Hibiscus species are herbs, undershrubs or shrubs. Stems woody, branches densely or sparsely pubescent or tomentose with simple, scarbid or stellate hairs or glabrous. Leaves simple, palmilobed or palmiparted, alternate, midrib usually with obscure nectarines, 3 or more basal veins, margins crenate-dentate or entire, apex acute to acuminate, petiolate, stipules linear, subulate, ovate or foliaceous. Inflorescence usually axillary or terminal, solitary or racemes or lax panicles, by the reduction of the upper leaves. Flowers bisexual, pedicel slender, epicalyx 3 or more, base connate, rarely absent, calyx 5 lobed, distinctly nerved, campanulate, base connate, valvate, sometimes with nectarines, persistent, corolla showy and large, yellow, white, orange, purple, red, blue and dark colored at the base, campanulate or cylindric. Staminal column usually shorter or almost as long petals, base wide, filaments apex truncate or 5-dentate, anthers basifixed, throughout or in the upper half. Ovary superior, 5 locular, rarely up to 10 locular, axile placentation, ovules 3 or more per locule, style 1 or 5 branched distally, stigma discoid, capitate or not distinct. Fruit capsule, globose-cylindrical, apex apiculate, acute or acuminate, dehiscing loculicidally, glabrous or hairy. Seed many, reniform or subglobose, smooth, glabrous or hairy.
Hibiscus surattensis L.
🗒 Synonyms
synonym | Abelmoschus aculeatus (G. Don) Walp. |
synonym | Abelmoschus rostellatus Walp. |
synonym | Furcaria surattensis (L.) Kostel. |
synonym | Hibiscus aculeatus G. Don |
synonym | Hibiscus appendiculatus Stokes |
synonym | Hibiscus bifurcatus Blanco |
synonym | Hibiscus hypoglossus E. Mey. ex Harv. & Sond. |
synonym | Hibiscus involucratus Salisb. |
synonym | Hibiscus surattensis f. concolor Back. |
synonym | Hibiscus surattensis var. villosus Hochr. |
synonym | Hibiscus trinitarius Noronha |
🗒 Common Names
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📚 Overview
Summary
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Description
Scandent or trailing undershrubs; stems, petioles and pedicels armed with recurved prickles. Leaves 5-10 x 5-12 cm, ovate-suborbicular, 3-5-palmilobed, lobes lanceolate, shallowly cordate to subtruncate at base, margins coarsely serrate to dentate, apex acute, basally 5-7-nerved, prickly below on the nerves; petiole 4-10 cm long; stipules 8-12 x 3-5 mm, foliaceous, auricled at base, margins ciliate. Flowers axillary, solitary; pedicels 4-7 cm long, jointed at the base of flower, prickly. involucral bracts 10 -12, 18-22 x 2-3 mm, spathulate, bifurcate, spreading; appendage erect, up to 1 cm long, linear, pubescent. Calyx tube to 6 mm long; lobes 5, 1-1.5 cm long, ovate, long-acuminate, prickly. Corolla c. 5 cm across, creamy-yellow with dark purplish center; petals 2.5-5 x 2-4 cm, obovate, apex rounded. Staminal column 1.5-2 cm long, glandular hairy, antheriferous throughout; filaments 1-2 mm long. Ovary 3-4 mm long, subconical, densely appressed hairy; stigma capitate, pruplish. Capsules c. 2 cm long, ovoid or conical enclosed within accrescent calyx, densely covered with closely appressed hairs. Seeds c. 3 mm long, angular, brownish-black.
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Habit: Scandent Subshrub
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
References
Sp. Pl. 2: 696. 1753
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Natural History
Reproduction
Hibiscus species flowers are complete, bisexual, i.e., with functional male (androecium) and female (gynoecium), including stamens, carpels and ovary. Pollination is entomophilous i.e., by insects, or cleistogamy i.e., by self or allogamy i.e., by cross pollination. Flowering/Fruiting: September—February.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Dispersal
Seeds may be dispersed by autochory i.e., self dispersal, anemochory i.e., wind dispersal, zoochory i.e., dispersal by birds or animals, anthropochory i.e., dispersal by humans.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Morphology
Herbs or undershrubs, erect in initial stages becoming scandent ultimately, about 0.5-4 m long. Stems and branches pubescent with simple and stiff recurved bristles. Leaves simple, alternate, lower ones 3-5 palmilobed, upper ones 3-5 palmiparted, broadly ovate to suborbicular, about 3-8 x 3-10 cm across, base truncate or rounded 5-7 veined, lobes linear lanceolate, midrib usually with obscure nectarines, margins irregular crenate-serrate, apex acute to acuminate, with simple and stellate hairs both above and beneath becoming glabrescent ultimately, petiole with simple and recurved bristles, about 3-9 cm long, stipules ovate-lanceolate, foliaceous, base auricled, margins ciliate with simple hairs, apex acute, about 5-25 x 6-15 mm across. Inflorescence usually axillary, solitary, by the reduction of the upper leaves. Flowers bisexual, pedicel slender, with simple and stellate hairs, jointed near the apex, about 3-7 cm long, epicalyx 10, spathulate, base connate, with linear erect filiform appendages, near the apex of each segments, about 15-20 x 2-3 mm across, calyx 5 lobed, distinctly nerved, campanulate, lobes ovate-deltoid, base connate, apex acuminate, valvate, tri-veined, glabrous inside, with simple and recurved prickles outside, persistent, about 10-25 x 5-10 mm across, corolla showy and large, yellow, and purple at the base, campanulate, petals obovate, sparsely stellate-pubescent along margins, about 3-5 x 1.5-3 cm across. Staminal column about 0.5-1.5 cm long, base wide, anthers basifixed, throughout. Ovary superior, 5 locular, conical, axile placentation, style about 2-2.5 mm long, stigma discoid, capitate, hairy. Fruit capsule, globose, about 1.2 x 1 cm across, apex acute, beaked, dehiscing loculicidally, with rigid bristle shiny hairs. Seeds reniform or subglobose, about 3-4 mm across, covered with minute strigose hair, brownish black.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Diseases
Hibiscus species are susceptible to various insect pests, virus and fungi, affecting leaves, fruits and roots.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Miscellaneous Details
Notes: Moist Deciduous Forests. Also in Plains
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Scrub forests and forest margins, altitude up to 1200 m.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Forest margins, open slopes, streamsides
Moist deciduous forests, also in the plains
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Description
Global Distribution
Asia: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa: Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Comros, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Local Distribution
Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Goa Daman Diu, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Global Distribution
India: Assam, Meghalaya; Laos, Myanmar, Phillipines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Africa, Australia
Indian Distribution
Sivasagar
Global Distribution
Pantropical
Indian distribution
State - Kerala, District/s: All Districts
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Maharashtra: Pune
Karnataka: N. Kanara, S. Kanara
Kerala: All districts
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Conservation Status
Not evaluated (IUCN).
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Uses
System of Medicines Used In
Folk medicine
Siddha
Stem and leaves decoction used in Sidha and folk medicine. Stem yields good fibre.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Medicinal
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
System Of Medicines Used In
Folk medicine, Siddha, Folk medicine
FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2525
Attributions | FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2525 |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Information Listing
References
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://tropicos.org/Name/19600048 #The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Hibiscus+surattensis&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html #The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2850593 #Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist. URL: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/4b2d034f59909e42f5aab141e7181aee Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project. URL: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/linnaean-typification/search/detail.dsml?ID=439800&listPageURL=list%2edsml%3fVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CGenusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSpeciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26sort%3dGenus%252cSpecies%26Speciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26Genus%3dHibiscus%26Genusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSspqtype%3dstarts%2bwith #Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) © 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.Flora of China, 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 12 April 2014]*' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & #Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200013721 #Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121. #Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127. #Saxena, N. B. & Shamindra Saxena (2001) Plant Taxonomy. Reprint by Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. 243-251.#Hooker, J. D., (1872) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 1: 334. #Sharma, B. D., Balakrishnan, N. P., Rao, R. R., & Hajra, P. K. (1993), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India. Deep Printers, New Delhi. Vol. 3: 327. #ENVIS Centre for Medicinal Plants. (FRLHT) URL: http://envis.frlht.org/bot_search.php #Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.#IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 13 January 2017. #Plant reproductive morphology. (2014, November 17). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:57, April 9, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400#Seed dispersal. (2015, March 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:59, April 9, 2015, from, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_dispersal&oldid=572442927License*:
- Hibiscus surattensis L., Sp. Pl. 696. 1753; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 334. 1874; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 97(70). 1915; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 47. 1982; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 88. 1984; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 61. 1988; Babu, Fl. Malappuram Dist. 63. 1990; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 80. 1990; T.K. Paul in B.D. Sharma & Sanjappa, Fl. India 3: 327. 1993; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 79. 1994; Subram., Fl. Thenmala Div. 35. 1995; Sivar. & Pradeep, Malvac. Southern Peninsular India 119. 1996; Sasidh. et al., Bot. Stud. Med. Pl. Kerala 18. 1996; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 59. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny WLS 37. 1997; Sivar. & Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 85. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 31. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 28. 2002; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 84. 2005; M. Mohanan & A.V.N. Rao in P. Daniel, Fl. Kerala 1: 422. 2005; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 121. 2009.
- Flora of Karnataka, Sharma B. D, 1984, Biodiversity Documentation for Kerala Part 6: Flowering Plants, N. Sasidharan, 2004, Flora of Maharastra State Dicotyledones, Vol I, Lakshminarasimhan P. V, 2000
- D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2525
Information Listing > References
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://tropicos.org/Name/19600048 #The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Hibiscus+surattensis&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html #The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2850593 #Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist. URL: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/4b2d034f59909e42f5aab141e7181aee Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project. URL: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/linnaean-typification/search/detail.dsml?ID=439800&listPageURL=list%2edsml%3fVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CGenusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSpeciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26sort%3dGenus%252cSpecies%26Speciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26Genus%3dHibiscus%26Genusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSspqtype%3dstarts%2bwith #Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) © 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.Flora of China, 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 12 April 2014]*' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & #Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200013721 #Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121. #Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127. #Saxena, N. B. & Shamindra Saxena (2001) Plant Taxonomy. Reprint by Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. 243-251.#Hooker, J. D., (1872) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 1: 334. #Sharma, B. D., Balakrishnan, N. P., Rao, R. R., & Hajra, P. K. (1993), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India. Deep Printers, New Delhi. Vol. 3: 327. #ENVIS Centre for Medicinal Plants. (FRLHT) URL: http://envis.frlht.org/bot_search.php #Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.#IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 13 January 2017. #Plant reproductive morphology. (2014, November 17). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:57, April 9, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400#Seed dispersal. (2015, March 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:59, April 9, 2015, from, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_dispersal&oldid=572442927License*:
- Hibiscus surattensis L., Sp. Pl. 696. 1753; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 334. 1874; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 97(70). 1915; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 47. 1982; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 88. 1984; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 61. 1988; Babu, Fl. Malappuram Dist. 63. 1990; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 80. 1990; T.K. Paul in B.D. Sharma & Sanjappa, Fl. India 3: 327. 1993; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 79. 1994; Subram., Fl. Thenmala Div. 35. 1995; Sivar. & Pradeep, Malvac. Southern Peninsular India 119. 1996; Sasidh. et al., Bot. Stud. Med. Pl. Kerala 18. 1996; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 59. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny WLS 37. 1997; Sivar. & Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 85. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 31. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 28. 2002; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 84. 2005; M. Mohanan & A.V.N. Rao in P. Daniel, Fl. Kerala 1: 422. 2005; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 121. 2009.
- Flora of Karnataka, Sharma B. D, 1984, Biodiversity Documentation for Kerala Part 6: Flowering Plants, N. Sasidharan, 2004, Flora of Maharastra State Dicotyledones, Vol I, Lakshminarasimhan P. V, 2000
- D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2525
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
Root | Root |
Kingdom | Plantae |
Phylum | Tracheophyta |
Class | Equisetopsida C. Agardh |
Order | Malvales Juss. |
Family | Malvaceae Juss. |
Genus | Hibiscus L. |
Species | Hibiscus surattensis L. |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
👥 Groups