Hawkers of Health:an Investigation of the Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg, Gauteng APPENDICES 1,2,3,4 & 5 V.L. Williams Plant Ecology and Conservation Series No. 15 Report to the Gauteng Directorate for Nature Conservation, DACELMay 2003 Restoration & Conservation Biology Research Group School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICES CONTENTSAppendix Description Page1 Species lists 31a Species name to common name………………………………………………………….. 121b Common name to species………………………………………………………………… 201c Abbreviations for ethnospecies with more than 1 assigned species name……………….. 211d Family list and species…………………………………………………………………… 262 Questionnaires to traders 302a Original street trader (January 2001)……………………………………………………... 332b Customer survey (January 2001)………………………………………………………….2c Repeat visit (September)…………………………………………………………………. 36 393 Trader Perceptions3a Plant scarcity……………………………………………………………………………... 443b Plant popularity…………………………………………………………………………... 474 Assessment of the animal parts sold in Faraday (Caroline Crump, Wits)…………..5 Schedule of plants listed in the KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Bill of 1999…... {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICES APPENDIX 1a:Cross reference of botanical names to common names, giving plant part1 and the number of citations percommon na me or ‘ethnospecies’. Where a species shares a common name with 1 or more species, theethnospecies is comparatively numbered (e.g. EP 34), followed by the number of species with that commonname (e.g. 2spp). The number of citations for that ethnospecies is then placed in parenthesis to signify thatthe citations are shared between the species. * = exotic species.SPECIES COMMON NAME PLANT NUMBER OF PART CITATIONSAcacia caffra umNyamanzi (EP 54, 2spp)Acacia caffra umThole bk (N=100)Acacia sieberiana var. woodii umKhamba bkAcacia spp. (incl. A. burkei) umKhaya bk {1}Acacia xanthophloea umKhanyakude rt 3Acalypha glandulifolia unGibonisele (EP 34, 2spp) bk 2Acalypha villicaulis umPendulo wpl/rt 1Acanthospermum hispidum inKunzana rt 38Achyropsis avicularis umSiphawenyoka l/st/flAcokanthera oppositifolia umKhwangu (EP 3, 3spp) wpl {3}Acokanthera spp. (A. oblongifolia, A. oppositifolia) iHlungunyembe bk 10Acorus calamus iKalamuzi st/l 1Acridocarpus natalitius umPeso rt 1Acridocarpus natalitius sspp. uMabophe (EP 20, 2spp) bkAdenia digitata (possibly) umhlabadabuka rt {16}Adenia gummifera var. gummifera imPindamshaye rt 7Adenostemma spp. (A. caffra, A. viscosum) uMahogwe (EP 39, 3spp) st 3Afzelia quanzensis umDlavusa (EP 12, 2spp) l/st 3Agapanthus spp. (A. africanus, A. campanulatus, A. praecox) lebone (So) bk uBani bb {25}Agathosma ovata uMahesakomhlope 6Alberta magna umCumaneAlbizia adianthifolia umGadankawu 29 uSolo {1}Albizia suluensis inYazangoma (EP 29, 3spp) {13}Albizia versicolor umVangazi (EP 31, 3spp)Albuca setosa inGcino (EP 4, 2spp) 4Albuca sp. inCeloAlbuca spp. (A. fastigiata, A. nelsonii) uMaphipha rt 12Alepidea amatymbica var. amatymbica iKhatazo bk 1 lesokwane bk 42Aloe aristata uMathithibala (EP 57, 3spp)Aloe sp. (incl. A. candelabrum, A. chabaudii, A. dewetii, A. inHlaba bk {24}ferox, A. marlothii, A. spectabilis, A. suprafoliata, A. spicata) bk {12}Aloe sp. (incl. A. maculata, A. parvibracteata, A. suprafoliata) iCena bb {9}Andrachne ovalis uMbesa bb 1 uMembeze bb 3Anemone spp. (A. caffra, A. fanninii) uManzamnyama rt 9Annona senagalensis umTelembaAnsellia gigantea var. nilotica imFeyenkawu wpl {5} 1Anthospermum rigidum umLomomnandi (EP 45, 2spp) wplAptenia cordifolia var. cordifolia iBohlololoArgyrolobium spp (A. speciosum, A. robustum) umZimuka (EP 49, 3spp) l3Aristea spp. (A. ecklonii, A. woodii) payabashimane rt 1Artemisia afra lengane (So) umHlonyane rt/bk {7} 5Asclepias cucullata uDelunina rt {4} 1Asclepias sp. (A. fruticosa, A. physocarpa) uSingalwesalukazi wpl 4 rt wpl 5 rt st/l/wpl 6 l/st 4 rt 4 rt, l/st, 31 Plant part abbreviations: bb = bulb; bk = bark; rt = root; st = stem; l = leaves; l/st = leaves/stems; wpl = whole plant; tu = tuber; fl =flower; fr = fruit; sd = seed {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESAsclepias spp. iShongwe (EP 36, 4spp) fr {4} 1Asparagus africanus uBulawu omhlope rt {2} 1Asparagus sp. (A. africanus, A. falcatus) isiGoba rt {4} 3Asparagus spp. (A. asparagoides, A. laricinus, A. iButha rt {16}ramosissimum, A. setaceus, A. virgatus) rt 4Aspilia natalensis uPhamepuce (EP 25, 2spp) {24} 1Aster bakeranus uDlutshana wpl 19Athrixia phylicoides iShayelo rtBalanites maughamii iPhamba l/st 1 umGobandlovu bk 3Barringtonia racemosa uMululukaBegonia sp. (B. dregei, B. homonyma) iDlula rt 1Behnia reticulata iZaza (EP 52, 2spp) rt 2Berchemia discolor uMadlozana (EP 2, 4spp) rt 3Berchemia discolor umHlungula l/st/rtBerchemia zeyheri umcaka rt/bk 3Bersama spp. (B. lucens, B. stayneri, B. swinnyi, B. tysoniana) isiNdiyandiya bk 11 unDiyaza bkBersama swinnyi umHlakaza 2Boophane disticha iNcotho bk 11 ingobazohlanya bb 8Boscia albitrunca inYokiziphindaBoscia spp. (B. albitrunca, B. foetida ssp. rehmanniana) umVithi rt 6Bowiea volubilis uGibisila rtBrachylaena discolor ssp. discolor umPhahla bb 1Brachylena discolor ssp. discolor isiPhahluka (EP 6, 2spp) l/st/rt 8Brackenridgea zanguebarica mutavhatsindi (Ve) bk 1Bridelia cathartica unGazine rt 3Buddleja saligna umGqeba bkBulbine spp. (B. abyssinica, B. alooides, B. asphodeloides, B. iBhucu bk 1frutescens, B. natalensis) wpl 6Buxus sp. (B. macowanii, B. natalensis) umGalagalaCadaba natalensis amaNgwamnyama l/fl 23 amaNgwezidala bkCallilepis laureola amaFutomhlaba 8 imPila rt 1Calodendrum capense uMemezomhlopeCalpurnia aurea ssp. aurea inSiphane bk umBethe l/rt/bkCanthium inerme umKhiphampethuCapparis sepiaria umVuthwamini rt 1Capparis spp. (C. brassii, C. tomentosa) uSondeza rt/st 1 iQwaningi rt/bk 15Casearia gladiiformis uMabusaneCassine peragua ssp peragua umJuluka rt {2} 2Cassipourea gummiflua uMaqadini (EP 48, 2spp) fr {1}Cassipourea spp. (C. flanaganii, C. gerrardii) umNyamanzi (EP 54, 2spp) bk 3Catunaregam spinosa ssp. spinosa uMemeziobomvu bk {2}Celosia trigyna. uMaqadini (EP 48, 2spp) fr {21} 1Celtis mildbraedii uVelabahleka (EP 17, 2spp) wpl/rt 7Cephalaria humilis uZinhla bk 4Chaetachme aristata iMpikayiboni rt umBambangwe bk/rt {1} 6Cheilianthes hirta umKhovoti {10}Chenopodium ambrosioides* iNkomankoma (EP 40, 4spp) l/st 7Cinnamomum camphora* unSukumbili (EP 15, 4spp) l/st {4} 1Cinnamomum zeylanicum uRoselina bk/st {6} 25Cissampelos torulosa uMondi (EP 46, 2spp) rt 8Clausena anisata uKhalimele (EP 13, 2spp) l/stClematis brachiata umNukelambiba l/bk 2Clivia spp. (C. miniata, C. nobilis) umDlandloti stCombretum spp. (C. caffrum, C. erythrophyllum, C. hereroense, uMayime wpl {PAGE }C. kraussii) umDubu rt/bkCommelina sp. (C. africana, C. benghalensis) iDangebane l/st

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESConvolvulus sagittatus sspp. uVimbukhalo (EP 33, 2spp) rt {4} 1Conyza podocephala isiTshotshokazane l {3}Corbichonia decumbens iNyongwane (EP 27, 2spp) rt {23} 9Corchorus asplenifolius uBangalala rt {3} umBhadlangu (EP 14, 11spp) {2} 1Corchorus confusus unGibonisele (EP 34, 2spp) wpl/rt {9} 18Cordia caffra iLalanyathi (Ep 42, 5spp) rt/bk 3Crabbea hirsuta uMusa (EP 53, 3spp) rt {2} 2Crinum spp. (C.bulbispermum, C. delagoense, C. macowanii, C. uMduze bb {12} 1moorei) {8} 4Crocosmia spp. (C. aurea, C. paniculata) umLunge (EP 19, 3spp) rt {4}Crocosmia spp. (C. aurea, C. paniculata) unDwendweni (EP 24, 6spp) rt {21} 25Crotalaria globifera uBhubhubhu (EP 10, 2spp) rt {21}Crotalaria lanceolata iZaza (EP 52, 2spp) rtCrotalaria spp. uVelabahleka (EP 17, 2spp) wpl/rt {25}Croton gratissimus iLetha (EP 1, 4spp) bk {6}Croton sp. (C. gratissimus, C. pseudopulchellus) iHubeshani bkCroton spp. (C. gratissimus ssp., C. sylvaticus) inDumbahlozi bk uMahlabekufeniCroton sylvaticus uMinya bk umZilanyoniCryptocarya spp. (C. latifolia, C. myrtifolia) uMdlangwenya bk umKhondweniCucumis hirsutus inTangazane frCucumis sp. (C africanus, Chirsutus, C. zeyheri) iSendelenje fr monyaku (So)Cunonia capensis umLulama (EP 16, 5sp) bkCupressus sp.* abaNqonqosi (EP 47, 2spp) bkCurtisia dentata inJundumlahleni bk inKunzitwalitsheCussonia spicata inPhephelelangeni bk/st {4} 3Cyanotis speciosa umLahleni rt umLahlenisefile 3Cyanotis speciosa umSenge rt 5Cycnium racemosum uDabulamafu / pindamuva rt 11Cymbopogon spp. (EP 30, 2spp) l/st uMakhothigobileCyphostemma sp. (C. lanigerum, C. natalitium) uHlabalangane rt {12} 2Cyrtanthus sp. (C. contractus, C. stenanthus) isiQunga ? 1Cyrtorchis sp. (C. arcuata) iWozawoza bb/rtDalbergia obovata uSukasahamba st/rt 3 iDambisoDeinbollia oblongifolia imPingizana bk {25}Dianthus basuticus iPhamba (EP 9, 9spp) wpl 2Dianthus mooiensis sspp. umZungulu wpl 8Dianthus spp. (D. crenatus, D. zeyheri sspp.) uPhandlazi wpl 4Diaphananthe spp. (D. millarii, D. xanthopollinia) umLulama (EP 16, 5sp) bb/rt {12}Dichrostachys cinerea ssp. africana hlokwanalatsela rt 7 tjanibesweDicoma anomala iNingizimu rt {4} 1Dicoma anomala iPhamba (EP 9, 9spp) rt {3}Dicoma zeyheri uGagane rt 4Dierama pendulum umZilazembe rt/bb {12} 7Dietes iridioides hloenya / hlwenya (EP 21, 2spp) l/st 2Dioscorea dregeana iNyongwane (EP 27, 2spp) rt(tu) 29Dioscorea sp. umQele rtDioscorea sylvatica unDwendweni (EP 24, 6spp) rt(tu) 1 isiGqikisikatokoloshe {6}Diospyros galpinii uDakwa rtDiospyros lycioides umTani rt/st 4Diospyros spp. (D. galpinii, D. villosa) iNgwevu rt 2Dissotis canescens uFudu st iMpishimpishi umNqandane (EP 43, 2spp) inDodemnyama uHlazifukwe oluncane {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESDombeya rotundifolia var. rotundifolia ilukuluku bk 21 inHliziyonkuluDrimia sp. (D. elata, D. robusta) inDongana-zimbomvana bb see sekanama isiKlenamaDrimia sp. (D. elata, D. robusta) / Urginea sanguinea2 sekanama bb 61 1Dryopteris spp. (D. athamatica, D. inaequalis) iNkomankoma (EP 40, 4spp) l/st {1} 3Drypetes gerrardii umHlwakele l/stDumasia villosa uKhalimele (EP 13, 2spp) l/st {6}Eclipta prostrata uPhamepuce (EP 25, 2spp) wpl {2}Ehretia rigida iLalanyathi (Ep 42, 5spp) rt/bk {2}Ehretia rigida umHlele rt umKeleEkebergia capensis umKlele bk 23 isiManayeElaeodendron croceum uMathunziwezintaba bk {16} 4Elaeodendron sp. (incl. E. croceum) umNyamathi bk 48 uSehlulamanye (EP 22, 2spp) {23} 11Elaeodendron transvaalense uBovana bk {11} 6Elephantorrhiza elephantina uMaqunda rt(tu) {16} iNgwavuma {1} 1Encephalartos sp. inTolwane fl {13} 4Entada rheedii umDabu sd {6}Eriosema spp. (E. cordatum. E. salignum) isiGqikisomkovu (cycad) rt 3Eriosema spp. (E. cordatum, E. salignum) inTindili rt 1 uQonsi 1Eriospermum spp. (E. cooperi, E. mackenii, E. ornithogaloides) uBangalala rtEriospermum spp. (incl. E. mackenii) umBhadlangu (EP 14, 11spp) rt 18Erythrina lysistemon iNcamashela bkErythrophleum lasianthum iNsulansula (EP 51, 2spp) bkEucalyptus globulus umSinsi bkEucalyptus sp.* umKhwangu (EP 3, 3spp) bkEucalyptus sp.* imPiskayihlangulwa bkEuclea crispa ssp. crispa umDlebe (EP 28, 2spp) rt/stEuclea spp. (E. crispa, E. divinorum, E. natalensis, E. undulata) umDlavusa (EP 12, 2spp) rt/bk umNqandane (EP 43, 2spp)Eucomis autumnalis ssp. clavata iDungamuzi bb 22Eucomis bicolor isiNzimane bb 15Eulophia spp. (incl. E. cucullata, E. speciosa) umShekisane rt/bb {12} uMathunga 1Eulophia spp. (E. ensata, E. leontoglossa, E. ovalis) imBola bb/rt {12} 2Eulophia streptopetala unDwendweni (EP 24, 6spp) rt 4Euphorbia claverioides uMabelejongosi wpl 1Euphorbia sp. (E. cooperi, E. ingens) iPhamba (EP 9, 9spp) st/l 4Euphorbia spp. (E. clavarioides, E. woodii) mohatollo (S.So) (see iPhamba) wplFaurea spp. (F. macnaughtonii, F. saligna) isantilele bk 10Ficus sur umhlonhlo bk 2 iNhlehle 2Foeniculum vulgare isiSefo l/st {10} 1Garcinia spp. (G. gerrardii, G. livingstonei) iNtombi-kayibhinci bkGardenia sp. (G. thunbergia, G. volkensii) umKhiwane bk 1Gasteria sp. (incl. croucheri) iMbozisa (EP 23, 3spp) wplGazania krebisana umBinda rt umValasangweniGerbera ambigua imPundu wplGerbera piloselloides sweswe (So) rt/st {1}Gerrardina foliosa tsikitlana (SSo) bk {21}Gerrardina foliosa umLimi-lwenkomo bk {1}Gerrardina foliosa uMoyawezwe (EP 35, 2spp) bk {24} iLetha (EP 1, 4spp) umaLuleka (EP 37, 2spp) umLahlankosi (EP 5, 3spp)2 In Gauteng, the species sold as ‘Sekanama / skanama’ is primarily Urginea sanguinea harvested from theregion ( more than 60% of recorded citations). Sometimes Drimia elata / robusta is sold as skanama orisiKlenama, but it is harvested from KwaZulu-Natal or the Eastern Cape. {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESGladiolus sericeo-villosus umLunge (EP 19, 3spp) bb {2} 2Gladiolus spp. (G. dalenii, G. sericeo-villosus) unDwendweni (EP 24, 6spp) rt/bb {12}Gloriosa superba ingobamakhosi rt {7} 10Glycyrrhiza glabra* umLomomnandi (EP 45, 2spp) rt {11} 5Gnidia kraussiana var. kraussiana inhlanhlomhlope (EP 41, 3spp) l/st 1Gnidia kraussiana var. kraussiana imFuzane rt {3} umSilawengwe {2} 19Gnidia spp. (G. burchellii, G. cuneata, G. kraussiana) isiDikili wpl/rt 1Gnidia spp. (incl. G. polyantha) inHlashane (EP 56, 4spp) rt {5} 2Graderia scabra isiQomiso st/l/rt 5Grewia spp. (G. caffra, G. flavescens, G. occidentalis) iLalanyathi (Ep 42, 5spp) rt/bk 1Gunnera perpensa itangazane rt/l 17 uGobhoHaemanthus spp. (H. albiflos, H. coccineus, H. deformis) indlebelendlovu bb uZenekeHarpephyllum caffrum umGwenya bkHaworthia spp. (H. fasciata, H. limifolia) uMathithibala (EP 57, 3spp) wplHelichrysum acutatum uZangume rtHelichrysum aureonitens iNkondwana l/stHelichrysum spp. (incl. H. cymosum, H. decorum, H. iMphepho l/stepapposum, H. gymnocomum, H. natalitium, H. nudifolium, H.odoratissimum) uBhubhubhu (EP 10, 2spp) rt {8} 12Helinus integrifolius uMoyawezwe (EP 35, 2spp) rt/st {1}Heliophila subulata uBangalala rt {23}Heteromorpha spp. (H. arborescens, H. rupestris) umBhadlangu (EP 14, 11spp) uVuma (EP 44, 2spp) l/st {1}Hibiscus pusillus isiPhahluka (EP 6, 2spp) bk {24}Hippobromus pauciflorus umFazothethayo rtHippobromus pauciflorus uQhume uTiye rt {23}Hippocratea longipetiolata uBangalala umBhadlangu (EP 14, 11spp) bb 1Hypoxis sp. (incl. H. argentea) letsikitlane bb 40Hypoxis spp. (H. colchicifolia, H. gerrardii, H. hemerocallidea; iLabethekaH. iridifolia; H. rigidula) iNkomfe bk 1 izambane rt {8}Ilex mitis var. mitis isiDumo rt {4}Ipomoea spp. uBhoqo (EP 32, 3spp) l/rt/st {1}Ipomoea spp. uVimbukhalo (EP 33, 2spp) rtJasminum angulare uMalala (EP 38, 2spp) rt/st/l 7Jatropha spp. (J. hirsuta, J. zeyheri) uGodide l/st 13Justicia capensis iKhokhela wpl {1}Kalanchoe crenata uMahogwe (EP 39, 3spp) rtKalanchoe rotundifolia iDambisa rt 1Kalanchoe sp. umVuthuza (EP 11, 2spp) fr/bk {7}Kedrostis capensis sesepa-sa-lithotaKigelia africana umVongothi rt 2 umVungutha 11Kniphofia sp. (incl. K. caulescens, K. laxiflora, K. parviflora, K. iCacane rtporphyrantha, K. rooperi, K. uvaria) rt 2Knowltonia bracteata umVuthuza (EP 11, 2spp)Kohautia amatymbica umFanozacile l/rt {7} umHungulo rt 1Lagenaria sphaerica uSelwa rt/bkLantana rugosa molutoane (So) bb {7} 1Laportea peduncularis imBabazane {EP 55, 4spp) l/st 1Ledebouria spp. (L. cooperi, L. ovatifolia, L. revoluta) iCubudwana rt {10} 11Lichtensteinia interrupta iMbozisa (EP 23, 3spp) l/st {3}Lichtensteinia interrupta inHlashane (EP 56, 4spp) l/st {11} 1Lichtensteinia kolbeana inhlanhlomhlope (EP 41, 3spp) bk {2}Lippia javanica umSuzwane (EP 26, 2spp)Lonchocarpus capassa isiHomohomo rt {9} umPhanda l/st 1Lotononis corymbosa uMusa (EP 53, 3spp)Lycopodium clavatum inWele {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESMacaranga capensis umOmpumalelo bk/st {16} 14Maesa lanceolata isiDende rt {16} 6 uMaguqu {25}Margaritaria discoidea uMadlozana (EP 2, 4spp) l/st/rt {23} 1Margaritaria discoidea umKhwangu (EP 3, 3spp) bk 21Maytenus acuminata var acuminata umLulama (EP 16, 5sp) bk {10}Maytenus heterophylla uBangalala rt {9} 3 umBhadlangu (EP 14, 11spp) {12} 7Maytenus mossambicensis var. mossambicensis iQongqo rt 1Maytenus undata inDabulaluvalo bk {4} 3Mentha aquatica iMbozisa (EP 23, 3spp) l/st {21} 7Mesembryanthemum sp. uGebeleweni (EP 8, 2spp) wpl/rt {25}Microcoelia sp. (M. exilis) iPhamba (EP 9, 9spp) bb/rt {12} 5Mimosa spp. (M. pigra, M. pudica) iMbune wpl {1}Mimusops sp. thunzikulu bk {25} 4Mimusops spp. (M. caffra, M. obovata) amaSethole st {16} 9Momordica sp. (M. balsamina, M. foetida) iNtshungu l/st 1Monanthotaxis caffra uMazwende rt {1} 2 umGogawezinhlanya 13Mondia whitei uMondi (EP 46, 2spp) rt {4} 24Myrica serrata iLetha (EP 1, 4spp) bk {4} 1Myrica serrata umLulama (EP 16, 5sp) bkMyrothamnus flabellifolia uVukwabafile l/st {1} 2Mystacidium spp. (M. venosum) iPhamba (EP 9, 9spp) bb/rt {11} 1Noltea africana umaLuleka (EP 37, 2spp) bk {3} 1Nuxia floribunda umLulama (EP 16, 5sp) bk {6}Ochna holstii isiBhanku bk {21} 1Ochna natalitia uMadlozana (EP 2, 4spp) l/st/rt {4} 9Ocotea bullata uNukane bk {4}Olea europaea ssp. africana iHlwati bk {6} 5Olea woodiana umHlwazimamba rtOlinia radiata umZaneno bk/rt {2} 7Ornithogalum longibracteatum uMababaza bb 1Osteospermum imbricatum ssp. nervatum inKhupuhlana l/st {6} 6 mokuphule (So) {1} 5Osyridocarpus schimperianus uMalala (EP 38, 2spp) l/rt/st 2Othonna natalensis iNcama wplOxalis smithiana inkolowane l/rt 2Ozoroa obovata isiFico bk/rt 8Pachycarpus spp. iShongwe (EP 36, 4spp) rtPappea capensis uDabulamafu / pindamuva (EP 30, rt 2spp)Pappea capensis uVumebomvu rtPelargonium luridum iShaqa rt uVendlePellaea calomelanos iNkomankoma (EP 40, 4spp) l/stPentanisia prunelloides ssp. prunelloides iCimamlilo wplPeucadanum caffrum inhlanhlomhlope (EP 41, 3spp) l/stPeucadanum caffrum inHlashane (EP 56, 4spp) rtPeucadanum magalismontanum iBheka (EP 18, 3spp) wplPhyllanthus meyerianus iLetha (EP 1, 4spp) bkPhytolacca dioica iShongwe (EP 36, 4spp) rtPhytolacca dioica umZimuka (EP 49, 3spp) rtPimpinella caffra iBheka (EP 18, 3spp) wplPittosporum viridiflorum umFusamvu bk umKhwenkhwePlectranthus grallatus umNyamawempunzi rtPlectranthus madagascarensis iBozana (EP 50, 3spp) rtPlectranthus sp. (incl. P. hadiensis) iNkungwini rtPleurostylia capensis umThunyelelwa bkPlumbago auriculata uMaswelisweli rtPodocarpus henkelii abaNqonqosi (EP 47, 2spp) bkPolygala galpinii uVuma (EP 44, 2spp) l/stPolygala hottentotta uZekane rtPolygala spp. (incl. P. confusa, P. gerrardii, P. natalensis) iShobelenyati wpl {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESPolygala spp. (P. fruticosa, P. virgata) uNgqengendlela rt/l/st 3Portulaca sp. st/l 3Proboscidea fragrans iThethe fr 1Protorhus longifolia bk 6 uShisizwePrunus africana bk {24} umZunguluwanePrunus africana bk 1Psoralea pinnata isiFico-sehlathi rt 4Ptaeroxylon obliquum unHlangothi bk 17Pterocarpus angolensis umKhumizo bk {12}Pterocelastrus spp. umuThibomvu bk 2Pterocelastrus spp. (P. echinatus, P. rostratus, P. tricuspidatus) bk {16}Pulicaria scabra inYazangoma (no colour) (EP 29, rt 2Ranunculus multifidus 3spp) l/st 1Rapanea melanophloeos bk 27 inYazangomelimnyamaRaphionacme sp. rt {9} 17 umHlonishwa {24} 13Rauvolfia caffra bk umThathe 1Rhamnus prinoides rt 24Rhipsalis baccifera umVangazi (EP 31, 3spp) wpl/rtRhoicissus tridentata ssp. uGobandlovu-ebomvu rt 8Rhus chirindensis uSehlulamanye (EP 22, 2spp) bkRhus chirindensis isiThapuka bkRhus laevigata uXhapozi bk 1Rhynchosia spp. rt {23} uMaphipha 1Ricinus communis uMaphiphakhubalo l 1 uVukwabafilekhubaloRiocreuxia torulosa Lesapo (S.So) l 9Salacia kraussii uMathanjana rt {23} 4 49Salacia leptoclada umHlabamanzi rt/bk 2 umKhabamasi 5Sanseviera sp. (incl. S. hyacinthoides) wpl 32 uNyenyaSarcophyte sanguinea rtScabiosa columbaria uGebeleweni (EP 8, 2spp) wpl {6}Scadoxus puniceus bbSchlechterina mitostemmatoides isiNwazi wplSchotia brachypetala umThwazi bkScilla natalensis inYazangoma (no colour) (EP 29, bb 27Scilla nervosa 3spp) bb 2Scilla nervosa inHlokoshiyane bb {9}Scilla sp. uDwendwelencuba bb 1Sclerocarya birrea ssp. caffra umYazangomebomvu bk 32Scolopia mundii bk 1Secamone gerrardii isiHlakoti wpl 10Senecio asperulus wpl 1Senecio coronatus uBangalala rt 6Senecio spp. (S. gregatus, S. serratuloides, S. speciosus) umBhadlangu (EP 14, 11spp) l/st {10}Senecio tamoides st 9Senecio vimineus mokhura (So) st 1Silene bellidioides uhlavu wpl 3 uShuqu uBangalala umBhadlangu (EP 14, 11spp) amaPunzana inSontwane isiKholokholo uPhondolukabhejane uMavumbuka iBheka (EP 18, 3spp) umPhompho iHlalanyosi iHluzi umGxamu uVovo inGuduza imbita-yabantwana inGcino (EP 4, 2spp) uMasitabane umGanu umDwendwenlencuba iPhophoma moferefere ubuLibazi unSukumbili (EP 15, 4spp) iHlozi-elikhulu uQobaqoba iGwayana {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESSiphonochilus aethiopicus inDungulo rt {8} 8 isiPhephetho {25} 6Smilax spp. (S. anceps, S. kraussiana) inGqaqabulani rtSolanum mauritianum uBhoqo (EP 32, 3spp) rt {11} 6Solanum sp. (S. aculeastrum, S. hermanii) inThuma fr/rt {1}Spermacoce natalensis uMabophe (EP 20, 2spp) rt 1Spilanthes mauritiana isiSinini l/st {4} 13Spirostachys africana umThombothi bk 9Stangeria eriopus imFingo rt(tu) {2} 13Stapelia gigantea umaliliza wpl {6} 3 uZililo {7} 1Steganotaenia araliaceae icalakwetshwa l/st {23}Striga elegans umncaka wpl {12} 2Strychnos decussata umKhangala rt {2} 4Strychnos spinosa umHlala bk/fr 8Strychnos spp. (S. henningsii, S. mitis) uManono bk/rt umQalothi 1Stylochiton natalensis iNsulansula (EP 51, 2spp) rtStylochiton natalensis umfana-embuzi rt 3Synadenium cupulare umDlebe (EP 28, 2spp) bk 2Synaptolepis kirkii uVumomhlope rt 19Syzygium cordatum umDoni bk 1Talinum caffrum iMpunyu rt punyuka 1Teclea gerrardii uMozane bk 13Teedia lucida hloenya / hlwenya (EP 21, 2spp) rtTephrosia kraussiana iPhunga rt 22Terminalia spp. (T. phanerophlebia, T. sericea) amaNgwamhlope bk/rt amaNgwebomvu 1Tetradenia riperia iBozana (EP 50, 3spp) rtThesium pallidum uMahesakobomvu rt 24Tieghemia quinquenervia iPhakama (EP 7, 2spp) wplToddaliopsis bremekampii iNtana bkTragia spp. (T. meyeriana, T. rupestris) imBabazane {EP 55, 4spp) rt/bkTragia spp. (T. meyeriana, T. rupestris) uBangalala rt umBhadlangu (EP 14, 11spp)Trema orientalis umVangazi (EP 31, 3spp) bkTricalysia lanceolata umSuzwane (EP 26, 2spp) l/stTrichilia spp. (T. dregeana, T. emetica) umKhuhlu bk vungulomoyaTridactyle spp. (T. bicaudata) umoyawovungu bb/rt {12} 13Tulbaghia spp. (T. alliacea, T. ludwigiana, T. simmleri, T. iPhamba (EP 9, 9spp) bbviolacea) iShaladilezinyoka {8} 4Turbina oblongata umWelela rt {16} 3Turraea floribunda uBhoqo (EP 32, 3spp) l/st/rt {9} 6Turraea obtusifolia uMadlozana (EP 2, 4spp) l/st 61Tylophora flanaganii uSwazi rtTypha capensis uMusa (EP 53, 3spp) rtUrginea delagoensis iBhuma bbUrginea sanguinea / Drimia elata, D. robusta uMahlanganisa bb inDongana-zimbomvanaUrginea spp. isiKlenama bb 3Urginea spp. (incl. U. altissima, U. macrocentra, U. physodes) sekanama bb 29 inGwebeboUrsinia nana sspp. isiKlenama (green) l/st 4Urtica urens* uMahlongolozi rt/bk {7} 1Vangueria infausta umHlabelo rt selepeVepris lanceolata imBabazane {EP 55, 4spp) rt 2Vernonia adoensis umVilo rt 3Vernonia colorata umViyo rt {2}Vernonia natalensis uMozane bk {24}Vernonia spp. (V. neocorymbosa, V. tigna) inYathelo rt 6 iBozana (EP 50, 3spp) umLahlankosi (EP 5, 3spp) umHlunguhlungu {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESViscum verrucosum umZane wpl {6} 7Vitex spp. (V. rehmannii, V. wilmsii) iPhakama (EP 7, 2spp) bk 21Warburgia salutaris umLuthu bk {4} 8Withania somnifera isiBhaha rt {24} imPatampata 1Xerophyta retinervis ubuVimbo st 6Ximenia caffra var. natalensis isiPhemba rt 4Xysmalobium undulatum umThunduluka rtXysmalobium undulatum iShinga rt 10Zanthoxylum spp. (Z. capense, Z. davyi) iShongwe (EP 36, 4spp) rtZiziphus mucronata ssp. mucronata umNungumabele bk 6Ziziphus mucronata ssp. mucronata umLahlankosi (EP 5, 3spp) bk/st umPhafa {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICES APPENDIX 1b:A cross reference of common (mostly Zulu) names of commercially sold medicinal plants in the Faradaymarket, giving plant part3. EP # = the abbreviation for the ethnospecies sharing a common name with severalspecies. * = exotic speciesCOMMON NAME SPECIES PLANTabaNqonqosi EP 47 (Cupressus sp.*, Podocarpus henkelii) PARTamaFutomhlaba Callilepis laureola BkamaNgwamhlope Terminalia spp. (T. phanerophlebia, T. sericea) RtamaNgwamnyama Cadaba natalensis bk/rtamaNgwebomvu Terminalia spp. (T. phanerophlebia, T. sericea) BkamaNgwezidala Cadaba natalensis bk/rtamaPunzana Salacia leptoclada bkamaSethole Mimusops spp. (M. caffra, M. obovata) rt/bkhloenya / hlwenya EP 21 (Dicoma anomala, Teedia lucida) sthlokwanalatsela Dianthus basuticus rtiBheka EP 18 (Peucadanum magalismontanum, Pimpinella caffra, Scabiosa columbaria) wpliBhucu Bulbine spp. (B. abyssinica, B. alooides, B. asphodeloides, B. frutescens, B. natalensis) wpliBhuma Typha capensis wpliBohlololo Aptenia cordifolia var. cordifolia rtiBoza Tetradenia riparia wpliBozana EP 50 (Plectranthus madagascarensis, Tetradenia riperia, Vernonia colorata) l/stiButha Asparagus spp. (A. asparagoides, A. laricinus, A. ramosissimum, A. setaceus, A. virgatus) rt Kniphofia sp. (incl. K. caulescens, K. laxiflora, K. parviflora, K. porphyrantha, K. rooperi, K. rtiCacane uvaria)icalakwetshwa Steganotaenia araliaceae rtiCena Aloe sp. (incl. A. maculata, A. parvibracteata, A. suprafoliata) l/stiCimamlilo Pentanisia prunelloides ssp. prunelloides liCubudwana Ledebouria spp. (L. cooperi, L. ovatifolia, L. revoluta) wpliDambisa Kalanchoe rotundifolia bbiDambiso Cyphostemma sp. (C. lanigerum, C. natalitium) wpliDangebane Commelina sp. (C. africana, C. benghalensis) rtiDlula Begonia sp. (B. dregei, B. homonyma) l/stiDungamuzi Euclea spp. (E. crispa, E. divinorum, E. natalensis, E. undulata) rtiGwayana Silene bellidioides rt/bkiHlalanyosi Schlechterina mitostemmatoides wpliHlozi-elikhulu Senecio tamoides wpliHlungunyembe Acokanthera spp. (A. oblongifolia, A. oppositifolia) stiHluzi Schotia brachypetala st/liHlwati Olea europaea ssp. africana bkiHubeshani Croton sp. (C. gratissimus, C. pseudopulchellus) bkiKalamuzi Acorus calamus bkiKhatazo Alepidea amatymbica var. amatymbica rtiKhokhela Justicia capensis rtiLabetheka Hypoxis spp. (H. colchicifolia, H. gerrardii, H. hemerocallidea; H. iridifolia; H. rigidula) rt/st/liLalanyathi EP 42 (Cordia caffra, Ehretia rigida, Grewia caffra, Grewia flavescens, Grewia occidentalis) bbiLetha EP 1 (Croton gratissimus, Gerrardina foliosa, Myrica serrata, Phyllanthus meyerianus) rt/bkilukuluku Dombeya rotundifolia var. rotundifolia bkimBabazane EP 55 (Tragia meyeriana, Tragia rupestris, Urtica urens*, Laportea peduncularis) bkimbita-yabantwana Scilla nervosa rt/bkimBola Eucomis bicolor bbiMbozisa EP 23 (Foeniculum vulgare, Mentha aquatica, Lichtensteinia interrupta) bbiMbune Mimosa spp. (M. pigra, M. pudica) l/stimFeyenkawu Ansellia gigantea var. nilotica wplimFingo Stangeria eriopus wplimFuzane Gnidia kraussiana var. kraussiana rt(tu) rt3 Plant part abbreviations: bb = bulb; bk = bark; rt = root; st = stem; l = leaves; l/st = leaves/stems; wpl = whole plant; tu = tuber; fl =flower; fr = fruit; sd = seed {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESimPatampata Withania somnifera rt Helichrysum spp. (incl. H. cymosum, H. decorum, H. epapposum, H. gymnocomum, H.iMphepho natalitium, H. nudifolium, H. odoratissimum) l/stiMpikayiboni Cephalaria humilis rtimPila Callilepis laureola rtimPindamshaye Adenia gummifera var. gummifera stimPingizana Cyrtanthus sp. (C. contractus, C. stenanthus) ?iMpishimpishi Diospyros galpinii rtimPiskayihlangulwa Eucalyptus globulus bkimPundu Gasteria sp. (incl. croucheri) wpliMpunyu Talinum caffrum rtiNcama Othonna natalensis wpliNcamashela Eriospermum spp. (E. cooperi, E. mackenii, E. ornithogaloides) rtinCelo Albuca sp. bbiNcotho Boophane disticha bbinDabulaluvalo Maytenus undata bkindlebelendlovu Haemanthus spp. (H. albiflos, H. coccineus, H. deformis) bbinDodemnyama Diospyros spp. (D. galpinii, D. villosa) rtinDongana-zimbomvana Drimia sp. (D. elata, D. robusta)/ Urginea sanguinea bbinDumbahlozi Croton spp. (C. gratissimus ssp., C. sylvaticus) bkinDungulo Siphonochilus aethiopicus rtinGcino EP 4 (Albuca sp. cf. setosa, Scilla nervosa) bbingobamakhosi Gloriosa superba rtingobazohlanya Boophane disticha bbinGqaqabulani Smilax spp. (S. anceps, S. kraussiana) rtinGuduza Scilla natalensis bbiNgwavuma Elaeodendron transvaalense bkinGwebebo Urginea spp. bbiNgwevu Dioscorea sylvatica rt(tu) Aloe sp. (incl. A. candelabrum, A. chabaudii, A. dewetii, A. ferox, A. marlothii, A.inHlaba spectabilis, A. suprafoliata, A. spicata) wplinhlanhlomhlope EP 41 (Gnidia kraussiana var. kraussiana , Lichtensteinia kolbeana, Peucadanum caffrum) l/stinHlashane EP 56 (Gnidia sp., Gnidia polyantha, Peucadanum caffrum, Lichtensteinia interrupta) rtiNhlehle Euphorbia spp. (E. clavarioides, E. woodii) wplinHliziyonkulu Dombeya rotundifolia var. rotundifolia bkinHlokoshiyane Rhus chirindensis bkiNingizimu Dianthus spp. (D. crenatus, D. zeyheri sspp.) wplinJundumlahleni Curtisia dentata bkinKhupuhlana Osteospermum imbricatum ssp. nervatum (DC.) T. Norl. l/stinkolowane Oxalis smithiana l/rtiNkomankoma EP 40 (Cheilianthes hirta, Dryopteris athamatica, Dryopteris inaequalis, Pellaea calomelanos) l/stiNkomfe Hypoxis spp. (H. colchicifolia, H. hemerocallidea, H. rigidula) bbiNkondwana Helichrysum aureonitens l/stiNkungwini Plectranthus sp. (incl. P. hadiensis) rtinKunzana Acanthospermum hispidum l/st/flinKunzitwalitshe Curtisia dentata bkinPhephelelangeni Curtisia dentata bkinSiphane Calpurnia aurea ssp. aurea rtinSontwane Salacia leptoclada rt/bkiNsulansula EP 51 (Eriospermum spp. incl. E. mackenii, Stylochiton natalensis) rtiNtana Toddaliopsis bremekampii bkinTangazane Cucumis hirsutus frinThuma Solanum sp. (S. aculeastrum, S. hermanii) fr/rtinTindili Entada rheedii sdinTolwane Elephantorrhiza elephantina rt(tu)iNtombi-kayibhinci Ficus sur bkiNtshungu Momordica sp. (M. balsamina, M. foetida) l/stinWele Lycopodium clavatum l/stinYathelo Vernonia adoensis rtinYazangoma EP 29 (Albizia suluensis, Prunus africana, Rhus chirindensis) bkinYazangomelimnyama Prunus africana bkinYokiziphinda Boscia albitrunca rtiNyongwane EP 27 (Corbichonia decumbens, Dicoma anomala) rtiPhakama EP 7 (Tieghemia quinquenervia, Viscum verrucosum) wpl {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESiPhamba EP 9 (at least 9 spp. of Orchidaceae of the genera: Eulophia spp., Tridactyle spp., bb/rtiPhamba Diaphananthe spp., Microcoelia sp., Cyrtorchis sp., Mystacidium spp.) bkiPhophoma Balanites maughamii wpliPhunga Secamone gerrardii rtiQongqo Tephrosia kraussiana rtiQwaningi Maytenus mossambicensis var. mossambicensis rt, bkisantilele Capparis spp. (C. brassii, C. tomentosa) wpliSendelenje Euphorbia claveroides friShaladilezinyoka Cucumis sp. (C africanus, Chirsutus, C. zeyheri) bbiShaqa Tulbaghia spp. (T. alliacea, T. ludwigiana, T. simmleri, T. violacea) rtiShayelo Pelargonium luridum l/stiShinga Athrixia phylicoides rtiShobelenyati Xysmalobium undulatum wpliShongwe Polygala spp. (incl. P. confusa, P. gerrardii, P. cf. natalensis) rtisiBhaha EP 36 (Asclepias spp., Pachycarpus spp., Phytolacca dioica, Xysmalobium undulatum) bkisiBhanku Warburgia salutaris bkisiDende Ochna holstii rtisiDikili Maesa lanceolata wpl/rtisiDumo Gnidia spp. (G. burchellii, G. cuneata, G. kraussiana) bkisiFico Ilex mitis var. mitis bk/rtisiFico-sehlathi Ozoroa obovata bkisiGoba Protorhus longifolia rtisiGqikisikatokoloshe Asparagus sp. (A. africanus, A. falcatus) l/stisiGqikisomkovu Dietes iridioides flisiHlakoti Encephalartos sp. bkisiHomohomo Rhus laevigata bkisiKholokholo Lonchocarpus capassa wplisiKlenama Sanseviera sp. (incl. S. hyacinthoides) bbisiManaye Drimia elata, D. robusta, Urginea spp. (incl. U. altissima, U. macrocentra, U. physodes) bkisiNdiyandiya Ekebergia capensis bkisiNwazi Bersama spp. (B. lucens, B. stayneri, B. swinnyi, B. tysoniana) rtisiNzimane Rhoicissus tridentata ssp. rt/bkisiPhahluka Euclea spp. (E. crispa, E. divinorum, E. natalensis, E. undulata) bkisiPhemba EP 6 (Brachylena discolor ssp. discolor, Hippobromus pauciflorus) stisiPhephetho Xerophyta retinervis rtisiQomiso Siphonochilus aethiopicus st/l/rtisiQunga Graderia scabra l/stisiSefo Cymbopogon spp. bkisiSinini Faurea spp. (F. macnaughtonii, F. saligna) l/stisiThapuka Spilanthes mauritiana rtisiTshotshokazane Pulicaria scabra litangazane Conyza podocephala rt/liThethe Gunnera perpensa rt/l/stiWozawoza Polygala spp. (P. fruticosa, P. virgata) l/stizambane Cymbopogon spp. bbiZaza Hypoxis spp. (H. colchicifolia, H. gerrardii, H. hemerocallidea) rtlebone (So) EP 52 (Behnia reticulata, Crotalaria lanceolata) bblengane (So) Agapanthus spp. (A. africanus, A. campanulatus, A. praecox) l/stlesapo (S.So) Artemisia afra rtlesokwane Raphionacme sp. rtletsikitlane Alepidea amatymbica var. amatymbica bbmoapatladi (So) Hypoxis sp. (incl. H. argentea) rt/bkmoferefere Capparis spp. (C. brassii, C. tomentosa) wplmohatollo (S.So) Senecio asperulus rtmokhura (So) Eulophia streptopetala l/stmokuphule (So) Ricinus communis l/stmolutoane (So) Osteospermum imbricatum ssp. nervatum rtmonyaku (So) Lantana rugosa frpayabashimane Cucumis sp. (C africanus, Chirsutus, C. zeyheri) st/l/wplpunyuka Aristea spp. (A. ecklonii, A. woodii) rtsekanama Talinum caffrum bbselepe Drimia sp. (D. elata, D. robusta) / Urginea sanguinea l/stsesepa-sa-lithota Ursinia nana sspp. rtsetima mollo (So) Kedrostis capensis wpl Pentanisia prunelloides ssp. prunelloides {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESsweswe (So) Gazania krebisana rtthunzikulu Mimusops sp. bktjanibeswe Dianthus mooiensis sspp. wpltsikitlana (SSo) Gazania krebisana wpl EP 14 (Corchorus asplenifolius, Eriosema cordatum, E. salignum, Maytenus heterophylla,uBangalala / Hippocratea longipetiolata, Rhynchosia spp., Salacia kraussii, Tragia meyeriana, rtumBhadlangu Heteromorpha arborescens, H. rupestris) bbuBani Agapanthus spp. (A. africanus, A. campanulatus, A. praecox) rtuBhoqo EP 32 (Ipomoea spp., Solanum mauritianum, Turbina oblongata) rtuBhubhubhu EP 10 (Crotalaria globifera, Helinus integrifolius) bkuBovana Elaeodendron sp. (incl. E. croceum) rtuBulawu omhlope Asparagus africanus rtubuLibazi Senecio coronatus rtubuVimbo Withania somniferauDabulamafu / rtpindamuva EP 30 (Cyanotis speciosa, Pappea capensis) rt(tu)uDakwa Dioscorea dregeana rtuDelunina Asclepias cucullata rtuDlutshana Aster bakeranus bkuDwendwelencuba Rhus chirindensis rt(tu)uFudu Dioscorea sylvatica rtuGagane Dichrostachys cinerea ssp. africana wpl/rtuGebeleweni EP 8 (Mesembryanthemum sp., Rhipsalis baccifera) bbuGibisila Bowiea volubilis bkuGobandlovu-ebomvu Pterocelastrus spp. rt/luGobho Gunnera perpensa rtuGodide Jatropha spp. (J. hirsuta, J. zeyheri) rtuHlabalangane Cycnium racemosum luhlavu Ricinus communis stuHlazifukwe oluncane Dissotis canescens l/stuKhalimele EP 13 (Cissampelos torulosa, Dumasia villosa) bbuMababaza Ornithogalum longibracteatum rtuMabelejongosi Eulophia spp. (incl. E. cucullata, E. speciosa) rtuMabophe EP 20 (Acridocarpus natalitius sspp., Spermacoce natalensis) rt/bkuMabusane Capparis spp. (C. brassii, C. tomentosa) l/st/rtuMadlozana EP 2 (Berchemia discolor, Margaritaria discoidea, Ochna natalitia, Turraea floribunda) rtuMaguqu Maesa lanceolata rtuMahesakemnyama Muraltia lancifolia rtuMahesakobomvu Thesium pallidum rtuMahesakomhlope Agathosma ovata bkuMahlabekufeni Croton spp. (C. gratissimus ssp., C. sylvaticus) bbuMahlanganisa Urginea delagoensis bbuMahlongolozi Urginea spp. (incl. U. altissima, U. macrocentra, U. physodes) l/stuMahogwe EP 39 (Adenostemma caffra, Adenostemma viscosum, Kalanchoe crenata) rtuMakhothigobile Cyanotis speciosa l/rt/stuMalala EP 38 (Jasminum angulare, Osyridocarpus schimperianus) wplumaliliza Stapelia gigantea bkumaLuleka EP 37 (Gerrardina foliosa, Noltea africana) bk/rtuManono Strychnos spp. (S. henningsii, S. mitis) rt/bkuManzamnyama Anemone spp. (A. caffra, A. fanninii) bbuMaphipha Albuca spp. (A. fastigiata, A. nelsonii) bkuMaphipha Rapanea melanophloeos bkuMaphiphakhubalo Rapanea melanophloeos fruMaqadini EP 48 (Cassine peragua ssp peragua, Catunaregam spinosa ssp. spinosa) bkuMaqunda Elaeodendron sp. (incl. E. croceum) bbuMasitabane Scilla sp. rtuMaswelisweli Plumbago auriculata rtuMathanjana Raphionacme sp. wpluMathithibala EP 57 (Haworthia fasciata, Haworthia limifolia, Aloe aristata) bbuMathunga Eucomis autumnalis ssp. clavata bkuMathunziwezintaba Ekebergia capensis rtuMavumbuka Sarcophyte sanguinea wpluMayime Clivia spp. (C. miniata, C. nobilis) rtuMazwende Monanthotaxis caffra rt/bkumBambangwe Chaetachme aristata {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESuMbesa Andrachne ovalis rtumBethe Calpurnia aurea ssp. aurea bkumBinda Garcinia spp. (G. gerrardii, G. livingstonei) bkumcaka Berchemia zeyheri bkumCumane Alberta magna bkumDabu Elephantorrhiza elephantina rt(tu)umDlandloti Clematis brachiata stuMdlangwenya Cryptocarya spp. (C. latifolia, C. myrtifolia) bkumDlavusa EP 12 (Afzelia quanzensis, Eucalyptus spp.) bkumDlebe EP 28 (Eucalyptus sp., Synadenium cupulare) bkumDoni Syzygium cordatum bkumDubu Combretum spp. (C. caffrum, C. erythrophyllum, C. hereroense, C. kraussii) rt/bkuMduze Crinum spp. (C.bulbispermum, C. delagoense, C. macowanii, C. moorei) bbumDwendwenlencuba Scolopia mundii bkuMembeze Andrachne ovalis rtuMemeziobomvu Cassipourea spp. (C. flanaganii, C. gerrardii) bkuMemezomhlope Calodendrum capense bkumfana-embuzi Stylochiton natalensis rtumFanozacile Kohautia amatymbica rtumFazothethayo Hippobromus pauciflorus rtumFusamvu Pittosporum viridiflorum bkumGadankawu Albizia adianthifolia bkumGalagala Buxus sp. (B. macowanii, B. natalensis) l/flumGanu Sclerocarya birrea ssp. caffra bkumGobandlovu Balanites maughamii bkumGogawezinhlanya Monanthotaxis caffra rtumGqeba Buddleja saligna bkumGwenya Harpephyllum caffrum bkumGxamu Schotia brachypetala bkumhlabadabuka Adenia digitata (possibly) rtumHlabamanzi Rauvolfia caffra bkumHlabelo Urginea spp. (incl. U. altissima, U. macrocentra, U. physodes) bbumHlakaza Bersama swinnyi bkumHlala Strychnos spinosa bk/frumHlele Ehretia rigida rtumhlonhlo Euphorbia sp. (E. cooperi, E. ingens) st/lumHlonishwa Psoralea pinnata rtumHlonyane Artemisia afra l/stumHlunguhlungu Vernonia spp. (V. neocorymbosa, V. tigna)+A28 rtumHlungula Berchemia discolor rt/bkumHlwakele Drypetes gerrardii l/stumHlwazimamba Olea woodiana rtumHungulo Kohautia amatymbica rtuMinya Croton sylvaticus bkumJuluka Casearia gladiiformis rtumKele Ehretia rigida rtumKhabamasi Rauvolfia caffra bkumKhamba Acacia sieberiana var. woodii bkumKhangala Strychnos decussata rtumKhanyakude Acacia xanthophloea bkumKhaya Acacia spp. (incl. A. burkei) rtumKhiphampethu Calpurnia aurea ssp. aurea l/rtumKhiwane Ficus sur bkumKhondweni Cryptocarya spp. (C. latifolia, C. myrtifolia) bkumKhovoti Chaetachme aristata bk/rtumKhuhlu Trichilia spp. (T. dregeana, T. emetica) bkumKhumizo Protorhus longifolia bkumKhwangu EP 3 (Acokanthera oppositifolia, Erythrophleum lasianthum, Margaritaria discoidea) bkumKhwenkhwe Pittosporum viridiflorum bkumKlele Ehretia rigida rtumLahlankosi EP 5 (Gerrardina foliosa, Vernonia natalensis, Ziziphus mucronata ssp. mucronata ) bkumLahleni Curtisia dentata bkumLahlenisefile Curtisia dentata bkumLimi-lwenkomo Gerbera ambigua wplumLomomnandi EP 45 (Glycyrrhiza glabra, Anthospermum rigidum) rt {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESumLulama EP 16 (Deinbollia oblongifolia, Maytenus acuminata var acuminata, Myrica serrata, Nuxia bkumLunge floribunda, Cunonia capensis) bbumLuthu EP 19 (Gladiolus sericeo-villosus, Crocosmia aurea, Crocosmia pniculata) bkumncaka Vitex spp. (V. rehmannii, V. wilmsii) wplumNqandane Striga elegans rt/stumNukelambiba EP 43 (Diospyros lycioides, Euclea crispa ssp. crispa) l/bkumNungumabele Clausena anisata rtumNyamanzi Zanthoxylum spp. (Z. capense, Z. davyi) bkumNyamathi EP 54 (Acacia caffra, Cassipourea gummiflua) bkumNyamawempunzi Ekebergia capensis rtumOmpumalelo Plectranthus grallatus bk/stuMondi Macaranga capensis rtuMoyawezwe EP 46 (Mondia whitei, Cinnamomum zeylanicum) rt/stuMozane EP 35 (Gerbera piloselloides, Heliophila subulata) bkuMozane Teclea gerrardii rtumPendulo Vepris lanceolata rtumPeso Acalypha villicaulis bkumPhafa Acridocarpus natalitius bk/stumPhahla Ziziphus mucronata ssp. mucronata l/st/rtumPhanda Brachylaena discolor ssp. discolor bkumPhompho Lonchocarpus capassa bbumQalothi Scadoxus puniceus bk/rtumQele Strychnos spp. (S. henningsii, S. mitis) rtumSenge Dicoma zeyheri bk/stumShekisane Cussonia spicata rt/bkumSilawengwe Euclea spp. (E. crispa, E. divinorum, E. natalensis, E. undulata) rtumSinsi Gnidia kraussiana var. kraussiana bkumSiphawenyoka Erythrina lysistemon wplumSuzwane Achyropsis avicularis l/stumTani EP 26 (Lippia javanica, Tricalysia lanceolata) rtumTelemba Dioscorea sp. rtumThathe Annona senagalensis bkumThole Ptaeroxylon obliquum bkumThombothi Acacia caffra bkumThunduluka Spirostachys africana rtumThunyelelwa Ximenia caffra var. natalensis bkumThwazi Pleurostylia capensis rtuMululuka Rhoicissus tridentata ssp. rtuMusa Barringtonia racemosa rtumuThibomvu EP 53 (Crabbea hirsuta, Lotononis corymbosa, Tylophora flanaganii) bkumValasangweni Protorhus longifolia bkumVangazi Gardenia sp. (G. thunbergia, G. volkensii) bkumVilo EP 31 (Albizia versicolor, Pterocarpus angolensis, Trema orientalis) rtumVithi Vangueria infausta rtumViyo Boscia spp. (B. albitrunca, B. foetida ssp. rehmanniana) rtumVongothi Vangueria infausta fr/bkumVungutha Kigelia africana ft/bkumVuthuza Kigelia africana rtumVuthwamini EP 11 (Knowltonia bracteata, Kalanchoe sp.) rtumWelela Canthium inerme bbumYazangomebomvu Tulbaghia spp. (T. alliacea, T. ludwigiana, T. simmleri, T. violacea) bkumZane Rhus chirindensis rtumZaneno Vernonia tigna bk/rtumZilanyoni Olinia radiata bkumZilazembe Croton sylvaticus rtumZimuka Dichrostachys cinerea ssp. africana rtumZungulu EP 49 (Argyrolobium sp. incl. A. speciosum, A. robustum, Phytolacca dioica) st/rtumZunguluwane Dalbergia obovata frunDiyaza Proboscidea fragrans bkunDwendweni Bersama spp. (B. lucens, B. stayneri, B. swinnyi, B. tysoniana) rt/bbunGazine EP 24 (Crocosmia spp., Eulophia spp., Dierama pendulum, Gladiolus spp.) bkunGibonisele Bridelia cathartica wpl/rtuNgqengendlela EP 34 (Acalypha glandulifolia, Corchorus confusus) wplunHlangothi Polygala spp. (incl. P. confusa, P. gerrardii, P. cf. natalensis) bk Protorhus longifolia {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESunSukumbili EP 15 (Senecio gregatus, S. serratuloides, S. speciosus, Chenopodium ambrosioides) l/stuNukane Ocotea bullata bkuNyenya Rhamnus prinoides rtuPhamepuce EP 25 (Aspilia natalensis, Eclipta prostrata) wpluPhandlazi Dalbergia obovata st/rtuPhondolukabhejane Sanseviera sp. (incl. S. hyacinthoides) wpluQhume Hippobromus pauciflorus rtuQobaqoba Senecio vimineus stuQonsi Eriosema sp. (E. cordatum. E. salignum) rtuRoselina Cinnamomum camphora bk/stuSehlulamanye EP 22 (Elaeodendron croceum, Pterocelastrus echinatus, P. rostratus, P. tricuspidatus) bkuSelwa Lagenaria sphaerica l/rtuShisizwe Portulaca sp. st/luShuqu Riocreuxia torulosa luSingalwesalukazi Asclepias sp. (A. fruticosa, A. physocarpa) rt, l/st, fruSolo Albizia adianthifolia bkuSondeza Capparis sepiaria rt/stuSukasahamba Cymbopogon spp. l/stuSwazi Turraea obtusifolia l/stuTiye Hippobromus pauciflorus rtuVelabahleka EP 17 (Celosia trigyna, Crotalaria spp.) wpl/rtuVendle Pelargonium luridum rtuVimbukhalo EP 33 (Convolvulus sagittatus sspp., Ipomoea spp.) rtuVovo Schotia brachypetala bkuVukwabafile Myrothamnus flabellifolia l/stuVukwabafilekhubalo Rapanea melanophloeos bkuVuma EP 44 (Hibiscus pusillus, Polygala galpinii) l/stuVumebomvu Pappea capensis rtuVumomhlope Synaptolepis kirkii rtuXhapozi Ranunculus multifidus l/stuZangume Helichrysum acutatum rtuZekane Polygala hottentotta rtuZeneke Haemanthus spp. (H. albiflos, H. coccineus, H. deformis) bbuZililo Stapelia gigantea wpluZinhla Celtis mildbraedii bkvungulomoya /umoyawovungu Trichilia spp. (T. dregeana, T. emetica) bk {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICES APPENDIX 1d:Alpha-numeric abbreviations for ethnospecies with more than 1 representative species.EP 1 SPECIES NAMEEP 2 Croton gratissimus, Gerrardina foliosa, Myrica serrata, Phyllanthus meyerianus iLethaEP 3 Berchemia discolor, Margaritaria discoidea, Ochna natalitia, Turraea floribunda uMadlozanaEP 4 Acokanthera oppositifolia, Erythrophleum lasianthum, Margaritaria discoidea umKhwanguEP 5 Albuca sp. cf. setosa, Scilla nervosa inGcinoEP 6 Gerrardina foliosa, Vernonia natalensis, Ziziphus mucronata ssp. mucronata umLahlankosiEP 7 Brachylena discolor ssp. discolor, Hippobromus pauciflorus isiPhahlukaEP 8 Tieghemia quinquenervia, Viscum verrucosum iPhakamaEP 9 Mesembryanthemum sp., Rhipsalis baccifera uGebeleweniEP 10 Eulophia spp., Tridactyle spp., Diaphananthe sp., Microcoelia sp., Cyrtorchis sp., Mystacidium sp. iPhambaEP 11 Crotalaria globifera, Helinus integrifolius uBhubhubhuEP 12 Knowltonia bracteata, Kalanchoe sp. umVuthuzaEP 13 Afzelia quanzensis, Eucalyptus spp. umDlavusa Cissampelos torulosa, Dumasia villosa uKhalimeleEP 14 Corchorus asplenifolius, Eriosema cordatum, E. salignum, Maytenus heterophylla, Hippocratea uBangalalaEP 15 longipetiolata, Rhynchosia spp., Salacia kraussii, Tragia meyeriana, Heteromorpha arborescens umBhadlanguEP 16 Senecio gregatus, S. serratuloides, S. speciosus, Chenopodium ambrosioides unSukumbiliEP 17 Deinbollia oblongifolia, Maytenus acuminata, Myrica serrata, Nuxia floribunda, Cunonia capensis umLulamaEP 18 Celosia trigyna, Crotalaria spp. uVelabahlekaEP 19 Peucadanum magalismontanum, Pimpinella caffra, Scabiosa columbaria iBhekaEP 20 Gladiolus sericeo-villosus, Crocosmia aurea, Crocosmia pniculata umLungeEP 21 Acridocarpus natalitius sspp., Spermacoce natalensis uMabopheEP 22 Dicoma anomala, Teedia lucida hloenya / hlwenyaEP 23 Elaeodendron croceum, Pterocelastrus echinatus, P. rostratus, P. tricuspidatus uSehlulamanyeEP 24 Foeniculum vulgare, Mentha aquatica, Lichtensteinia interrupta iMbozisaEP 25 Crocosmia spp., Eulophia spp., Dierama pendulum, Gladiolus spp. unDwendweniEP 26 Aspilia natalensis, Eclipta prostrata uPhamepuceEP 27 Lippia javanica, Tricalysia lanceolata umSuzwaneEP 28 Corbichonia decumbens, Dicoma anomala iNyongwaneEP 29 Eucalyptus sp., Synadenium cupulare umDlebeEP 30 Albizia suluensis, Prunus africana, Rhus chirindensis inYazangomaEP 31 Cyanotis speciosa, Pappea capensis uDabulamafuEP 32 Albizia versicolor, Pterocarpus angolensis, Trema orientalis umVangaziEP 33 Ipomoea spp., Solanum mauritianum, Turbina oblongata uBhoqoEP 34 Convolvulus sagittatus sspp., Ipomoea spp. uVimbukhaloEP 35 Acalypha glandulifolia, Corchorus confusus unGiboniseleEP 36 Gerbera piloselloides, Heliophila subulata uMoyawezweEP 37 Asclepias spp., Pachycarpus spp., Phytolacca dioica, Xysmalobium undulatum iShongweEP 38 Gerrardina foliosa, Noltea africana umaLulekaEP 39 Jasminum angulare, Osyridocarpus schimperianus uMalalaEP 40 Adenostemma caffra, Adenostemma viscosum, Kalanchoe crenata uMahogweEP 41 Cheilianthes hirta, Dryopteris athamatica, Dryopteris inaequalis, Pellaea calomelanos iNkomankomaEP 42 Gnidia kraussiana var. kraussiana , Lichtensteinia kolbeana, Peucadanum caffrum inhlanhlomhlopeEP 43 Cordia caffra, Ehretia rigida, Grewia caffra, Grewia flavescens, Grewia occidentalis iLalanyathiEP 44 Diospyros lycioides, Euclea crispa ssp. crispa umNqandaneEP 45 Hibiscus pusillus, Polygala galpinii uVumaEP 46 Glycyrrhiza glabra, Anthospermum rigidum umLomomnandiEP 47 Mondia whitei, Cinnamomum zeylanicum uMondiEP 48 Cupressus sp.*, Podocarpus henkelii abaNqonqosiEP 49 Cassine peragua ssp peragua, Catunaregam spinosa ssp. spinosa uMaqadiniEP 50 Argyrolobium sp. incl. A. speciosum, A. robustum, Phytolacca dioica umZimukaEP 51 Plectranthus madagascarensis, Tetradenia riperia, Vernonia colorata iBozanaEP 52 Eriospermum spp. incl. E. mackenii, Stylochiton natalensis iNsulansulaEP 53 Behnia reticulata, Crotalaria lanceolata iZazaEP 54 Crabbea hirsuta, Lotononis corymbosa, Tylophora flanaganii uMusaEP 55 Acacia caffra, Cassipourea gummiflua umNyamanziEP 56 Tragia meyeriana, Tragia rupestris, Urtica urens*, Laportea peduncularis imBabazaneEP 57 Gnidia sp., Gnidia polyantha, Peucadanum caffrum, Lichtensteinia interrupta inHlashane Haworthia fasciata, Haworthia limifolia, Aloe aristata uMathithibala {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICES APPENDIX 1d:List of all families and species. * Denotes exotic species.ACANTHACEAE Tylophora flanaganiiCrabbea hirsuta Xysmalobium undulatumJusticia capensis ASPIDACEAEADIANTACEAE Dryopteris athamatica, D. inaequalis, D. spp.Cheilianthes hirtaPellaea calomelanos BALANITACEAE Balanites maughamiiAIZOACEAECorbichonia decumbens BALANOPHORACEAE Sarcophyte sanguineaAMARANTHACEAEAchyropsis avicularis BEGONIACEAECelosia trigyna Begonia dregei, B. homonymaAMARYLLIDACEAE BIGNONIACEAEBoophane disticha Kigelia africanaClivia miniata, C. nobilisCrinum bulbispermum, C. delagoense, C. macowanii, BORAGINACEAE Cordia caffra C. moorei Ehretia rigidaCyrtanthus contractus, C. stenanthusHaemanthus albiflos, H. coccineus, H. deformis BRASSICACEAEScadoxus puniceus Heliophila subulataANACARDIACEAE BUXACEAEHarpephyllum caffrum Buxus macowanii, B. natalensisOzoroa obovataProtorhus longifolia CACTACEAERhus chirindensis, R. laevigata Rhipsalis bacciferaSclerocarya birrea ssp. caffra CANELLACEAEANNONACEAE Warburgia salutarisAnnona senagalensisMonanthotaxis caffra CAPPARACEAE Boscia albitrunca, B. foetida spp. rehmannianaAPOCYNACEAE Cadaba natalensisAcokanthera oblongifolia, A. oppositifolia Capparis brassii, C. sepiaria, C. tomentosaRauvolfia caffra CARYOPHYLLACEAEAQUIFOLIACEAE Dianthus basuticus, D. crenatus, D. mooiensis sspp., D.Ilex mitis var. mitis zeyheriARACEAE Silene bellidioidesAcorus calamus*Stylochiton natalensis CELASTRACEAE Cassine peragua ssp.ARALIACEAE Elaeodendron croceum, E. sp., E. transvaalenseCussonia spicata Hippocratea longipetiolata Maytenus acuminata var acuminata, M. heterophylla,ASCLEPIADACEAEAsclepias cucullata, A. fruticosa, A. physocarpa, A. M. mossambicensis var. mossambicensis, M. undata spp. Pleurostylia capensisPachycarpus rigidus, P. spp. Pterocelastrus echinatus, P. rostratus, P. spp., P.Riocreuxia torulosa tricuspidatusSecamone gerrardii Salacia kraussii, S. leptocladaStapelia gigantea {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESCHENOPODIACEAE CUPRESSACEAEChenopodium ambrosioides* Cupressus sp.*COMBRETACEAE DIOSCOREACEAECombretum caffrum, C. erythrophyllum, C. Dioscorea dregeana var. hutchinsonii, D. sp., D. hereroense, C. kraussii sylvatica var. sylvaticaTerminalia phanerophlebia, T. sericea DIPSACACEAECOMMELINACEAE Cephalaria humilisCommelina africana, C. benghalensis Scabiosa columbariaCyanotis speciosa EBENACEAECOMPOSITAE / ASTERACEAE Diospyros galpinii, D. lycioides, D. villosaAthrixia phyllicoides Euclea crispa, E. divinorum, E. natalensis, E. undulataAcanthospermum hispidumAdenostemma caffra, A. viscosum EUPHORBIACEAEArtemisia afra Acalypha glandulifolia, A. villicaulisAspilia natalensis Andrachne ovalisAster bakeranus Bridelia cathartica, B. micranthaBrachylaena discolor ssp. discolor Croton gratissimus var. subgratissimus, C.Callilepis laureolaConyza podocephala pseudopulchellus, C. sylvaticusDicoma anomala, D. Zeyheri Drypetes gerrardiiEclipta prostrata* Euphorbia clavaroides, E. cooperi, E. ingens, E. sp., E.Gazania krebsianaGerbera ambigua, G. piloselloides woodiiHelichrysum acutatum, H. aureonitens, H. cymosum, Jatropha hirsuta, J. zeyheri Macaranga capensis H. decorum, H. epapposum, H. gymnocomum, H. Margaritaria discoidea natalitium, H. nudifolium, H. odoratissimum, Phyllanthus meyerianusOsteospermum imbricatum ssp. nervatum Ricinus communisOthonna natalensis Spirostachys africanaPulicaria scabra Synadenium cupulareSenecio asperulus, S. coronatus, S. gregatus, S. Tragia meyeriana, T. rupestris serratuloides, S. speciosus, S. tamoides, S. vimineus FLACOURTIACEAESpilanthes mauritiana Casearia gladiiformisUrsinia nana sspp. Gerrardina foliosaVernonia adoensis, V. colorata, V. natalensis, V. Scolopia mundii neocorymbosa, V. tigna GERANIACEAECONVOLVULACEAE Pelargonium luridumConvolvulus sagittatus sspp.Ipomoea spp. GRAMINAE / POACEAETurbina oblongata Cymbopogon spp.CORNACEAE GUNNERACEAECurtisia dentata Gunnera perpensaCRASSULACEAE GUTTIFERAE / CLUSIACEAEKalanchoe crenata, K. rotundifolia, K. sp. Garcinia gerrardii, G. livingstoneiCUCURBITACEAE HYPOXIDACEAECucumis africanus, C. hirsutus, C. zeyheri Hypoxis argentea, H. colchicifolia, H. gerrardii, H.Kedrostis capensisLagenaria sphaerica hemerocallidea, H. rigidula, H. spp.Momordica balasamina, M. foetida IRIDACEAECUNONIACEAE Aristea ecklonii, A. woodiiCunonia capensis Crocosmia aurea, C. paniculata, C. spp. Dierama pendulum Dietes iridioides Gladiolus dalenii, G. sericeo-villosus, G. spp. {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESLABIATAE / LAMIACEAE AsphodelaceaeMentha aquatica Aloe aristata, A. candelabrum, A. chabaudii, A.Plectranthus grallatus, P. hadiensis, P. dewetii, A. ferox, A. maculata, A. marlothii, A. madagascarensis, P. sp. parvibracteata, A. sp., A. spectabilis, A. spicata, A.Tetradenia riparia supratifolia Bulbine abyssinica, B. alooides, B. asphodeloides, B.LAURACEAE frutescens, B. natalensisCinnamomum camphora*, C. zeylanicum Gasteria croucheri, G. sp.Cryptocarya latifolia, C. myrtifolia Haworthia fasciata, H. limifoliaOcotea bullata Kniphofia caulescens, K. laxiflora, K. parviflora, K. porphyrantha, K. rooperi, K. spp., K. uvariaLECYTHIDACEAEBarringtonia racemosa Colchicaceae Gloriosa superbaLEGUMINOSAE - CAESALPINIOIDEAEAfzelia quanzensis DracaenaceaeErythrophleum lasianthum Sanseviera hyacinthoides, S. sp.Schotia brachypetala EriospermaceaeLEGUMINOSAE - MIMOSOIDEAE Eriospermum cooperi, E. mackenii, E. ornithogaloides,Acacia burkei, A. caffra, A. sieberiana var. woodii, A. E. spp. sp., A. xanthophloeaAlbizia adianthifolia, A. suluensis, A. versicolor HyacinthaceaeDichrostachys cinerea ssp. africana Albuca fastigiata, A. nelsonii, A. setosa, A. sp.Elephantorrhiza elephantina Bowiea volubilisEntada rheedii Drimia elata, D. robustaMimosa pigra, M. pudica Eucomis autumnalis ssp. clavata, E. bicolor Ledebouria cooperi, L. ovatifolia, L. revolutaLEGUMINOSAE - PAPILIONOIDEAE Ornithogalum longibracteatumArgyrolobium robustum, A. speciosum, A. sp. Scilla natalensis, S. nervosa, S. sp.Calpurnia aurea ssp. aurea Urginea altissima, U. delagoensis, U. macrocentra, U.Crotalaria capensis, C. globifera, C. lanceolata, C. spp.Dalbergia obovata sanguinea, U. spp., U. physodesDumasia villosaEriosema cordatum, E. salignum LuzuriagaceaeErythrina lysistemon Behnia reticulataGlycyrrhiza glabra*Lonchocarpus capassa SmilacaceaeLotononis corymboas Smilax anceps, S. kraussianaPsoralea pinnataPterocarpus angolensis LOGANIACEAERhynchosia spp. Buddleja salignaTephrosia kraussiana Nuxia floribunda Strychnos decussata, S. henningsii, S. mitis, S. spinosaLILIACEAE sensu lato4 LORANTHACEAE Agapanthaceae Tieghemia quinquenerviaAgapanthus africanus, A. campanulatus, A. praecox LYCOPODIACEAE Alliaceae Lycopodium clavatumTulbaghia alliacea, T. ludwigiana, T. simmleri, T. LYTHRACEAE violacea Dissotis canescens Asparagaceae MALPIGHIACEAEAsparagus africanus, A. asparagoides, A. falcatus, A. Acridocarpus natalitius spp. laricinus, A. ramosissimum, A. setaceus, A. MALVACEAE virgatus Hibiscus pusillus4 Families within Liliaceae s.l. were separated according to MARTYNIACEAELeistner [2000]. Proboscidea fragrans {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESMELIACEAE PASSIFLORACEAEEkebergia capensis Adenia digitata, A. gummifera var. gummiferaTrichilia dregeana, T. emetica Schlechterina mitostemmatoidesTurraea floribunda, T. obtusifolia PERIPLOCACEAEMELIANTHACEAE Mondia whiteiBersama lucens, B. stayneri, B. swinnyi, B. tysoniana Raphionacme sp.MENISPERMACEAE PHYTOLACCACEAECissampelos torulosa Phytolacca dioica*MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE PITTOSPORACEAEAptenia cordifolia var. cordifolia Pittosporum viridiflorumMesembryanthemum sp. PLUMBAGINACEAEMORACEAE Plumbago auriculataFicus sur PODOCARPACEAEMYRICACEAE Podocarpus henkeliiMyrica serrata POLYGALACEAEMYROTHAMNACEAE Polygala confusa, P. fruticosa, P. galpinii, P. gerrardii,Myrothamnus flabellifolia P. hottentotta, P. natalensis, P. spp., P. virgataMYRSINACEAEMaesa lanceolata PORTULACACEAERapanea melanophloeos Portulaca sp. Talinum caffrumMYRTACEAEEucalyptus globulus*, E. spp*. PROTEACEAESyzygium cordatum Faurea macnaughtonii, F. salignaOCHNACEAE PTAEROXYLACEAEBrackenridgea zanguebarica Ptaeroxylon obliquumOchna holstii, O. natalitia RANUNCULACEAEOLACACEAE Anemone caffra, A. fanniniiXimenia caffra var. natalensis Clematis brachiata Knowltonia bracteataOLEACEAE Ranunculus multifidusJasminum angulareOlea europaea ssp. africana, O. woodiana RHAMNACEAE Berchemia discolor, B. zeyheriOLINIACEAE Helinus integrifoliusOlinia radiata Noltea africana Rhamnus prinoidesORCHIDACEAE Ziziphus mucronata ssp. mucronataAnsellia gigantea var. niloticaCyrtorchis arcuata, C. spp. RHIZOPHORACEAEDiaphananthe millarii, D. spp., D. xanthopollinia Cassipourea flanaganii, C. gerrardii, C. gummifluaEulophia cucullata, E. ensata, E. leontoglossa, E. ROSACEAE ovalis, E. speciosa, E. spp., E. streptopetala Prunus africanaMicrocoelia exilis, M. spp.Mystacidium spp., M. venosum RUBIACEAETridactyle bicaudata, T. spp. Alberta magna Anthospermum rigidum sspp. pumilumOXALIDACEAE Canthium inermeOxalis smithiana Catunaregam spinosa ssp. spinosa Gardenia thunbergia, G. volkensii Kohautia amatymbica Pentanisia prunelloides ssp. prunelloides {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESSpermacoce natalensis TILIACEAETricalysia lanceolata Corchorus asplenifolius, C. confususVangueria infausta Grewia caffra, G. flavescens, G. occidentalisRUTACEAE TYPHACEAEAgathosma ovata Typha capensisCalodendrum capenseClausena anisata ULMACEAETeclea gerrardii Celtis mildbraediiToddaliopsis bremekampii Chaetachme aristataVepris lanceolata Trema orientalisZanthoxylum capense, Z. davyi UMBELLIFERAE / APIACEAESANTALACEAE Alepidea amatymbica var. amatymbicaOsyridocarpus schimperianus Foeniculum vulgare*Thesium pallidum Lichtensteinia interrupta, L. kolbeana Peucedanum caffrum, P. magalismontanumSAPINDACEAE Pimpinella caffraDeinbollia oblongifolia Steganotaenia araliaceaHippobromus pauciflorusPappea capensis URTICACEAE Laportea peduncularisSAPOTACEAE Urtica urens*Mimusops caffra, M. obovata, M. sp. VELLOZIACEAESCROPHULARIACEAE Xerophyta retinervisCycnium racemosumGraderia scabra VERBENACEAEStriga elegans Lantana rugosaTeedia lucida Lippia javanica Vitex rehmannii, V. wilmsiiSOLANACEAESolanum aculeastrum, S. hermanii, S. mauritianum* VISCACEAEWithania somnifera Viscum verrucosumSTANGERIACEAE VITACEAEStangeria eriopus Cyphostemma lanigerum, C. natalitium Rhoicissus tridentata ssp. tridentataSTERCULIACEAEDombeya rotundifolia var. rotundifolia ZAMIACEAE Encephalartos sp.THYMELAEACEAEGnidia burchellii, G. cuneata, G. kraussiana var. ZINGIBERACEAE Siphonochilus aethiopicus kraussiana, G. polyantha, G. spSynaptolepis kirkii {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICES APPENDIX 2a: QUESTIONNAIRE 1: STREET TRADERS (January 2001)Interviewer: ___________________ Block: [ ] Trader or Locker #: [ ] Time ended: __________Date: ______________ Time started: __________A: PRIMARY INFORMANT:1 First Name: ____________________________ Gender: [ ] Ethnic Group: [ ]Are you married? Details ___________________________________________________________________Are you a traditional healer? Specify ________________________Are you looking after someone else’s stall? _____________________________________________________2 Which of the following age categories do you belong to? 1) 15-25 2) 26-35 3) 36-45 4) 46-55 5) 56-55 6) 66+3 What is your level of schooling? 1) No schooling 2) Attended primary school up to Std [ ]? 3) Attended high school up to Std [ ]? 4) Completed diploma or degree, specify: ____________________________________4 What amount of money best describes your income per week from trading medicinal plants?1) Less than R100 per week2) R101 – R2003) R201 – R3004) R301 – R4005) R401 – R5006) R500 – R6007) More that R600, specify if they tell you R [ ]5 What is your contribution to the household income by selling plants? 1) Only income 2) There is another contributor to the household income6 How many people help you trade here in the street?7 Do you gather and then sell the plants yourself, or do you order them from a gatherer?___________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________8 If NO, where do you buy and collect these plants? Describe9 How many people gather the plants for you to sell here? ______________________________10 How often do you buy and collect plants per month? _____________________________________________ {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICES11 Where is your home? ______________________________________________________________________12 Where do you stay at night? _________________________________________________________________13 How do the plants get to the market? __________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________14 What costs, other than buying plants, have you had to pay in order to market your plants?COST AMOUNT PER DAY OR PER WEEKTravelRentAssistanceOther (specify)15 Approximately how many customers do you have a day or per week? _________________16 Why do you sell plants at Faraday market and not somewhere else (e.g. on other Jhb streets, in Durban etc)17 Is there competition between the traders in Faraday? Describe.18 What improvements could be made to the Faraday market?19 Which of the following customers do you sell most often to? Rank them.1) Customers looking for treatment []2) Customers looking for plants []3) Traditional healers []4) Traders from muti shops []5) Other, specify: _____________ []20 How many sacks or checkers do you sell a week? If it is not known, then ask how much is transported to themarket every week?1) Sacks []2) Checkers []21 Do you throw plants away? 1) No 2) YesHow many checkers per week [ ]Describe the reasons they throw plants away:22 What do you do to ensure that there are plants for you to harvest and/or sell in the future? {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICES23 If local farmers grew the plants, would you buy them? Discus.24 How would you recognize a cultivated medicinal plant compared to a plant that has been collected from the wild?25 Why do think that some of the plants you sell are becoming scarce?26 What do you think are the most important reasons for growing or not growing medicinal plants27 What would you do if certain wild plants could no longer be found in the bush?28 When are the busiest times: 1) Busiest days of the week ________________________________________________________________ 2) Busiest days of the month________________________________________________________________ 3) Busiest months of the year_______________________________________________________________29 When are the slowest times: 1) Slowest days of the week________________________________________________________________ 2) Slowest days of the month_______________________________________________________________ 3) Slowest months of the year_______________________________________________________________ {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESB: PLANTS FOR SALE (Originally in ‘landscape’ paper orientation)Vernacular Plant Where Approx. Estimated Scarce Popular Est. number Notes Name Language Part harvested when Thickness/ of checkers Diameter harvested pkts or sacksScale for measuring bark thickness or bulb diameter(Please note: the purpose of the scale was to obtain an approximate rather than precise measurement ofthickness/diameter of as many species as possible. Using a more precise measure would have increased the surveytime with each trader. The interviewer was required to select a piece of bark or bulb to measure that represented, onsight, the average size for the material in stock. Bulbs were measured across the widest point, which is different foreach species.)0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17Cm {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICES APPENDIX 2b: QUESTIONNAIRE 2: CUSTOMERS IN THE MARKET (January 2001)Interviewer: ______________ Block: [ ] Trader or Locker #: [ ] Code[ ]Date: ______________ Time started: __________ Time ended: __________A: CUSTOMER INFORMATION: Gender: [ ] Ethnic Group: [ ]1 First name: ____________________________2 Which of the following age categories do you belong to? 1) 15-25 2) 26-35 3) 36-45 4) 46-55 5) 56-55 6) 66+3 Are you a: 1) Patient looking for treatment 2) Customer looking for plants 3) Traditional healer, specify which __________________________ 4) Retailer/trader from muti shop 5) Other, specify: __________________________4 Occupation (if they answered 1 or 2 to the above question) ________________________________________5 Are you: 1) Unemployed 2) Self-employed 3) Employed full-time 4) Employed part-time 5) Other, specify _____________________6 What is your level of schooling? 1) No schooling 2) Attended primary school up to Std [ ]? 3) Attended high school up to Std [ ]? 4) Completed diploma or degree, specify: ____________________________________7 Kindly indicate the range your monthly income is in. What amount of money best describes your household income per month? (All the money which all your family members may earn) 1) Less than R400 per month 2) R400 – R800 per month 3) R800 – R1 500 per month 4) R1 500 – R2 500 per month 5) R2 500 – R3 500 per month 6) More than R3 500 per month8 Where is your home? ______________________________________________________________________ {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICES9 Why do you buy traditional medicine at the Faraday market? 1) Because it is cheaper than from a traditional healer 2) Because it is cheaper than from a muti store 3) Because it is cheaper than going to a clinic 4) Other, specify _________________________________________________________________________10 If you had a choice between going to Faraday, and going to a traditional healer or a clinic, which would you chose? (Your first choice, forgetting about the cost) 1) Go to Faraday 2) Go to traditional healer 3) Go to clinic 4) Depends on the treatment I need 5) Do not know 6) Other _______________________________________________________________________________ Why?11 If traditional medicines were more expensive, would you: 1) Use them less 2) Use them the same as before 3) Don’t know 4) Other _______________________________________________________________________________12 If traditional medicines were cultivated would you continue to use them? 1) I would continue using them 2) I would stop using them 3) Not sure 4) Depends on the medicine I require 5) Other _______________________________________________________________________________ Please give the reasons why13 What improvements could be made to the Faraday market?14 What would you do if certain wild plants that you use could no longer be found in the bush?15 Are you concerned with price? 1) Do you bargain with the trader 2) Do you accept the prices 3) Do you leave if the prices are too high. 4) Other _______________________________________________________________________________16 In general, are the prices of the herbs at Faraday affordable? _______________________________________ {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICES17 Are you concerned with quality 1) Not concerned 2) Don’t know 3) Very concerned 4) Other _____________________________________________________________________________18 Do you feel you are getting the right herbs from the Faraday traders? Describe19 How often do you come to the market? ________________________________________________________20 Do you buy from several traders or do you only buy from 1 or 2 traders?______________________________B: PLANT INFORMATIONWe would like to know more about the plants you have bought and why you have bought them.(NOTE: DO NOT ASK THE USE IF THEY ARE TRADITIONAL HEALERS)5What plants did you buy?Plant name & part Reason/use of purchase Quantity (Mass) Price Notes5 This question was specifically not asked of the traditional healers (and the interviewers were reminded of this on the questionnaire) because ofthe issues surrounding intellectual property and the known frequent unwillingness of traditional healers to answer such questions. {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICES APPENDIX 2c: QUESTIONNAIRE 3: STREET TRADERS – RETURN TO MARKET (Sept 2001)Interviewer: ___________________ Block: [ ] Trader or Locker #: [ ] Time ended: __________Date: ______________ Time started: __________A: PRIMARY INFORMANT:1 First Name: ____________________________ Gender: [ ]2 What amount of money best describes your income per week from trading medicinal plants?1) Less than R100 per week2) R101 – R2003) R201 – R3004) R301 – R4005) R401 – R5006) R500 – R6007) More that R600, specify if they tell you R [ ]3 Approximately how many customers do you have?1) Per day2) Per week4 What unit of measure do you mostly use to sell your plants, and what is the price? For example: handful, per bundle, checkers etcPlant Part Unit PriceBulbsBarkRootsTubers (e.g. ufudu)StemsLeaves and stemsFruitWhole plantsOther e.g. bundles5 Is there a difference in price per unit for scarce species? If so, please say what a scarce species would cost. (Note to interviewer: Maybe a unit (e.g. handful) of isiBhaha sells for R10 instead of R5)Plant Part Unit (translate to a fraction of a checkers if necessary) PriceBulbsBarkRootsTubers (e.g. ufudu)StemsLeaves and stemsFruitWhole plantsOther {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICES6 How many units do you sell per week?Plant Part Number of units per day OR per week (specify) Day OR Week?BulbsBarkRootsTubers (e.g. ufudu)StemsLeaves and stemsFruitWhole plantsOther7 How many customers per week buy very large quantities, and how much do they buy and spend? (e.g. customer buying 1 checkers packet at R40)Number of times per week a large quantity is boughtQuantity bought, estimatedPrice, approximatelyIn addition to the questionnaire, the following species were selected for further investigation of most theparameters listed (for time reasons, the interviewers did not ask all the questions all the time). Species Common name Plant partDrimia sp. skanama bulbEucomis autumnalis uMathunga bulbHypoxis sp. iLabatheka bulbScilla natalensis inGuduza bulbAcacia xanthophloea umKhanyakude barkAlbizia adianthifolia umGadankawu barkElaeodendron transvaalense iNgwavuma barkWarburgia salutarus isiBhaha barkAdenia gummifera imPindamshaye stemHelichrysum sp. imPhepho leaves/stemDioscorea sylvatica iNgwevu / uFudu tuberRhoicissus tridentata isiNwazi tuberStangeria eriopus imFingo tuberSiphonochilus aethiopicus isiPhepetho rhizomeAlepidea amatymbica iKhatazo rootGunnera perpensa uGobho rootVarious species bangalala rootDianthus mooienses tjanibeswe whole plantStapelia uMalilisa / uZililo whole plantEncephalartos sp. isiKotshonkovu coneSolanum sp. inTuma fruit {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICES• Mass of 1 checkers• Selling price of 1 checkers• Approximate buying price of 1 checkers• Unit/quantity of species harvested/purchased• Purchase price of unit/quantity• Frequency of purchase of that unit/quantity• Approximate mass sold per customer• Price per sale• Approximate diameter/thickness of size of plant• Number of individuals per sale (e.g. number bulbs sold per R5 sale)• Frequency of sale (of the average unit) {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICES APPENDIX 3a:List of species cited as scarce by the street traders.Species No. Bulbine sp. 2 citations of Cadaba natalensis 1Acacia xanthophloea Callilepis laureola 5Acacia sieberiana var. woodii scarcity Calodendrum capense 3Acalypha glandulifolia (EP 34, 2spp) 6 Casearia gladiiformis 1Acalypha villicaulis 1 Cassipourea spp. 3Acokanthera oppositifolia (EP 3, 3spp) {1} Celosia trigyna (EP 17, 2spp) {5}Acorus calamus 3 Cephalaria humilis 1Acridocarpus natalitius sspp (EP 20, 2spp) {2} Chenopodium ambrosioides (EP 15, 4spp) {3}Adenia gummifera var. gummifera 2 Cinnamomum camphora 2Afzelia quanzensis (EP 12, 2spp) {6} Cinnamomum zeylanicum (EP 46, 2spp) {1}Agapanthus spp. 2 Cissampelos torulosa (EP 13, 2spp) {2}Agathosma ovata {3} Clivia spp. 6Alberta magna 1 Combretum spp. 2Albizia versicolor (EP 31, 3spp) 1 Commelina sp. 1Albizia adianthifolia 1 Corchorus confusus (EP 34, 2spp) 1Albuca spp. {2} Corchorus asplenifolius (EP 14, 7spp) {3}Albuca sp. cf. setosa (EP 4, 2spp) 6 Crabbea hirsuta 1Alepidea amatymbica var. amatymbica 1 Crinum sp. 2Aloe marlothii {1} Crocosmia spp. (EP 24, 4spp) {1}Anemone spp. 2 Crotalaria globifera (EP 10, 2 spp) {1}Ansellia gigantea var. nilotica 1 Crotalaria spp. (EP 17, 2spp) {5} 2 Croton spp. 5Anthospermum rigidum sspp. pumilum (EP 45, 2 Croton gratissimus (EP 1, 4spp) {2}2spp) Cucumis africanus 2 {1} Cunonia capensis (EP 16, 5spp) {4}Aristea spp. (A. ecklonii, A. woodii) Curtisia dentata 4Asclepias spp. (EP 36, 3spp) 1 Cussonia spicata var. triptera 1Asclepias physocarpa {2} Cyanotis speciosa 1Aspilia natalensis (EP 25, 2spp) 1 Cycnium racemosum 3Aster bakeranus {1} Cymbopogon spp. 1Balanites maughamii 2 Cyphostemma sp. 1Berchemia discolor (EP 2, 4spp) 4 Deinbollia oblongifolia (EP 16, 5spp) {4}Bersama swinnyi {3} Dianthus mooiensis sspp. 1Boophane disticha 1 Dianthus spp. 1Boscia spp. 2 Dicoma anomala (EP 21, 2spp) {2}Bowiea volubilis 5 Dierama pendulum (EP 24, 4spp) {1}Brachylena discolor ssp. discolor (EP 6, 2spp) 3Bridelia cathartica {2} 1 {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESDietes iridioides 1 Haworthia spp. 1Dioscorea sylvatica 2 Helichrysum spp. 2Dioscorea dregeana 3 Helichrysum acutatum 1Diospyros spp. 2 Helinus integrifolius (EP 10, 2spp) {1}Dombeya rotundifolia var. rotundifolia 3 Heteromorpha arborescens 4Drimia spp. / Urginea sanguinea 10 Hippobromus pauciflorus (EP 6, 2spp) {2}Dumasia villosa (EP 13, 2spp) {2} Hippocratea longipetiolata (EP 14, 7spp) {3}Eclipta prostrata (EP 25, 2spp) {1} Hypoxis spp 6Ekebergia capensis 4 Ilex mitis var. mitis 1Elaeodendron croceum (EP 22, 4spp) {3} Jasminum angulare (EP 38, 2spp) {1}Elaeodendeon sp. (inc. E. croceum) 1 Justicia capensis 2Elaeodendron transvaalense 7 Kalanchoe sp. (EP 11, 2spp) {1}Elephantorrhiza elephantina 2 Knowltonia bracteata (EP 11, 2spp) {1}Encephalartos sp. 2 Ledebouria spp. 2Eriosema salignum (EP 14, 7spp) {3} Lichtensteinia interrupta (EP 23, 4spp) {2}Eriosema sp. 1 Lippia javanica (EP 26, 2spp) {1} 4Eriospermum spp. (E. cooperi, E. Macaranga capensis {2}ornithogaloides) 1 {3} {3}Eriospermum spp. (incl. E. mackenii) Margaritaria discoidea (EP 3, 3spp) 2Erythrophleum lasianthum (EP 3, 3spp) 2 Margaritaria discoidea (EP 2, 4spp)Eucalyptus spp (EP 12, 2spp) {2} Maytenus heterophylla (EP 14, 7spp) {4}Eucalyptus sp. (EP 28, 2spp) {3} Maytenus undataEuclea spp. {1} Maytenus acuminata var acuminata (EP 16, {2}Eucomis bicolor 3 5spp) {1}Eucomis autumnalis ssp. clavata 1 Mentha aquatica (EP 23, 4spp) 1Eulophia spp. (EP 24, 4spp) 5 Mesembryanthemum sp. (EP 8, 2spp) 1Eulophia streptopetala {1} Mimusops spp. {1}Foeniculum vulgare (EP 23, 4spp) 3 Momordica foetida {4}Garcinia gerrardii {2} Mondia whitei (EP 46, 2spp) {4}Gardenia sp. 2 Myrica serrata (EP 16, 5spp) {3}Gasteria sp. 1 Nuxia floribunda (EP 16, 5spp) 2Gerrardina foliosa (EP 1, 4spp) 1 Ochna natalitia (EP 2, 4spp) 5Gerrardina foliosa (EP 5, 3spp) {2} Ocotea bullata 1Gladiolus spp. (EP 24, 4spp) {1} Olinia radiata {1}Glycyrrhiza glabra (EP 45, 2spp) {1} Ornithogalum longibracteatum 1Gnidia kraussiana var. kraussiana {1} Osyridocarpus schimperianus (EP 38, 2spp) {3} 2 Othonna natalensis 1Gnidia spp. (G. burchellii, G. cuneata, G. 2kraussiana) Pachycarpus spp. (EP 36, 3spp) {2} 1Gnidia sp. (incl. G. polyantha)Gunnera perpensa Pelargonium luridum 1 Pentanisia prunelloides ssp. prunelloides 7 Phyllanthus meyerianus (EP 1, 4spp) {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESPhytolacca dioica (EP 36, 3spp) {3} Stangeria eriopus 2Pittosporum viridiflorumPlectranthus sp. 2 Stapelia gigantea 2Pleurostylia capensisPlumbago auriculata 2 Steganotaenia araliaceae 1Polygala sp.Polygala hottentotta 2 Strychnos spp. 1Polygala fruticosaPortulaca sp. 1 Strychnos decussata 1Protorhus longifoliaPrunus africana (EP 29, 2spp) 3 Synadenium cupulare (EP 28, 2spp) {1}Ptaeroxylon obliquumPterocarpus angolensis (EP 31, 3spp) 1 Talinum caffrum 4Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus (EP 22, 4spp)Pterocelastrus rostratus (EP 22, 4spp) 1 Teedia lucida (EP 21, 2spp) {2}Pterocelastrus echinatus (EP 22, 4spp)Rapanea melanophloeos 1 Tetradenia riparia 1Raphionacme sp.Rauvolfia caffra 2 Thesium pallidum 5Rhipsalis baccifera (EP 8, 2spp)Rhoicissus tridentata ssp. tridentata {3} Tieghemia quinquenervia (EP 7, 2spp) {1}Rhus chirindensis (EP 29, 2spp)Rhynchosia spp. (EP 14, 7spp) 2 Tragia spp. 1Rhynchosia spp. (EP 14, 7spp)Salacia leptoclada {2} Tragia meyeriana (EP 14, 7spp) {3}Salacia kraussii (EP 14, 7spp)Sanseviera spp. {3} Trema orientalis (EP 31, 3spp) {2}Sarcophyte sanguineaSchotia brachypetala {3} Tricalysia lanceolata (EP 26, 2spp) {1}Scilla nervosa (EP 4, 2spp)Scilla natalensis {3} Trichilia spp. 1Sclerocarya birrea ssp. caffraSecamone gerrardii 3 Tulbaghia spp. 4Senecio gregatus (EP 15, 4spp)Senecio serratuloides (EP 15, 4spp) 3 Turraea obtusifolia 1Senecio speciosus (EP 15, 4spp)Senecio coronatus 4 Turrea floribunda (EP 2, 4spp) {3}Siphonochilus aethiopicusSmilax anceps {1} Urginea delagoensis 2Spermacoce natalensis (EP 20, 2spp) 5 Urginea spp. 5 {3} Ursinia nana 2 {3} Vepris lanceolata 1 {3} Vernonia tigna 1 3 Vernonia natalensis (EP 5, 3spp) {1} {3} Viscum verrucosum (EP 7, 2spp) {1} 1 Vitex spp. 3 8 Warburgia salutaris 10 3 Withania somnifera 1 {1} Xerophyta retinervis 1 3 Ximenia caffra var. natalensis 2 3 Xysmalobium undulatum 2 2 Xysmalobium undulatum (EP 36, 3spp) {3} {3} Zanthoxylum spp. 2 {3} Ziziphus mucronata ssp mucronata (EP 5, 3spp) {1} {3} 3 6 1 {6} {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICES APPENDIX 3b:List of species cited as scarce by the street traders.Species No. Bersama sp. 1 citations of Bersama swinnyi 1Acacia sp. popularity Boophane disticha 6Acacia xanthophloea Boscia albitrunca 1Acacia caffra 1 Boscia spp. 3Acalypha villicaulis 23 Bowiea volubilis 1Acalypha glandulifolia (EP 34, 2spp) 2 Brachylaena discolor ssp. discolor 5Acanthospermum hispidum 8 Brachylena discolor ssp. discolor (EP 6, 2spp) {9}Acokanthera oppositifolia (EP 3, 3spp) {1} Brackenridgea zanguebarica 1Acokanthera spp. 1 Bridelia cathartica 2Acorus calamus {10} Buxus sp 1Acridocarpus natalitius sspp (EP 20, 2spp) 6 Cadaba natalensis 3Adenia gummifera var. gummifera 1 Callilepis laureola 10Afzelia quanzensis (EP 12, 2spp) {12} Calodendrum capense 3Agapanthus spp. 17 Canthium inerme 1Agathosma ovata {8} Capparis sp. (c. brassii, C. tomentosa) 1Albizia adianthifolia 2 Capparis spp. 7Albizia versicolor (EP 31, 3spp) 5 Casearia gladiiformis 1Albuca sp. cf. setosa (EP 4, 2spp) 23 Catunaregam spinosa ssp. spinosa 1Alepidea amatymbica var. amatymbica {6} Celosia trigyna (EP 17, 2spp) {9}Aloe sp. {4} Celtis mildbraedii 1Anemone spp. 4 Cephalaria humilis 4Ansellia gigantea var. nilotica 2 Cheilianthes hirta (EP 40, 3spp) {1}Anthospermum rigidum (EP 45, 2spp) 2 Chenopodium ambrosioides (EP 15, 4spp) {3}Aptenia cordifolia var. cordifolia 1 Cinnamomum camphora 1Aristea spp. (A. ecklonii, A. woodii) {2} Cinnamomum zeylanicum (EP 46, 2spp) {3}Artemisia afra 2 Cissampelos torulosa (EP 13, 2spp) {2}Asclepias cucullata 2 Clausena anisata 4Asclepias fruticosa 2 Clivia spp. 11Asparagus spp. ibuthe 1 Combretum spp. 1Aster bakeranus 2 Commelina sp. 1Balanites maughamii 3 Convolvulus sagittatus sspp. (EP 33, 2spp) {1}Begonia sp. 2 Corbichonia decumbens (EP 27, 2spp) {2}Behnia reticulata 8 Corchorus confusus (EP 34, 2spp) {1}Berchemia discolor 1 Corchorus asplenifolius (EP 14, 7spp) {2}Berchemia discolor (EP 2, 4spp) 2 Cordia caffra (EP 42, 4spp) {2}Berchemia zeyheri 1 Crabbea hirsuta 5 {8} 1 {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESCrocosmia spp. (EP 24, 4spp) {4} Elaeodendron croceum (EP 22, 4spp) {8}Crocosmia sp (EP 19, 2spp)Crotalaria globifera (EP 10, 2 spp) {2} Elaeodendron sp.(incl. E. croceum) 1Crotalaria spp. (EP 17, 2spp)Croton sylvaticus {3} Elaeodendron transvaalense 27Croton spp.Croton gratissimus (EP 1, 4spp) {9} Elephantorrhiza elephantina 5Cryptocarya spp.Cucumis africanus 1 Entada rheedii 1Cunonia capensis (EP 16, 5spp)Curtisia dentata 7 Eriosema sp. 3Cussonia spicata var. tripteraCyanotis speciosa {14} Eriosema salignum (EP 14, 7spp) {2}Cycnium racemosumCymbopogon spp. 2 Eriospermum spp. (E. cooperi, E. 2Cyphostemma sp. 1 ornithogaloides)Cyrtorchis sp. (EP 9, 10spp)Dalbergia obovata {15} Eriospermum spp. 5Deinbollia oblongifolia (EP 16, 5spp)Dianthus spp. 16 Erythrophleum lasianthum (EP 3, 3spp) {10}Dianthus mooiensis sspp.Dianthus basuticus 1 Eucalyptus sp. 1Diaphananthe spp. (EP 9, 10spp)Dichrostachys cinerea ssp. africana 2 Eucalyptus spp (EP 12, 2spp) {8}Dicoma anomala (EP 21, 2spp)Dicoma anomala (EP 27, 2spp) 2 Euclea spp. 10Dierama pendulum (EP 24, 4spp)Dietes iridioides 5 Euclea crispa ssp. crispa (EP 43, 2spp) {2}Dioscorea dregeanaDioscorea sp. 1 Eucomis bicolor 7Dioscorea sylvaticaDiospyros lycioides (EP 43, 2spp) {3} Eucomis autumnalis ssp. clavata 5Diospyros spp.Dombeya rotundifolia var. rotundifolia 1 Eulophia spp. (EP 9, 10spp) {3}Drimia spp. / Urginea sanguineaDryopteris spp. (EP 40, 3spp) {15} Eulophia sp. 2Dumasia villosa (EP 13, 2spp)Ehretia rigida 1 Eulophia streptopetala 1Ehretia rigida (EP 42, 4spp)Ekebergia capensis 4 Eulophia spp. (EP 24, 4spp) {4} 2 Euphorbia sp. 1 {3} Euphorbia woodii 3 4 Ficus sur 1 {2} Foeniculum vulgare (EP 23, 4spp) {1} {2} Garcinia gerrardii 4 {4} Garcinia livingstonei 2 1 Gardenia sp. 1 1 Gazania krebsiana 1 1 Gerbera ambigua 1 13 Gerrardina foliosa (EP 5, 3spp) {13} {2} Gerrardina foliosa (EP 1, 4spp) {14} 2 Gladiolus sericeo-villosus (EP 19, 2spp) {2} 10 Gladiolus spp. (EP 24, 4spp) {4} 27 Gloriosa superba 1 {1} Glycyrrhiza glabra (EP 45, 2spp) {2} {2} Gnidia kraussiana var. kraussiana 3 1 Gnidia kraussiana var. kraussiana (EP 41, 3spp) {2} {2} Gnidia spp 2 13 Gnidia sp. 8 {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESGraderia scabra 1 Maytenus acuminata var acuminata (EP 16, 5spp) {15}Grewia caffra (EP 42, 4spp)Grewia occidentalis (EP 42, 4spp) {2}Gunnera perpensaHaemanthus spp. {2} Mentha aquatica (EP 23, 4spp) {1}Harpephyllum caffrumHaworthia spp. 4 Mesembryanthemum sp. (EP 8, 2spp) {5}Helichrysum aureonitensHelichrysum acutatum 1 Microcoelia sp. (EP 9, 10spp) {3}Helichrysum spp.Helinus integrifolius (EP 10, 2spp) 1 Mimosa spp. 2Helinus integrifolius (EP 32, 3spp)Heteromorpha arborescens 4 Mimusops sp. 6Hibiscus pusillus (EP 44, 2spp)Hippobromus pauciflorus (EP 6, 2spp) 1 Momordica foetida 2Hippobromus pauciflorusHippocratea longipetiolata (EP 14, 7spp) 1 Monanthotaxis caffra 5Hypoxis sppIpomoea spp. (EP 32, 3spp) 10 Mondia whitei (EP 46, 2spp) {3}Ipomoea spp. (EP 33, 2spp)Jatropha sp {3} Myrica serrata (EP 16, 5spp) {15}Justicia capensisKalanchoe sp. (EP 11, 2spp) {5} Myrothamnus flabellifolia 2Kalanchoe rotundifoliaKedrostis capensis 6 Mystacidium spp. (EP 9, 10spp) {3}Kigelia africanaKniphofia uvaria {1} Nuxia floribunda (EP 16, 5spp) {15}Knowltonia bracteata (EP 11, 2spp)Lagenaria sphaerica {9} Ochna natalitia (EP 2, 4spp) {8}Ledebouria spp.Lichtensteinia interrupta (EP 23, 4spp) 7 Ochna holstii 3Lichtensteinia kolbeana (EP 41, 3spp)Lippia javanica (EP 26, 2spp) {2} Ocotea bullata 4Lonchocarpus capassaMacaranga capensis 14 Olea woodiana 2Maesa lanceolataMargaritaria discoidea (EP 2, 4spp) {5} Olinia radiata 5Margaritaria discoidea (EP 3, 3spp)Maytenus heterophylla (EP 14, 7spp) {1} Ornithogalum longibracteatum 12Maytenus undata 4 Osteospermum imbricatum ssp. nervatum 1 8 Ozoroa obovata 1 {2} Pelargonium luridum 5 1 Pellaea calomelanos (EP 40, 3spp) {1} 2 Pentanisia prunelloides ssp. prunelloides 1 8 Peucadanum magalismontanum (EP 18, 3spp) {1} 1 Peucadanum caffrum (EP 41, 3spp) {2} {2} Phyllanthus meyerianus (EP 1, 4spp) {14} 1 Phytolacca dioica 4 4 Pimpinella caffra (EP 18, 3spp) {1} {1} Pittosporum viridiflorum 5 {2} Plectranthus sp. 2 {1} Pleurostylia capensis 3 1 Plumbago auriculata 1 6 Polygala hottentotta 1 4 Polygala galpinii (EP 44, 2spp) {1} {8} Polygala sp. 2 {10} Polygala fruticosa 2 {2} Portulaca sp. 1 15 Proboscidea fragrans 1 {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESProtorhus longifolia 3 Spermacoce natalensis (EP 20, 2spp) {12}Prunus africana (EP 29, 2spp) {14} Spirostachys africana 11Psoralea pinnata 3Ptaeroxylon obliquum 2 Stangeria eriopus 9Pterocarpus angolensis (EP 31, 3spp) 12 Stapelia gigantea 2Pterocelastrus rostratus (EP 22, 4spp) {6} Steganotaenia araliaceae 3Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus (EP 22, 4spp) {8} Strychnos spp. 2Pterocelastrus echinatus (EP 22, 4spp) {8} Strychnos spinosa 1Pulicaria scabra {8} Strychnos decussata 2Ranunculus multifidus 1 Synaptolepis kirkii 2Rapanea melanophloeos 1 Syzygium cordatum 7Raphionacme sp. 14 Talinum caffrum 1Rauvolfia caffra 7 Teclea gerrardii {2}Rhamnus prinoides 6 Teedia lucida (EP 21, 2spp) 4Rhipsalis baccifera (EP 8, 2spp) 1 Terminalia spp. 9Rhoicissus tridentata ssp. tridentata {5} Thesium pallidum {3}Rhus chirindensis (EP 29, 2spp) 8 Tieghemia quinquenervia (EP 7, 2spp) 1Rhus chirindensis {14} Toddaliopsis bremekampii 3Rhynchosia spp. (EP 14, 7spp) 4 Tragia spp. {2}Salacia leptoclada {2} Tragia meyeriana (EP 14, 7spp) {6}Salacia kraussii (EP 14, 7spp) 2 Trema orientalis (EP 31, 3spp) {1}Sanseviera spp. {2} Tricalysia lanceolata (EP 26, 2spp) 17Sarcophtyte sanguinea 1 Trichilia spp. {3}Scabiosa columbaria (EP 18, 3spp) 19 Tridactyle spp. (EP 9, 10spp) 3Scadoxus puniceus {1} Tulbaghia spp. {5}Schlechterina mitostemmatoides 2 Turbina oblongata (EP 32, 3spp) 1Schotia brachypetala 4 Turraea obtusifolia {8}Scilla nervosa (EP 4, 2spp) 22 Turrea floribunda (EP 2, 4spp) 2Scilla natalensis {4} Typha capensis 2Sclerocarya birrea ssp. caffra 10 Urginea delagoensis 13Scolopia mundii 17 Urginea spp. 1Secamone gerrardii 1 Ursinia nana sspp. 3Senecio speciosus (EP 15, 4spp) 1 Vernonia tigna 1Senecio vimineus {3} Vernonia colorata 3Senecio gregatus (EP 15, 4spp) 1 Vernonia adoensis {13}Senecio serratuloides (EP 15, 4spp) {3} Vernonia natalensis (EP 5, 3spp) {3}Silene bellidioides {3} Viscum verrucosum (EP 7, 2spp) 2Siphonochilus aethiopicus 2 Vitex spp. 7Solanum mauritianum (EP 32, 3spp) 1 Warburgia salutaris 6Solanum sp. {5} Withania somnifera 3 4 Ximenia caffra var. natalensis {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESXysmalobium undulatum 1 Ziziphus mucronata ssp. mucronata 5Zanthoxylum spp. 5Ziziphus mucronata ssp mucronata (EP 5, 3spp) {13} {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICES APPENDIX 4:The objective of the survey was to investigate the trade in plant medicine. However, 16% of the traders also sell animalparts and there was an opportunity to assess the need for a further study in the trade in animals. For this reason, CarolineCrump from the Zoology Museum at Wits was asked to do a rapid assessment of the market. Caroline spent 2 hours inthe market, and her report is included here. Need to Assess Animals Used By Traditional Healers In South AfricaCM Crump, 2001, Curator Zoology Museum, Department of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050IntroductionAfrica has long had a valued tradition of using wild animals and plants for medicinal purposes and much has beendocumented about what sorts of species are used. Today however with increasing use of traditional medicines,researchers have to look at the availability of these resources, in what quantity they are used and the threats imposed tothose species.The prime factors over the past century leading to decline of species have been habitat loss due to afforestation andagricultural practices (Cunningham and Zondi, 1991). Burgeoning populations and concomitant urbanisation is also aprime factor. Such urbanisation has increased the demand for animal parts used in traditional medicine. There areseveral factors that have contributed to this popularity. Conventional medicine is either too expensive or not available incontrast to traditional medicine. Overall trade in traditional medicines exceeds R500 million a year and concerns 27million South Africans (Kirk, 2000). Trading in medicinal products also offers good employment. In KwaZulu-Natalalone, it is estimated that the industry offers job opportunities for nearly 30 000 people. In a survey undertaken by theInstitute of Natural Resources called “uMuthi” it was found that users preferred traditional medicine to Westernmedicine and were not prepared to change their preference for TM despite rising costs as demand outstrips supply.Furthermore, TM has been used by the indigenous peoples of Africa for thousands of years and is perceived by theusers to be a holistic medicine serving multi levels of healings needs.Far from being a rural concern, marketing for traditional medicine is very prevalent in urban areas. Urban marketsbenefit from more sophisticated infrastructures and inevitably trading has become more commercialised as practitionersuse networks of professional collectors to supply the necessary species. Many of these collectors are not concernedabout the long term sustainability of these resources especially those species that are sought after.Traditional healers make use of animal parts in all aspects of healing including animal bones for divination, fats andinternal organs for medicines and skins for ceremonial dress or symbolic purposes. Although there is a great continuityof species used it is also a dynamic cultural practice. This is evident in divination sets in which old sets in museumcollection include certain elements such as the astragalus, a square-shaped ankle bone, of the Wild dog, Lycaon pictus.In divination sets today, as this species has become impossible to obtain, the bone is replaced, usually by that of adomestic animal (Plug, 1987). Other evidence is the use of species for medicinal preparations that would not have beenavailable in the past such as deep-sea fish and horses (Cunningham and Zondi, 1991).One way of predicting which species will become increasingly harder to obtain is to look for use of red data species inmarkets and monitor overall use of animals to ascertain the most rare and popular species. Red data status is a SouthAfrican system, based on the international IUCN, of assigning a category to species that occur in low numbers. Theyare categorised at three levels, in order of increasing risk, rare, vulnerable and endangered. A fourth category ofindeterminate is also used where there is doubt about the numbers and risk factors faced. To date, reports publishedinclude all vertebrate groups and some insects. Habitats have also been allocated status. Although recent research has {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICEStended to concentrate more effort on plant species, two important papers have emerged. The first being a working paperby Cunningham and Zondi (1991) and the second being a report by Marshall (1998).The first paper is about a survey in which interviews were conducted with traditional healers throughout South Africaand an analysis made of sales data for Kwa-Zulu Natal. The survey also revealed which species of animal are most indemand. In KwaZulu-Natal these were Hippopotamus, Lion, Crocodile, Python, Striped weasel, Seals, Water leguaans(Nile monitors) and Mambas. These species were also popular in other areas of South Africa although animals such asHedgehogs, not found in Natal, and Giant girdled lizards were also popular. The pattern of sales was not so clear foranimals of conservation concern, but only sold in low volumes such as Aardvark, Leopard, Elephant, Rhino andTortoise.From the survey it was possible to list priority species that is species that should be particularly monitored. Thosecategorised in highest priority were Pangolin, Cape vulture, Lappet-faced vulture, Bateleur, Striped weasel and Groundhornbill. Priority species were found to be Hedgehog, Giant girdled lizard and Aardvark. Those species in which theimpact of TM was less certain included Serval, Brown hyena, Aardwolf, Samango, Black rhino, Klipspringer andAfrican python. Very rare species were not identified as key priority such as Wild dog. Popular species but wellprotected or farmed were identified as Ostrich, Hippo, Crocodile, Elephant, Leopard, Lion, Suni and Duiker.The second and more recent report lists in order of popularity the following species: African rock python, Nilecrocodile, Hippopotamus, Black mamba, Dendroaspis polylepsis, African elephant, Baboon, Lion, Striped weaselPoecilogale albinucha, Eland and monkey. The evaluation of the extent of medicinal use, price, quantities traded andreports of scarcity for medicinal animal species revealed the following species to be of particular note for conservationin South Africa, in order of importance: Ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri, Nile crocodile, Black Mamba, Large-Spotted genet Genetta tigrina, African rock python, White-throated leguaan Varanus exanthimaticus, Water leguaanVaranus niloticus and all species of vulture.Although some shifts in popularity are evident in the two reports nevertheless the same species tend to crop up. Ofsome concern is the fact that species like the Water leguaan which was taken off the more recent Red Data lists is nowincluded amongst animals that are particularly in need of conservation measures. This supports the hypothesis that TMis having an impact on animals. Another disturbing phenomenon is the fact that South Africa not only exportsprocessed wildlife medicine to neighbouring African countries but is also a significant importer.The literature search has not revealed any further studies of this kind in South Africa. Since an intensive study of plantspecies was being undertaken by Vivienne Williams and her students at Faraday Market, it was decided to take theopportunity to undertake a preliminary study of the animal parts sold in Faraday Market, Johannesburg (Table 1). Thestudy consisted of going round the market for two hours and listing identifiable animal parts. It should be noted thatquite a number of animal parts were not easily identified. The code for the different stores was obtained from mapsdrawn up by Vivienne Williams. {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESResultsTable 1: Animals identified in survey of Faraday Street Market, JohannesburgStore Part Common name Scientific Name RemarksBT7 Skin and head Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus Striped weasel?BT8 Whole Nile monitor Varanus niloticus Eagle owl?BT9 Skins African rock python Python sebaeBT10 Whole Miscellaneous snakes Pencil urchins? Carapace Tortoise Scopus umbretta Large specimenBT27 Whole Hamerkop Striped weasel? Whole Egret Bostrychia hagedash Whole Hadeda Ictonyx striatus Striped weasel? Skin Striped polecat Crocodylus niloticus Varanus niloticus Skin Crocodile Skin Nile monitor Tragelaphus angasii Skin and heads Snakes Skin Owl Crocodylus niloticus Skulls,horns,hooves Antelope various Skin Juvenile Nyala Phoeniculus purpureus Lower jaw Crocodile Ictonyx striatus Shell Tortoise Whole Redbilled woodhoopoe Giraffa camelopardalis Skull Mongoose Skin Striped Polecat Numida meleagris Horns Antelope Petrodromus? Skull Giraffe Loxodonta africana Shell Cuttlefish bone Syncerus caffer Whole Sea urchins Skull Turtle Equus zebra Wing Helmeted guineafowl Whole Elephant shrew Ictonyx striatus Skull Hyaena Marthasterias spp? Tibia Elephant Python sebae Skull Buffalo Bitis arietans Skull Horse or zebra Skin Zerbra Varanus niloticus Jaw bone Jackal Skin Striped polecat Ictonyx striatus Mungos mungo Whole Starfish Skins Python Skins Puff adder Skins Snakes Skin Lizards Skin Nile monitor Shell Tortoise Skin Striped polecat Skin Banded mongoose {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESTable 1 continuedStore Part Common name Scientific Name RemarksBT27 Skin and skeleton Baboon Papio ursinus CercopithecusB8 Skin and skeleton Vervet monkey sppBT31 Crocodylus niloticusAT8 Skin Crocodile Python sebae Skin Python Bostrychia hagedashAT9 Skull Vulture Crocuta crocuta Whole Hadeda Skull Monkey – small Giraffa camelopardalis Skull and skin Spotted hyaena Tragelaphus strepsiceros Bone parts Lizards Crocodylus niloticus Skin part of Eagle owl Talons Large raptor Varanus exanthimaticus? Skin Mongoose Scapula Giraffe Tragelaphus strepsiceros Horns Kudu Genetta spp Skull Equid Python sebae Pieces Coral Pedetes caffer Skin Crocodile Orycteropus afer Carapaces Tortoises x3 Felis serval Skins Snakes x6 Loxodonta africana Whole White throated monitor Papio ursinus Whole Chamaeleon Skin Mongoose Skin Duiker Horns Kudu Skins Spotted Genet X6 Skin Python Whole Chamaeleons X10 Carapaces Tortoises x4 Skull Spring hare Skull Aardvark Skin Serval Horns Duiker > 50 Leg bone Elephant Skull Chacma baboon Tarsal bones Mixed > 50DiscussionThe results show that a diverse number of species are traded. Red data species or species that should be monitored byconservation bodies include, Crocodile, Python, Chamaeleons, Turtles, Leguaans (Monitors), Vulture, Aardvark,Spotted Genet, Duiker and Monkey. The presence of marine animals and the Nyala skin confirm that the species comefrom as wide a field as Natal. An ammonite, a fossil shelled octopod, was also for sale at one of the stores. The localityof ammonites like this is the Lake St Lucia area (Renaud A, 2001). At least a third of the animals on display could notbe identified. {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICESRecommendationsIt is evident from the literature that “fact-finding” inventories of plant and animal parts sold as wildlife medicinals arean important prerequisite in shaping policies to ensure sustainable utilization. Although strides have been made in thearea of plants, the animal side continues to receive little attention apart from the surveys outlined in the introduction. Apreliminary investigation of Faraday Market revealed a number of animal species that should be monitored.It is recommended therefore that a much more intense survey should be undertaken of the animal medicinals sold inFaraday Market. The ideal would be the pattern established by Tony Cunningham which was a six month studyinvolving all stakeholders and including the following determinations: Which species are used; what animal materialfrom different species is used for; which species are at risk; which alternative species can be used; and lastly thedynamics of the harvesting and trade of the animals used. Other markets such as Mai Mai could also be included. Atthe very least, a fact-finding preliminary study with more time and better identification procedures would be useful.ReferencesBranch, W.R. Ed. 1988. South African Red Data Book – Reptiles: South African National Scientific ProgrammesReport No. 151.Cunningham, A.B & Zondi A.S. 1991. Use of Animal Parts for the Commercial Trade in Traditional Medicines.Working Paper no 76. Institute of Natural Resources, Pietermaritzburg.Kirk, P. 2000. Traditional Medicines are big trade in South Africa. Electronic Mail and Guardian. Archives. June 152000. { HYPERLINK \"Http://www.mg.co.za.news.html\" }Marshall, N.T. 1998. Searching For A Cure: Conservation of Medicinal Wildlife Resources in East and SouthernAfrica. A Traffic Network Report. Published by Traffic International, Cambridge, United Kingdom.Plug, I , 1987. An Analysis of Witchdoctor Divining Sets. Research NASCO Museum1(3): 47-67.Renaud, A, 2001. Personal communication re: locality of ammonite. BPI Palaeontology. University of theWitwatersrand. {PAGE }

Hawkers of Health: The Faraday Street Traditional Medicine Market in Johannesburg APPENDICES APPENDIX 5:Schedule of plants listed in the KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Bill of 1999 that are sold in Faraday. The Bill hasnot been enacted, and when it is, then the plants listed in the Table below will be protected and specially protected inthe province. (Source: Scott-Shaw [1999]) FAMILIES, GENERA AND SPECIES PROTECTED BY THE BILL1. FAMILIES Protected ProtectedAMARYLLIDACEAE: ProtectedIncludes members of the genera Boophane, Clivia, Crinum, Haemanthus, and ScadoxusHYACINTHACEAE: ProtectedIncludes Albuca, Bowiea, Drimia, Eucomis, Ledebouria, Ornithogalum, Scilla and UrgineaLAURACEAE: ProtectedIncludes members of the genera Cryptocarya, Cinnamomum and Ocotea (ex O. bullata which isSpecially Protected)ORCHIDACEAE:Includes members of the genera Ansellia, Cyrtorchis, Diaphananthe, Eulophia, Microcoelia,Mystacidium, and TridactylePROTEACEAE:Includes members of the genus Faurea.2. GENERA Protected ProtectedBegonia spp. ProtectedBersama spp. ProtectedCassipourea spp. ProtectedEncephalartos spp. ProtectedGasteria spp. ProtectedGladiolus spp. ProtectedHaworthia spp. ProtectedKniphofia spp. ProtectedPodocarpus spp. ProtectedScilla sp.Stapelia spp.3. SPECIES Protected ProtectedAlberta magna ProtectedAlbizia sulensis ProtectedAloe aristata ProtectedBarringtonia racemossa ProtectedCurtisia dentata ProtectedEuphorbia woodii Specially protectedMimusops caffra ProtectedOcotea bullata Protected†Prunus africana ProtectedSecamone gerrardii ProtectedSideroxlyon inerme ProtectedSiphonochilus aethiopicus Protected†Stangeria eriopus Protected†Synaptolepis kirkii Specially protectedTylophora flanaganii Protected†Warburgia salutarisXysmalobium undulatum† Source: Diederichs [2001], however Rob Scott-Shaw says that this is incorrect (pers. comm.) {PAGE }