it is codominant with
red sprangletop (L. filiformis) in wet meadow and prairie communities
and is also found in shinnery communities [4,5].

Barnyard grass occurs in temporarily flooded palustrine wetlands of the
northern prairie and plains communities [26,83].

In eastern Colorado and western Kansas, barnyard grass occurs in the
plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides) riparian zone. Common associates
include saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima), sandbar willow (Salix exigua),
and Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) [38,60]. Barnyard grass is
also a member of saltcedar and willow-cottonwood communities in Arizona
[55].

Barnyard grass is the dominant species in some wetlands of North Dakota.
Common associates include water plantain (Alisma triviale), American
slough grass (Beckmannia syzigachne), needle spikerush (Eleocharis
acicularis), hedge hyssop (Gratiola neglecta), and pale smartweed
(Polygonum lapathifolium) [16,63].

In South Dakota, barnyard grass occurs in mixed-grass prairie dominated
by blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides),
western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), and needlegrass (Stipa spp.).
Other associates include needleleaf sedge (Carex eleocharis), Sandberg
bluegrass (Poa secunda), sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), and
little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) [37,71]. In tallgrass
prairies of northeast Kansas, barnyard grass occurs in communities
dominated by big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii), little
bluestem, and Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) [14].

At Gettysburg National Military Park in Pennsylvania, barnyard grass
occurs in a variety of forest cover types as an understory species.
Species associated with barnyard grass not previously mentioned include
white ash (Fraxinus americana), mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa),
shagbark hickory (C. ovata), black walnut (Juglans nigra), eastern
redbud (Cercis canadensis), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida),
sassafrass (Sassafrass albidum), and red pine (Pinus resinosa) [85].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: graminoid

Graminoid
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: competition, natural, seed

Generally, seed yields from barnyard grass stands are reduced in 2 to 3
years because of competition with other weeds [43]. In Missouri,
natural seeding of barnyard grass was stimulated by periodic draining
and flooding of a wetland site; a July 1 to September 15 drawdown
produced an excellent stand of barnyard grass which was utilized by
waterfowl [6]. In California, draining barnyard grass fields in the
spring and discing them can benefit stands. At the Mendota Waterfowl
Management Area, California, this practice has been used to perpetuate
stands of barnyard grass for up to 6 years.

Barnyard grass may harbor a virus-like disease of cereals [17].

Toxicity tests of effluents in water and sediment were conducted using
the two varieties of barnyard grass. Effluents from a sewage treatment
plant, tannery, textile mill, pulp and paper mill, and coking plant
inhibited germination, chlorophyll synthesis, and growth of
barnyard grass [77,78].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Nutritional Value

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: milk stage

Barnyard grass has fair to poor forage value for livestock [68]. In
Minnesota, toxic levels of nitrate have been reported in barnyard grass
[40]. Nutritional values of sun-cured barnyard grass in the milk stage
are as follows [87]:

_________________________________________United States
Dry matter % 84.2 100.0
Ash % 7.7 9.1
Crude fiber % 31.0 36.8
Ether extract % 1.8 2.1
N-free extract % 34.0 40.4
Protein (N x 6.25)
Sheep dig. coef.* % 57.0 57.0
Cattle dig. prot.* % 5.9 7.0
Goats dig. prot. % 6.2 7.4
Horses dig. prot. % 6.2 7.4
Rabbits dig. prot. % 6.4 7.6
Sheep dig. prot. % 5.6 6.6
Energy
Cattle DE* Mcal/kg 1.95 2.31
Sheep DE Mcal/kg 1.98 2.35
Cattle ME* Mcal/kg 1.60 1.90
Sheep ME Mcal/kg 1.62 1.93
_______________________________________________________
*dig. coef.=protein digestible coefficient
dig. prot.=digestible protein
DE=digestible energy
ME=metabolizable energy
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
AZ AR CA CO CT FL GA HI ID IL
IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN
MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC
ND OH OK OR PA SC SD TN TX UT
VT VA WA WV WI WY DC AB BC MB
NB NS ON PQ SK MEXICO
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Palatability

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Barnyard grass produces fair pasture when grazed during early growth
stages but becomes harsh and unpalatable at maturity [68]. It is
palatable to sheep in Minnesota [40].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

Barnyard grass flowering dates for several states are as follows:

Arizona July-Sept [27]
California July-Oct [46]
Colorado Aug-Sept [86]
Florida all year [84]
Illinois Aug-Oct [45]
Montana June-Oct [86]
Nebraska Aug-Sept [61]
North Carolina July-Oct [52]
North Dakota July 15 [65]
South Carolina July-Oct [52]
West Virginia Aug-Oct [67]
Wyoming Aug-Oct [86]
Great Plains June-Sept [16]
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: seed

Barnyard grass reproduces by seed. It is self-pollinating [51] and a
prolific seed producer [28,44,68]. A healthy plant can produce from
750,000 to one million seeds [44]. Barnyard grass seed is water
dispersed [1]. Seed viability in soil is variable [10,44]. In
Stoneville, Mississippi, in 1972, a 50-year study on longevity of buried
seed of barnyard grass was initiated. Seed viability was 1 percent
after burial for 2.5 years; less than 6 percent of seed survived 6
months or longer [10]. However, according to Dawson [8], barnyard grass
seed may be viable in the soil for up to 13 years. In another study by
Mitich [44], seed viability of barnyard grass was 100 percent after 6 to
8 years of dry storage in irrigated sandy loam soil, and all seed was
nonviable after 15 years. Watanabe [79] found that barnyard grass seed
germination rate was 27 percent after burial for 6 months and 3 percent
after burial for 6.5 years. Barnyard grass seed germinates over a wide
temperature range, 55 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit (13-40 deg C), with
optimum germination occurring from 68 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit (20-30
deg C) [53,62].

The buoyancy and hence dispersal by water of barnyard grass seeds is
probably influenced by their weight. A survey of seed weight [1]
demonstrated that seeds of E. crus-galli var. oryzicola were on the
average 2 to 3 times heavier than those of E. crus-galli var.
crus-galli. The lighter seeds of E. crus-galli var. crus-galli
exhibited greater buoyancy, with approximately 50 percent of seeds
remaining afloat after 4 to 5 days in water. In contrast, 95 percent of
E. crus-galli var. oryzicola seeds had sunk after 5 days. Decay of
dormancy in E. crus-galli var. oryzicola is more rapid than in E.
crus-galli var. crus-galli following dry storage and burial in soil.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

3 Southern Pacific Border
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: forest, restoration, succession

Barnyard grass is a pioneer species that readily invades disturbed sites
[63,68]. It is found most often in open, unshaded areas [25,44], and is
intolerant of dense shade [44]. Barnyard grass invades South Dakota
rangelands and rapidly colonizes overflow and subirrigated range sites
that have been denuded or disturbed in Nebraska [37,68]. In Idaho,
barnyard grass is an increaser species on periodically flooded sites
along streams [58]. At a restoration prairie site in Ohio, barnyard
grass established at the edge of an ephemeral pond that is subject to
periodic flooding and drying [7]. In an old-field succession deciduous
forest in southwestern Ohio, barnyard grass was found growing in a
2-year-old stand, but was not present in stands 10, 50, 90, or 200 years
old [56,74].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name of barnyard grass is Echinochloa
crus-galli (L.) Beauv. [16,19,45,80]. It is a member of the Poaceae
family. There are two varieties of barnyard grass [1,72]:

E. c. var. crus-galli
E. c. var. oryzicola (Vas) Ohwi
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Barnyard grass has colonized desert riparian and wetland community sites
along the Gila river in Arizona that were supplied by year-round flows
of wastewater. If wastewater areas are managed on a permanent
year-round basis, habitat rehabilitation and avian colonization may
occur [55].

Barnyard grass can be utilized for quick, temporary erosion control on
coal mine sites in the eastern United States [75].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by IABIN
IV, V, RM, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Universidad de Santiago de Chile
author
Pablo Gutierrez
partner site
IABIN

Physical Description

provided by USDA PLANTS text
Annuals, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems erect or ascending, Stems geniculate, decumbent, or lax, sometimes rooting at nodes, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stem internodes solid or spongy, Stem internodes hollow, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems with inflorescence 1-2 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blades 1-2 cm wide, Leaf blades 2 or more cm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blade with prominently raised or widened midvein, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence an open panicle, openly paniculate, branches spreading, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence a panicle with narrowly racemose or spicate branches, Inflorescence with 2-10 branches, Inflorescence bran ches more than 10 to numerous, Inflorescence branches 1-sided, Rachis angular, Flowers bisexual, Spikelets pedicellate, Spikelets sessile or subsessile, Spikelets dorsally compressed or terete, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 1 fertile floret, Spikelets with 2 florets, Spikelet with 1 fertile floret and 1-2 sterile florets, Spikelets paired at rachis nodes, Spikelets all alike and fertille, Spikelets in paired units, 1 sessile, 1 pedicellate, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes, Spikelets secund, in rows on one side of rachis, Rachilla or pedicel glabrous, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly present, Glumes distinctly unequal, Glumes shorter than adjacent lemma, Glumes equal to or longer than adjacent lemma, Glumes awned, awn 1-5 mm or longer, Glumes keeled or winged, Glume surface hairy, villous or pilose, Glumes 4-7 nerved, Lemma coriaceous, firmer or thicker in texture than the glumes, Lemma becoming indurate, enclosing p alea and caryopsis, Lemma 5-7 nerved, Lemma glabrous, Lemma body or surface hairy, Lemma apex acute or acuminate, Lemma awnless, Lemma margins inrolled, tightly covering palea and caryopsis, Lemma straight, Palea present, well developed, Palea longer than lemma, Palea 2 nerved or 2 keeled, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
compiler
Dr. David Bogler
source
Missouri Botanical Garden
source
USDA NRCS NPDC
original
visit source
partner site
USDA PLANTS text

Xereix pota de gall ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

El xereix pota de gall (Echinochloa crus-galli) és un tipus d’herba silvestre que es va originar a l’âsia tropical i que abans estava classificada dins del gènere panicum grass. Aquesta planta pot fer de 60 a 150 cm d’alt i té les fulles de color porpra a la seva base. La majoria de les tiges són erectes però algunes s’estenen per terra. Les panícules sóvint són de color porpra amb llavors grosses similars a les del mill en espiguetes.

És considerada com una de les pitjors males herbes del món i redueix el rendiment agrícola i arruina el conreu dels farratges, ja que s’emport fins al 80% del nitrogen disponible al sòl. El seu alt nivell de nitrats pot enverinar els animals de la ramaderia. també actua com a hoste del virus del mosaic Les infestacions altes poden interferir en la collita mecanitzada.

Una sola planta pot produir fins a 40.000 llavors per any. Les llavors són dispersades per l’aigua, els ocells, la maquinària i els peus dels animals però la llavor de sembra contaminada amb les llavors d’aquesta mala herba probablement és el mètode de dispersió més comú.

Usos

De vegades es cultiva com farratge fins i tot s’ensitja però no se’n fa fenc. La palla d’aquesta planta es conserva fins a 6 anys. També es fa servir per poder plantar alguna cosa en terres salines o alcalines, com es fa a Egipte.

En temps d’escassedat d’aliment els humans s’han menjat les seves llavors les quals han servit per adulterar el fonoll.[1] Les arrels es fan servir a les Filipines. Els brots joves es mengen com una verdura, per exemple a Java. També es fan servir les parts de la planta en medicina popular.

Echinochloa esculenta és una planta cultivada que és una forma domesticada d’E. crus-galli.

Malalties i plagues

Té infeccions fúngiques causades per Bipolaris oryzae.

 src=
Taca marró (Bipolaris oryzae)

Siinònims

  • Panicum crus-galli L.
En altres projectes de Wikimedia:
Commons
Commons (Galeria)
Commons
Commons (Categoria) Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
Viquiespècies
Viquiespècies

Notes


license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CA

Xereix pota de gall: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

El xereix pota de gall (Echinochloa crus-galli) és un tipus d’herba silvestre que es va originar a l’âsia tropical i que abans estava classificada dins del gènere panicum grass. Aquesta planta pot fer de 60 a 150 cm d’alt i té les fulles de color porpra a la seva base. La majoria de les tiges són erectes però algunes s’estenen per terra. Les panícules sóvint són de color porpra amb llavors grosses similars a les del mill en espiguetes.

És considerada com una de les pitjors males herbes del món i redueix el rendiment agrícola i arruina el conreu dels farratges, ja que s’emport fins al 80% del nitrogen disponible al sòl. El seu alt nivell de nitrats pot enverinar els animals de la ramaderia. també actua com a hoste del virus del mosaic Les infestacions altes poden interferir en la collita mecanitzada.

Una sola planta pot produir fins a 40.000 llavors per any. Les llavors són dispersades per l’aigua, els ocells, la maquinària i els peus dels animals però la llavor de sembra contaminada amb les llavors d’aquesta mala herba probablement és el mètode de dispersió més comú.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CA

Cibogwellt rhydd ( Welsh )

provided by wikipedia CY

Planhigyn blodeuol Monocotaidd a math o wair yw Cibogwellt rhydd sy'n enw gwrywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Poaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Echinochloa crus-galli a'r enw Saesneg yw Cockspur.[1] Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Cibogwellt Rhydd.

Gall dyfu bron mewn unrhyw fan gan gynnwys gwlyptiroedd, coedwigoedd a thwndra. Dofwyd ac addaswyd y planhigyn gan ffermwyr dros y milenia; chwiorydd i'r planhigyn hwn yw: india corn, gwenith, barlys, reis ac ŷd.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gerddi Kew; adalwyd 21 Ionawr 2015
Comin Wikimedia
Mae gan Gomin Wikimedia
gyfryngau sy'n berthnasol i:
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Awduron a golygyddion Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CY

Cibogwellt rhydd: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

provided by wikipedia CY

Planhigyn blodeuol Monocotaidd a math o wair yw Cibogwellt rhydd sy'n enw gwrywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Poaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Echinochloa crus-galli a'r enw Saesneg yw Cockspur. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Cibogwellt Rhydd.

Gall dyfu bron mewn unrhyw fan gan gynnwys gwlyptiroedd, coedwigoedd a thwndra. Dofwyd ac addaswyd y planhigyn gan ffermwyr dros y milenia; chwiorydd i'r planhigyn hwn yw: india corn, gwenith, barlys, reis ac ŷd.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Awduron a golygyddion Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CY

Ježatka kuří noha ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ

Ježatka kuří noha (Echinochloa crus-galli) je středně vysoká plevelná bylina trávovitého vzhledu, která bývá považována za jeden z deseti nejškodlivějších plevelů na světě. Je to druh z rodu ježatka který patří mezi rostliny z čeledi lipnicovitých.

Pochází pravděpodobně ze střední a východní Asie, odkud se rozšířila téměř po celé zeměkouli; hojná je zvláště na severní polokouli. Vytváří četné místní poddruhy a ekotypy, které se od sebe částečně odlišují.

Biologie

Roste ponejvíce v teplejších oblastech na humózních půdách, jež jsou dlouhodobě vlhké a dostatečně výživné. Vyskytuje se na polích, vinicích, v rýžovištích, zahradách, na březích vodních toků a nádrží, v příkopech podél cest, na rumištích, skládkách i na dalších místech v blízkosti člověka. Doře snáší i mírné zasolené půdy.

Na úrodných půdách dosahují stébla přes 1 m výšky a z dolních kolének odbočují další plodná stébla. Naopak na suchých a nevýživných místech bývá celá rostlina jen několik centimetru vysoká. Po posečení rychle obrůstá a bývá do podzimu plodná. Dobře snáší zaplavování, je však citlivá na chlad a po prvém mrazu z přírody zmizí. Je světlomilnou bylinou, která v hustých zapojených porostech přestává růst a hyne.

Popis

Jednoletá, pozdně jarní, tmavě zelená travina, která může být lysá nebo roztroušeně porostlá jemnými chloupky. Z husté sítě svazčitých kořenů rostou přímá nebo poléhavá, 30 až 100 cm vysoká stébla s načervenalými, slabě ochlupenými kolénky. Stébla jsou porostlá 5 až 15 mm širokými listovými čepelemi, které mají bělavou střední žilku a drsné okraje. Pochvy listů jsou lysé nebo roztroušeně chlupaté, v dolní části poněkud smáčknuté a v horní nafouklé. Jazýček je nahrazen věnečkem drobných chloupků, ouška nejsou vyvinutá. Lodyha je schopna od báze vytvořit až 20 odnoží. Pro počáteční listy je typická stočená listová vernace.

Přímá nebo převislá, hustě rozvětvená lata, 5 až 10 cm dlouhá, je tvořena hroznovitě uspořádanými lichoklasy, které často bývají přetrhované. Jednokvěté klásky, asi 3 mm dlouhé, mají kratičkou stopku, jsou barvy světle zelené s fialovým nádechem a na bázi mají několik štětinek. Lata se může skládat z 200 až 2000 klásků (průměr v ČR bývá 1500), při růstu za optimálních podmínek (např. v rýžovištích) může na jedné rostlině vyrůst klásků i několik desítek tisíc. Rostliny kvetou od června do podzimu a stejně tak postupně i dozrávají.

Plodem je asi 2 mm dlouhá a 1,5 mm široká, lesklá, žlutá pluchatá obilka, která je na svrchní straně vypouklá a na spodní zploštělá. Obilka je obalena ve třech nestejně velkých, žebernatých, matných a drsných plevách, dvě z nich jsou ukončeny hrotem a třetí má na konci osinu dlouhou 25 až 50 mm. Existují i tzv. bezosinné formy, ty mají osiny dlouhé jen 5 až 10 mm. V jednom gramu je obsaženo něco málo přes 500 obilek.

Mohutnost rostliny je ovlivňován i délkou fotoperiody. Při krátkém dni vytváří ježatka kuří noha nízké rostliny s mnoha odnožemi, na kterých se vytvářejí drobné laty, při dlouhém dni vyrůstají vysoké a silně větvené rostliny s mohutnými květenstvími.

Rozmnožování

Ježatka kuří noha se rozmnožuje výhradně semenyobilkami. Ty po uzrání většinou vypadají na půdu a jelikož jsou dormantní, obvykle ve středoevropských podmínkách téhož roku ještě nevyklíčí. Délka dormance silně závisí na podmínkách, ve kterých mateřská rostlina rostla, například v tropickém pásmu jsou obilky schopny klíčit ihned po dozrání.

Po přezimování v půdě vzcházejí nové rostlinky poměrně pozdě, až s nástupem vyšších teplot; v ČR obvykle začíná klíčení v průběhu dubna a vrcholí koncem května. Optimální teplota je okolo 20 až 25 °C a rychlost klíčení podporuje kolísání teploty. Vzcházejí v půdě z hloubky až 12 cm, a to i při momentálním zaplavení vodou; při klíčení požadují velkou půdní vlhkost. Uložené v suchu si podržují klíčivost osm roků, v půdě přežijí nejvýše šest let. Obilky jsou rozšiřovány nečistým osivem, balíčkovanou sadbou nebo jsou odplavovány dešťovou vodou. Jsou většinou životaschopné i po projití zažívacím traktem zvířat a často se šíří po polích nevyzrálým statkovým hnojivem, rostliny jsou výborným krmivem a bývají často spásány dobytkem.

Význam

Rostliny jsou považovány za velice nebezpečný plevel hlavně u širokořádkových plodin, jako jsou okopaniny, zelenina nebo kukuřice. Protože ježatka kuří noha je silně vlhkomilná, dokáže v mokrém roce pole silně zaplevelit, naopak v suchém roce se téměř nevyskytuje. Velmi škodí na rýžovištích, kde má optimální podmínky k růstuː vláhu, teplo a dostatek živin.

Pro její potlačení na polích je důležité střídat plodiny, omezit pěstování okopanin a zvýšit podíl ozimů a víceletých pícnin, které ježatku při jarním vzcházení potlačí sníženou dostupností světla. Ježatka kuří noha patří k několika málo druhům, jejichž některé populace si vytvořily odolnost vůči běžně používaným herbicidům.[2][3][4][5][6]

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-11]
  2. SMUTNÁ, Lucie. Biologie a ekologie ježatky kuří nohy. Brno, 2011 [cit. 07.03.2015]. Bakalářská práce. Mendelova univerzita v Brně. Vedoucí práce Vladimír Smutný. Dostupné online.
  3. ANDR, Jiří. Optimalizace chemické ochrany proti plevelům .... Praha, 2011 [cit. 07.03.2015]. Doktorská disertační práce. Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze. Vedoucí práce Josef Soukup. Dostupné online.
  4. DEYL, Miloš. Plevele polí a zahrad. Ilustrace Otto Ušák. Praha: Československá akademie věd, 1956. 384 s. HSV 38873/55/SV3/6423. Kapitola Ježatka kuří noha, s. 131-132.
  5. Herba, Atlas plevelů: Ježatka kuří noha [online]. Česká zemědělská univerzita, FAPaPZ, Katedra agroekologie a biometeorologie, Praha [cit. 2015-03-07]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  6. KRÁSA, Petr. BOTANY.cz: Ježatka kuří noha [online]. O. s. Přírodovědná společnost, BOTANY.cz, rev. 06.07.2007 [cit. 2015-03-07]. Dostupné online. (česky)

Externí odkazy

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CZ

Ježatka kuří noha: Brief Summary ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ

Ježatka kuří noha (Echinochloa crus-galli) je středně vysoká plevelná bylina trávovitého vzhledu, která bývá považována za jeden z deseti nejškodlivějších plevelů na světě. Je to druh z rodu ježatka který patří mezi rostliny z čeledi lipnicovitých.

Pochází pravděpodobně ze střední a východní Asie, odkud se rozšířila téměř po celé zeměkouli; hojná je zvláště na severní polokouli. Vytváří četné místní poddruhy a ekotypy, které se od sebe částečně odlišují.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CZ

Hühnerhirse ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Die Hühnerhirse (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv., Synonym: Panicum crus-galli L.) ist eine Pflanzenart innerhalb der Familie der Süßgräser (Poaceae). Sie ist in Mitteleuropa auf Äckern und in Gärten weit verbreitet.

Beschreibung

 src=
Illustration
 src=
Basisverzweigung mit stark abgeflachten Blattscheiden
 src=
Stängel mit Blattscheide
 src=
Blick auf die freie Seite eines scheinährigen Teilblütenstandes. Halbwegs zu erkennen die gruppierten Ährchen. Links ein Teilblütenstand zweiter Ordnung.
 src=
Ein einzelnes Ährchen in verschiedenen Ansichten

Bei der Hühnerhirse handelt es sich um eine einjährige krautige Pflanze, die normalerweise Wuchshöhen zwischen 30 und 100 cm, unter günstigen Umständen und in hohem Bewuchs von bis zu 2 m erreicht. Von einer oft stark verzweigten Basis gehen mehrere steife Halme zunächst mehr oder weniger waagerecht, dann immer steiler aufsteigend, ab. Die Laubblätter sind in Blattscheide und Blattspreite gegliedert. Die Blattscheiden sind in diesem Bereich deutlich abgeflacht. Die Blattspreite ist 1 bis 2 cm breit. Eine Ligula fehlt oder besteht höchstens aus ein paar winzigen Härchen.

Die Blütezeit reicht von Juli bis September. Der meist etwa 10 cm lange Blütenstand besteht aus einer Hauptachse, von der, manchmal leicht nach unten hängende, scheinährige (in Wirklichkeit traubige) Teilblütenstände abzweigen. An diesen sind die Ährchen wiederum in kurz traubenförmigen Gruppen angeordnet, die allerdings meist so dicht stehen, dass sie nicht sofort zu erkennen sind. Meist sind die Ährchen einseitswendig, so dass eine Seite der Scheinährenachse frei ist. Die Ährchen sind bei einer Länge von 2 bis 3 mm oval und kurz bespitzt. Häufig sind diese violett überlaufen. Wie auch die Blütenstandsachse sind sie kurz und steif behaart, oft am Grunde auch mit recht langen steifen Haaren, die die Ährchen sogar überragen können. Eine der Spelzen trägt eine kurze, bis zu einige Zentimeter lange Granne.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 54.[1]

Ökologie

Die Hühnerhirse ist eine sommerannuelle Pflanze und stark frostempfindlich; sie stirbt nach den ersten Herbstfrösten rasch ab. Es ist eine C4-Pflanze vom PEPCK-Typ. Sie wurzelt über einen Meter tief.[1]

Blütenbiologisch ist sie windblütig vom „Langstaubfädigen-Typ“.

Die Früchte sind Karyopsen. Die Ährchen fallen bei der Reife meist als Ganzes ab; die oberste Hüllspelze ist stachelspitzig und biegsam und dient als Klettorgan für die Klettausbreitung. Außerdem ist die Hühnerhirse ein Windstreuer, sowie durch Menschenausbreitung (Agochorie) auch ein Kulturbegleiter. Die Samen reifen in Mitteleuropa nur nach langen, warmen Sommern aus; sie sind Wärmekeimer. Die Fruchtreife erfolgt von September bis Oktober. Da es sich um einen Wärmekeimer handelt, erscheinen die jungen Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa erst im Frühsommer.

Vorkommen

Die Hühnerhirse kommt in Gebieten mit gemäßigtem und warmem Klima auf beiden Erdhalbkugeln vor, nördlich bis ins südliche Kanada und Norwegen. In Amerika und Neuseeland ist sie ein Neophyt.[2] Die Art ist in Nordamerika und Europa wärmeliebend, sie benötigt 160 bis 200 Tage Vegetationsperiode und Juli-Temperaturen von 16 bis 25 °C. Vor allem als Jungpflanze ist sie sehr feuchtebedürftig, sie wächst am besten bei 35 bis 65 Prozent Bodenfeuchte, verträgt aber auch wassergesättigte Böden und zeitweilige Überflutung sehr gut. In Reisfeldern erträgt sie Überstauung von 90 Zentimeter Höhe bis zu 40 Tage lang. Die Pflanze ist bodenvag und indifferent zum Kalkgehalt im Boden, benötigt aber stickstoffreiche Standorte.[3]

In Mitteleuropa ist sie weit verbreitet und häufig und wächst vor allem auf feuchten bis nassen und sehr stickstoffreichen Böden, beispielsweise in Gärten oder Äckern mit schwerem, staunassem und stark gedüngtem Boden, gerne auch in Jauchegruben, im Schlamm an Straßenrändern oder am Ufer von eutrophen oder hypertrophen Gewässern. Sie ist allerdings nicht auf solche Böden angewiesen und kann auch beispielsweise auf sandigen, trockenen Böden wachsen. Die Hühnerhirse gedeiht in Gesellschaften der Klassen Chenopodietea (Unkrautgesellschaften der Hackfrucht-Äcker) oder Bidentetea (Zweizahn-Uferfluren).[1]

Landwirtschaftliche Bedeutung

Die Hühnerhirse ist weltweit ein bedeutsames Unkraut im Ackerbau, insbesondere in Reiskulturen. Die Art wird zu den zehn bedeutsamsten Unkrautarten weltweit gerechnet. Sie kann den Ertrag in Reisfeldern um bis zu 50 Prozent vermindern[4], typischer sind aber Verluste von etwa 10 Prozent.[5] Im Gegensatz zur morphologisch und ökologisch ähnlichen Echinochloa colona, die vor allem in tropischen Klimaten vorherrscht, ist die Hühnerhirse eher in subtropischen bis warmgemäßigten Klimaten dominant. In Nordamerika ist sie ökonomisch bedeutsam in Reis, Kartoffeln, Tabak und Mais, wo die Art nicht nur den Ertrag durch Konkurrenz mit den Kulturpflanzen vermindert, sondern auch die mechanische Ernte erschwert.

Schadhirsen können gezielt mit dem Herbizidwirkstoff Dimethenamid bekämpft werden.[6] Die Art ist allerdings inzwischen resistent gegen zahlreiche Herbizide, es treten in Nordamerika auch multiresistente Stämme auf.[7]

Verwendung

Die Stärke der Früchte bildete in China vor etwa 10.000 Jahren eine wichtige Nahrungsquelle für die Jäger und Sammler.[8]

Die Hühnerhirse ist die wilde Stammform der Japanhirse Echinochloa esculenta, die vor etwa 4000 Jahren in Japan daraus domestiziert worden ist, sie wird heute, in geringem Umfang, in Japan, Korea, China und Russland angebaut. Diese Art wurde als Grünfutter auch in die USA und nach Australien eingeführt, wo sie bisher wenig verwendet wird, aber ihr wegen hoher Erträge hohes Potential zugesprochen wird. Die wilde Stammform der Hühnerhirse wird heute nirgends mehr angebaut oder kultiviert.[9]

Phylogenie und Systematik

Die Gattung Echinochloa umfasst etwa 50 einjährige und ausdauernde Arten, sie ist wegen der polymorphen Arten, die untereinander sehr ähnlich sind, taxonomisch äußerst problematisch mit zahlreichen synonymen Artnamen.

Die Genetik dieser und der verwandten Arten wurde über Jahrzehnte durch den japanischen Forscher Tomosaburo Yabuno geklärt. Echinochloa crus-galli ist den Ergebnissen zufolge eine hexaploide allopolyploide Art mit einem Chromosomensatz von 2n = 6x = 54. Die sechs homologen Chromosomen stammen von zwei verschiedenen Arten, davon vier von der Art Echinochloa oryzoides und zwei von einer bisher unbekannten, diploiden Art der Gattung. Die Art ist also hybridogenem Ursprungs, sie geht auf eine Kreuzung zweier Arten mit Stabilisierung des Hybriden durch Chromosomenverdoppelung hervor.[10] Ursprungsregion ist nach den genetischen Daten mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit Ostasien, von hier aus ist sie später weltweit verschleppt worden. Innerhalb der Gattung bildet die Art mit ihrer Elternart Echinochloa oryzoides und der aus Hühnerhirse domestizierten Echinochloa esculenta den crus-galli-Artkomplex.[11]

Es werden vier Varietäten unterschieden:

  • Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. var. crus-galli: Formenreich, weltweit verbreitet.
  • Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis Ohwi: Aufrecht wachsend. Unkraut in Nassreis-Kulturen.
  • Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola Ohwi: Niederliegend-aufsteigend, an, relativ trockenen, Straßenrändern und in Siedlungen.
  • Echinochloa crus-galli var. oryzoides (Ard.) Lindm. (Syn.: Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch): Unkraut in Nassreis-Kulturen.

Das Artepitheton crus-galli stammt vom lateinischen Begriff crus galli („Hahnenschenkel“).[12]

Quellen und weiterführende Informationen

Literatur

  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: Unsere Gräser. 7. Auflage. Franckh'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Kosmos-Naturführer, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-440-05284-2.
  • Werner Rothmaler: Exkursionsflora für die Gebiete der DDR und der BRD. Band 2: Gefäßpflanzen, 14. Auflage. Volk und Wissen, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-06-012539-2
  • Otto Schmeil, Jost Fitschen, Werner Rauh: Flora von Deutschland und seinen angrenzenden Gebieten. 84. Auflage. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg 1968.
  • Ruprecht Düll, Herfried Kutzelnigg: Taschenlexikon der Pflanzen Deutschlands und angrenzender Länder. Die häufigsten mitteleuropäischen Arten im Porträt. 7., korrigierte und erweiterte Auflage. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1. (Abschnitt Ökologie)

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. 8. Auflage. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5. Seite 265.
  2. Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Echinochloa crus-galli. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 20. November 2016.
  3. M.A. Maun & C.H. Barrett (1986): The biology of Canadian weeds 77: Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Canadian Journal of Plant Sciences 66: 739-759.
  4. L.G.Holm, D.L. Plucknett, J.V. Pancho, J.P. Herberger (1977): The World’s Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. ISBN 0-8248-0295-0. Seite 32 ff.
  5. R.J. Smith Jr.: Weeds of major economic importance in rice and yield losses due to weed competition. In: International Rice Research Institute (editor): Proceedings of the Conference on Weed Control in Rice, 31 August-4 September 1981. ISBN 978-971-10-4074-1
  6. Arbeitstagebuch 2014 der Obstbauversuchsanstalt Jork, S. 185
  7. Ronald E. Talbert and Nilda R. Burgos (2007): History and Management of Herbicide-Resistant Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in Arkansas Rice. Weed Technology21: 324-331.
  8. Xiaoyan Yang, Dorian Q. Fuller, Xiujia Huan, Linda Perry, Quan Li, Zhao Li, Jianping Zhang, Zhikun Ma, Yijie Zhuang, Leping Jiang, Yong Ge, Houyuan Lu: Barnyard grasses were processed with rice around 10000 years ago. In: Scientific Reports, Band 5, Artikel Nr. 16251, 2015, doi:10.1038/srep16251.
  9. Salej Sood, Rajesh K. Khulbe, Arun K. Gupta, Pawan K. Agrawal, Hari D. Upadhyaya, Jagdish C. Bhatt (2015): Barnyard millet – a potential food and feed crop of future. Plant Breeding 134: 135–147. doi:10.1111/pbr.12243
  10. T. Yabuno (1983): Biology of Echinochloa species. In: International Rice Research Institute (editor): Proceedings of the Conference on Weed Control in Rice, 31 August-4 September 1981. ISBN 978-971-10-4074-1
  11. Hirofumi Yamaguchi, Aya Utano, Kentaro Yasuda, Azusa Yano, Akiko Soejima (2005): A molecular phylogeny of wild and cultivated Echinochloa in East Asia inferred from non‐coding region sequences of trnT‐L‐F.. Weed Biology and Management 5 (4): 210-218. doi:10.1111/j.1445-6664.2005.00185.x
  12. Hans Zotter: Antike Medizin. Die medizinische Sammelhandschrift Cod. Vindobonensis 93 in lateinischer und deutscher Sprache. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1980 (= Interpretationes ad codices. Band 2); 2., verbesserte Auflage ebenda 1986, ISBN 3-201-01310-2, S. 116 f. (Nomen herbe Galligrus).

Weblinks

 src=
– Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Hühnerhirse: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Die Hühnerhirse (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv., Synonym: Panicum crus-galli L.) ist eine Pflanzenart innerhalb der Familie der Süßgräser (Poaceae). Sie ist in Mitteleuropa auf Äckern und in Gärten weit verbreitet.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Kejawan ( Javanese )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Suket Kejawan (Panicum crus galli) kuwé salah sijiné wit witan sing wis suwé ana ning tanah Jawa. Malah ana wong sing nafsiri, ndéan aranan suket kuwe nduwe hubungan khusus karo legenda tanah Jawa. saliane kue, Aran suket Kejawan mirip karo aran Bondan Kejawan putrane raja Majapahit sing ninggalaken petilasan ning akéh tempat ning Jawa. Suket Kejawan ya wis sempet mlebu ning cerita pewayangan ning lakon Pikukuhan nalika Dewi Umayi nggoleti Bathara Guru.

Ning dhaérah Sunda, suket Kejawan kasebuté jajagoan, jagoan, lan gagajahan. Ning Madura arané jembawan. Suket kiyé uripé mung samusim, ngadeg, lan batangé akéh. Duwuré bisa nganti 1,5. ning daerah Jawa suket kiyé bisa tukul nganti saduwuran 1,200 m ning duwure laut (DPL). Atawa sampe anane sawah sebabe suket kuwé uripe ning pinggir-pinggir sawah. ning dunia pertanian suket Kejawan kué dinilai kaya gulma sebabé dadi gangguan sing serius maring wit witan pokok liyané sing kanggo usaha, misale pari. Saliané kué, amarga cepet akéhe suket kue bisa dadi suket kué nutupi pekarangan kita. menurut cerita ari suket Kejawan ora dirawat, duwuré bisa nganti pada karo atawa ngelewihi pari. Jaréne, ésalah sijiné usaha kanggo menahan uripe suket kué nganggo cara dikeringkan pekarangan supaya wijil karo akare kering lan mati.[1]

Aran-aran désa

Desa-desa ning Jawa Wétan/Jawa Tengah/DIY sing nganggo aran Kejawan dadi aran desa kaya:

  1. Désa Kejawan, Kecamatan Grujugan, Kabupatèn Bondowoso
  2. Désa Kejawan. Kecamatan Tegowonu. Kabupatèn Grobogan.

Rujukan

  1. Santosa, Iman Budhi. Suta naya dhadhap waru : manusia Jawa dan tumbuhan. Yogyakarta. ISBN 9786026250421. OCLC 1040082743.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Penulis lan editor Wikipedia

Kejawan: Brief Summary ( Javanese )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Suket Kejawan (Panicum crus galli) kuwé salah sijiné wit witan sing wis suwé ana ning tanah Jawa. Malah ana wong sing nafsiri, ndéan aranan suket kuwe nduwe hubungan khusus karo legenda tanah Jawa. saliane kue, Aran suket Kejawan mirip karo aran Bondan Kejawan putrane raja Majapahit sing ninggalaken petilasan ning akéh tempat ning Jawa. Suket Kejawan ya wis sempet mlebu ning cerita pewayangan ning lakon Pikukuhan nalika Dewi Umayi nggoleti Bathara Guru.

Ning dhaérah Sunda, suket Kejawan kasebuté jajagoan, jagoan, lan gagajahan. Ning Madura arané jembawan. Suket kiyé uripé mung samusim, ngadeg, lan batangé akéh. Duwuré bisa nganti 1,5. ning daerah Jawa suket kiyé bisa tukul nganti saduwuran 1,200 m ning duwure laut (DPL). Atawa sampe anane sawah sebabe suket kuwé uripe ning pinggir-pinggir sawah. ning dunia pertanian suket Kejawan kué dinilai kaya gulma sebabé dadi gangguan sing serius maring wit witan pokok liyané sing kanggo usaha, misale pari. Saliané kué, amarga cepet akéhe suket kue bisa dadi suket kué nutupi pekarangan kita. menurut cerita ari suket Kejawan ora dirawat, duwuré bisa nganti pada karo atawa ngelewihi pari. Jaréne, ésalah sijiné usaha kanggo menahan uripe suket kué nganggo cara dikeringkan pekarangan supaya wijil karo akare kering lan mati.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Penulis lan editor Wikipedia

Palepalayan ( Kapampangan )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Ing Palepalayan (Echinochloa crus-galli) metung yang uri ning dikut iláng (wild grass) a ibat king malisangan o tropical Asia a sadya rang tuturing uri ning dikut a panicum. Maralas, awsan de king Ingles Cockspur (o Cockspur Grass), Common Barnyard Grass, o kabud na mu barnyard grass (a malyari dang gamitan king sanumang species ning Echinochloa o king mabilug a genus). Daragul ya ing tanaman anggang 60 pulgada (1.5 m) king kátas, at atin yang mangakaba ampong pitpit a bulung a maralas, kule lang bagyang ubi king bandang pun. Keraklan, matulid la reng kayang tangke, oneng deng aliwa mikakalat la king gabun. Pitpit la king bandang pun deng tangke. Aliwa la itsura deng buntuk da reng butul, at keraklan kule ubi la deti, at maki mangaragul lang butul a balamu millet kareng siksakan a malataring mangalati (spikelet).

Tuturing deng metung kareng makasirang diling dikut (weed) king yatu, at babawasan na ing pupul kareng tanam at papaten no reng dikut a papakan kareng animal (forage crop) kapamilatan ning pamaglako king anggang 80% ning nitrogen king gabun. Makalasun ya kareng seseng animal uling king matas a nitrates a mititipun kaya. Magi yang santungan da reng miayaliwang sakit a mosaic virus. Malyaring lang maging sabagal deng mangalabung a tanaman king pamamupul a gagamit makina.

Notes

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors

Palepalayan: Brief Summary ( Kapampangan )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Ing Palepalayan (Echinochloa crus-galli) metung yang uri ning dikut iláng (wild grass) a ibat king malisangan o tropical Asia a sadya rang tuturing uri ning dikut a panicum. Maralas, awsan de king Ingles Cockspur (o Cockspur Grass), Common Barnyard Grass, o kabud na mu barnyard grass (a malyari dang gamitan king sanumang species ning Echinochloa o king mabilug a genus). Daragul ya ing tanaman anggang 60 pulgada (1.5 m) king kátas, at atin yang mangakaba ampong pitpit a bulung a maralas, kule lang bagyang ubi king bandang pun. Keraklan, matulid la reng kayang tangke, oneng deng aliwa mikakalat la king gabun. Pitpit la king bandang pun deng tangke. Aliwa la itsura deng buntuk da reng butul, at keraklan kule ubi la deti, at maki mangaragul lang butul a balamu millet kareng siksakan a malataring mangalati (spikelet).

Tuturing deng metung kareng makasirang diling dikut (weed) king yatu, at babawasan na ing pupul kareng tanam at papaten no reng dikut a papakan kareng animal (forage crop) kapamilatan ning pamaglako king anggang 80% ning nitrogen king gabun. Makalasun ya kareng seseng animal uling king matas a nitrates a mititipun kaya. Magi yang santungan da reng miayaliwang sakit a mosaic virus. Malyaring lang maging sabagal deng mangalabung a tanaman king pamamupul a gagamit makina.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors

Qorakurmak ( Uzbek )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Qorakurmak, shamak — boshoqdoshlarga mansub bir yillik begona oʻt. Poyasi havol, boʻyi 100 sm cha. Bargi nashtarsimon, chetlari gʻidirish, oʻtkir qirrali, barg plastinkasi oʻrtasidan yoʻgon tomir oʻtadi. Toʻpguliroʻvak. Pishib yetilgan boshoqlari oson toʻkiladi. Mevasi uchi oʻtkirlashgan ellipssimon doncha. Kuzda tuproqqa toʻkilib, qishlab chiqqan doni bahorda kechroq, yuqori temperaturada una boshlaydi. 1 sm dan ortiq chuqurlikka tushgan Q. urugʻining unuvchanligi keskin kamayadi. Q. iyuldan kech kuzga qadar gullab, mevalaydi. asosan urugʻidan koʻpayadi. Bir oʻsimlik tuplanish darajasiga qarab 5 — 13 mingga yaqin urugʻ beradi. Barcha sugʻoriladigan dehqonchilik maydonlarida uchraydi.

Kurash choralari: kuzgi shudgor, almashlab ekish, ekin agrotexnikasini sifatli oʻtkazish. Paxta dalalariga gerbitsidlardan treflan, kotoran, prometrin preparatlarining suvli suspenziyasini ekish vaqtida lenta usulida yerga sepish.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipediya mualliflari va muharrirlari

БажэкӀэцӀынэ ( Kabardian Circassian )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

БажэкӀэцӀынэ (лат-бз. Echinochloa crus-galli) — зы гъэкӀэ къэкӀ удз лӀэужьыгъуэщ.

Теплъэр

И лъэгагъыр см 60-100 хъууэ. И бзийхэр кӀыхьщ, бгъузэщ. Удзым и пкъыхэр занщӀэу докӀей, лъабжьэ ищӀхэр псыгъуэ-кӀыхьхэщ, куэдщ, лъэхъцым ещхьщ. Гъэмахуэкум щыщӀедзэри пкъыхэм я щхьэкӀэм гъашэ къыпедзэ. Жылэхэр гъэмахуэкӀэм, бжыхьэм мэхъу, гъуэбжафэщ, хум ещхьщ. БажэкӀэцӀынэр щхъуантӀэу щытщ, жэп къехын щӀидзэху.

КъыздэкӀыр

Губгъуэхэм, нартыху щӀагъхэм, дыгъэгъазэхэм, кӀэртӀоф, гыныплъ хьэсэхэм, хадэхэкӀ щащӀэхэм, жыг-хадэхэм зэран къахьу, куэду къыщокӀ.

Къэгъэщхьэпэгъуэр

Ӏэщым фӀы дыдэу яшх, силосу иралъхьэ. Адыгэхэм бажэкӀэцӀынэр куэд щӀауэ мэкъуу паупщӀ.

Тхылъхэр

Хьэкъун Б. Адыгэ къэкӀыгъэцӀэхэр. ТхылътедзапӀэ «Элбрус». Налшыч 1992 гъ.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors

Курмак ( Tajik )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Курмак (лот. Echinóchloa crus-gálli) — ҷинси гиёҳи яксолаест мансуб ба хушаиҳо. Пояаш сершохча, баргаш борику нештаршакл, хушачааш якгулаи дуҷинсаи байзашакл, пулакчаи хушааш нафиспӯст.

Эзоҳ

  1. См. ссылку TPL в карточке растения.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Муаллифон ва муҳаррирони Wikipedia

Курмак: Brief Summary ( Tajik )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Курмак (лот. Echinóchloa crus-gálli) — ҷинси гиёҳи яксолаест мансуб ба хушаиҳо. Пояаш сершохча, баргаш борику нештаршакл, хушачааш якгулаи дуҷинсаи байзашакл, пулакчаи хушааш нафиспӯст.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Муаллифон ва муҳаррирони Wikipedia

Күрмөк ( Kirghiz; Kyrgyz )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
Күрмөк.

Күрмөк (лат. Echinochloa crusgalli) – дан өсүмдүктөр тукумундагы түр. Бир жылдык, бийикт. 20-100 см. Жалбырагы катуу өзөктүү, формасы сызыктай. Машакчалары калемчедей топ гүлдү түзөт. Күрүч айдоолорунун отоо чөбү. Жер шарынын мелүүн жана ысык алкактарында таралган. Анын уругу сугат суу аркылуу таралат да жоготуу өтө кыйын. Күрүчкө караганда К. уругу 10-25 күн мурда жетилип, күбүлүп, топуракта 20 жылга чейин сакталат. Күрөшүү чаралары: аңызды тоңдурмалоо; эгинди , картошка менен жүгөрүнү маалында малалоо; катар аралыкты иштөө; күрүч талаасын 8-10 күн бою 15-30 см тереңдикке чейин көлдөтүү жана башкалар.

Колдонулган адабияттар

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia жазуучу жана редактор

Күрмөк: Brief Summary ( Kirghiz; Kyrgyz )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages
 src= Күрмөк.

Күрмөк (лат. Echinochloa crusgalli) – дан өсүмдүктөр тукумундагы түр. Бир жылдык, бийикт. 20-100 см. Жалбырагы катуу өзөктүү, формасы сызыктай. Машакчалары калемчедей топ гүлдү түзөт. Күрүч айдоолорунун отоо чөбү. Жер шарынын мелүүн жана ысык алкактарында таралган. Анын уругу сугат суу аркылуу таралат да жоготуу өтө кыйын. Күрүчкө караганда К. уругу 10-25 күн мурда жетилип, күбүлүп, топуракта 20 жылга чейин сакталат. Күрөшүү чаралары: аңызды тоңдурмалоо; эгинди , картошка менен жүгөрүнү маалында малалоо; катар аралыкты иштөө; күрүч талаасын 8-10 күн бою 15-30 см тереңдикке чейин көлдөтүү жана башкалар.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia жазуучу жана редактор

Pikniq ( Inupiaq )

provided by wikipedia emerging_languages

Pikniq (Echinochloa crus-galli)

 src=
Echinochloa crus-galli01
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors

Echinochloa crus-galli

provided by wikipedia EN

Echinochloa crus-galli is a type of wild grass originating from tropical Asia that was formerly classified as a type of panicum grass. It is commonly known as cockspur (or cockspur grass), barnyard millet, Japanese millet, water grass, common barnyard grass, or simply "barnyard grass" (which may refer to any species of Echinochloa or the genus as a whole however). This plant can grow to 60" (1.5 m) in height and has long, flat leaves which are often purplish at the base. Most stems are upright, but some will spread out over the ground. Stems are flattened at the base. The seed heads are a distinctive feature, often purplish, with large millet-like seeds in crowded spikelets.

Considered one of the world's worst weeds, it reduces crop yields and causes forage crops to fail by removing up to 80% of the available soil nitrogen. It acts as a host for several mosaic virus diseases.[3] Heavy infestations can interfere with mechanical harvesting.

Individual plants can produce up to 40,000 seeds per year. Water, birds, insects, machinery, and animal feet disperse it, but contaminated seed is probably the most common dispersal method.

Description

Echinochloa crus-galli 2006.08.27 15.00.13-p8270053.jpg
Echinochloa crus-galli 2006.08.27 15.00.29-p8270054.jpg

Polymorphous coarse, tufted annual, tall and often weedy; culms erect to decumbent, 0.8–1.5 m tall, rather thick, branching at base.

Leaves flat, glabrous, elongate, 30–50 cm long, 1–2 cm broad, scabrous, slightly thickened at margin; ligules absent; sheaths smooth, lower ones often reddish; panicle 8–30 cm long, green or purple, exerted, somewhat nodding, densely branched, the branches to 5 cm long, erect or ascending sessile;

Spikelets 3–4 mm long, densely arranged on branches, ovoid, often long-awned, pale green to dull purple, short-bristly along veins; racemes spreading, ascending or appressed, the lower somewhat distant, as much as 10 cm long, sometimes branched; glumes and lower lemma minutely hairy on surface with longer more rigid hairs on veins; first glume about two-fifths as long as spikelet, deltoid, the second as long as the spikelet, short-awned; sterile lemma membranous, with a straight scabrous awn, 2–4 cm long or awnless; fertile lemma ovate-elliptic, acute, pale yellow, lustrous, smooth, 3–3.5 mm long. Fl.

Aug.–Oct.; seed maturing Sept.–Oct., up to 40,000/plant. Var. crus-galli has long, somewhat spreading papillose cilia at the summits of the internodes and bases of the branches in the inflorescence and short, very thick papillose cilia along the lateral nerves of the 2nd glume, sterile lemma, and somewhat spreading spikes", and sterile lemmas with awns 0–10 mm long.[4]

Distribution and habitat

Barnyard grass commonly occurs throughout tropical Asia and Africa in fields and along roadsides, ditches, along railway lines, and in disturbed areas such as gravel pits and dumps. It also invades riverbanks and the shores of lakes and ponds. It occurs in all agricultural regions. This species is considered an invasive species in North America where it occurs throughout the continental United States. It is also found in southern Canada from British Columbia east to Newfoundland.[5] It was first spotted in the Great Lakes region in 1843.[6]

Ecology

Ranging from Boreal Moist to Wet through Tropical Very Dry to Moist forest life zones. Adapted to nearly all types of wet places, this grass is often a common weed in paddy fields, roadsides, cultivated areas, and fallow fields. It grows on variety of wet sites such as ditches, low areas in fertile croplands and wet wastes, often growing in water. Succeeds in cool regions, but better adapted to areas where average annual temperature is 14–16 °C. Not restricted by soil pH.[3]

Usage

E. crus-galli was domesticated in southern Hokkaido 4,500 years ago.[1]

A warm-season grass used as cattle fodder and is sometimes cultivated for this purpose. It is also suited for silage, but not for hay. It is fed green to animals and provides fodder throughout the year; hay made from this plant can be kept up to 6 years. This grass is also used for reclamation of saline and alkaline areas, especially in Egypt.

This grass is readily eaten by wild animals: rabbits, deer, waterfowls, etc.[3]

The grain of some varieties is eaten by humans in times of scarcity and sometimes used for adulterating fennel.[7] The roots are boiled to cure indigestion in the Philippines. The young shoots are eaten as a vegetable. The plant extract is used in diseases of the spleen. Young shoots are eaten as a vegetable in Java. Reported to be preventative and tonic, barnyard grass is a folk remedy in India for carbuncles, haemorrhages, sores, spleen trouble, cancer and wounds.

In the Hisar district of the Indian state of Haryana the seeds of this grass are commonly eaten with cultivated rice grains to make rice pudding or khir on Hindu fast days.

Barnyard grass was one of the five most cultivated crops during Joseon Dynasty in Korea. Rural Development Administration of South Korean government discovered barnyard grass effectively lowers blood sugar and cholesterol when consumed, according to Yonhap.[8]

Japanese barnyard millet (Echinochloa esculenta syn. E. cg. var. utilis),[1] a domesticated form of E. crus-galli, is cultivated on a small scale in Japan, Korea and China. It underwent selection for larger grain size over a span of one or two millennia in Japan.[1]

Diseases and pests

This grass is subject to the brown spot disease caused by Bipolaris oryzae, a fungal infection.

Brown spot Bipolaris oryzae

Common names

Punjabi dialect forms

The following Punjabi dialect forms are recorded in Punjab for this grass:

  • Hisar
    • bharti, s.f., Echinochloa crus-galli

Indian languages

  • Sanskrit:
  • Marathi:
    • barag, s.m., millet, also used for Panicum miliaceum.
  • Kannada:
    • baraga', s.m., baragu, s.n., 1. Panicum frumentaceum, Indian millet; 2. A kind of hill grass from which writing pens are made.
  • Malayalam:
    • varige, varagu, varaku, s.m., Panicum frumentaceum; a grass Panicum.
  • Tamil:
    • சாமை cāmai (சாமி), s.m., A kind of grain, millet. < From Old Indo-Aryan šyāmā s.m., 1. Poor-man's millet, sown in Āvaṇi and maturing in six weeks to four months, Panicum crusgalli. Compare: சிறுசாமை ciṟu-cāmai, n. < id. + சாமை, a kind of little millet, Panicum; சாமைவகை. (சங். அக.); புற்சாமை puṟ-cāmai, n. < id. + a species of little millet, Panicum; சாமைவகை.; பனிச்சாமை paṉi-c-cāmai, n. < பனி + a kind of little millet, Panicum; சாமைவகை. (யாழ். அக.)
    • வரகு varaku, s.n. 1. Common millet, Paspalum scrobiculatum; ஒருவகைத் தானியம். புறவுக் கரு வன்ன புன்புல வரகின். 2. Poor man's millet, Echinochloa crusgalli; சாமைவகை. Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn. = P. frumentaceum Rottb. P. crusgalli is not identified in Hooker.
  • Telugu:
    • చామ cāma, ṭsāma, pl.m., The millet Panicum miliaceum Also compare బొంతచామలు Panicum frumentaceum< From Old Indo-Aryan šyāmā s.m., 1. Poor-man's millet, sown in Āvaṇi and maturing in six weeks to four months, Echinochloa crusgalli.
    • varaga, Inscr. varuvu, n., Panicum miliaceum.

Non-Indian languages

  • Catalan: Serreig.
  • Czech: Ježatka kurí noha.
  • Danish: Almindelig Hanespore, Hanespore.
  • Dutch: Europese Hanepoot.
  • Estonian: Tähk-kukehirss.
  • Finnish: Rikkakananhirssi.
  • French: Echinochloa pied-de-coq, Panic pied de coq.
  • Italian: Giavone comune, Giavone, Panicastrella.
  • Japanese:いぬびえ inubie
  • Khmer: Smao bek kbol
  • Korean: 피(pi) or 피쌀(pissal)
  • Norwegian: Hønsehirse.
  • Portuguese: Capim-arroz
  • Serbo-Croatian: kostrva, kostrava, koštriva, kostrina, proso brkato, korovsko proso, veli muhić, veliki muhar, kokonožac, konopljena trava, svrakanj
    • Aragon: cola de caballo, mutxitxa
  • Tai Lue: ᦛᧂ wang[9]
  • Thai: หญ้าปล้องละมาน yaa-plong-lamaan[10]
  • Vietnamese: Cò lông vüt, somg chang.
Wikispecies has information related to Echinochloa crus-galli.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Echinochloa crus-galli.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Purugganan, Michael D.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2009). "The nature of selection during plant domestication". Nature. Nature Research. 457 (7231): 843–848. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..843P. doi:10.1038/nature07895. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 19212403. S2CID 205216444.
  2. ^ "Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org.
  3. ^ a b c Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Lebas F., 2017. Cockspur grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) forage. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/451
  4. ^ "Echinochloa crusgalli".
  5. ^ http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Echinochloa+crusgalli Map showing distribution
  6. ^ "List of invasive species in the Great Lakes Great Lakes United / Union Saint-Grands Lacs". Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  7. ^ "Echinochloa crusgalli".
  8. ^ http://m.yna.co.kr/amp/kr/contents/?cid=MYH20161109007600038
  9. ^ "Dai Lue Dictionary ᦈᦹᧈ ᦶᦑᧃ ᦺᦑ ᦟᦹᧉ 傣泐词典 » ᦛᧂ".
  10. ^ "Biodiversity".
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Echinochloa crus-galli: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Echinochloa crus-galli is a type of wild grass originating from tropical Asia that was formerly classified as a type of panicum grass. It is commonly known as cockspur (or cockspur grass), barnyard millet, Japanese millet, water grass, common barnyard grass, or simply "barnyard grass" (which may refer to any species of Echinochloa or the genus as a whole however). This plant can grow to 60" (1.5 m) in height and has long, flat leaves which are often purplish at the base. Most stems are upright, but some will spread out over the ground. Stems are flattened at the base. The seed heads are a distinctive feature, often purplish, with large millet-like seeds in crowded spikelets.

Considered one of the world's worst weeds, it reduces crop yields and causes forage crops to fail by removing up to 80% of the available soil nitrogen. It acts as a host for several mosaic virus diseases. Heavy infestations can interfere with mechanical harvesting.

Individual plants can produce up to 40,000 seeds per year. Water, birds, insects, machinery, and animal feet disperse it, but contaminated seed is probably the most common dispersal method.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Echinochloa crus-galli ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Echinochloa crus-galli o pasto dentado es una especie del género Echinochloa perteneciente a la familia de las poáceas.

 src=
Vista de la planta
 src=
Detalle de la espiga
 src=
Ilustración de Flora Batava
 src=
Vista de la planta

Descripción

Habita en suelos con alta humedad. La panícula y las espiguillas son grandes y pubescentes. Es una especie anual, cespitosa, con tallos de 30–120 cm de largo. Las vainas de las hojas son glabras en la superficie. No presentan lígula ausente. La lámina foliar es de 8–35 cm en largo y 8–20 mm de ancho.

La inflorescencia está compuesta de 5 a 15 racimos de espiguillas que surgen a lo largo de un eje central, son ascendentes, unilaterales, de 2–10 cm en largo. El eje de la inflorescencia central presenta 6–22 cm en largo. El raquis es angular, con pelos escasos, escabroso en sus márgenes. Las espiguillas se disponen de a pares o agrupadas en cada nudo. Las espiguillas fértiles pueden ser sésiles o pediceladas.

Los números cromosómicos citados para esta especie son varios, 2n=18, 24, 25, 27, 36, o 54.

Es una gramínea con racimos de espiguillas densas a menudo ramificadas que adquieren coloraciones rojizas, se caracterizan de forma inequívoca por la presencia de largos pelos rígidos entre las espiguillas que les dan un aspecto hirsuto. El tamaño de los racimos permite diferenciarla de Echinochloa colonum.[1]

Distribución

Tiene una distribución cosmopolita. En España se encuentra en Castilla y León,[2]Alicante, Barcelona, Castellón, Gerona, Islas Baleares, Lérida, Sta Mª de los Llanos (Cuenca), Tarragona y Valencia.

Hábitat

Vive en zonas perturbadas y campos de cultivo en suelos húmedos. Florece en verano y otoño.[1]

Taxonomía

Echinochloa crus-galli fue descrita por (L.) P.Beauv. y publicado en Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie 1: 53, 161, 169, pl. 11, f. 2. 1812.[3]

Citología

Número de cromosomas de Echinochloa colonum (Fam. Gramineae) y táxones infraespecíficos: 2n=54[4]

Etimología

Echinochloa: nombre genérico que deriva del griego equinos (erizo) y chloé (hierba), aludiendo a la inflorescencia.

crus-galli: epíteto latino que significa "cresta de gallo", de aplicación desconocida.[5]

Sinonimia
  • Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
  • Echinochloa echinata (Willd.) P.Beauv.
  • Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald
  • Echinochloa occidentalis (Wiegand) Rydb.
  • Echinochloa pungens (Poir.) Rydb.
  • Echinochloa subverticillata Pilg.
  • Echinochloa zelayensis (Kunth) Schult.
  • Milium crusgalli (L.) Moench
  • Oplismenus crus-galli (L.) Dumort.
  • Oplismenus echinatus (Willd.) Kunth
  • Oplismenus muricatus Kunth
  • Oplismenus zelayensis Kunth
  • Orthopogon crus-galli (L.) Spreng.
  • Orthopogon echinatus (Willd.) Spreng.
  • Panicum crus-corvi L.
  • Panicum crus-galli L.
  • Panicum echinatum Willd.
  • Panicum grossum Salisb.
  • Panicum muricatum Michx.
  • Panicum pungens Poir.
  • Pennisetum crus-galli (L.) Baumg.
  • Setaria muricata P.Beauv.[3]

Nombre común

  • Castellano: amor de hortelano, cenizo, guizazo de Cuba, hierba chapacera, hierba triguera, lapa, miaina, mijera, mijera del terreno, mijo de los arrozales, millán, panicillo, pata de gallina, pata de gallo, pie de gallina, pie de pollo, pierna de gallo, yerba hortelana.[6]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. a b Echinochloa crus-galli en Herbario virtual
  2. Bruno Gómez, J. (1994). La flor del Páramo III. León:Diputación Provincial de León. ISBN 84-87081-78-9.
  3. a b «Echinochloa crus-galli». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 24 de abril de 2014.
  4. El género Echinochloa Beauv. en el Suroeste de Europa. Carretero, J. L. (1981) Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 38(1): 91-108
  5. en Nombres Botánicos
  6. «Echinochloa crus-galli». Real Jardín Botánico: Proyecto Anthos. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2010.

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Echinochloa crus-galli: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Echinochloa crus-galli o pasto dentado es una especie del género Echinochloa perteneciente a la familia de las poáceas.

 src= Vista de la planta  src= Detalle de la espiga  src= Ilustración de Flora Batava  src= Vista de la planta
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Tähk-kukehirss ( Estonian )

provided by wikipedia ET

Tähk-kukehirss (Echinochloa crus-galli) on üheaastane rohttaimeliik kõrreliste sugukonna kukehirsi perekonnast. Tähk-kukehirss on Eestis võõrliik.[1]

Kirjeldus

Tähk-kukehirsi pöörisjas liittähk on kuni 20 cm pikk. Pähikud kuhjunult, 1-õielised, munajad, kahvatu- või lillakasrohelised. Liblesid 3, sisemine 0,5–3 cm pikkuse ohtega, kõik libled hõredalt karvased. Keelekese asemel karvaring. Lehed 6 kuni 15 mm laiad, hallikasrohelised, karedad, heleda keskrooga, servast lainjad, aluse poole järsult ahenevad. Lehetuped siledad. Taimed kasvavad 20 kuni 100 cm kõrguseks. Õitsevad juulist septembrini.[2]

Kasvukoht

Tähk-kukehirss kasvab tulnukumbrohuna kultuurides, aedades, prahipaikadel, raudteedel.[2]

Levik

Levinud hajusalt üle Eesti.[2]

Galerii

Viited

  1. Keskknnaministeerium. "Võõrliikide andmebaas". Vaadatud 02.02.2017.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 Leht, M. (toim.). 2010. Eesti taimede määraja. EMÜ, Eesti Loodusfoto, Tartu

Välislingid

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipeedia autorid ja toimetajad
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ET

Tähk-kukehirss: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

provided by wikipedia ET

Tähk-kukehirss (Echinochloa crus-galli) on üheaastane rohttaimeliik kõrreliste sugukonna kukehirsi perekonnast. Tähk-kukehirss on Eestis võõrliik.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipeedia autorid ja toimetajad
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ET

Rikkakananhirssi ( Finnish )

provided by wikipedia FI

Rikkakananhirssi (Echinochloa crus-galli) on Aasiasta lähtöisin oleva isokokoinen yksivuotinen heinäkasvi, jota pidetään yhtenä maailman pahimmista rikkaruohoista. Se vaivaa etenkin riisipeltoja ja muita lauhkean ja lämpimän alueen viljelyksiä. Rikkakananhirssi tunnetaan maailmalta yli 60 hyötykasvin rikkakasvina. Se käyttää maaperän typpeä hyväkseen niin tehokkaasti, että lähistöllä kasvavat lajit näivettyvät hengiltä.[2] Kananhirsseillä esiintyy myös allelopatiaa eli naapurikasvien kemiallista haittaamista. Rikkakananhirssiä on vaikea erottaa sukulaisestaan lännenkananhirssistä (Echinochloa muricata). Rikkakananhirssi kuluu yhteyttämisessään C4-kasveihin.

Rikkakananhirssi kasvaa 30–200 cm korkeaksi. Lehdet ovat 5–30 mm leveät ja jopa 65 cm pitkät.[2]

Rikkakananhirssi on luultavasti alkujaan kotoisin alueelta, joka ulottuu Etelä-Euroopasta Lähi-itään ja Intiaan, mutta se on levinnyt vieraslajina lähes koko maailmaan.[1]

Lähteet

  1. a b Echinochloa crus-galli IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. (englanniksi)
  2. a b Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) Cabi. 2015. Viitattu 26.8.2017.

Aiheesta muualla

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FI

Rikkakananhirssi: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

provided by wikipedia FI

Rikkakananhirssi (Echinochloa crus-galli) on Aasiasta lähtöisin oleva isokokoinen yksivuotinen heinäkasvi, jota pidetään yhtenä maailman pahimmista rikkaruohoista. Se vaivaa etenkin riisipeltoja ja muita lauhkean ja lämpimän alueen viljelyksiä. Rikkakananhirssi tunnetaan maailmalta yli 60 hyötykasvin rikkakasvina. Se käyttää maaperän typpeä hyväkseen niin tehokkaasti, että lähistöllä kasvavat lajit näivettyvät hengiltä. Kananhirsseillä esiintyy myös allelopatiaa eli naapurikasvien kemiallista haittaamista. Rikkakananhirssiä on vaikea erottaa sukulaisestaan lännenkananhirssistä (Echinochloa muricata). Rikkakananhirssi kuluu yhteyttämisessään C4-kasveihin.

Rikkakananhirssi kasvaa 30–200 cm korkeaksi. Lehdet ovat 5–30 mm leveät ja jopa 65 cm pitkät.

Rikkakananhirssi on luultavasti alkujaan kotoisin alueelta, joka ulottuu Etelä-Euroopasta Lähi-itään ja Intiaan, mutta se on levinnyt vieraslajina lähes koko maailmaan.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FI

Echinochloa crus-galli ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Echinochloa crus-galli, le panic pied-de-coq, est une espèce de plantes monocotylédones de la famille des Poaceae (graminées), sous-famille des Panicoideae, à répartition quasi-cosmopolite, probablement originaire d'Asie tropicale (en). Ce sont des plantes herbacées annuelles, cespiteuses, aux inflorescences composées de racèmes.

Noms vernaculaires : panic des marais ou pied-de-coq[1], patte-de-poule, panisse, crête-de-coq, blé du Dekkan.

C'est une mauvaise herbe redoutée dans de nombreuses régions agricoles, qui infeste notamment les rizières italiennes. Le mode cultural des rizières de la plaine du Pô jusqu'à la première moitié du XXe siècle nécessitait l'emploi de nombreuses mondine (ou mondariso) dont la tâche, outre le repiquage du riz, était l'émondage manuel (la monda) de cette herbe nommée pabi ou giavone en italien. Elle est considérée comme une plante envahissante en Amérique du Nord.

La plante est considérée comme l'une des pires adventices de la planète car elle réduit les rendements des cultures en absorbant jusqu'à 80 % de l'azote disponible dans le sol et sert d'hôte à plusieurs virus mosaïque. Les niveaux élevés de nitrates qui s'accumulent en elle peuvent empoisonner le bétail[2].

Chaque plante peut produire jusqu'à 40 000 graines par an.

Description

Cette plante aux feuilles larges et très allongées, souvent violacées à la base, à tiges robustes, dressées, souvent couchées à la base, peut atteindre 1,5 mètre de haut.

D’un point de vue systématique, c’est une espèce extrêmement variable, et qui a été divisée en plusieurs variétés et formes. L’absence de ligule et la présence de nombreux racèmes qui sont écartés, dressés ou ramifiés sont des caractères discriminants.

C'est une plante annuelle, chaume (long.60–100 cm.) robustes, couchés à la base ou dressés; gaines lisses; feuilles (larg. 5–15 mm.) à bords souvent odulées; épillets peu ou point muriqués; lemma de la fleur fertile mucroné ou longuement aristé. Floraison estivale[3].

Sous-espèces

Echinochloa crus-galli oryzoides est une sous-espèce adventice du riz qui a subi un processus de mimétisme vavilovien, qui l'a conduit à avoir un port plus érigé et une moins grande résistance à la sécheresse[4].

Habitat

Echinochloa crus-galli est une plante très commune dans toutes les régions tropicales et tempérées du monde. Elle se plait particulièrement dans les lieux humides et les terrains sablonneux.

Références

  1. (fr) Référence Tela Botanica (France métro) : Echinochloa crus-galli
  2. (en) « Barnyard Grass Poisoning in Horses - Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Recovery, Management, Cost », sur Wag! (consulté le 20 mars 2018).
  3. Frère Marie-Victonrin, Flore Laurentienne, vol. 3e Edition, Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1093 p., page814
  4. J S McElroy, « Vavilovian Mimicry: Nikolai Vavilov and His Little-Known Impact on Weed Science », Weed Science, no 62:207–216, 2014

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Echinochloa crus-galli: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Echinochloa crus-galli, le panic pied-de-coq, est une espèce de plantes monocotylédones de la famille des Poaceae (graminées), sous-famille des Panicoideae, à répartition quasi-cosmopolite, probablement originaire d'Asie tropicale (en). Ce sont des plantes herbacées annuelles, cespiteuses, aux inflorescences composées de racèmes.

Noms vernaculaires : panic des marais ou pied-de-coq, patte-de-poule, panisse, crête-de-coq, blé du Dekkan.

C'est une mauvaise herbe redoutée dans de nombreuses régions agricoles, qui infeste notamment les rizières italiennes. Le mode cultural des rizières de la plaine du Pô jusqu'à la première moitié du XXe siècle nécessitait l'emploi de nombreuses mondine (ou mondariso) dont la tâche, outre le repiquage du riz, était l'émondage manuel (la monda) de cette herbe nommée pabi ou giavone en italien. Elle est considérée comme une plante envahissante en Amérique du Nord.

La plante est considérée comme l'une des pires adventices de la planète car elle réduit les rendements des cultures en absorbant jusqu'à 80 % de l'azote disponible dans le sol et sert d'hôte à plusieurs virus mosaïque. Les niveaux élevés de nitrates qui s'accumulent en elle peuvent empoisonner le bétail.

Chaque plante peut produire jusqu'à 40 000 graines par an.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Kurjaca jahlička ( Upper Sorbian )

provided by wikipedia HSB

Kurjaca jahlička (Echinochloa crus-galli) je rostlina ze swójby słódkich trawow (Poaceae).

Wopis

Stejnišćo

Rozšěrjenje

Wužiwanje

Žórła

  • Aichele, D., Golte-Bechtle, M.: Was blüht denn da: Wildwachsende Blütenpflanzen Mitteleuropas. Kosmos Naturführer (1997)
  • Brankačk, Jurij: Wobrazowy słownik hornjoserbskich rostlinskich mjenow na CD ROM. Rěčny centrum WITAJ, wudaće za serbske šule. Budyšin 2005.
  • Kubát, K. (Hlavní editor): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. Academia, Praha (2002)
  • Lajnert, Jan: Rostlinske mjena. Serbske. Němske. Łaćanske. Rjadowane po přirodnym systemje. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin (1954)
  • Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)

Eksterne wotkazy

Commons
Hlej wotpowědne dataje we Wikimedia Commons:
Kurjaca jahlička
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia HSB

Kurjaca jahlička: Brief Summary ( Upper Sorbian )

provided by wikipedia HSB

Kurjaca jahlička (Echinochloa crus-galli) je rostlina ze swójby słódkich trawow (Poaceae).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia HSB

Panicum crus-galli ( Indonesian )

provided by wikipedia ID

Panicum crus-galli adalah spesies tumbuhan yang tergolong ke dalam famili Poaceae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Poales. Spesies Panicum crus-galli sendiri merupakan bagian dari genus Panicum.[1] Nama ilmiah dari spesies ini pertama kali diterbitkan oleh L..

Referensi

  1. ^ "Panicum". The Plant List. Diakses tanggal 8 June 2014.



 src= Artikel bertopik tumbuhan ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ID

Panicum crus-galli: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

provided by wikipedia ID

Panicum crus-galli adalah spesies tumbuhan yang tergolong ke dalam famili Poaceae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Poales. Spesies Panicum crus-galli sendiri merupakan bagian dari genus Panicum. Nama ilmiah dari spesies ini pertama kali diterbitkan oleh L..

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ID

Echinochloa crus-galli ( Italian )

provided by wikipedia IT

Il giavone (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv.) è un pianta erbacea della famiglia delle Poacee.[1]

Descrizione

È una graminacea che può arrivare fino al metro e mezzo di altezza, con il culmo robusto liscio, piegato a ginocchio vicino alla base, poi eretto. Le foglie sono piane di colore verde-grigio, con una larghezza che va dai cinque a quindici millimetri, ruvide se sfregate verso il basso. La pannocchia, piramidale eretta o leggermente pendula, lunga fino a venti centimetri, è costituita da racemi alternati. Le guaine fogliari sono taglienti e prive di ligula. Le spighette, verdastre o violacee, sono munite di resta di lunghezza variabile anche nella stessa popolazione, essendo la specie estremamente polimorfa per quanto riguarda l'aspetto dell'infiorescenza.

Distribuzione e habitat

Echinochloa crus-galli è comunissima e diffusa in tutta Italia.

Infesta le risaie, e i prati stabili irrigui della pianura padano-veneta, soprattutto in estate dopo l’irrigazione per scorrimento.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Echinochloa crus-galli, in The Plant List. URL consultato il 15/12/2019.

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia IT

Echinochloa crus-galli: Brief Summary ( Italian )

provided by wikipedia IT

Il giavone (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv.) è un pianta erbacea della famiglia delle Poacee.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia IT

Paprastoji rietmenė ( Lithuanian )

provided by wikipedia LT
Binomas Echinochloa crus-galli

Paprastoji rietmenė (Echinochloa crus-galli) – miglinių (Poaceae) šeimos rietmenių (Echinochloa) genties augalas. Natūraliai paplitęs po visą pasaulį, dažnas visoje Lietuvoje.

Ekologija

Echinochloa crus-galli — Flora Batava — Volume v6.jpg

Auga daržuose, laukuose, pakelėse, dykvietėse. Mėgsta drėgnesnį, azotu turtingą dirvožemį. Jautrus šalčiams, todėl po pirmųjų rudens šalnų numiršta.

Gana įkyri daržų ir laukų piktžolė, kai kuriose valstybėse paskelbta invazine rūšimi.

Žiedus apdulkina vėjas. Paukščiai lesa sėklas.

Biologija

Tai vienmetis, 30-100 cm aukščio žolinis augalas. Stiebas status, lygus, bambliuotas, šakotas, viršutinė dalis žalia, apatinė violetinė, bambliai plaukuoti. Lapai 5-65 cm ilgio, 0,6-2,2 cm pločio, linijiški, šiurkščiu pakraščiu.

Gana storos varpos stiebo viršūnėje sudaro 2-10 cm ilgio kekes, jų būna nuo 5 iki 40. Kekės sudaro 5-21 cm ilgio šluotelę. Varpos iš smulkių varpučių, jos susitelkusios po 3-6. Žiedai žalsvi, neišvaizdūs – žvyneliais apgaubti 3 kuokeliai ir piestelė.

Žydi liepos-rugsėjo mėnesiais. Vaisiusgrūdas. Vaisiai subręsta rugsėjo-spalio mėnesiais. Sėklos kiaušiniškos, 1,5-2 mm ilgio. Augalas subrandina sėklas tik šiltais metais.

Naudojimas

Paprastoji rietmenė yra neblogas galvijų pašarinis augalas, taip pat tinkantis ir silosui, bet ne šienui. Jauni ūgliai yra vartojami kaip daržovė. Naudojama indų liaudies medicinoje nuo piktvotės, kraujavimo, sužeidimų, problemų su blužnimi.

Nuorodos

Literatūra

Vikiteka

  • Rudenį žydintys augalai, Ramunėlė Jankevičienė, Živilė Lazdauskaitė, Vilnius, Mokslas, 1991, 166 p.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LT

Paprastoji rietmenė: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

provided by wikipedia LT

Paprastoji rietmenė (Echinochloa crus-galli) – miglinių (Poaceae) šeimos rietmenių (Echinochloa) genties augalas. Natūraliai paplitęs po visą pasaulį, dažnas visoje Lietuvoje.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LT

Europese hanenpoot ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

De Europese hanenpoot (Echinochloa crus-galli) is een plant uit de grassenfamilie (Poaceae). De plant kan meer dan 1 m hoog kan worden. Hoewel de plant in stevige pollen kan groeien en een groot wortelstelsel heeft, is het een eenjarige plant. De plant heeft groene of roodaangelopen, eivormige aartjes. Binnen dit aartje heeft het lemma van de onvruchtbare bloem een kafnaald. De aartjes staan in aarvormige trossen die zelf weer deel uitmaken van een pluim. De 4 mm lange (zonder naald) en 2 mm brede vrucht is een graanvrucht. De plant heeft geen tongetje en de bladscheden hebben geen haren.

Bij sommige planten ontbreekt de naald op de lemma van de onvruchtbare bloem. Deze worden door sommigen tot de ondersoort Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. submutica gerekend. De overige planten worden dan tot Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. crus-galli gerekend.

Voorkomen

De Europese hanenpoot komt overal ter wereld voor. Alleen in tropisch Afrika wordt de soort minder aangetroffen. In Nederland en België is ze algemeen, al kan ze in bepaalde koelere streken, zoals de Ardennen en de Wadden veel zeldzamer zijn. Europese hanenpoot komt al sinds de introductie van landbouw in West-Europa hier voor.

Europese hanenpoot is een plant van omgewerkte voedselrijke grond. Ze komt veel voor in akkers en in moestuinen. Ook op industrieterreinen is ze aan te treffen. Ook in omgewerkte bermen wordt ze gevonden. Mogelijk profiteert ze van de pekel die 's winters wordt gestrooid.

Betekenis voor de mens

Europese hanenpoot wordt beschouwd als één van de beruchtste onkruiden. In maïsakkers kan de soort voor de maïsplanten een moeilijke concurrent zijn. De plant is net als maïs een C4-plant en daardoor ongevoelig voor veel bestrijdingsmiddelen die in maïsakkers gebruikt worden.

De naam 'hanenpoot' wordt in vele streken gebruikt voor zevenblad. Maar aangezien streeknamen kunnen variëren heet in andere streken zeekraal hanenpoot. Ook de verwante streeknaam hanenvoet wordt voor diverse gewassen gebruikt zoals voor boterbloemen.

Bibliografie

 src=
Aartjes
 src=
Aartjes
 src=
Vruchten

Externe link

Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Echinochloa crus-galli van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

Europese hanenpoot: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

De Europese hanenpoot (Echinochloa crus-galli) is een plant uit de grassenfamilie (Poaceae). De plant kan meer dan 1 m hoog kan worden. Hoewel de plant in stevige pollen kan groeien en een groot wortelstelsel heeft, is het een eenjarige plant. De plant heeft groene of roodaangelopen, eivormige aartjes. Binnen dit aartje heeft het lemma van de onvruchtbare bloem een kafnaald. De aartjes staan in aarvormige trossen die zelf weer deel uitmaken van een pluim. De 4 mm lange (zonder naald) en 2 mm brede vrucht is een graanvrucht. De plant heeft geen tongetje en de bladscheden hebben geen haren.

Bij sommige planten ontbreekt de naald op de lemma van de onvruchtbare bloem. Deze worden door sommigen tot de ondersoort Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. submutica gerekend. De overige planten worden dan tot Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. crus-galli gerekend.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

Chwastnica jednostronna ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons
 src=
Wiecha

Chwastnica jednostronna[2][3][4] (Echinochloa crus-galli) – gatunek rośliny jednorocznej należący do rodziny wiechlinowatych[4]. Zwyczajowo nazywana bywa prosem jednostronnym[3], kurzym prosem[4], prosem japońskim, prosówką, prosem dzikim[potrzebny przypis]. We florze Polski jest archeofitem. Na niżu jest jednym z najbardziej pospolitych chwastów w uprawach okopowych.

Morfologia

Łodyga
Podnoszące się i dołem fiołkowo nabiegłe źdźbła o wysokości 30-70(90) cm.
Liście
Szerokie, nieco pofalowane. Blaszki liściowe o szorstkich brzegach, pochwy liściowe nieco spłaszczone i bez języczka.
Kwiaty
Zebrane w gęstą, klapowaną i jednostronną wiechę (od tego pochodzi gatunkowa nazwa rośliny). Wiecha ma szorstkie i owłosione gałązki. Jajowatoeliptyczne, jednokwiatowe i gęsto skupione kłoski są jasnozielone z fioletowym odcieniem. Wyrastają jednostronnie po 3-6 na jednej gałązce wiechy. W każdym kłosku są 3 plewy; dolna jest szerokojajowata 3-nerwowa i ostra, druga jest podłużnie jajowata, 5-nerwowa, zaostrzona i znacznie dłuższa, trzecia 7-nerwowa, zaostrzona i tej samej długości co druga. Wszystkie plewy mają sztywno orzęsione nerwy. Plewki są dwie, obydwie nagie i połyskujące. Słupek o jasnoczerwonych, białopiórkowatych znamionach. Kwitnie od lipca do października.
Owoce
Ziarniaki oplewione.
Siewka
Ma równowąski i zaostrzony na szczycie epikotyl z licznymi równoległymi nerwami. Oprócz korzeni wytwarza u podstawy źdźbła korzenie przybyszowe. Na tym etapie rozwoju łatwo można ją pomylić z różnymi gatunkami włośnic i paluszników[5].

Biologia i ekologia

Rośnie na przydrożach, brzegach wód, w ogrodach i na polach uprawnych. Zachwaszcza głównie kukurydzę i rośliny okopowe, preferuje gleby gliniaste, nieco wilgotne, żyzne i zasobne w azot i wapń. Próg szkodliwości wynosi 3-6 roślin na 1 m²[5].

W klasyfikacji zbiorowisk roślinnych gatunek charakterystyczny dla O. Polygono-Chenopodietalia i Ass. Echinochloo-Setarietum oraz gatunek wyróżniający dla All. Chenopodion fluviatile[6].

Zastosowanie

Dawniej ziarniaki tej rośliny z naturalnych stanowisk zbierano na pokarm.

Zwalczanie

Wyszukiwarka środków ochrony roślin na stronie Ministerstwa Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi podaje listę preparatów mogących zwalczać chwastnicę jednostronną.

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2011-01-22].
  2. Zbigniew Mirek, Halina Piękoś-Mirkowa, Adam Zając, Maria Zając: Flowering plants and pteridophytes of Poland. A checklist. Krytyczna lista roślin naczyniowych Polski. Instytut Botaniki PAN im. Władysława Szafera w Krakowie, 2002. ISBN 83-85444-83-1.
  3. a b Jakub Mowszowicz: Pospolite rośliny naczyniowe Polski. Wyd. czwarte. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1979, s. 575. ISBN 83-01-00129-1.
  4. a b c Lucjan Rutkowski: Klucz do oznaczania roślin Polski niżowej. Wyd. drugie poprawione i unowocześnione. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo naukowe PWN, 2013, s. 605. ISBN 978-83-01-14342-8.
  5. a b Środki ochrony roślin. Chwastnica jednostronna. [dostęp 8 grudnia 2007 r.].
  6. Władysław Matuszkiewicz: Przewodnik do oznaczania zbiorowisk roślinnych Polski. Warszawa: Wyd. Naukowe PWN, 2006. ISBN 83-01-14439-4.

Bibliografia

  1. Jakub Mowszowicz: Flora jesienna. Przewodnik do oznaczania dziko rosnących jesiennych pospolitych roślin zielnych. Warszawa: WSiP, 1986. ISBN 83-02-00607-6.

Linki zewnętrzne

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia POL

Chwastnica jednostronna: Brief Summary ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL
 src= Wiecha

Chwastnica jednostronna (Echinochloa crus-galli) – gatunek rośliny jednorocznej należący do rodziny wiechlinowatych. Zwyczajowo nazywana bywa prosem jednostronnym, kurzym prosem, prosem japońskim, prosówką, prosem dzikim[potrzebny przypis]. We florze Polski jest archeofitem. Na niżu jest jednym z najbardziej pospolitych chwastów w uprawach okopowych.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia POL

Echinochloa crus-galli ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Echinochloa crus-galli é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Poaceae.

A autoridade científica da espécie é (L.) P.Beauv., tendo sido publicada em Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie 1: 53, 161, 169, pl. 11, f. 2. 1812.[1]

Os seus nomes comuns são meã, milhã, milhã-grada, milhã-maior, milhã-pata-de-galo, milhã-pé-de-galo, milhã-vermelha, milhagem ou pé-de-galinha.[2]

Portugal

Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, nomeadamente em Portugal Continental, no Arquipélago dos Açores e no Arquipélago da Madeira.

Em termos de naturalidade é nativa de Portugal Continental e introduzida no Arquipélago da Madeira e dos Açores.

Protecção

Não se encontra protegida por legislação portuguesa ou da Comunidade Europeia.

Referências

  1. Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 7 de Outubro de 2014 http://www.tropicos.org/Name/25529345>
  2. Echinochloa crus-galli - Flora Digital de Portugal. jb.utad.pt/flora.

Bibliografia

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia PT

Echinochloa crus-galli: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Echinochloa crus-galli é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Poaceae.

A autoridade científica da espécie é (L.) P.Beauv., tendo sido publicada em Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie 1: 53, 161, 169, pl. 11, f. 2. 1812.

Os seus nomes comuns são meã, milhã, milhã-grada, milhã-maior, milhã-pata-de-galo, milhã-pé-de-galo, milhã-vermelha, milhagem ou pé-de-galinha.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia PT

Hönshirs ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Hönshirs (Echinochloa crus-galli) är en växtart i familjen gräs. Den kommer ursprungligen från den tropiska delen av Asien och räknades tidigare till släktet vipphirser. Hönshirs räknas som ett av världens värsta ogräs[1]. Det kan drastiskt minska skördenivåerna av olika grödor, bland annat genom att konkurrera kraftigt om markkvävet. Den höga nitratnivån som hönshirsen bygger upp kan vara giftig för betande djur[1]. Hönshirs är också värd åt flera växtvirussjukdomar. Stora populationer försvårar skörden. Fröhuvudena har ett distinkt utseende, ofta lilaaktiga, med stora hirslika frön i täta vippor. Fröproduktionen är stor, varje individ kan producera upp till 40 000 frön per år. Vatten, maskiner, fåglar, insekter och andra djur kan sprida hönshirsens frön, men den vanligaste spridningsmetoden är antagligen förorenat utsäde.

Beskrivning

Echinochloa crus-galli 2006.08.27 15.00.13-p8270053.jpg
Echinochloa crus-galli 2006.08.27 15.00.29-p8270054.jpg

Mångformat ettårigt gräs som växer i tuvor. Stråna är platta vid basen och de flesta är upprätta, men strån kan sträcka sig över marken. De är sträva, rätt tjocka och högväxande, 0,8-1,5 m.

Långa platta blad som ofta är lilafärgade vid basen. Bladen är platta och hårlösa med sträv kant, 30–50 cm långa och 1–2 cm breda. Inget snärp. Bladslidan kal, nedre delen ofta rödaktig. Blomställningen är vippor, 8–30 cm långa, grön eller lila; upprepat greniga med 5 cm långa grenar. Småax 3–5 mm långa, tätt ordnade på grenarna. Blomning och frömognad i augusti-oktober; upp till 40 000 frön per planta.[2]

I Sverige finns endast en annan art av Echinochloa, kycklinghirs (E. colona). Den särskiljs från hönshirs då den har en enkelt grenig vippa som är mer kompakt, smalare blad, samt ytteragnar med kort udd[3].

Utbredning

Hönshirs är vanligt i de tropiska delarna av Asien och Afrika. Hönshirs växer på alla typer av jordbruksmark, längs vägkanter, diken, järnvägsspår, grustag och soptippar. Den kan också växa vid vattendrag, sjöar och dammar. Arten anses vara invasiv i nordamerika där den finns i hela kontinentala USA, samt södra Kanada (från British Columbia till Newfoundland).[4]

I Sverige är hönshirs fortfarande sällsynt, men kan påträffas på soptippar, åkrar och annan kulturmark[3].

Ekologi

Anpassad till nästan alla typer av fuktig mark och växer ofta i vatten. Är framgångsrik i tempererade områden, men klarar sig bäst där genomsnittstemperaturen är runt 14-16 °C. Begränsas inte av markens pH.

Användning

Används som foder och odlas ibland för detta syfte. Fungerar som ensilage, men inte som hö [2]. Äts ibland av människor i brist på annan föda. De unga skotten kan ätas som grönsaker. Rostade frön kan användas som kaffesubstitut[5]. Påstås kunna användas mot många olika sjukdomar[6].

Kan användas för att restaurera basisk eller saltrik mark [2].

Sjukdomar

Angrips av Bipolaris oryzae.

Källor

  1. ^ [a b] The World's worst weeds : distribution and biology. Published for the East-West Center by the University Press of Hawaii. 1977-01-01. ISBN 0824802950
  2. ^ [a b c] http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Echinochloa_crusgalli.html
  3. ^ [a b] Anderberg, Arne A.. ”Den virtuella floran: Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. - Hönshirs”. linnaeus.nrm.se. http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/mono/poa/echin/echicru.html. Läst 4 februari 2017.
  4. ^ http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Echinochloa+crusgalli Map showing distribution
  5. ^ Günther., Kunkel, (1984-01-01). Plants for human consumption : an annotated checklist of the edible phanerogams and ferns. Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN 3874292169. OCLC 10651408. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10651408
  6. ^ James A. Duke & K. K. Wain (1981). Medicinal plants of the world.
 src=
Angrep av Bipolaris oryzae

Externa länkar

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SV

Hönshirs: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Hönshirs (Echinochloa crus-galli) är en växtart i familjen gräs. Den kommer ursprungligen från den tropiska delen av Asien och räknades tidigare till släktet vipphirser. Hönshirs räknas som ett av världens värsta ogräs. Det kan drastiskt minska skördenivåerna av olika grödor, bland annat genom att konkurrera kraftigt om markkvävet. Den höga nitratnivån som hönshirsen bygger upp kan vara giftig för betande djur. Hönshirs är också värd åt flera växtvirussjukdomar. Stora populationer försvårar skörden. Fröhuvudena har ett distinkt utseende, ofta lilaaktiga, med stora hirslika frön i täta vippor. Fröproduktionen är stor, varje individ kan producera upp till 40 000 frön per år. Vatten, maskiner, fåglar, insekter och andra djur kan sprida hönshirsens frön, men den vanligaste spridningsmetoden är antagligen förorenat utsäde.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SV

Плоскуха звичайна ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK

Морфологічна будова

Starr 030808-0028 Echinochloa crus-galli.jpg

Стебло — висотою 30-100 см прямостояче або біля основи колінчастовисхідне, голе. Листки — широколінійні або лінійноланцетні, по краях гострожорсткуваті, без язичка, темно-зелені. Суцвіття — прямостояча, нещільна волоть з гострошорсткими колосоподібними гілочками, трохи поникла. Корінь — мичкуватий.

Розвиток

Сходить — з квітня. Цвіте — в червні — вересні. Плодоносить — з серпня до пізньої осені.

Насіння

Плідзернівка. Форма — яйцеподібна, однобічноопукла, на верхівці загострена. Поверхня — блискуча. Колір — зеленувато-білий. Розміри: довжина 2-2,25 мм, ширина 1,25-1,75 мм, товщина 1-1,75 мм. Маса 1000 плівчастих зернівок — 1,5-2 г.

Біологічні особливості

Максимальна плодючість — 60 000 зернівок, глибина проростання — не більше 12-14 см. Насіння зберігає схожість до 13 років.

 src=
Насіння півнячого проса

Екологічні умови

Температура проростання — мінімальна : +4…+6, оптимальна : +26…+28, максимальна : +50…+52°. Вимоги до вологи — найкраще проростає при вологості ґрунту 40-80 %.

Поширення

Росте майже повсюди. Поширена по всій Україні, особливо на зрошуваних землях Півдня. Засмічує посіви зернових колосових, кукурудзи, рису, буряків, овочевих культур, сади і виноградники, росте на необроблюваних землях, біля каналів зрошуваних і осушувальних систем.

Echinochloa crus-galli 2006.08.27 14.59.37-p8270051.jpg

Використання

У минулому на Північному Кавказі, у Поволжжі, Молдавії та Криму насіння розмелювали на крупу і борошно невисокої якості. Крупа схожа на пшоно.

Гарна пасовищна і сінокісна рослина, може служити кормом для домашньої птиці. В Австралії і Південній Америці плоскуху звичайну розводять на корм худобі та для отримання насіння для свійської птиці, а також для отримання крупи. В глибинних районах Африки попіл із соломи рослини замінює сіль.[1] Молоді рослини добре поїдаються тваринами на пасовищі і в сіні. До часу цвітіння сильно грубіє. Добра нажировочна рослина для великої рогатої худоби. Для коней у великій кількості шкідливо. Дає поживний силос.

Див. також

Література

Примітки

  1. М. Л. Рева, Н. Н. Рева. Дикі їстівні рослини України / Київ. Наукова думка, 1976 — 168 с. — С. 89

Посилання

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia UK

Echinochloa crus-galli ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Chi lồng vực (Echinochloa crus-galli) thuộc thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo, hình dung giống lúa. Loài này được (L.) P.Beauv. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1812.[2] Hạt lồng vực được gọi là bại tử (稗子), màu ngà hoặc vàng sệt, hơi đắng và có thể nấu cháo ăn được.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ “The Plant List”.
  2. ^ The Plant List (2010). Echinochloa crus-galli. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Bài viết chủ đề tông thực vật Paniceae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

Echinochloa crus-galli: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Chi lồng vực (Echinochloa crus-galli) thuộc thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo, hình dung giống lúa. Loài này được (L.) P.Beauv. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1812. Hạt lồng vực được gọi là bại tử (稗子), màu ngà hoặc vàng sệt, hơi đắng và có thể nấu cháo ăn được.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

Ежовник обыкновенный ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Lilianae
Порядок: Злакоцветные
Семейство: Злаки
Подсемейство: Просовые
Триба: Просовые
Род: Ежовник
Вид: Ежовник обыкновенный
Международное научное название

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., 1812

Синонимы
  • Echinochloa caudata Roshev.
  • Echinochloa crus-corvi (L.) P.Beauv.
  • Panicum crus-galli L.basionym
  • Pennisetum crus-galli (L.) Baumg.
и множество других[2]
Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 502210NCBI 90397EOL 1115346GRIN t:14823IPNI 399660-1TPL kew-410191

Ежо́вник обыкнове́нный, или кури́ное про́со, или петушье просо[3][4] (лат. Echinóchloa crus-gálli) — однолетнее растение; типовой вид[5] рода Ежовник семейства Злаки (Poaceae).

Ботаническое описание

Стебель высотой 15—100 см, от основания ветвистый, с прямостоячими или коленчато изогнутыми в нижних узлах утолщёнными стеблями.

Листья до 2,5 см ширины, голые, по краям острошероховатые.

Соцветие метёльчатое, густое, часто однобокое, длина до 20 см. Колоски одноцветковые, яйцевидные, сидящие по 2—4 на коротких ножках по одну сторону веточек. Колосковых чешуй большей частью три, из них две верхние, часто с длинной остью. Цветёт в июле — сентябре.

Распространение и среда обитания

Произрастает почти повсеместно. В России встречается везде, кроме Арктики, как сорное на полях, в огородах, садах, у дорог и жилья, а также на влажных лугах по берегам водоёмов.

Хозяйственное значение и применение

Хорошее пастбищное и сенокосное растение, может служить кормом для домашней птицы.

Разновидности и формы

  • Echinochloa crus-galli var. angustifolia (Döll) Podp.
  • Echinochloa crus-galli var. macera (Wiegand) Shinners
  • Echinochloa crus-galli f. sabulicola (Nees) Farw.
  • Echinochloa crus-galli var. sieberiana (Asch. & Schweinf.) A. Chev.
  • Echinochloa crus-galli f. viridissima (Honda) Kitag.

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса однодольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Однодольные».
  2. См. ссылку TPL в карточке растения.
  3. Алексеев, 1971.
  4. Большая советская энциклопедия, том 24, 2-е издание
  5. Entry for Echinochloa P.Beauv. (англ.). NCU-3e. Names in current use for extant plant genera. Electronic version 1.0. International Association for Plant Taxonomy (last updated Sept 24, 1997). Проверено 21 ноября 2010. Архивировано 18 февраля 2012 года.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Ежовник обыкновенный: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Ежо́вник обыкнове́нный, или кури́ное про́со, или петушье просо (лат. Echinóchloa crus-gálli) — однолетнее растение; типовой вид рода Ежовник семейства Злаки (Poaceae).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Echinochloa crus-galli
(L.) Beauv

学名Echinochloa crusgalli),亦称稗子稗草,为禾本科植物。

形态

一年生草本。秆直立或基部倾斜,光滑。叶鞘无毛,缺叶舌和叶耳;线状披针形叶片,上面粗糙。圆锥花序直立开展;小穗密集于穗轴一侧,有硬刺毛;第一外稃有一粗芒。椭圆小颖果,平滑光亮,先端据小尖头。

适应性强。有水稗和旱稗两种。水稗,生于沼泽,为稻田主要杂草;旱稗,又名“光头稗”,无芒,为旱地杂草。

用途

稗草子粒可制饴糖、酿酒或作饲料。嫩茎、叶可作青饲料或干草。本种变化大,变种多。

小作品圖示这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
维基百科作者和编辑

稗: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

稗(学名:Echinochloa crusgalli),亦称稗子、稗草,为禾本科植物。

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
维基百科作者和编辑