Abstract
The Sierra Negra region is a rich mosaic of ecosystems and cultures in interaction. There, people practice a pattern of multiple use and management of the different plant species and vegetation types occurring in their communitarian territories and, through interchange, those of other communities of the region. Due to a complex socio-ecological history, characterized by a relative isolation of the region for a long time, people inhabiting the area generated strategies of using the diverse environments to mitigate the sources of climate, social, and economic uncertainties. The strategies of risk management included creative forms to achieve food security (use of numerous species and ecosystems, different types of management of species, including cultivation and domestication, techniques for food conservation and storing, among others) and, in general, using their own resources to satisfy their basic subsistence needs without depending on external regions. Until the present, ethnobotanical studies by our research group have identified 496 plant species, which constitute the useful flora of the region, but more studies are still needed, and this cipher surely will increase. In the current inventory, the richest plant families providing useful species are Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Asparagaceae, Solanaceae, and Rosaceae, which are used, in order of importance, as ornamental, medicine, food, and fuel. We have also documented a strategy of multiple use of plant resources, each species having 1 to 16 uses (3.48 uses on average per species), and each vegetation type providing on average 161 useful species. Also, we have identified a pattern of eco-symbiotic complementarity among environments and vegetation types, which has been constructed through time as a response to uncertainty in the availability of resources due to ecological and socioeconomic factors. Strategies to deal with ecological and social uncertainty have been identified and documented to include management and incipient domestication of some species in forest and agroforestry systems, as well as interchange among communities living in different ecosystems. This research analyzes the deep knowledge of the regional people about ecological relations of plants, their properties associated with use, the management types operating on them, and requirements and consequences associated with management. We recognize the still limited research conducted in the area and the need of continuing ethnobotanical studies; we identify some priorities. The inventory of useful plants and their management is still limited while significant areas of diversity of ecosystems and cultures of the region remain unexplored. The Sierra Negra constitutes an important refuge of biocultural diversity that contributes valuable lessons on plant and ecosystem management. Such experience deserves to be understood for constructing sustainable forms of human-nature interactions for ensuring the future of new generations of local and regional people.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank the communities who supported our work, especially to Mrs. Guillermina Copas, Bertha Sánchez, Yolanda Orozco, Genoveva, Porfirio Pérez, Margarito Perea, and Gerardo Garzón. Also, we thank financial support from CONACYT, Mexico (project A1S-14306), the GEF Project ID 9380 CONABIO-GEF-FAO/ RG023 “Manejo y domesticación de agrobiodiversidad en Mesoamérica: Bases para la soberanía alimentaria sustentable,” and PAPIT, UNAM (project IN206520, IA207721, and IN224023).
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Appendix 1 Plants used by local people in Sierra Negra, Puebla, Mexico
Appendix 1 Plants used by local people in Sierra Negra, Puebla, Mexico
Scientific name | Common name | Growth type | Origin | Management status | Usesa | Ecological status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acanthaceae | ||||||
Acanthus mollis L. | Acanto | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Aphelandra squarrosa Nees | – | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Beloperone guttata Brandegee | Illegaypig, camarón | Shrub | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Hypoestes phyllostachya Baker | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated | |
Justicia aurea Schltdl. | Oloxochitl | Shrub | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Justicia carnea Lindl. | Oloxochitl | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | M, O | Domesticated |
Pachystachys lutea Nees | Cuatlinenepil | Shrub | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Thumbergia alata Bojer ex Sims | Ixtololomazatl | Climb | Exotic | Tolerated | O | Ruderal |
Adoxaceae | ||||||
Sambucus mexicana C. Presl ex DC. | Xometl, sauco | Shrub | Native | Gathering, enhancement, tolerated | E, M | Wild |
Aizoaceae | ||||||
Allium cepa L. | Cebolla | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Aptenia cordifolia (L. f.) Schwantes | – | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E. Br. | – | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Alstroemeriaceae | ||||||
Bomarea hirta Schenk | Comegatl | Climb | Exotic | Tolerated | F, LF | Weedy |
Altinginaceae | ||||||
Liquidambar styraciflua L. | Papalouwit cimarro | Tree | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | FW, M | Wild |
Amaranthaceae | ||||||
Amaranthus hybridus L. | Baquilitl, quintonil | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated | E | Weedy |
Celosia cristata L. | Flor de terciopelo | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | O | Domesticated |
Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. | Amole, quelite Blanco | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed | E | Weedy, domesticated, ruderal |
Chenopodium nuttalliae Saff. | Huauzontle | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed, enhancement | E | Weedy, ruderal |
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin and Clemants | Epazotl | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed | E, M | Weedy, domesticated, ruderal |
Amaryllidaceae | ||||||
Agapanthus campanulatus F.M. Leight. | Ciento uno, agapando | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Amaryllis belladonna L. | – | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Amaryllis sp. | – | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Clivia miniata Regel | – | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Hippeastrum elegans (Spreng.) H. E. Moore | Palma, lirio | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Narcissus sp. | Narciso | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | O | Domesticated |
Anacardiaceae | ||||||
Cyrtocarpa procera Kunth | Mashaxocotl, chupandilla | Tree | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | E | Wild |
Mangifera indica L. | Mango | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Annonaceae | ||||||
Annona cherimola Mill. | Chirimoya | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E, FW | Domesticated |
Annona muricata L. | Guanábana | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Apiaceae | ||||||
Coriandrum sativum L. | Cilantro | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Daucus carota L. | Zanahoria | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Eryngium foetidum L. | Cilantro cimarrón | Herb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | E | Wild |
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Hinojo | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | M | Domesticated |
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss | Perejil | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Apocynaceae | ||||||
Allamanda cathartica L. | Copa de oro | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Asclepias curassavica L. | Chilillo | Herb | Native | Tolerated | M | Ruderal |
Asclepias linaria Cav. | Roromero | Shrub | Native | Tolerated | M | Ruderal |
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don | Coronaxibitl | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Nerium oleander L. | Adelfa | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O, S | Domesticated |
Plumeria rubra L. | Cacaloxochitl | Tree | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O, M | Wild |
Stemmadenia sp. | Tree | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | G | Wild | |
Vinca major L. | Candelaria | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | C | Domesticated |
Aquifoliaceae | ||||||
Ilex sp. | – | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Araceae | ||||||
Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don. | – | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Anthurium andreanum Linden | – | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Anthurium crassinervium (Jacq.) Schott | Anturio | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Anthurium cubense Engl. | # | Climb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Caladium bicolor Vent. | Bebetcho rojo | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.)G. Don | Bebetcho pinto | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott | – | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Monstera deliciosa Liebm. | Piñanona, calavera | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation, transplantation of whole individuals | O | Domesticated |
Monstera sp. | Piñanona | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott | Teléfono | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum (Liebm.) Engl. | Ixtaxochitl, elotlquilitl, eloxóchitl | Herb | Native | Transplantation of whole individuals, enhancement, and tolerated | O, E | Wild |
Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel | Ixtaxochitl (cuna de Moisés) | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Xanthosoma robustum Schott. | Bebetcho, malangar | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement, and transplantation of whole individuals | O, E | Wild |
Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott | Bebetcho pequeño | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. | Cartucho, alcatráz | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Araliaceae | ||||||
Acracomia mexicana Karw. ex. Mart. | Coyol | Tree | Native | Gathering, tolerated, transplantation of whole individuals | C, E, O | Wild |
Oreopanax xalapensis (Kunth) Decne. & Planch. | – | Tree | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Schefflera arboricola (Hayata) Merr. | – | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Chamaedora elegans Mart | Camedora | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed, enhancement, protected, gathering, tolerated | O | Wild |
Chamaedorea tepejilote Liebm. ex Mart | Tepexilotl, tepejilote | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed, cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement, protected, gathering, tolerated | O, E | Wild |
Phoenix canariensis Wildpret | Palma | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Asclepiadaceae | ||||||
Asclepias curassavica L. | – | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Gonolobus uniflorus Kunth. | Pochotl | Climb | Native | Enhancement | E | Wild |
Asparagaceae | ||||||
Agave aff. angustifolia | – | Rosette | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | CO, FI | Domesticated |
Agave americana L. | Mexcaltenechtli | Rosette | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O, E, F, CO, LF | Domesticated |
Agave americana var. marginata Trel. | Maguey | Rosette | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Agave angustifolia Haw. | Népulli | Rosette | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E, AB | Wild |
Agave atrovirens Karw. ex Salm-Dyck | Mexcalli | Rosette | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement, and transplantation of whole individuals | AB | Domesticated |
Agave celsii Hook | Magueyito | Rosette | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Agave ellemetiana Jacobi | – | Rosette | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Agave pendula Schnittsp. | Mexcalli | Rosette | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Wild |
Agave obscura Schiede | Mezcalcacaya | Rosette | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | C | Wild |
Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck. | Mexcalli | Rosette | Native | Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated | E | Domesticated |
Agave salmiana var. ferox (K. Koch) Gentry | Maguey de pulque | Rosette | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Domesticated |
Asparagus officinalis L. | Espárrago | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Domesticated |
Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques | Listón, listoncillo | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. | Pabellón | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Dasylirion serratifolium (Karw. ex Schult. f.) Zucc. | Tehuizotl, tebixtli, cucharita | Rosette | Native | Gathering, enhancement, protected, and tolerated | E | Wild |
Dasylirion sp. | Matzitzi | Rosette | Native | Gathering, enhancement, protected, tolerated | E | Wild |
Nolina longifolia (Karw. ex Schult. f.) Hemsl. | Sotolli | Rosette | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | O | Wild |
Polianthes tuberosa L. | Nardo | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Sansevieria trifasciata Prain | – | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Yucca guatemalensis Baker | Izotl, izote | Rosette | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E, LF, C | Domesticated |
Asphodelaceae | ||||||
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. | Sábila | Herb | Exotic | Transplantation of whole individuals, cultivated by vegetative propagation | O, M | Ruderal |
Gasteria sp. | – | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Kniphofia uvaria (L.) Oken | Española | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement, and tolerated | O | Weedy, ruderal |
Asteraceae | ||||||
Achillea millefolium L. | Micashibitl, alcanfoshibitl | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Ruderal |
Ageratina sp. | Teogopultzin, teogopaltzi | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | M | Weedy |
Ageratina sp. | Cogopatzi | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Ruderal |
Ageratina sp. | Tegopultzin, teoyopultzin | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Ageratina sp. | Chichilchibitl | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Ageratina espinosarum (A. Gray) R.M. King and H. Rob. | – | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Ageratina tomentella (Schrad.) R. M. King and H. Rob. | – | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Ambrosia sp. | – | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Artemisia absinthium L. | Hierba maestra | Herb | Exotic | Gathering | M | Wild |
Artemisia absinthium var. insipida Stechmann | Hierba maestra | Herb | Exotic | Gathering | M | Ruderal |
Artemisia ludoviciana subsp. mexicana (Willd. ex Spreng.) D.D. Keck | Iztauhyatl, iztagafiah, estafiate | Shrub | Native | Enhancement | M | Ruderal |
Artemisia mexicana Willd. ex Spreng. | Hierba maestra | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed | M | Ruderal |
Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. | – | Shrub | Native | Gathering | M | Ruderal |
Baccharis conferta Kunth. | Tlalpabashtli, tlachpabashtli, escobilla | Shrub | Native | Gathering | U | Ruderal |
Barkleyanthus salicifolius (Kunth) H.E. Robins. And Brett. | Yoyotli, azomiate | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Ruderal |
Bidens sp. | Amozo | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Ruderal |
Brickellia veronicifolia (Kunth) A. Gray | – | Shrub | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Calea zacatechichi Schltdl. | Zacatechichi | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Ruderal |
Calendula officinalis L. | Caléndula | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | M | Domesticated |
Calyptocarpus vialis Less. | Iloshibitl | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Ruderal |
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. | Campechana, crisantemo | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | O | Domesticated |
Cirsium sp. | Pitzobiztli | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Ruderal |
Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. | Mirasol | Herb | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Erigeron karvinskianus DC. | Ictebashibitl, iktigabashibitl | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Ruderal |
Erigeron sp. | Teshibitl | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Ruderal |
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. | – | Herb | Native | Enhancement, gathering, and tolerated | F | Weedy, ruderal |
Gnaphalium americanum P. Mill. | Gordolobo | Herb | Native | Enhancement, gathering, and tolerated | M | Ruderal, weedy |
Gymnosperma glutinosum (Spreng.) Less. | Escobilla | Shrub | Native | Gathering, tolerated | AB, M, U | Ruderal |
Jaegeria hirta (Lag.)Less. | – | Herb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | F, M | Weedy, ruderal |
Jefea sp. | – | Shrub | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Helianthus sp. | Shaltacto | Herb | Exotic | Gathering | O | Weedy, ruderal |
Heterotheca inuloides Cass. | Arnica | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed | M | Weedy, ruderal |
Lactuca sativa L. | Lechuga | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Leucanthemum vulgare Tourn. ex Lam. | Margarita | Herb | Naturalized | Cultivated by seed | O | Weedy, ruderal |
Matricaria chamomilla L. | Manzanilla | Herb | Exotic | Enhancement | M | Domesticated |
Melampodium divaricatum (Rich) DC. | Ojo de conejo | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated | E, F, M | Ruderal |
Montanoa grandiflora DC. | Tzatzaztli | Herb | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Montanoa sp. | Tlatlatzca | Herb | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Parthenium tomentosum DC | Sibashibitl | Shrub | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Piqueria trinervia Cav. | Sanigulas, hierba de San Nicolás | Herb | Native | Tolerated | M | Weedy |
Pluchea carolinensis (Jacq.) G. Don | Ahuabitl | Shrub | Native | Gathering, tolerated | M | Ruderal |
Porophyllum linaria (Cav.) DC. | Malagalquilitl, pipicha, pipitza | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed, enhancement, protected, and tolerated | E, M | Weedy |
Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. | Papaloquilitl, papaloquelite | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed, enhancement | E | Weedy |
Pseudognaphalium conoideum Anderb. | Aztoquilitl | Herb | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | E | Weedy |
Telanthophora sp. | Ecashibitl | Herb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | E | Wild |
Sanvitalia procumbens Lam. | – | Herb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | M, O | Weedy, ruderal |
Sigesbeckia jorullensis Kunth. | – | Herb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | M | Weedy |
Sonchus oleraceus L. | Memella | Herb | Exotic | Tolerated | E | Weedy, ruderal |
Stevia sp. | Xogobashi, hierba del borracho | Herb | Exotic | Gathering | E, M | Ruderal |
Stevia sp. | Micaxochitl | Herb | Native | Gathering | C | Ruderal |
Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) G.L. Nesom | Chichishibitl, cotchua | Herb | Exotic | Gathering, tolerated | M | Ruderal |
Symphyotrichum sp. | – | Herb | Exotic | Gathering, tolerated | O | Domesticated |
Tagetes erecta L. | Xempaxóchitl, flor de muerto | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed | O | Weedy |
Tagetes filifolia Lag. | Anís | Herb | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | M | Ruderal |
Tagetes lucida Cav. | Pericón | Herb | Native | Gathering, enhancement, and tolerated | M | Ruderal |
Tagetes lunulata Ort. | Flor de muerto silvestre | Herb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | O | Wild |
Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. | Santa María shibitl | Herb | Exotic | Gathering, tolerated | M | Ruderal |
Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. | Diente de león | Herb | Exotic | Tolerated | M | Weedy, ruderal |
Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) S. E. Blake | Acahual | Herb | Native | Gathering, enhancement, and tolerated | O | Weedy, ruderal |
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray | Acahuale | Shrub | Native | Tolerated | F | Weedy, ruderal |
Verbesina crocata (Cav.) Less. | Vitzcobitl, capitaneja | Herb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | FW, M | Ruderal, weedy |
Verbesina sp. | Zazastli | Shrub | Native | Gathering, tolerated | O | Ruderal |
Verbesina sp. | Zazagapali (teresita) | Herb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | C | Wild |
Verbesina sp. | Tronadora | Herb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | O | Wild |
Viguiera dentata (Cav.) Spreng. | Chimalacate | Herb | Native | Gathering, enhancement, and tolerated | M | Wild |
Viguiera sp. | Zojiejshibitl | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Xanthium strumarium L. | – | Herb | Native | Tolerated | O | Ruderal |
Zaluzania montagnifolia (Sch. Bip.) Sch. Bip. | Pepextli, pepebeshtli | Shrub | Native | Gathering, tolerated | M, F | Wild |
Zinnia elegans Jacq. | Cabecitas | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed | O | Domesticated |
Zinnia peruviana L. | – | Herb | Native | Gathering, enhancement, and tolerated | O | Ruderal |
Balsaminaceae | ||||||
Impatiens balsamina L. | Chino, gachupín | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Impatiens zombensis Baker f. | – | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Impatiens sodenii Engel and Warb. | – | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Impatiens walleriana Hook f. | Belén, chino | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Begoniaceae | ||||||
Begonia semperflorens Link and Otto | Cecigxochitl, begonia | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Begonia tuberosa Lam. | Ala de ángel | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Betulaceae | ||||||
Alnus acuminata Kunth | Elite comegaxóchitl, Bejuco de cera, eliguitl, elite, abedul | Tree | Native | Transplantation of whole individuals, enhancement, and tolerated | M, FW, C, SH | Wild |
Bignoniaceae | ||||||
Crescentia alata Kunth | Chichictegomatl, jícara de Monte | Tree | Native | Cultivated by seed | U | Wild |
Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don. | Jacaranda | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | O | Wild |
Parmentiera aculeata (kunth) Seem. | Cuaxilotl, cuajilote | Tree | Native | Transplantation of whole individuals, enhancement, and tolerated | E | Wild |
Bixaceae | ||||||
Bixa orellana L. | Axiote | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E | Wild |
Brassicaceae | ||||||
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. | Mostaza | Herb | Exotic | Tolerated | E | Ruderal |
Brassica rapa L. | Colesh, colechtenechtli, colechtenso | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated | E | Weedy, ruderal |
Brassica sp. | Colesh cuagio | Herb | Exotic | Gathering, tolerated | E | Weedy |
Lepidium virginicum L. | Chilchibitl | Herb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | M | Weedy, ruderal |
Matthiola incana (L.) W.T. Aiton | Alhelí | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | M | Domesticated |
Raphanus raphanistrum L. | Rabanoquilitl | Herb | Exotic | Enhancement, tolerated | E | Weedy |
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek | Atlanquilitl, berro | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E, M | Ruderal, wild |
Bromeliaceae | ||||||
Tillandsia deppeana Steud. | – | Epiphyte | Native | Gathering | O, R | Wild |
Tillandsia gymnobotrya Baker | – | Epiphyte | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Tillandsia imperialis E. Morren ex Mez | – | Epiphyte | Native | Gathering | O, R | Wild |
Tillandsia lucida E. Morren ex Baker | Xolochi | Epiphyte | Native | Gathering | O, R | Wild |
Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L. | Heno, pashtle | Epiphyte | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Burseraceae | ||||||
Bursera aspleniifolia Brandegee | Copalhuabitl | Tree | Native | Gathering | RE | Wild |
Bursera biflora (Rose) Standl. | Copalhuabitl | Tree | Native | Gathering | RE | Wild |
Bursera grandifolia (Schltdl.) Engl. | Chichiltihuabitl, tepebashibitl | Tree | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Cactaceae | ||||||
Disocactus ackermannii (Haw.) Ralf Bauer | Nopalxochitl | Epiphyte | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Disocactus phyllanthoides (DC.) Barthlott | – | Epiphyte | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Echinopsis sp. | – | Rosette | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Epiphyllum sp. | – | Epiphyte | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton and Rose | Pitahaya | Epiphyte | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O, E | Wild |
Mammillaria carnea Zucc. Ex Pfeiff. | Cactus | Rosette | Native | Gathering, tolerated | O | Wild |
Mammillaria elegans DC. | Cactus | Rosette | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Mammillaria flavicentra Backeb. ex Mottram | Cactus | Rosette | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Mammillaria polyedra Mart. | Cactus | Rosette | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. | Nopalli, nopal | Shrub | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E, M | Domesticated |
Opuntia microdasys (Lehm.) Pfeiff. | – | Shrub | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Rhipsalis baccifera (Sol.) Stearn | Mazazalitzi | Epiphyte | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Schlumbergera truncata (Haw.) Moran | – | Epiphyte | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Stenocereus pruinosus (Otto ex Pfeiff.) Buxb. | Pitaya | Columnar cacti | Native | Tolerated, enhancement, protected, transplantation of whole individuals, and cultivated by vegetative propagation | E, FW | Domesticated |
Calophyllaceae | ||||||
Mammea americana L. | Cuatzapotl | Tree | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | E, O | Wild |
Cannabaceae | ||||||
Celtis caudata Planch. | – | Tree | Native | Gathering | FW | Wild |
Cannaceae | ||||||
Canna indica L. | Panispatl | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | O, E | Wild, ruderal |
Canna x generalis L.H. Bailey and E.Z. Bailey | – | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed | O | Domesticated |
Capparidaceae | ||||||
Cleome sp. | – | Herb | Native | Transplantation of whole individuals | O | Weedy |
Cleoserrata speciosa (Raf.) Iltis | Mabilquilitl | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed, enhancement, tolerated | E | Weedy |
Caricaceae | ||||||
Carica cauliflora Jacq. | Papaya cimarrona | Tree | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Domesticated |
Carica papaya L. | Papaya | Tree | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Domesticated |
Caryophyllaceae | ||||||
Dianthus caryophyllus L. | Clavel | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Gypsophila paniculata L. | Nube | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | O | Wild |
Chrysobalanaceae | ||||||
Couepia polyandra (Kunth) Rose | Zapote de niño | Tree | Native | Gathering, enhancement, tolerated | E | Wild |
Commelinaceae | ||||||
Commelina tuberosa Willd. | Hierba del pollo | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Ruderal |
Tinantia erecta (Jacq.) Schltdl. | Matlali, hierba del pollo | Herb | Native | Enhancement | M | Ruderal |
Tradescantia sp. | Matlali | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | M | Wild |
Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R. Hunt | Matlali | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | M | Domesticated |
Tradescantia sillamontana Matuda | Oreja de burro | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Tradescantia spathacea Sw. | Matlali | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Tradescantia zebrina Heynh. ex Bosse | Matlali | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Convolvulaceae | ||||||
Dichondra sp. | – | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed | O | Domesticated |
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. | Camote | Climb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Weedy |
Crassulaceae | ||||||
Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet and H. Perrier | – | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Ruderal |
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. | Santuario | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Ruderal |
Sedum allantoides Rose | Deditos | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Sedum morganianum E. Walther | Cola de borrego | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Sedum pachyphyllum Rose | Deditos del niño Jesús | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Sedum palmeri S. Watson | – | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Sedum rubrotinctum R.T. Clausen | Deditos del niño Jesús | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Sedum sp. | Deditos del Niño Jesús | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Cucurbitaceae | ||||||
Cucumis sativus L. | Pepino | Climb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché | Ziligayotl, cilagayotl, chilacayote | Climb | Native | Cultivated by seed | E | Weedy, domesticated |
Cucurbita moschata Duchesne | Abayotli, calabaza amarilla | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Cucurbita pepo L. | Calabaza | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Cucurbita sp. | Calabaza melón | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. | Cuatecomatl | Climb | Native | Cultivated by seed, enhancement | E, M | Domesticated |
Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. | Chayoctli, chayote | Climb | Native | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Sicyos parviflorus Willd. | Camachichio | Climb | Native | Tolerated | S | Wild, ruderal |
Cupressaceae | ||||||
Cupressus lusitanica Mill. | Cedro | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | M, FW, CO | Domesticated |
Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. ex. Gordon | Tlátzca, ciprés | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Cupressus sempervirens L. | Tlátzca, ciprés | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Cupressus sp. | Teocobitl, Cedro | Tree | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement, tolerated | M, CO | Wild |
Juniperus deppeana Steud. | Tlátzca, ciprés | Tree | Native | Transplantation of whole individuals, tolerated | FW, LF | Wild |
Cyatheaceae | ||||||
Cyathea sp. | – | Tree | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Dennstaedtiaceae | ||||||
Pteridium sp. | Ogopetatl | Herb | Native | Tolerated | M | Wild |
Dioscoreaceae | ||||||
Dioscorea floribunda M. Martens and Galeotti | Barbasco | Herb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | M | Ruderal |
Ebenaceae | ||||||
Diospyros digyna Jacq. | Tliltlzapotl, zapote negro | Tree | Native | Cultivated by seed | O, E, FW, M | Domesticated |
Equisetaceae | ||||||
Equisetum hyemale L. | Cola de caballo | Herb | Native | Gathering | O, M | Wild |
Ericaceae | ||||||
Arbutus xalapensis Kunth | Madroño | Tree | Native | Gathering | M, FW | Wild |
Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet | Azalea | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | O | Domesticated |
Vaccinium leucanthum Schltdl. | Tetzmolli, tetzmole | Shrub | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | E, FW | Wild |
Euphorbiaceae | ||||||
Acalypha alopecuroidea Jacq. | – | Herb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | M | Wild, ruderal |
Croton draco Schltdl. and Cham. | – | Tree | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | M | Wild |
Euphorbia milii Des Moul. | Corona de Jesús | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Ruderal |
Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch | Nexóchitl, nezpatlahuac, neztlixochtl, flor de nochebuena | Shrub | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Euphorbia trigona Haw. | – | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Jatropha curcas L. | Piñón | Shrub | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E, M | Domesticated |
Omphalea sp. | Jonote | Tree | Native | Gathering | M, U | Wild |
Ricinus communis L. | Cuyabatzi, higuerilla | Shrub | Exotic | Enhancement, tolerated | M | Ruderal |
Fabaceae | ||||||
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd | Huizache | Shrub | Native | Tolerated | FW | Ruderal |
Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Arn. | Cedro rosado | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation, cultivated by seed | FW, SH | Wild |
Calia secundiflora (Ortega) Yakovlev | – | Shrub | Native | Gathering, tolerated | M, O | Wild |
Canavalia villosa Benth. | Comegatl | Climb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Conzattia multiflora (B.L. Rob.) Standl. | – | Tree | Native | Tolerated | SH | Wild |
Crotalaria pumila Ortega | Xayacatl | Herb | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | M, FW, CO | Weedy, ruderal |
Desmodium aparines (Link) DC. | – | Herb | Native | Tolerated | M | Weedy, ruderal |
Diphysa americana (Miller) M. Sousa | Chiquiliche | Tree | Native | Tolerated | CO | Wild |
Erythrina americana Mill. | Iquimite, nigimitl, colorín | Tree | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E, LF | Wild |
Inga flexuosa Schltdl. | Topetli | Tree | Native | Transplantation of whole individuals | E, FW, SH | Wild |
Leucaena diversifolia (Schltdl.) Benth. | Guaje | Tree | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | E | Wild |
Leucaena esculenta (Moc. & Sessé ex DC.) Benth. | Guaje guajilitl | Tree | Native | Cultivated by seed | E, FW | Domesticated |
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit | Guaje cimarrón | Tree | Native | Tolerated | E | Wild |
Lupinus elegans Kunth | – | Herb | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Lupinus montanus HBK | Yoloczixihuitl | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed, gathering, and tolerated | O, M | Weedy, ruderal |
Lysiloma sp. | Tepebashitli | Tree | Native | Gathering, tolerated | FW | Wild |
Mimosa aculeaticarpa Ortega | – | Shrub | Native | Gathering, tolerated | FW | Ruderal |
Phaseolus coccineus L. | Ilamatzin, xochiquilitl, bepa, frijol ayocote | Shrub | Native | Cultivated by seed, enhancement, protected, and tolerated | E | Weedy, ruderal |
Phaseolus sp. | – | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Pitza, frijol negro | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Pisum sativum L. | Chícharo | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Senna holwayana (Rose) Irwin et Barneby | Nesneshtamaltzin | Tree | Native | Transplantation of whole individuals | O | Wild |
Senna multiglandulosa (Jacq.) H.S. Irwin and Barneby | – | Shrub | Native | Transplantation of whole individuals | O | Ruderal |
Senna obtusifolia (L) H.S. Irwin and Bareby | – | Shrub | Native | Tolerated | M | Ruderal |
Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H. S. Irwin and Barneby | – | Shrub | Native | Tolerated | M | Ruderal |
Vicia faba L. | Haba | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Fagaceae | ||||||
Quercus laurina Humb. and Bonpl. | Copazole, apipitzactli | Tree | Native | Gathering, enhancement, protected, and tolerated | M, FW | Wild |
Quercus rugosa Née | Tlilibicawatl, nahuacocomole | Tree | Native | Gathering, tolerated | FW | Wild |
Quercus sp. | Tlilibiabatl | Tree | Native | Gathering | FW | Wild |
Quercus sp. | Abatl cuchara | Tree | Native | Gathering | FW | Wild |
Quercus urbanii Trel. | Tepoztenawatl, tepozabatl | Tree | Native | Gathering | FW | Wild |
Roldana candicans (Née) Villaseñor, S. Valencia and Coombes | Tamalabatl | Tree | Native | Gathering, enhancement, protected, and tolerated | E, FW, M | Wild |
Geraniaceae | ||||||
Pelargonium betulinum (L.) L’Hér. ex Aiton | – | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed, cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Pelargonium zonale (L.) L’Hér. | Geranio | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed, cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Gesneriaceae | ||||||
Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl. | Violeta | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | O | Domesticated |
Heliconiaceae | ||||||
Heliconia bihai (L.) L. | Ebespatl | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Hydrangeaceae | ||||||
Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb) Ser. | Hortensia | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Hypericaceae | ||||||
Vismia camparaguey Sprague and L. Riley | Pulcobitl, camparaguey | Shrub | Native | Gathering, tolerated | O | Wild |
Iridaceae | ||||||
Crocosmia aurea (Pappe ex Hook.) Planch. | Palma cimarrón | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Gladiolus communis L. | Palma | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Gladiolus grandiflorus Andrews | Palma | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Gladiolus × hortulanus L.H. Bailey | Palma, lirio | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Iris germanica L. | Palma, lirio | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Tigridia pavonia (L. f.) DC. | Tlalteztli, flor de trueno | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement, protected, gathering, and tolerated | O, E | Ruderal, weedy |
Juglandaceae | ||||||
Juglans nigra L. | Nuez | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Juglans regia L. | Nuez, nogal | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E, FW, CO | Wild |
Lamiaceae | ||||||
Clinopodium laevigatum Standl. | Hierba del borracho | Shrub | Native | Gathering, tolerated | M | Ruderal |
Clinopodium mexicanum (Benth.) Govaerts | Payaniltzin, Payamile | Shrub | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. | Siempre me verás así | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Marrubium vulgare L. | Marrubio | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed, tolerated | M | Weedy, ruderal |
Mentha spicata L. | Hierbabuena | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E, M | Domesticated |
Ocimum micranthum Willd. | Xoshashibitl, clavo | Herb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | M | Wild |
Origanum majorana L. | Mejorana | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Plectranthus tomentosus Benth. | Planta del vaporub | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | M, O | Domesticated |
Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Romero | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E, M | Domesticated |
Salvia boegei Ramamoorthy | Tetenhuitzi | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Salvia elegans Vahl | Mirto rojo | Herb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | M, O | Wild |
Salvia leucantha Cav. | Cordón de Jesús | Herb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | M, O, R | Wild |
Salvia polystachya Cav. | Totochía | Shrub | Native | Gathering | M | Ruderal |
Salvia sp. | – | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Thymus vulgaris L. | Tomillo | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Lauraceae | ||||||
Litsea glaucescens Kunth | Sogogotl, laurel | Tree | Native | Gathering, enhancement, protected, tolerated, and transplantation of whole individuals | E, R | Wild |
Nectandra sp. | Tree | Native | Gathering | CO | Wild, ruderal | |
Persea americana Mill. | Ahuacatl, Aguacate | Tree | Native | Cultivated by seed | E, FW, SH | Domesticated |
Persea schiedeana Nees | Chinene | Tree | Native | Enhancement, transplantation of whole individuals, and tolerated | E, CO, SH, U | Wild |
Liliaceae | ||||||
Lilium candidum L. | Lirio, azucena | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Lilium sp. | Azucena | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O, M | Domesticated |
Loranthaceae | ||||||
Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don | Salvarón | Shrub | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Lycopodiaceae | ||||||
Lycopodium clavatum L. | Risco | Herb | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Lycopodium sp. | Cola de ratón | Herb | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Lythraceae | ||||||
Cuphea cyanea DC. | Ehegashibitl | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Ruderal |
Lythrum sp. | Axochitl, flor de agua | Herb | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Punica granatum L. | Granada roja | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Domesticated |
Magnoliaceae | ||||||
Magnolia grandiflora L. | Magnolia | Tree | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Talauma mexicana (DC.) G. Don | Yoloxóchitl, flor de corazón, magnolia | Tree | Native | Gathering, enhancement, protected, and tolerated | O, M | Wild |
Malphigiaceae | ||||||
Bunchosia lindeniana A. Juss. | Totolzapotl | Tree | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | SH | Wild |
Malvaceae | ||||||
Hampea integerrima Schltdl. | Jonote Blanco | Tree | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz. | Xonocobitl, xonotl, chachamacobitl jonote | Tree | Native | Enhancement, transplantation of whole individuals, and tolerated | SH | Wild |
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. | Tulipán, rosa china | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Hibiscus trionum L. | – | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | O | Ruderal |
Malva parviflora L. | Orashibitl | Herb | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | M | Weedy, ruderal |
Sida rhombifolia L. | Tlaxpabaxtli, escobilla | Shrub | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | M, O | Weedy, ruderal |
Melastomataceae | ||||||
Chaetogastra scabriuscula (Schltdl.) P.J.F. Guim. and Michelang. | – | Shrub | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Moraceae | ||||||
Ficus benjamina L. | – | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | O | Ruderal |
Ficus carica L. | Higo, breva | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | M | Ruderal |
Ficus elastica Roxb. Ex Hornem | Hule | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Ruderal |
Morus celtidifolia Kunth | Moro | Tree | Native | Cultivated by seed, tolerated | O | Wild |
Musaceae | ||||||
Musa paradisiaca L. | Plátano, xochicualli | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Domesticated |
Myricaceae | ||||||
Morella cerifera (L.) Small | Itllahaldtenzo | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Myrtaceae | ||||||
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. | Eucalipto | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | M, SH | Ruderal |
Eugenia acapulcensis Steud. | Kowiawak | Tree | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Eugenia capuli (Schltdl. & Cham.) Hook. and Arn. | Mototetl, pimientón | Tree | Native | Transplantation of whole individuals, enhancement, protected, gathering, and tolerated | E, SH | Wild |
Psidium guajava L. | Guayaba | Tree | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation, cultivated by seed | E, M, FW | Domesticated, ruderal |
Nyctaginaceae | ||||||
Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. | Bugambilia | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O, M | Domesticated |
Pisoniella arborescens (lag & Rdr.) Standl. | – | Shrub | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | FW, M, SR | Wild |
Oleaceae | ||||||
Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) Lingelsh. | Chichistlahui, chichiscuitl, Fresno | Tree | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | M, FW, SH | Wild |
Jasminum fruticans L. | Jazmín | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O, LF | Domesticated |
Jasminum mesnyi Hance | Jazmín | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | F, O | Domesticated |
Onagraceae | ||||||
Fuchsia magellanica Lam. | Aretillo | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Lopezia racemosa Cav. | – | Shrub | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | F | Weedy, ruderal |
Orchidaceae | ||||||
Laelia superbiens Lindl. | – | Epiphyte | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Prosthechea citrina (Lex.) W.E. Higgins | – | Epiphyte | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Prosthechea cochleata (L.) W.E. Higgins | – | Epiphyte | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Prosthechea rhynchophora (A. Rich. & Galeotti) W.E. Higgins | – | Epiphyte | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Prosthechea vitellina (Lindl.) W.E. Higgins | – | Epiphyte | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Stanhopea oculata (G. Lodd.) Lindl. | – | Epiphyte | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Stanhopea tigrina Bateman ex Lindl. | Tehuanxochitl | Epiphyte | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Oronbachaceae | ||||||
Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. | – | Herb | Native | Tolerated | M, O | Wild |
Oxalidaceae | ||||||
Oxalis corniculata L. | Limonadas, trébol | Herb | Exotic | Gathering | E | Ruderal |
Paeoniaceae | ||||||
Paeonia lactiflora Pall. | Rosa de Monte | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | O | Domesticated |
Papaveraceae | ||||||
Argemone mexicana L. | Papalotito | Herb | Native | Gathering, enhancement, and tolerated | M | Weedy, ruderal |
Argemone platyceras Link and Otto | Chicalote | Herb | Native | Tolerated | O | Weedy, ruderal |
Bocconia frutescens L. | Gordolobo | Herb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | M | Ruderal |
Papaver rhoeas L. | Amapola | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | M, O | Weedy, ruderal |
Passifloraceae | ||||||
Passiflora edulis Sims | Maracuyá, granadilla | Climb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O, E, M | Domesticated |
Passiflora ligularis L. | Granadilla | Climb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Wild |
Passiflora subpeltata Ortega | Matetecomatl | Climb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | M | Ruderal |
Pentaphylacaceae | ||||||
Ternstroemia sp. | Flor de tila | Shrub | Native | Gathering, enhancement, protected, and tolerated | M | Wild |
Ternstroemia lineata DC. | Hachevitl, tila | Tree | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | M | Wild |
Phytolaccaceae | ||||||
Phytolacca icosandra L. | Molquilitl, molli, yamolli | Herb | Native | Gathering, enhancement, and tolerated | E | Weedy, ruderal |
Picramniaceae | ||||||
Picramnia antidesma Sw. | Soplador | Herb | Native | Gathering | CO | Wild |
Pinaceae | ||||||
Pinus montezumae Lamb. | Pino | Tree | Native | Gathering | CO | Wild |
Pinus patula Schltdl. and Cham. | Ocotl, ocote, pino | Tree | Native | Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated | O, FW, CO | Wild |
Pinus teocote Schltdl. and Cham. | Ocotl, ocote, pino | Tree | Native | Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated | FW | Wild |
Piperaceae | ||||||
Peperomia caperata Yunck. | – | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Peperomia nigropunctata Miq. | Tequilitl, tequelite | Herb | Native | Gathering, enhancement, tolerated | E | Wild |
Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietr. | – | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Peperomia peltilimba C. DC. ex Trel. | Tehuantequilitl | Herb | Native | Gathering | E | Wild |
Peperomia sp. | Huetshibitl | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Piper auritum Kunth. | Tlanepaquilitl, tlanilpayilitl, hierba santa | Shrub | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement | E, M | Domesticated |
Plantaginaceae | ||||||
Antirrhinum majus L. | Perrito | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Digitalis purpurea L. | – | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Plantago alismatifolia Pilg. | Lengua de vaca, Toro Lengua | Herb | Exotic | Enhancement, tolerated | F | Weedy, ruderal |
Russelia obtusata S. F. Blake | Aretillo | Herb | Native | Tolerated | M | Wild |
Platanaceae | ||||||
Platanus mexicana Moric. | Papaloguitl, papalohuitl, álamo | Tree | Native | Tolerated | M, FW | Wild |
Poaceae | ||||||
Arundo donax L. | Agatl, Carrizo | Herb | Exotic | Enhancement, tolerated | CO | Ruderal |
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl. | Agatl, Carrizo | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | CO | Domesticated |
Bothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Herter | Calzácatl | Herb | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | CO | Weedy, ruderal |
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf | Zacate limón | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | M | Domesticated |
Pennisetun purpureum Schumach | Molotzin, zacatillo | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | F | Ruderal and weedy |
Saccharum officinarum L. | Caña de azúcar | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Domesticated |
Zea mays L. | Maíz | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed | E, F, C, M | Domesticated |
Polygonaceae | ||||||
Rumex crispus L. | Xoghilitl, Lengua de vaca | Herb | Exotic | Enhancement, tolerated | E | Weedy, ruderal |
Polypodaceae | ||||||
Phlebodium pseudoaureum (Cav.) Lellinger | – | Herb | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Platycerium alcicorne Desv. | Nogopetatl, asta de ciervo | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Portulacaceae | ||||||
Portulaca oleracea L. | Verdolaga | Herb | Uncertain | Cultivated by seed, enhancement, protected, and tolerated | O, E, M | Weedy, ruderal |
Primulaceae | ||||||
Anagallis arvensis L. | – | Herb | Exotic | Enhancement, tolerated | F, M | Weedy, ruderal |
Lysimachia nummularia L. | – | Herb | Exotic | Enhancement, tolerated | O | Ruderal |
Pteridaceae | ||||||
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. | – | Herb | Exotic | Transplantation of whole individuals | O | Ruderal |
Llavea cordifolia Lag. | – | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Ranunculaceae | ||||||
Ranunculus sp. | Chichibitl | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Ranunculus petiolaris Humb., Bonpl. and Kunth ex DC. | Botón de oro, tepostrompo | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Weedy, ruderal |
Rhamnaceae | ||||||
Ceanothus sp. | Espire | Shrub | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Rhamnus sp. | – | Tree | Native | Gathering, tolerated | O | Wild |
Sageretia elegans (Kunth) Brongn. | – | Tree | Native | Gathering | E | Wild |
Rosaceae | ||||||
Amelanchier denticulata (Kunth) K. Koch | Tlaxistle | Shrub | Native | Gathering | M | Ruderal |
Cercocarpus fothergilloides Kunth | Tepellili | Tree | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | CO, FW, SH | Wild |
Cercocarpus macrophyllus C.K. Schneid. | Tepoztenabatl | Tree | Native | Tolerated | M, FW | Wild |
Crataegus mexicana DC. | Texocotl, tejocote | Tree | Native | Transplantation of whole individuals, enhancement, protected, and tolerated | E, LF, M | Wild |
Crataegus pubescens (C. Presl) C. Presl | Texocotl | Tree | Native | Transplantation of whole individuals, enhancement, protected, and tolerated | E, M, FW | Wild |
Cydonia oblonga Mill. | Membrillo | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by seed, cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Domesticated |
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. | Xoxogotl, níspero | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Fragaria mexicana Schltdl. | Fresa | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Malus domestica Borkh. | Manzana | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E, FW | Domesticated |
Prunus armeniaca L. | Chabacano | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Domesticated |
Prunus domestica L. | Ciruela | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Domesticated |
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | Durazno | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E, FW | Domesticated |
Prunus serotina Ehrh. | Capolcuahuitl, capulín | Tree | Native | Transplantation of whole individuals, enhancement, protected, and tolerated | E, FW, M | Wild |
Pyrus communis L. | Pera | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Domesticated |
Pyrus malus L. | Perón | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Domesticated |
Rosa sp. | Rosa | Shrub | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Rosa gallica L. | Rosa de castilla | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Rubus adenotrichos Schltdl. | Xoxonte, zarzamora | Shrub | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | E, LF | Ruderal |
Rubus eriocarpus Liebm. | Zarzamora | Shrub | Native | Tolerated | E | Wild |
Rubiaceae | ||||||
Bouvardia ternifolia (Cav.) Schltdl. | Cagastli | Shrub | Native | Tolerated | P | Ruderal |
Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. | – | Shrub | Native | Tolerated | O | Wild |
Coccocypselum cordifolium Nees and Mart. | – | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Coffea arabica L. | Café | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E, FW | Domesticated |
Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis | Gardenia | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Hamelia patens Jacq. | Cocacabatzi | Shrub | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | M | Weedy |
Rutaceae | ||||||
Citrus aurantifolia Swingle | Limón | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Domesticated |
Citrus limetta Risso | Lima | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E, FW | Domesticated |
Citrus reticulata Blanco | Mandarina | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck | Naranja | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E, FW | Domesticated |
Ptelea sp. | – | Tree | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Ruta chalepensis L. | Ruda | Shrub | Exotic | Enhancement, tolerated | M | Ruderal |
Salicaceae | ||||||
Salix taxifolia Kunth | Abeshotl | Tree | Native | Tolerated | FW, SH | Wild |
Santalaceae | ||||||
Phoradendron sp. | Tempala | Herb | Native | Gathering | O | Wild |
Sapindaceae | ||||||
Acer negundo L. | Acezintle | Tree | Native | Tolerated, enhancement, protected, and transplantation of whole individuals | CO, SH | Wild |
Allophylus cominia (L.) Sw. | – | Tree | Exotic | Enhancement, tolerated | F | Wild |
Cupania dentata DC. | Cuetzalcahuitl | Tree | Native | Tolerated | CO, FW, SH | Wild |
Urvillea ulmacea Kunth | – | Tree | Native | Tolerated | F | Wild |
Sapotaceae | ||||||
Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen | Zapote Blanco | Tree | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Wild |
Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni | Zapote de niño | Tree | Native | Cultivated by seed, enhancement, protected, and tolerated | E, M | Wild |
Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore and Stearn | Mamey | Tree | Native | Cultivated by seed, propagación vegetativa | E, M | Wild |
Sideroxylon palmeri (Rose) T.D. Penn. | Tempesquistle | Tree | Native | Transplantation of whole individuals, enhancement, protected, and tolerated | E, CO, SH, U | Wild |
Scrophulariaceae | ||||||
Buddleja sp. | Pepeshtli | Shrub | Native | Gathering | M | Wild |
Calceolaria tripartita Ruiz and Pavón | Globitos | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Weedy |
Castilleja arvensis Schltdl. and Cham. | Flor de cochi | Herb | Native | Tolerated | F | Weedy, ruderal |
Lamourouxia multifida Kunth | Tlanpatzitzi | Herb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | F, O | Weedy, ruderal |
Salicaceae | ||||||
Xylosma flexuosa (Kunth) Hemsl. | – | Shrub | Native | Gathering | CO, FW, SH | Wild |
Selaginellaceae | ||||||
Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring | Ogopetatl, doradilla | Herb | Native | Gathering | O, M | Wild |
Siparunaceae | ||||||
Siparuna thecaphora (Poepp. & Endl.) A. DC. | Sojacobitl, soquicobitl, limoncillo | Tree | Native | Protected | M | Wild |
Solanaceae | ||||||
Brugmansia × insignis (Barb. Rodr.) Lockwood ex R.E. Schult. | Tzapa, xóchitltecomatl, floripondio, florifundio | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O, M | Domesticated |
Brugmansia candida Pers. | Tzapa, xóchitltecomatl, floripondio, florifundio | Tree | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O, M | Domesticated |
Capsicum annuum L. | Chile poblano | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser and Pickersgill | Chiltepin | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated | E | Wild |
Capsicum pubescens Ruiz and Pav. | Chile canario | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | E | Domesticated |
Cestrum nocturnum L. | Zopeliquilitl, huele de noche | Herb | Native | Transplantation of whole individuals, cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Weedy |
Datura stramonium L. | Toloatzin, toloache | Herb | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | M | Weedy, ruderal |
Jaltomata procumbens (Cav.) J. L. Gentry | Xaltocto, aztoquilitl, quelite de zorra | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated | E | Weedy, ruderal |
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. | Citlaltomatl, tomate de lucero, tomate guajillo, tomate de ratón | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated | E | Weedy, ruderal |
Nicotiana glauca Graham | Tepebeshotl, tebebeshotl | Tree | Native | Gathering, tolerated | M | Ruderal |
Petunia hybrida Vilm. | Betunia | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | O | Domesticated |
Physalis philadelphica Lam. | Miltomatl, tomate de cáscara | Herb | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | E | Weedy, ruderal |
Solandra grandiflora Sw. | Copa de oro | Shrub | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Solanum americanum Mill. | Tomaquilitl, hierba mora | Herb | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | E | Weedy, ruderal |
Solanum glaucescens Zucc. | Cuatomatl, tomate de corazón o de Monte | Herb | Native | Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated | E, M | Weedy |
Solanum lanceolatum Cav. | Valeriana | Herb | Native | Gathering, tolerated | E, M | Ruderal |
Solanum laxum Spreng. | Comecaxochitl, lágrima, ramo de novia, velo de novia | Climb | Exotic | Cultivated by seed | O | Wild |
Solanum nigrescens M. Martens and Galeotti | Xaltocto, coccoyo | Herb | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | E | Weedy, ruderal |
Solanum tuberosum L. | Tlahuatetl, tlacotetl, papa | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Domesticated |
Solanum wendlandii Hook. f. | – | Climb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Witheringia solanacea L’hér. | Hierbamora cimarrona | Shrub | Native | Cultivated by seed | E | Weedy |
Theaceae | ||||||
Camellia japonica L. | Camelia | Shrub | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Domesticated |
Tropaeolaceae | ||||||
Tropaeolum majus L. | – | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Ruderal |
Ulmeaceae | ||||||
Ulmus mexicana (Liebm.) Planch. | Ilite | Tree | Native | Enhancement, tolerated | CO, FW, SH | Wild |
Urticaceae | ||||||
Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol. | Guarumbo hormiguero | Tree | Native | Tolerated | M | Wild |
Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. | Lenteja | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement, and tolerated | O | Weedy, ruderal |
Verbenaceae | ||||||
Lantana camara L. | Mala suegra | Shrub | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation, tolerated | O, P | Ruderal |
Lippia graveolens Kunth | Orégano | Herb | Native | Gathering | E, M | Wild |
Phyla scaberrima (Juss. ex Pers.) Moldenke | Egegachibitl | Herb | Native | Gathering | M | Ruderal |
Violaceae | ||||||
Viola odorata L. | Violeta cimarrona | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | M | Weedy |
Xanthorrhoeaceae | ||||||
Phormium sp. | Palma cimarrona | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O | Wild |
Zingiberaceae | ||||||
Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. | – | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | O, C | Wild |
Renealmia alpinia (Rottb.) Maas | Huazmole, veligmolli | Herb | Native | Transplantation of whole individuals, cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement, and protected | E | Wild |
Renealmia mexicana Klotzsch ex Petersen | Palma velijmolli | Herb | Native | Cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement | O | Wild |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Gengibre | Herb | Exotic | Cultivated by vegetative propagation | E | Domesticated |
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Blancas Vázquez, J.J. et al. (2023). Ethnobotany of the Nahua People: Plant Use and Management in the Sierra Negra, Puebla, Mexico. In: Casas, A., Blancas Vázquez, J.J. (eds) Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Mexico. Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99357-3_19
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99357-3_19
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