Hydnocarpus species are evergreen shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, lanceolate-ovate to elliptic-oblong, base cuneate to obtuse, margin serrate to entire, apex acute to obtuse, pinnately veined, coriaceous, subcoriaceous to leathery, lateral veins upturned, gradually diminishing apically towards the margins, connected further with super adjacent secondaries by series of cross veins, dark green above, paler beneath, petiole usually thickened near the apex, stipules leaf like or foliaceous, caducous. Inflorescence in shortly pedunculate axillary racemes, branched cymes, fascicles, few flowered or sometimes solitary. Flowers unisexual (dioecious) or rarely monoecious or polygamous, hypogynous, pedicels articulate, bracts minute, caducous or sometimes persistent. Male flowers: Sepals 4-5, imbricate, subequal, free or slightly connate at the base, concave, caducous, petals 4-5, up to 16, connate at the base, fleshy pilose inside near the base. Stamens 5-100, filaments filiform, free, broadened at base, anthers 2 loculed, saggitate or reniform, basifixed, pollen fleshy, tricolporate, reticulate, subprolate to suboblate, rudimentary ovary densely pilose or absent. Female flowers: Solitary or in fascicles on short axillary pilose peduncles, usually from the older nodes, sepals and petals similar to male flowers but bigger, ovary superior, globose, carpels 4-5, connate, unilocular, ovules 2-few in 3,4,6 pariental placentae, stigma usually equaling the number of placentae, recurved, bifid deeply, apex dilated, pilose beneath, glabrous above. Fruit indehiscent berry, ovoid-globose, with thin coriaceous and fragile pericarp, or hard and thick. Seeds many, oblong-ovoid, slightly compressed, membranously arillate, oily endosperm, cotyledons foliaceous.
Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch.-Ham.) Oken
🗒 Synonyms
synonym | Chilmoria pentandra Buch.-Ham. |
synonym | Hydnocarpus inebrians Wall. |
synonym | Hydnocarpus laurifolia (Dennst.) Sleum. |
synonym | Hydnocarpus wightiana Blume |
synonym | Hydnocarpus wightianus Bl. |
synonym | Marottia oleosa Raf. |
synonym | Munnicksia laurifolia Dennst. |
🗒 Common Names
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📚 Overview
Summary
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
References
Allg. Naturgesch. 3, 2: 1381. 1841
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Natural History
Reproduction
Hydnocarpus species are dioecious, i.e., male (staminate) flowers on one plant, and female (pistillate) flowers on another plant. Pollination is entomophilous i.e., by insects, or cleistogamy i.e., by self or allogamy i.e., by cross pollination. Flowering/Fruiting: February-September.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Dispersal
Seeds may be dispersed by autochory i.e., self dispersal, zoochory i.e., dispersal by birds or animals, anthropochory i.e., dispersal by humans.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Morphology
Growth Form
Tree
Evergreen trees, about 5-25 m tall, diameter up to 3 m. Bark rough, brown, usually fluted, branchlets and shoots brownish pubescent. Leaves simple, alternate, variable, lanceolate-ovate, elliptic-ovate, oblanceolate to oblong, about 6-25 x 3.5-10 cm across, base usually inequilateral, cuneate to obtuse, margin entire or subserrate, apex abruptly or long acuminate, dark green above, paler beneath, lateral veins 5-8, on either side of the midrib, upturned, gradually diminishing apically towards the margins, impressed above and prominent beneath, minutely appressed pubescent on midrib and veins above when young, later glabrescent when mature, minutely pubescent beneath, connected further with super adjacent secondaries by series of cross veins, petiole usually swollen at both ends, brownish pubescent, about 7-15 mm long, stipules linear, minute, pubescent, caducous. Male flowers: greenish, in 2-3 raceme fascicles, densely brownish tomentose, about 6 mm long, peduncles about 1 cm long and pedicels about 7 mm long, both brown tomentose, sepals 4-5, imbricate, unequal, outer broadly ovate-orbicular, inner suborbicular, slightly connate at the base, concave, apex obtuse, densely brown ferruginous, about 2.5 mm across, petals 4-5, ovate-suborbicular, connate at the base, margins ciliate, pilose inside near the base, smaller than sepals. Stamens 5, filaments filiform, free, broadened at base, about 2 mm long, anthers 2 loculed, reniform, basifixed, pollen fleshy, tricolporate, ovary rudimentary densely pilose. Female flowers: Solitary or binate on short axillary pilose peduncles, about 8 mm long, usually from the older nodes, sepals and petals similar to male flowers but bigger, staminodes 5, linear-oblong, appressed to ovary apex obtuse, ovary superior, ovoid-ellipsoid, faintly penta angular, apex protruded, creamy yellow tomentose, carpels 5, connate, unilocular, stigma 5, usually equaling the number of placentae. Fruit indehiscent berry, obovoid-globose, about 5-10 cm across, reddish brown, pericarp hard, thick, tomentose. Seeds 15-20, oblong-ovoid, about 1.7-2.2 x 1-1.5 cm across, embedded in pulp, irregularly compressed, testa hard, oily endosperm, longitudinally striated.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Diseases
Hydnocarpus species are susceptible to various insect pests, powdery mildews and moulds.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Habitat
Terrestrial
Evergreen, semi evergreen and along streams of moist deciduous forests, altitude 850 m.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Description
Global Distribution
Asia: India.
Local Distribution
Daman & Diu, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Endemic Distribution
Global Endemicity
India.
Local Endemicity
Western Ghats.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Category
Vulnerable
Not evaluated (IUCN).
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Uses
Cultivated in roadsides of hilly areas, timber used for building construction, oil used as medicine. Fruits used as fish poison.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Information Listing
References
- ENVIS Centre for Medicinal Plants. URL: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1155&parname=0
- Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.
- IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 24 September 2015.
- Plant reproductive morphology. (2014, November 17). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:57, April 9, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400Seed dispersal. (2015, March 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:59, April 9, 2015, from, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_dispersal&oldid=572442927License*:
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50183454
- The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Hydnocarpus+pentandrus&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html
- The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-50183454
- Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist. URL: http://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2015/details/species/id/940b25fd77cb37d7a02eabbfe697e642
- Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) A© 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.
- Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121.
- Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127.
- Saxena, N. B. & Shamindra Saxena (2001) Plant Taxonomy. Reprint by Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. 124.
- Hooker, J. D., (1872) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 1: 197.
- Sharma, B. D., Balakrishnan, N. P., Rao, R. R., & Hajra, P. K. (1993), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India. Deep Printers, New Delhi. Vol. 2: 422.
Information Listing > References
- ENVIS Centre for Medicinal Plants. URL: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1155&parname=0
- Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.
- IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 24 September 2015.
- Plant reproductive morphology. (2014, November 17). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:57, April 9, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400Seed dispersal. (2015, March 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:59, April 9, 2015, from, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_dispersal&oldid=572442927License*:
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50183454
- The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Hydnocarpus+pentandrus&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html
- The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-50183454
- Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist. URL: http://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2015/details/species/id/940b25fd77cb37d7a02eabbfe697e642
- Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) A© 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.
- Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121.
- Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127.
- Saxena, N. B. & Shamindra Saxena (2001) Plant Taxonomy. Reprint by Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. 124.
- Hooker, J. D., (1872) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 1: 197.
- Sharma, B. D., Balakrishnan, N. P., Rao, R. R., & Hajra, P. K. (1993), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India. Deep Printers, New Delhi. Vol. 2: 422.
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
Root | Root |
Kingdom | Plantae |
Phylum | Tracheophyta |
Class | Equisetopsida C. Agardh |
Order | Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl |
Family | Achariaceae |
Genus | Hydnocarpus |
Species | Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch.-Ham.) Oken |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations