Flowering class: Dicot
Habit: Tree
🗒 Synonyms
| synonym | Chonemorpha antidysenterica (Roth) G. Don |
| synonym | Chonemorpha pubescens (Wall.) G.Don |
| synonym | Echites antidysenterica Roth |
| synonym | Echites pubescens Buch.-Ham. |
| synonym | Elytropus pubescens (Wall.) Miers |
| synonym | Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) Wall. ex A. DC. |
| synonym | Holarrhena antidysenterica var. macrantha Kerr |
| synonym | Holarrhena antidysenterica var. pubescens (Wall.) J.L.Stewart & Brandis |
| synonym | Holarrhena codaga G. Don |
| synonym | Holarrhena febrifuga Klotzsch |
| synonym | Holarrhena fischeri K.Schum. |
| synonym | Holarrhena glaberrima Markgr. |
| synonym | Holarrhena glabra Klotzsch |
| synonym | Holarrhena macrocarpa (Hassk.) Fern.-Vill. |
| synonym | Holarrhena malaccensis Wight |
| synonym | Holarrhena perrotii Spire |
| synonym | Holarrhena pierrei Spire |
| synonym | Holarrhena tettensis Klotzsch |
| synonym | Holarrhena villosa Aiton ex Loudon |
| synonym | Nerium sinense Hunter ex Ridl. |
| synonym | Physetobasis macrocarpa Hassk. |
🗒 Common Names
| Assamese |
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| Bengali |
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| English |
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| Gujarati |
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| Hin |
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| Hindi |
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| Kannada |
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| Kashmiri |
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| Konkani |
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| Malayalam |
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| Marathi |
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| Oriya |
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| Other |
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| Sanskrit |
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| Tamil |
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📚 Overview
Description
Holarrhena pubescens leaf
Large shrub with elongated thin branches, wound drips with white sap, flowers, long tubular, white and fragrant. Fruit pair of cylindrical elongated fork like structure .
Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059
| Attributions | Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059 |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
| References |
Habit: Tree
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
| Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Small deciduous trees; to 8 m high; bark rough, pale brown, to 8 mm, exfoliates in small flakes; blaze creamy yellow; latex milky white. Leaves simple, opposite, estipulate; petiole 4-6 mm, pubescent, stout; lamina 7-18 x 3-12 cm, broadly ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate; base obtuse, apex acute or acuminate, margin entire, glabrous or puberulent beneath, membranous; lateral nerves 10-14 pairs, prominent, arched, puberulous; intercostae reticulate. Flowers bisexual, creamy-white, slightly fragrant, in terminal and axillary corymbose cymes, appear along with new leaves; calyx lobes 5, 2.5 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, ciliate, glandular within at base; corolla salvar shaped, lobes 5, oblong, obtuse, as long as the tube, tube 1.3 cm long, puberulous, mouth with a ring of hairs; stamens 5, included, attached towards the base of the corolla tube, anthers sagitate; disc absent; ovaries 2, apocarpous; ovules many in each carpel, style 2 mm long; stigma fusiform, bifid. Fruit of 2 terete elongated follicular mericarps connected at the tip and then free, 25 x 1 cm; seeds 8 mm, oblong, with tuft of silky brown hairs at the apex.
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
| Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
📚 Natural History
Cyclicity
Flowering and fruiting: April-October
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
| Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Leaf Fall
March--April
Flowering
May--June
Fruiting
September--October
Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059
| Attributions | Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059 |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
| References |
Reproduction
Propagation Techniques
Direct sowing of seeds.
Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059
| Attributions | Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059 |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
| References |
Dispersal
Dispersers
Dispersers: Wind
Pollinators
Pollinators: Insect
Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059
| Attributions | Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059 |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
| References |
Size
Seed Size
1.6 cm.
Tree Height
6 m.
Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059
| Attributions | Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059 |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
| References |
Growth
Competitiveness
Medium
Where To Plant
Field border
Growth Rate
moderate growing
Drought Tolerance
Moderate
Drainage
Moderate
Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059
| Attributions | Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059 |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
| References |
Morphology
Growth Form
Tree
Nerale-like leaf
Tree Type
Deciduous
Canopy
Semi
Leaf Type
Nerale like
Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059
| Attributions | Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059 |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
| References |
Miscellaneous Details
Interesting Facts
Bark and seed are traditionally used to treat malaria. Bark and seeds are an excellent cure for chronic dysentery.
Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059
| Attributions | Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059 |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
| References |
Notes: Dry Evergreen to Dry Deciduous Forests
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
| Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Habitat
Terrestrial
Forested areas, open areas
Moist deciduous and dry deciduous forests, also in the plains
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
| Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Description
Global Distribution
India: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh
Local Distribution
Throughout Assam
Distribution map
Throughout India except Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh.
Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059
| Attributions | Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059 |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
| References |
Global Distribution
Indo-Malesia
Indian distribution
State - Kerala, District/s: All Districts
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
| Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Maharashtra: Common throughout
Karnataka: Belgaum, Chikmagalur, Coorg, Dharwar, Hassan, Mysore, N. Kanara, Shimoga, S. Kanara
Kerala: All districts
Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Salem, Tiruchchirappalli, Tirunelveli, Tiruvannamalai, Vellore, Viluppuram
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
| Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Endemic Distribution
Nativity
Native
Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059
| Attributions | Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059 |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
| References |
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Category
Least Concern
Least concern
Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059
| Attributions | Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059 |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
| References |
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Uses
System of Medicines Used In
Homoeopathy
Ayurveda
Folk medicine
System Of Medicines Used In
Ayurveda, Homoeopathy, Folk medicine
FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1140
| Attributions | FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1140 |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Medicinal
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
| Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Medicinal :
Medicinal : Bark,Leaf, Fruit, Seed
Food:
Food: Inedible
Fodder:
Fodder: Browseresistant
Fuelwood:
Poor fuelwood
Pest Management:
Pest management: leaf
Services And Uses
Culturally significant, Green manure, Implements
Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059
| Attributions | Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059 |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
| References |
No Data
📚 Information Listing
References
- D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1140
- Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987; Matthew 1983
- Echites pubescens Buch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: 521. 1821.
- Holarrhena malaccensis Wight, Ic. t. 1298. 1848.
- Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 78. 1837-1838; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 227. 1985; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 277. 1988; Babu, Fl. Malappuram Dist. 416. 1990; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 280. 1990; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 291. 1994; Sasidh. et al., Bot. Stud. Med. Pl. Kerala 9,15; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 280. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny WLS 202. 1997; Sivar. & Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 413. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 243. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 188. 2002; Mohanan & Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 438. 2002; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 309. 2005; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 424. 2009; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 519. 2009.
- Echites antidysenterica Roth in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 394. 1819, non (L.) Roxb. ex Flem. 1810.
- Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth) A. DC. in DC., Prodr. 8: 413. 1844; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 3: 644. 1882; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 811(570). 1923; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 165. 1982; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 253. 1984; Antony, Syst. Stud. Fl. Kottayam Dist. 241. 1989; Subram., Fl. Thenmala Div. 220. 1995.
Information Listing > References
- D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1140
- Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987; Matthew 1983
- Echites pubescens Buch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: 521. 1821.
- Holarrhena malaccensis Wight, Ic. t. 1298. 1848.
- Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 78. 1837-1838; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 227. 1985; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 277. 1988; Babu, Fl. Malappuram Dist. 416. 1990; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 280. 1990; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 291. 1994; Sasidh. et al., Bot. Stud. Med. Pl. Kerala 9,15; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 280. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny WLS 202. 1997; Sivar. & Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 413. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 243. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 188. 2002; Mohanan & Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 438. 2002; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 309. 2005; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 424. 2009; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 519. 2009.
- Echites antidysenterica Roth in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 394. 1819, non (L.) Roxb. ex Flem. 1810.
- Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth) A. DC. in DC., Prodr. 8: 413. 1844; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 3: 644. 1882; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 811(570). 1923; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 165. 1982; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 253. 1984; Antony, Syst. Stud. Fl. Kottayam Dist. 241. 1989; Subram., Fl. Thenmala Div. 220. 1995.
Foliicolous fungi on medicinal plants in Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala, India
Jo
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Journal of Threatened TaxaFloral ecology and pollination in Eriolaena lushingtonii (Sterculiaceae), an endemic and threatened deciduous tree species of southern peninsular India
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Journal of Threatened TaxaAn avifaunal case study of a plateau from Goa, India: an eye opener for conservation of plateau ecosystems
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Journal of Threatened TaxaNo Data
📚 Meta data
Meta data
Map6.tif
Holarrhena antidysenterica_LC.tif
1 Nerale-like leaf.tif
Holarrhena antidysenterica_LC.tif
1 Nerale-like leaf.tif
Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059
| Attributions | Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2059 |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
| References |
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
| Root | Root |
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Tracheophyta |
| Class | Magnoliopsida |
| Order | Gentianales |
| Family | Apocynaceae |
| Genus | Holarrhena |
| Species | Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
👥 Groups
