Medicinal Uses of the Fabaceae Family in Zimbabwe: A Review.
Review
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Abstract
The current study is aimed at providing a systematic review of the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Fabaceae species used as sources of traditional medicinies in Zimbabwe. Fabaceae is one of the well-known plant families of ethnopharmacological importance. Of the approximately 665 species of the Fabaceae family occurring in Zimbabwe, about 101 are used for medicinal purposes. Many communities in the country, mainly in peri-urban, rural and marginalized areas with limited access to healthcare facilities, rely on traditional medicines as their primary healthcare. The study reviewed research studies undertaken on Zimbabwe's Fabaceae species during 1959 to 2022. Information was gathered from literature sourced from Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, books, dissertations, theses and scientific reports. This study showed that 101 species are traditionally used to manage human and animal diseases in Zimbabwe. The genera with the highest number of medicinal uses are Indigofera, Senna, Albizia, Rhynchosia and Vachellia. Species of these genera are used as traditional medicines against 134 medical conditions, mainly gastrointestinal conditions, female reproductive conditions, respiratory conditions and sexually transmitted infections. Shrubs (39.0%), trees (37.0%) and herbs (18.0%) are the primary sources of traditional medicines, while roots (80.2%), leaves (36.6%), bark (27.7%) and fruits (8.9%) are the most widely used plant parts. Many of Zimbabwe's Fabaceae species used as sources of traditional medicines have been assessed for their phytochemical and pharmacological properties, corroborating their medicinal uses. However, there is a need to unravel the therapeutic potential of the family through further ethnopharmacological research focusing on toxicological studies, in vitro and in vivo models, biochemical assays and pharmacokinetic studies.
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Plants (Basel). 2023 Mar; 12(6): 1255.
Published online 2023 Mar 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061255
PMCID: PMC10051751
PMID: 36986943
Medicinal Uses of the Fabaceae Family in Zimbabwe: A Review
Laura Cornara, Academic Editor
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Abstract
The current study is aimed at providing a systematic review of the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Fabaceae species used as sources of traditional medicinies in Zimbabwe. Fabaceae is one of the well-known plant families of ethnopharmacological importance. Of the approximately 665 species of the Fabaceae family occurring in Zimbabwe, about 101 are used for medicinal purposes. Many communities in the country, mainly in peri-urban, rural and marginalized areas with limited access to healthcare facilities, rely on traditional medicines as their primary healthcare. The study reviewed research studies undertaken on Zimbabwe’s Fabaceae species during 1959 to 2022. Information was gathered from literature sourced from Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, books, dissertations, theses and scientific reports. This study showed that 101 species are traditionally used to manage human and animal diseases in Zimbabwe. The genera with the highest number of medicinal uses are Indigofera, Senna, Albizia, Rhynchosia and Vachellia. Species of these genera are used as traditional medicines against 134 medical conditions, mainly gastrointestinal conditions, female reproductive conditions, respiratory conditions and sexually transmitted infections. Shrubs (39.0%), trees (37.0%) and herbs (18.0%) are the primary sources of traditional medicines, while roots (80.2%), leaves (36.6%), bark (27.7%) and fruits (8.9%) are the most widely used plant parts. Many of Zimbabwe’s Fabaceae species used as sources of traditional medicines have been assessed for their phytochemical and pharmacological properties, corroborating their medicinal uses. However, there is a need to unravel the therapeutic potential of the family through further ethnopharmacological research focusing on toxicological studies, in vitro and in vivo models, biochemical assays and pharmacokinetic studies.
Keywords: Fabaceae, ethnobotany, herbal medicine, Leguminosae, natural compounds, traditional knowledge, Zimbabwe
1. Introduction
The Fabaceae (Leguminosae), often referred to as the bean, legume or pea family, is the third largest plant family after the Asteraceae and Orchidaceae in terms of plant species numbers [1]. The Fabaceae family consists of approximately 770 genera and 19,500 species [1,2] recorded in almost all of the biomes in the world except Antarctica and the high Arctic [3]. Research has shown that the success of the family in dominating in several hospitable and disturbed habitats is ascribed to the ability of the species to fix atmospheric nitrogen, thus allowing the plant species to grow in nutrient-poor soils [4,5,6]. Recent morphological and molecular research has supported that the Fabaceae family is a monophyletic family [2,7]. However, the Fabaceae family is divided into six subfamilies, namely the Caesalpinioideae (148 genera and 4400 species), Cercidoideae (12 genera and 335 species), Detarioideae (84 genera and 760 species), Dialiodeae (17 genera and 85 species), Duparquetioideae (monotypic genus) and Faboideae (or Papilionoideae) (503 genera and 14,000 species) [2]. Members of the Fabaceae family include trees, shrubs, subshrubs, woody lianas, climbing annuals, herbs and aquatics [8]. The flowers are asymmetric, bilaterally symmetric or radially symmetric, and are pollinated by bats, birds and insects [9]. The leaves of the majority of species belonging to the Fabaceae family are compound, double-compound or trifoliolate, sometimes with a swollen leaf base, a superior ovary with one locular, and the fruit is usually a two-valved, dehiscent pod that is rarely fleshy but is sometimes indehiscent and occasionally breaking into segments [10,11].
The majority of the members of the Fabaceae family are culturally and economically important throughout the world, and are used as sources of traditional medicines, food, timber, garden ornamentals, dyes, fibres, fuels, gums and insecticides [6,12,13]. The role played by Fabaceae species in the provision of ecosystem services and goods that support human wellbeing and survival have been highlighted in some studies conducted in different countries of the world [14,15]. Many members of this family have been widely studied for their bioactive chemical constituents such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, lectins, saponins, alkaloids and carotenoids [16]. Pharmacological studies have shown that some species exhibit potent anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiulcer, antidiabetic, antirheumatic, cytotoxic and antiparasitic activities, among others [16,17,18]. Therefore, extensive phytochemical and pharmacological evaluations of some of the utilized Fabaceae species may lead to the discovery and development of novel pharmaceutical products, functional food ingredients and cosmetic products. Despite the discovery of several secondary metabolites in the Fabaceae, this family has attracted disproportionately little attention in the context of ethnopharmacological research. It is, therefore, within this context that this study was undertaken, with the aim of exploring and documenting the ethnomedicinal knowledge of Zimbabwe. Such a synthesis identified the gaps in knowledge on the therapeutic potential of the Fabaceae species and may also provide helpful information on ethnopharmacological research areas that require further research.
2. Materials and Methods
A literature search on Fabaceae species used as traditional medicines in Zimbabwe was conducted from September 2021 to November 2022. This information was retrieved from different online databases such as BioMed Central, Web of Science, Springerlink, Google Scholar, Scielo, PubMed, Science Direct, ACS Publications, Scopus and JSTOR. In addition, theses, dissertations, book chapters, books and scientific reports were retrieved from the libraries of the University of Fort Hare (UFH) in South Africa and the National Herbarium (SRGH) in Harare, Zimbabwe. Keywords and terminologies such as Zimbabwe, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, ethnopharmacology, indigenous, medicine, phytomedicine, traditional medicine, Zimbabwean Fabaceae, Zimbabwean Leguminosae, medicinal Fabaceae, medicinal Leguminosae, Zimbabwean traditional medicine, Fabaceae and Leguminosae were used to search for relevant articles as shown in the PRISMA flow diagram (Figure 1). From each article, the following information was collected: the scientific names of the plant species, their growth form, plant part(s) used, methods of preparation and medicinal uses. The medicinal use categories were classified according to the Economic Botany Data Collection Standard [19]. The scientific names of the Fabaceae species from the original data sources were updated to the recently accepted names according to the Plants of the World Online website [20]. The Fabaceae subfamilies were updated following the classifications of the “Legume Phylogeny Working Group”, which presently recognizes six subfamilies: Caesalpinioideae, Cercidoideae, Detarioideae, Dialioideae, Duparquetioideae and Papilionoideae [2].
Flow diagram showing the identification and screening of the articles used in this review.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Medicinal Plant Diversity
This study recorded 101 species traditionally used to manage and treat human and animal diseases in Zimbabwe (Table 1). Of these, 91 species are indigenous to Zimbabwe (90.1%), while nine species are exotic (8.9%), either naturalized as weeds or cultivated in home gardens and agricultural fields as ornamentals, fodder or food plants. The subfamilies Caesalpinoideae and Faboideae are dominant, with 54 species (53.5%) and 55 species (54.5%), respectively, and the remaining two species belonging to the Cercidoideae. Therefore, 101 species (15.2%) out of 665 species of the Fabaceae family known to occur in Zimbabwe [21] are used as sources of traditional medicines. A similar study by Van Wyk [6] showed that 338 species out of 1748 Fabaceae species (19.3%) are used as traditional medicines in southern Africa. Similar findings have been reported in Thailand, where 261 species out of 688 Fabaceae species are used as sources of traditional medicines [22]. Macêdo et al. [23] and Sutjaritjai et al. [24] argued that the prominence of Fabaceae taxa in traditional pharmacopoeia throughout the world is possibly associated with the wide distribution of the family, as the different growth forms of the species grow in many types of habitats and vegetation, and therefore are available in all seasons.
Table 1
Medicinal Fabaceae plants of Zimbabwe.
| Plant Taxa | Habit | Parts Used | Medicinal Uses | Literature Records | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abrus precatorius L. subsp. africanus Verdc. +1 | Climber | Leaves, roots and seeds | Bilharzia (schistosomiasis), sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and lucky charms | 4 | [25,26,27,28] |
| Aeschynomene mimosifolia Vatke 1 | Shrub | Roots | Chest pains and headache | 1 | [25] |
| Afzelia quanzensis Welw. 2 | Tree | Bark, fruits and root bark | Bloated stomach, blood pressure, depressed fontanelle, haemorrhoids and stomach problems, lucky charms and painful udders in cattle | 2 | [25,28] |
| Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boivin 2 | Tree | Bark, leaves and roots | Aphrodisiac, constipation, diarrhoea, dilating the birth canal, dysentery, oedema, painful placenta, palpitations, pneumonia, purgative, stomach problems, tuberculosis (TB), warts, and protection against witchcraft | 5 | [25,28,29,30,31] |
| Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W.Wight 2 | Tree | Roots | Ethnoveterinary medicine | 2 | [32,33] |
| Albizia anthelmintica (A.Rich.) Brongn. 2 | Shrub | Bark | Wounds | 1 | [25] |
| Albizia antunesiana Harms 2 | Tree | Bark, bark sap, leaves and roots | Abdominal pains, aphrodisiac, bilharzia, constipation, depressed fontanelle, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, infertility in women, menstrual problems, painful legs, painful uterus, preventing abortion, purgative, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), sore eyes, sore throat and swollen legs | 8 | [25,26,27,28,34,35,36,37] |
| Albizia tanganyicensis Baker 2 | Tree | Bark and roots | Cough and swollen legs | 1 | [25] |
| Albizia versicolor Welw. ex Oliv. 2 | Tree | Roots | Erectile dysfunction, infertility in men and sexual impotence | 3 | [25,28,29] |
| *Arachis hypogaea L. 1 | Herb | Leaves | Cataracts, infertility in women and sore eyes | 1 | [25] |
| Baikiaea plurijuga Harms 2 | Tree | Bark | Bloated stomach and haemorrhoids | 1 | [28] |
| Bauhinia galpinii N.E.Br. 3 | Shrub | Roots and seeds | Infertility and menstrual problems | 2 | [25,28] |
| Bauhinia petersiana Bolle 3 | Tree | Roots | Depressed fontanelle, infertility in women, menstrual problems and preventing witchcraft | 2 | [25,28] |
| Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Desv.) J.H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema 1 | Tree | Fruits, pods and roots | Abdominal pains, convulsions, diarrhoea, emetic, earache, headache, infertility in men and women, oedema, stomach problems, syphilis and wounds | 3 | [25,28,34] |
| Bolusanthus speciosus (Bolus) Harms 1 | Tree | Leaves | Bile emesis and emetic | 1 | [25] |
| Brachystegia boehmii Taub. 2 | Tree | Bark, leaves, roots and twigs | Abdominal pains, antivenom, back pain, cataracts, heart problems, mental problems, sore eyes, STIs, toothache, constipation and lumbago in ruminants | 5 | [25,28,34,36,37] |
| Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. 2 | Tree | Bark, fibre and roots | Constipation, diarrhoea, mental problems, pain, sore eyes and wounds | 3 | [25,28,38] |
| Burkea africana Hook. 2 | Tree | Bark, leaves and roots | Abdominal pains, anti-inflammatory, bilharzia, cancer, diarrhoea, fever, immune system booster, infections, oedema and ulcers | 3 | [25,26,39] |
| * Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth. 1 | Shrub | Leaves | Earache | 1 | [25] |
| Cassia abbreviata Oliv. 2 | Tree | Bark, fruits, roots and twigs | Abdominal pains, abortifacient, aphrodisiac, backache, bilharzia, cancer, constipation, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, hydrocele, lucky charms, malaria, menstrual problems, stomach pains, STDs and venereal diseases | 11 | [25,26,27,28,34,35,36,37,38,40,41,42] |
| Colophospermum mopane (J.Kirk ex Benth.) J.Léonard 2 | Tree | Bark, charcoal, leaves | Constipation, diarrhoea, snake bite and diarrhoea in cattle | 3 | [25,28,38] |
| Crotalaria laburnifolia L. 1 | Herb | Roots | Cough | 1 | [25] |
| Crotalaria rogersii Bak.f. 1 | Herb | Roots | Infertility in women and lucky charms | 1 | [25] |
| Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr. 1 | Shrub | Bark | Asthma and wounds | 3 | [37,38,43] |
| Dalbergia nitidula Welw. ex Bak. 1 | Shrub | Bark and roots | Aphrodisiac, driving away bad spirits, preventing witchcraft and ulcers | 1 | [25] |
| Dalbergiella nyasae Bak.f. 1 | Tree | Leaves and roots | Tetanic contractions and driving away maggots from wounds | 1 | [25] |
| Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. 2 | Tree | Leaves, fruits or roots | Abdominal pains, antivenom, backache, cancer, colic, contraceptive, cough, depressed fontanelle, diarrhoea, dilating the birth canal, epistaxis, infertility in women, influenza, inducing labour, mental problems, oedema, postpartum, scabies, scorpion stings, STDs, stomach problems, syphilis, urticaria (skin swellings) and wounds | 8 | [25,28,29,31,34,35,38,40] |
| Dolichos kilimandscharicus Taub. 1 | Herb | Tubers | Abdominal pains, antiemetic, constipation, diarrhoea and measles | 1 | [25] |
| Elephantorrhiza burkei Benth. 2 | Shrub | Roots | Antiemetic, constipation, increasing blood in the body and postpartum conditions | 1 | [25] |
| Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) Skeels 2 | Shrub | Roots | Abdominal pains, aphrodisiac, infertility in women, postpartum conditions and reducing the size of the vagina | 3 | [25,34,44] |
| Elephantorrhiza goetzei (Harms) Harms 2 | Shrub | Bark, rhizomes or roots | Abdominal pains, anthelmintic, backache, bilharzia, bloating, blood pressure, boosting appetite, constipation, cough, depressed fontanelle, diarrhoea, dilating the birth canal, erectile function, fever, gonorrhoea, heart pains, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) opportunistic infections, increasing blood in the body, infertility, influenza, malaria, painful uterus, postpartum conditions, rash, STIs and stomach problems | 11 | [25,26,27,28,31,34,35,36,37,38,41] |
| Elephantorrhiza suffruticosa Schinz 2 | Shrub | Roots | Constipation and diarrhoea | 1 | [25] |
| Eriosema englerianum Harms 1 | Shrub | Leaves and roots | Aphrodisiac, backache, bilharzia, blood pressure, infertility in women, menstrual problems, painful uterus, venereal disease and wasting in infants | 3 | [25,27,31] |
| Eriosema rhynchosioides Bak. 1 | Shrub | Roots | Tonic | 1 | [25] |
| Erythrina abyssinica Lam. ex DC. 1 | Tree | Bark, leaves and roots | Abdominal pains, backache, bilharzia, blood pressure, cough, cracked heels, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, lucky charms, mental problems, STDs, stop bad dreams, wasting in infants, wounds and wounds in the mouth | 9 | [25,26,27,28,29,31,36,37,40] |
| Erythrina livingstoniana Bak. 1 | Tree | Roots | Haematuria | 1 | [25] |
| Erythrina spp. 1 | Roots | Backache and manic disorders | 1 | [29] | |
| Erythrophleum africanum (Benth.) Harms 2 | Tree | Bark | Stomach pains | 1 | [25] |
| Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan 2 | Tree | Bark | Preventing witchcraft | 1 | [25] |
| Flemingia grahamiana Wight & Arry 1 | Herb | Roots | Diarrhoea | 1 | [25] |
| Grona barbata (L.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi 1 | Herb | Roots | Abortifacient, dilating the birth canal, epilepsy, preventing abortion, postpartum conditions, sore eyes and wasting in infants | 1 | [25] |
| Indigofera antunesiana Harms 1 | Shrub | Roots | Menstrual problems | 1 | [25] |
| Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex A.Rich. 1 | Shrub | Leaves and roots | Abdominal pains, abortifacient, convulsions, diuretic, gonorrhoea, infertility, purgative, sore eyes, stomach pains and de-ticking dogs | 2 | [25,35] |
| Indigofera astragalina DC. 1 | Herb | Roots | Dizziness | 1 | [25] |
| Indigofera demissa Taub. 1 | Herb | Roots | Abortifacient | 1 | [25] |
| Indigofera hilaris Eckl. & Zeyh. 1 | Herb | Roots | Painful legs | 1 | [25] |
| Indigofera hirsuta L. 1 | Shrub | Roots | Dizziness | 1 | [34] |
| Indigofera rhynchocarpa Bak. 1 | Shrub | Roots | Abdominal pains and menstrual problems | 1 | [25,34] |
| Indigofera setiflora Baker 1 | Herb | Roots | Diarrhoea and stomach problems | 3 | [28,37,43] |
| Indigofera spicata Forssk. 1 | Herb | Roots | Panacea | 1 | [25] |
| Indigofera vicioides Jaub. & Spach. ssp. rogersii (R.E.Fr.) Schrire 1 | Shrub | Roots | Depressed fontanelle | 1 | [25] |
| Indigofera wildiana J.B.Gillett 1 | Shrub | Roots | Preventing abortion | 1 | [25] |
| Indigofera spp. 1 | Shrub | Leaves and roots | Abdominal pains, antenatal conditions, chest pains, coughs, driving away bad spirits and infertility in women | 2 | [25,34] |
| Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin 2 | Tree | Bark, bark fibre, leaves and roots | Constipation, diarrhoea, reducing the size of the vagina, snakebite, sore eyes, stomach problems and diarrhoea in cattle | 3 | [25,28,38] |
| * Lessertia frutescens (L.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning 1 (Syn. Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) W.T,Aiton) | Shrub | Roots | Analgesia, cancer, colds, diabetes, fever, influenza and haemorrhoids | 1 | [39] |
| * Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) DeWit 2 | Shrub | Bark, leaves and seeds | Colds, influenza and TB | 1 | [45] |
| Macrotyloma densiflorum (Welw. ex Bak.) Verdc. 1 | Shrub | Leaves | Abdominal pains | 1 | [25] |
| Mucuna coriacea Baker 1 | Climber | Roots | Bilharzia | 1 | [26] |
| Mundulea sericea (Willd.) A.Chev. 1 | Shrub | Roots | Infertility and sexual impotence | 2 | [25,29] |
| Neorautanenia mitis (A.Rich.) Verdc. 1 | Climber | Bulbs | Fever and de-ticking dogs | 2 | [25,28] |
| Ormocarpum kirkii S.Moore 1 | Tree | Leaves | Depressed fontanelle, dilating the birth canal and stomach pains | 3 | [28,31,34] |
| Ormocarpum trichocarpum (Taub.) Engl. 1 | Shrub | Leaves and roots | Allergies, depressed fontanelle, prolonged labour and stomach problems | 2 | [25,29] |
| Peltophorum africanum Sond. 2 | Tree | Bark, leaves and roots | Abdominal pains, bilharzia, blood purification, chest pains, diaphoretic, diarrhoea, diuretic, driving away evil spirits, dropsy, eye problems, headache, infertility in women, laxative, mental problems, nausea, oedema, panacea, preventing abortion, sore eyes, sore throat, STDs, STIs, syphilis, toothache and venereal diseases | 10 | [25,26,27,29,34,35,36,37,38,46] |
| Pericopsis angolensis (Baker) Meeuwen 1 | Tree | Bark or roots | Abdominal pains, antiemetic, backache, cancer, cough, diarrhoea, dyspnoea, oedema, sore throats and wounds | 3 | [25,28,38] |
| * Phaseolus vulgaris L. 2 | Shrub | Roots | Bilharzia and postpartum conditions | 2 | [26,34] |
| Philenoptera violacea (Klotzch) Schrire 1 | Tree | Roots | Diarrhoea | 1 | [38] |
| Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh. 2 (Syn. Bauhinia thonningii Schumach.) | Tree | Bark, fruits, leaves and roots | Abdominal pains, antivenom, bilharzia, constipation, convulsions, cough, diarrhoea, dropsy, emetic, immune booster, influenza, menstrual problems, painful legs, painful uterus, postpartum conditions, stomach problems and ketosis in cattle | 7 | [25,26,28,29,36,37,38] |
| Pseudarthria hookeri Wight & Arn. 1 | Herb | Leaves and roots | Bilharzia and diarrhoea | 1 | [25] |
| Pterocarpus angolensis DC. 1 | Tree | Bark, flowers, fruits, leaves, roots and sap | Abdominal pains, anaemia, aphrodisiac, asthma, backache, bilharzia, body pains, cataract, cough, depressed fontanelle, diarrhoea, earache, haematuria, infertility in women, kwashiorkor, lameness, menstrual problems, pelvic inflammation, ringworm, sore eyes, stomach problems, TB, ulcers and venereal diseases and sore eyes in animals | 11 | [25,26,27,28,29,31,35,36,37,38,46] |
| Pterocarpus rotundifolius (Sond.) Druce 1 | Tree | Root sap | Sore eyes | 1 | [25] |
| Pterolobium stellatum (Forssk.) Brenan 2 | Climber | Roots | Augmenting labour and depressed fontanelle | 2 | [31,38] |
| Rhynchosia insignis (O.Hoffm.) R.E.Fr. 1 | Herb | Roots | Abdominal pains, depressed fontanelle and dropsy | 1 | [25] |
| Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. 1 | Herb | Roots | Boils and skin infections | 1 | [47] |
| Rhynchosia monophylla Schltr. 1 | Herb | Roots | Postpartum conditions | 1 | [25] |
| Rhynchosia resinosa (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Bak. 1 | Climber | Leaves and roots and twigs | Abdominal pains, diabetes mellitus, dilating the birth canal, expel maggots from wounds, high blood pressure, infertility and menstrual problems | 3 | [25,31,34] |
| Rhynchosia spp. 1 | Herb | Roots | Diarrhoea | 1 | [38] |
| Schotia brachypetala Sond. 2 | Tree | Bark, leaves and roots | Depressed fontanelle, diarrhoea, dysentery, epistaxis, oedema, stomach problems, swellings and ulcers | 4 | [25,28,34,38] |
| Senegalia ataxacantha (DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr. 2 (Syn. Acacia ataxacantha DC.) | Shrub | Roots | Abdominal pains, constipation and preventing witchcraft | 1 | [25] |
| Senegalia chariessa (Milne-Redh.) Kyal. & Boatwr. 2 (Syn. Acacia chariessa Milne-Redh.) | Shrub | Roots | Antenatal, blood purification and postpartum | 2 | [25,29] |
| Senegalia mellifera (Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger 2 (Syn. Acacia mellifera Benth.) | Shrub | Bark | Aphrodisiac | 2 | [25,28] |
| Senegalia nigrescens (Oliv.) P.J.H.Hurter 2 (Syn. Acacia nigrescens Oliv.) | Tree | Roots | Convulsions | 1 | [25] |
| Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 2 (Syn. Cassia didymobotrya Fresen.) | Shrub | Roots | Convulsions and mental problems | 1 | [25] |
| Senna italica Mill. 2 (Syn. Cassia italica (Mill.) F.W.Andr.) | Shrub | Roots | Abdominal pains, bilharzia, bronchitis, colic, haemorrhoids and sore eyes | 3 | [25,26,29] |
| * Senna occidentalis (L.) Link 2 (Syn. Cassia occidentalis L.) | Herb | Roots | Sore throats and tonsillitis | 1 | [28] |
| Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock 2 (Syn. Cassia petersiana Bolle) | Tree | Roots | Bilharzia | 1 | [26] |
| Senna singueana (Delile) Lock 2 (Syn. Cassia singueana Delile) | Shrub | Bark, leaves and roots | Abdominal pains, antiemetic, bilharzia, constipation, dropsy, herpes, infertility in women, malaria, menstrual problems, painful uterus, postpartum, preventing still birth, preventing bad luck, sores, sore eyes, STDs, syphilis and venereal diseases | 7 | [25,26,27,28,34,38,40] |
| * Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 2 (Syn. Cassia septemtrionalis Viv.) | Shrub | Roots | Malaria | 1 | [41] |
| Sesbania spp. 1 | Shrub | Seeds | Fever | 1 | [34] |
| Sphenostylis erecta (Baker f.) Hutch. ex Baker f. 1 (Syn. Sphenostylis marginata E.Mey. ssp. erecta (Baker f.) Verdc.) | Shrub | Roots | Abdominal pains, bile emesis, constipation, diarrhoea, fever, oedema and wasting away in infants | 2 | [25,38] |
| * Tamarindus indica L. 2 | Tree | Fruits and roots | Sore throat and venereal diseases | 1 | [25] |
| Tephrosia radicans Welw. 1 | Shrub | Roots | Sore eyes and toothache | 1 | [25] |
| Tylosema fassoglense (Kotschy ex Schweinf.) Torre & Hillc. 2 | Climber | Bark, roots and tubers | Abdominal pains, diarrhoea, pneumonia, retained placenta, stomach problems and venereal diseases | 2 | [25,28] |
| Vachellia amythethophylla (Steud. ex A.Rich.) Kyal. & Boatwr. 2 (Syn. Acacia amythethophylla Steud. ex A.Rich.) | Shrub | Roots | Antidote for snakebites, convulsions, driving away evil spirits, excessive sweating, infertility in women, mental problems and painful uterus | 1 | [25] |
| Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Galasso 2 (Syn. Acacia karroo Hayne) | Tree | Fruits and roots | Aphrodisiac, bilharzia, body pains, convulsions, dizziness, gonorrhoea, syphilis and killing parasites in fowl runs | 6 | [25,26,27,36,37,43] |
| Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. 2 (Syn. Acacia nilotica L.) | Shrub | Fruits and roots | STDs | 1 | [40] |
| Vachellia rehmanniana (Schinz) Kyal. & Boatwr. 2 (Syn. Acacia rehmanniana Schinz) | Tree | Bark and roots | Bloated stomach, headaches and pneumonia | 1 | [25,28] |
| Vachellia sieberiana (DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr. 2 (Syn. Acacia sieberiana DC.) | Shrub | Roots | Antiseptic | 1 | [25] |
| Vigna nuda N.E.Br. 1 | Herb | Roots | Chest pains and cough | 1 | [34] |
| # Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.1 | Shrub | Roots and seeds | Anaemia, antivenom, bilharzia, chest pains, constipation, epilepsy, menstrual problems and antidote for snakebites | 4 | [25,26,27,28] |
| Xeroderris stuhlmannii (Taub.) Mendonça & E.P.Sousa 1 | Tree | Bark, leaves or roots | Abdominal pains, anaemia, antiabortifacient, back pains, cancer, diarrhoea, headache, infertility in men, malaria, menstrual problems, pneumonia, stomach problems, toothache, venereal diseases, wounds and ethnoveterinary medicine | 4 | [25,28,38,48] |
| Zornia glochidiata Rchb. ex DC. 1 | Herb | Roots | Dilating the birth canal, preventing abortion and venereal diseases | 1 | [25] |
* = Exotic; # = cultivated or collected from semi-natural landscapes; + = Fabaceae subfamilies: 1 = Faboideae, 2 = Caesalpinoideae, 3 = Cercidoideae.
Indigofera is the genus with the highest number of medicinal Fabaceae species (12 species), followed by Senna (six species), and Albizia, Rhynchosia and Vachellia with five species each (Figure 2). However, the genera associated with the highest number of records in the literature are Elephantorrhiza (12 records), Pterocarpus (11 records), Senna (10 records), Albizia and Erythrina (nine records each) and Vachellia with eight records (Figure 2). The number of medicinal species found in each genus is significantly correlated to the total number of species in each genus in Zimbabwe (p < 0.01, r = 0.772). These results are consistent with those observed by Anorld et al. [49], who recorded 11 medicinal species of Albizia, followed by Rhynchosia (12 species), Senna (17 species), and Indigofera and Vachellia with 32 species each. In Botswana, Hedberg and Staugård [50] argued that one Senna species, followed by Albizia (three species), Rhynchosia (four species), Indigofera (five species) and Vachellia (six species) were used as traditional medicines in that country. Moreover, several species of Albizia, Elephantorrhiza, Erythrina, Senna and Vachellia are included in the monograph Medicinal Plants of South Africa, with detailed information on their botany, medicinal uses, preparation, dosage, active ingredients and pharmacological effects [51].
Numbers of species and reports of the use of Fabaceae genera with medicinal uses in Zimbabwe.
3.2. Growth Habit and Parts Used
Shrubs (39.0%), followed by trees (37.0%) and herbs (18.0%), are the primary sources of the medicinal Fabaceae species in Zimbabwe (Figure 3A). The plant parts used for traditional medicine preparations include bark, bark fibre, bark sap, bulbs, charcoal, fibre, flowers, fruits, leaves, pods, rhizomes, roots, root bark, root sap, sap, seeds, tubers and twigs (Table 1). The roots are the most frequently used (81 species), followed by leaves (37 species), bark (28 species), fruits (nine species), seeds (four species), twigs (three species) and tubers (two species), with the rest of the plant parts represented by a single species each (Figure 3B). However, harvesting the roots of herbaceous plants for medicinal purposes is not sustainable, as it threatens the survival of these plants used to treat human and animal diseases. It is well recognized by conservationists that medicinal plants primarily valued for their roots and those which are intensively harvested for their bark often tend to be the most threatened by overexploitation [52,53]. Afzelia quanzensis, Baikiaea plurijuga, Dalbergia melanoxylon and Pterocarpus angolensis are listed in the Zimbabwean Red Data List, as these four species are threatened with extinction mainly due to overexploitation as sources of timber for construction or wood carving [54].
Characteristics of Fabaceae species used as traditional medicines in Zimbabwe. (A): Growth habit as a pie diagram and (B): Plant parts used presented as a bar chart.
3.3. Usage Categories with High Numbers of Reports
The 134 medical reports of Fabaceae species in Zimbabwe (Table 1 and Table 2) are classified into 19 major health disorder categories following the International Classification of Primary Care’s classification system [19]. Most use records are in the categories of gastrointestinal problems (92 usage reports) and female reproductive problems (58 usage reports) (Table 2). Similarly, gastrointestinal problems, reproductive problems in women, respiratory problems and sexually transmitted infections (Table 2) are treated with the highest number of species. The categories of gastrointestinal problems, reproductive problems, respiratory problems and sexually transmitted infections are among the 10 major causes of death in Zimbabwe [55]. Muchandiona [56] argued that the prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders and respiratory infections is due to poor solid waste management by the local councils in Zimbabwe, which has worsened over the years. Similarly, gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhoea and dysentery, are also a major concern in neighbouring countries such as Mozambique [57,58,59] and South Africa [60,61,62]. Therefore, gastrointestinal problems are among the most common reasons local people use traditional medicines and consult traditional healers [57,59,60,61,62].
Table 2
Major disease categorises and Fabaceae species used as traditional medicines in Zimbabwe.
| Disease Category | Species | Usage Records |
|---|---|---|
| Antenatal and postpartum conditions | 15 | 23 |
| Antivenom | 8 | 11 |
| Back pain | 10 | 14 |
| Bilharzia | 19 | 27 |
| Charms and ritual objects | 15 | 26 |
| Convulsions and epilepsy | 9 | 18 |
| Depressed fontanelle | 12 | 24 |
| Ethnoveterinary medicine | 10 | 20 |
| Fever and malaria | 11 | 19 |
| Gastrointestinal problems | 45 | 92 |
| Mental problems | 10 | 16 |
| Oedema | 11 | 19 |
| Reproductive problems in men | 18 | 36 |
| Reproductive problems in women | 27 | 58 |
| Respiratory problems | 26 | 39 |
| Sexually transmitted infections | 20 | 31 |
| Skin problems | 8 | 16 |
| Sore eyes | 15 | 27 |
| Sores and wounds | 11 | 24 |
Fifteen medicinal species are known to have more than eight usage reports (Figure 4). These species included Albizia amara, Albizia antunesiana, Brachystegia boehmii, Cassia abbreviate, Dichrostachys cinerea, Elephantorrhiza goetzei, Erythrina abyssinica, Peltophorum africanum, Piliostigma thonningii, Pterocarpus angolensis, Schotia brachypetala, Senna singueana, Vachellia karroo, Vigna unguiculata and Xeroderris stuhlmannii. Some of these plant species are widely used as sources of traditional medicines in Angola [63], Botswana [50,64], Eswatini [65], Malawi [66,67], Mozambique [58,68], Namibia [69,70], South Africa [71,72] and Zambia [73,74]. The importance of these species as sources of traditional medicines is documented in the monographs Medicinal and Magical Plants of Southern Africa: An Annotated Checklist [49], Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 11: Medicinal Plants 1 and 2 [75,76] and Medicinal Plants of South Africa [51]. Research by Van Wyk [77] revealed that Colophospermum mopane, Dichrostachys cinerea and Vachellia karroo are commercially exploited in local, regional or international trade in eastern, southern and western Africa.
Fabaceae species with eight or more usage reports cited in at least four references.
3.4. Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Fabaceae Species
The Fabaceae species used as sources of traditional medicines in Zimbabwe are rich in chemical constituents (Table 3). The majority of these species are characterized by flavonoids (57.4%), followed by terpenoids (42.6%), tannins (40.6%), saponins (34.7%), phenolics (30.7%) and alkaloids (28.7%) (Table 3). Research by Wink [78] showed that the main secondary metabolites of the Fabaceae family include alkaloids, non-protein amino acids, cyanogens, peptides, phenolics, polyketides and terpenoids. This author argued that these secondary metabolites serve as defence compounds against herbivores and microbes and also serve as signal compounds to attract pollinating and fruit-dispersing animals. Fabaceae species used as traditional medicines and food plants are characterized by nutrients such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, mineral elements, fatty acids, amino acids, fibres and vitamins, which are important for animal and human health [79,80]. The majority of documented species have several proven pharmacological activities (Table 3) such as inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, and anticancer, antidiabetic, antifertility, anthelmintic, antiamoebic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiparasitic, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic and immunomodulatory effects. Despite the discovery of several secondary metabolites in the Fabaceae family, its species have attracted disproportionately little attention in the context of ethnopharmacological research over the years. The relative importance of the Fabaceae species as medicinal plants is demonstrated by the fact that about 10% of the species documented in this study are commercially important. The species that are commercially developed with potential to be developed into health products or pharmaceutical drugs and are regularly traded on the international markets include Abrus precatorius, Albizia adianthifolia, Cajanus cajan, Colophospermum mopane, Dichrostachys cinerea, Lessertia frutescens, Senna italica, Senna occidentalis, Tamarindus indica, Vachellia karroo and Vachellia nilotica [77,81].
Table 3
Phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Fabaceae species used as traditional medicines in Zimbabwe.
| Species | Phytochemistry | Pharmacological Activities | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abrus precatorius | Alkaloids, esters, flavonoids, organic acids, phenolics, steroids and terpenoids | Antidiabetic, antifertility, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, antitumor, immunomodulatory and insecticidal | [82] |
| Aeschynomene mimosifolia | Flavonoids | Cytotoxicity | [83] |
| Afzelia quanzensis | Fatty acids | Antifungal | [84] |
| Albizia amara | Alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, quinones, saponins, sterols, tannins and terpenoids | Analgesic, antiarthritic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepatoprotective | [85,86,87] |
| Albizia adianthifolia | Apocarotenoids, chalcone, dipeptide, elliptocytes, fatty acids, flavonoids, histamine, imidazolyl carboxylic acid, prosapogenins, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids and volatile oils | Acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibitory, anthelmintic, antiamoebic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxic, hypoglycaemic and immunomodulatory | [88,89] |
| Albizia anthelmintica | Alkaloids, diterpenes, flavonoids, gallic acid, phenolics, saponins and tannins | Analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant | [90,91] |
| Albizia antunesiana | Coumarins, phenolics and triterpenoids | Anthelmintic and antioxidant | [92] |
| Albizia tanganyicensis | Saponins | Anthelmintic, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and wound healing | [93,94,95] |
| Albizia versicolor | Glycosides, saponins and triterpenes | Anthelmintic and antifungal | [84,96,97] |
| Arachis hypogaea | Alkaloids, phenolics, phytic acid and saponins | Antioxidant | [98] |
| Baikiaea plurijuga | Alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenolics and tannins | Antibacterial and antioxidant | [99,100,101] |
| Bauhinia galpinii | Fatty acids, flavonoids, phenols, proanthocyanidin, tannins and terpenoids | Antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic | [102,103,104,105,106] |
| Bauhinia petersiana | Anthraquinones, alkaloids, cardenolides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids | Antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and cytotoxic | [102,104] |
| Bobgunnia madagascariensis | Flavonoids, saponins and tannins | Antibacterial | [107] |
| Bolusanthus speciosus | Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins and volatile oils | Anti-arthritic, antibacterial, antigonococcal, antimycobacterial, antifungal, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant | [108] |
| Brachystegia boehmii | Tannins | Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant | [109,110,111] |
| Brachystegia spiciformis | Proanthocyanadin and tannins | * None found | [112,113] |
| Burkea africana | Flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins and triterpenes | Analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral, anticholinesterase, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant | [68,114,115,116] |
| Cajanus cajan | Coumarins, flavonoids, phenolics and stilbenes | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory | [117] |
| Cassia abbreviata | Anthocyanins, anthranoids, anthraquinones, polyphenols and tannins | Abortifacient, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant and hepatoprotective | [118,119,120] |
| Colophospermum mopane | Alkaloids, coumarins, diterpenes, flavonoids, polyphenols, proanthocyanidins, saponins, sterols and triterpenes | Antibacterial, antiproliferation, antiprotease, antioxidant and cytotoxic | [121] |
| Crotalaria laburnifolia | Alkaloids | Analgesic, anthelmintic and antimicrobial | [122] |
| Dalbergia melanoxylon | Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant and antipyretic | [123,124,125] |
| Dalbergia nitidula | Flavonoids | Antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic | [126,127] |
| Dalbergiella nyasae | Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids | Antifungal and antibacterial | [128] |
| Dichrostachys cinerea | Flavonoids, phenolics, sterols, tannins and triterpenes | Analgesic, antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and neuropharmacological | [129,130,131,132] |
| Dolichos kilimandscharicus | Flavonoids and saponins | Antibacterial, anticancer, antiproliferative and cytotoxic | [133,134] |
| Elephantorrhiza burkei | Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, saponins, tannins and triterpenoids | Antibacterial, antifungal, anti-HIV, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxic and mutagenic | [135,136] |
| Elephantorrhiza elephantina | Anthocyanidins, anthraquinones, esters, fatty acids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, saponins, sterols, tannins and triterpenoids | Anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antiplasmodial and antioxidant | [137] |
| Elephantorrhiza goetzei | Coumarins, flavonoids, phenolic, saponins, stilbenoids, tannins and triterpenoids | Anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant and cytotoxic | [138] |
| Eriosema englerianum | Volatile oils | Antibacterial and antifungal | [139] |
| Erythrina abyssinica | Alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids | Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiplasmodial, antiproliferative and hepatoprotective | [140,141,142,143,144] |
| Erythrina livingstoniana | Flavonoids | Antibacterial and antioxidant | [145,146,147] |
| Erythrophleum africanum | Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids | Antibacterial, antifungal, antidote, antioxidant and toxic | [148] |
| Erythrophleum suaveolens | Alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, stilbenoids and terpenoids | Antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant | [149] |
| Flemingia grahamiana | Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, saponins, steroids, tannins and volatile oils | Antibacterial and anticancer | [150,151] |
| Indigofera arrecta | Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, tannins and terpenoids | Antibacterial, antiviral and anticancer | [152,153] |
| Indigofera astragalina | Saponins and tannins | Antioxidant and cytotoxic | [154] |
| Indigofera hirsuta | Alkaloids, flavonoids and phenolics | Antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant | [153] |
| Indigofera spicata | Benzofuran, fatty acids, flavonoids, phthalate, rotenoids, saponins, steroids and triterpenes | Anticancer, antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal, antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity | [153,155] |
| Julbernardia globiflora | Fatty acids, lignin, proanthocyanidins and tannins | Anticancer | [112,156] |
| Lessertia frutescens | Amino acids, flavonoids, pinitol and triterpenes | Analgesic, antibacterial, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antistress and antithrombotic | [157] |
| Leucaena leucocephala | Coumarins, flavonoids, phytol, sterols and triterpenes | Antimicrobial, diuretic, antiviral, cytotoxic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory | [158,159,160,161] |
| Mucuna coriacea | None found | Bacterial and antiviral | [162,163] |
| Mundulea sericea | Coumarins, flavonoids, phenolic, saponins, steroids, tannins and volatile oils | Analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and insecticidal | [164,165] |
| Neorautanenia mitis | Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins and tannins | Antibacterial, antifungal and antinociceptive | [166,167] |
| Ormocarpum kirkii | Coumarins, flavonoids and triterpenoids | Antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity | [168] |
| Ormocarpum trichocarpum | Aliphatic hydrocarbons, coumarins, diterpenoids, steroids and triterpenes | Antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, antioxidant and antimutagenic | [169,170,171] |
| Peltophorum africanum | Benzenoids, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, steroids, tannins and terpenes | Anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant | [141,162,163,172,173,174] |
| Pericopsis angolensis | Flavonoids, saponins and tannins | Antimicrobial | [107] |
| Phaseolus vulgaris | Alkaloids, anthocyanins, esters, flavonoids, iridoids, lignans, phenolics, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids | Analgesic, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hypocholesterolaemic | [175,176] |
| Philenoptera violacea | Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, tannins and terpenoids | Anticancer and antioxidant | [177] |
| Piliostigma thonningii | Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenes and volatile oils | Analgesic, anthelminthic, antibacterial, antiviral, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antileishmanial, antioxidant, antipyretic and immunomodulatory | [178,179,180,181,182] |
| Pseudarthria hookeri | Flavonoids | Antibacterial and anticancer | [183] |
| Pterocarpus angolensis | Chalcones, deoxybenzoin, fatty acids, phenolics and terpenoids | Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and wound healing | [184,185,186,187,188] |
| Pterocarpus rotundifolius | Fatty acids | Antiacne, antityrosinase, antioxidant and cytotoxic | [189] |
| Pterolobium stellatum | Saponins, tannins and terpenoids | Antibacterial and antimycobacterial | [190,191] |
| Rhynchosia insignis | Flavonoids | Antibacterial and antifungal | [192,193,194] |
| Rhynchosia minima | Coumarins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, triterpenes and volatile oils | Antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant | [47,192,194] |
| Rhynchosia resinosa | Saponins, steroids and terpenoids | Antibacterial, antileishmanial, cytoprotective and cytotoxic | [195,196] |
| Schotia brachypetala | Anthocyanins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols and tannins | Anti-acne, antibacterial, antimalarial, antioxidant, antityrosinase and cytotoxic | [189,197,198] |
| Senegalia ataxacantha | Alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, lignan, phenols, quinone, saponins, steroids, tannins and triterpenoids | Antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, laxative and ulceroprotective | [199] |
| Senegalia mellifera | Flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, tannins and terpenoids | Antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxicity | [200,201,202] |
| Senegalia nigrescens | Flavonoids and triterpenoids | Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity | [203] |
| Senna didymobotrya | Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, quinones, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids | Antibacterial | [204,205] |
| Senna italica | Alkaloids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, steroids and tannins | Antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and antioxidant | [206,207,208] |
| Senna occidentalis | Alkaloids, anthraquinones, anthrones, flavonoids, saponins, sterols and volatile oils | Antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antiprotozoal and hepatoprotective | [208,209] |
| Senna petersiana | Flavonoids | Antibacterial and cytotoxic | [135] |
| Senna singueana | Alkaloids, anthraquinones, proanthocyanidins, phenols, saponins, sterols, tannins, terpenes and volatile oils | Antimalarial, antinociceptive, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and trypanocidal | [198,208] |
| Senna septemtrionalis | Anthraquinones, benzoic acids, carboxylic acids and flavonoids | Anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, diuretic and antinociceptive | [208,210,211] |
| Sphenostylis erecta | Flavonoids and sphenostylins | Antifungal, antioxidant and cytotoxicity | [212] |
| Tamarindus indica | Amino acids, fatty acids and tannins | Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antinematodal, antioxidant, cytotoxic and molluscicidal | [213] |
| Tylosema fassoglense | Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, quinones, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids | Antibacterial and anticancer | [214,215] |
| Vachellia karroo | Flavonoids, phenols, proanthocyanidin, sterols, tannins and terpenoids | Analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antihelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial and antioxidant | [216] |
| Vachellia nilotica | Alkaloids, fatty acids, flavonoids and tannins | Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, anthelmintic, antibacterial, anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiplatelet | [217] |
| Vachellia rehmanniana | None found | Anti-inflammatory | [218] |
| Vachellia sieberiana | Flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, quinones, saponins and tannins | Antibacterial and anticancer | [219,220] |
| Vigna unguiculata | Flavonoids and phenolics | Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antinociceptive and hypocholesterolaemic | [221,222,223,224,225] |
| Xeroderris stuhlmannii | Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids and terpenoids | Antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiproliferative | [226,227,228] |
* “No report found” means that no record of the phytochemical or pharmacological properties were found in the literature.
4. Conclusions
This review is a compilation of literature sources on the Fabaceae species used as traditional medicines in Zimbabwe, providing an important repository of ethnopharmacological data required for future studies. The Fabaceae family is characterized by several species used as traditional medicines for the treatment and management of different ailments and diseases. The literature search showed that there is a paucity of information on the cultural practices associated with usage of Fabaceae species, including information on their dosages and administration. Therefore, there is a need for ethnobotanical research into and documentation of the cultural value of the Fabaceae species in Zimbabwe. Fabaceae species that are exotic to Zimbabwe are also used as sources of traditional medicines, corroborating the general observation that traditional pharmacopoeias are not static social institutions but fluid and dynamic, characterized by the addition of exotic plant species as herbal medicines.
Several Fabaceae species used as traditional medicines are known to contain bioactive compounds which have demonstrated diverse pharmacological properties against several disease-causing pathogens. Plant extracts and phytochemical compounds isolated from Fabaceae species have shown inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme and many other properties, such as antitumor, antidiabetic, antifertility, anthelmintic, antiamoebic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiparasitic, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic and immunomodulatory. However, the majority of the studied biological activities have mainly been in vitro assays, while clinical and in vivo studies are lacking. It is recommended that the unstudied biological activities of the medicinal species should be investigated to unravel the therapeutic potential of the considered Fabaceae species, using both in vitro and in vivo models. Furthermore, the toxicological properties of these species should be evaluated and the mechanism of action of the identified phytochemicals should be elucidated based on their pharmacological properties.
Funding Statement
This research was funded by the University of Fort Hare, grant number R188.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Footnotes
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