Ethnobotany of the Nahua People: Plant Use and Management in the Sierra Negra, Puebla, Mexico

Abstract

The Sierra Negra region is a rich mosaic of ecosystems and cultures in interaction. There, people practice a pattern of multiple use and management of the different plant species and vegetation types occurring in their communitarian territories and, through interchange, those of other communities of the region. Due to a complex socio-ecological history, characterized by a relative isolation of the region for a long time, people inhabiting the area generated strategies of using the diverse environments to mitigate the sources of climate, social, and economic uncertainties. The strategies of risk management included creative forms to achieve food security (use of numerous species and ecosystems, different types of management of species, including cultivation and domestication, techniques for food conservation and storing, among others) and, in general, using their own resources to satisfy their basic subsistence needs without depending on external regions. Until the present, ethnobotanical studies by our research group have identified 496 plant species, which constitute the useful flora of the region, but more studies are still needed, and this cipher surely will increase. In the current inventory, the richest plant families providing useful species are Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Asparagaceae, Solanaceae, and Rosaceae, which are used, in order of importance, as ornamental, medicine, food, and fuel. We have also documented a strategy of multiple use of plant resources, each species having 1 to 16 uses (3.48 uses on average per species), and each vegetation type providing on average 161 useful species. Also, we have identified a pattern of eco-symbiotic complementarity among environments and vegetation types, which has been constructed through time as a response to uncertainty in the availability of resources due to ecological and socioeconomic factors. Strategies to deal with ecological and social uncertainty have been identified and documented to include management and incipient domestication of some species in forest and agroforestry systems, as well as interchange among communities living in different ecosystems. This research analyzes the deep knowledge of the regional people about ecological relations of plants, their properties associated with use, the management types operating on them, and requirements and consequences associated with management. We recognize the still limited research conducted in the area and the need of continuing ethnobotanical studies; we identify some priorities. The inventory of useful plants and their management is still limited while significant areas of diversity of ecosystems and cultures of the region remain unexplored. The Sierra Negra constitutes an important refuge of biocultural diversity that contributes valuable lessons on plant and ecosystem management. Such experience deserves to be understood for constructing sustainable forms of human-nature interactions for ensuring the future of new generations of local and regional people.

Appendix 1 Plants used by local people in Sierra Negra, Puebla, Mexico

Scientific name	Common name	Growth type	Origin	Management status	Usesa	Ecological status
Acanthaceae
Acanthus mollis L.	Acanto	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Aphelandra squarrosa Nees	–	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Beloperone guttata Brandegee	Illegaypig, camarón	Shrub	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Hypoestes phyllostachya Baker		Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Justicia aurea Schltdl.	Oloxochitl	Shrub	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Justicia carnea Lindl.	Oloxochitl	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	M, O	Domesticated
Pachystachys lutea Nees	Cuatlinenepil	Shrub	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Thumbergia alata Bojer ex Sims	Ixtololomazatl	Climb	Exotic	Tolerated	O	Ruderal
Adoxaceae
Sambucus mexicana C. Presl ex DC.	Xometl, sauco	Shrub	Native	Gathering, enhancement, tolerated	E, M	Wild
Aizoaceae
Allium cepa L.	Cebolla	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Aptenia cordifolia (L. f.) Schwantes	–	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E. Br.	–	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Alstroemeriaceae
Bomarea hirta Schenk	Comegatl	Climb	Exotic	Tolerated	F, LF	Weedy
Altinginaceae
Liquidambar styraciflua L.	Papalouwit cimarro	Tree	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	FW, M	Wild
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus hybridus L.	Baquilitl, quintonil	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated	E	Weedy
Celosia cristata L.	Flor de terciopelo	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	O	Domesticated
Chenopodium berlandieri Moq.	Amole, quelite Blanco	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed	E	Weedy, domesticated, ruderal
Chenopodium nuttalliae Saff.	Huauzontle	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed, enhancement	E	Weedy, ruderal
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin and Clemants	Epazotl	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed	E, M	Weedy, domesticated, ruderal
Amaryllidaceae
Agapanthus campanulatus F.M. Leight.	Ciento uno, agapando	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Amaryllis belladonna L.	–	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Amaryllis sp.	–	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Clivia miniata Regel	–	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Hippeastrum elegans (Spreng.) H. E. Moore	Palma, lirio	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Narcissus sp.	Narciso	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	O	Domesticated
Anacardiaceae
Cyrtocarpa procera Kunth	Mashaxocotl, chupandilla	Tree	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	E	Wild
Mangifera indica L.	Mango	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Annonaceae
Annona cherimola Mill.	Chirimoya	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E, FW	Domesticated
Annona muricata L.	Guanábana	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Apiaceae
Coriandrum sativum L.	Cilantro	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Daucus carota L.	Zanahoria	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Eryngium foetidum L.	Cilantro cimarrón	Herb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	E	Wild
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.	Hinojo	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	M	Domesticated
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss	Perejil	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Apocynaceae
Allamanda cathartica L.	Copa de oro	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Asclepias curassavica L.	Chilillo	Herb	Native	Tolerated	M	Ruderal
Asclepias linaria Cav.	Roromero	Shrub	Native	Tolerated	M	Ruderal
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don	Coronaxibitl	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Nerium oleander L.	Adelfa	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O, S	Domesticated
Plumeria rubra L.	Cacaloxochitl	Tree	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O, M	Wild
Stemmadenia sp.		Tree	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	G	Wild
Vinca major L.	Candelaria	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	C	Domesticated
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex sp.	–	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Araceae
Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don.	–	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Anthurium andreanum Linden	–	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Anthurium crassinervium (Jacq.) Schott	Anturio	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Anthurium cubense Engl.	#	Climb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Caladium bicolor Vent.	Bebetcho rojo	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.)G. Don	Bebetcho pinto	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott	–	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Monstera deliciosa Liebm.	Piñanona, calavera	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation, transplantation of whole individuals	O	Domesticated
Monstera sp.	Piñanona	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott	Teléfono	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum (Liebm.) Engl.	Ixtaxochitl, elotlquilitl, eloxóchitl	Herb	Native	Transplantation of whole individuals, enhancement, and tolerated	O, E	Wild
Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel	Ixtaxochitl (cuna de Moisés)	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Xanthosoma robustum Schott.	Bebetcho, malangar	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement, and transplantation of whole individuals	O, E	Wild
Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott	Bebetcho pequeño	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng.	Cartucho, alcatráz	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Araliaceae
Acracomia mexicana Karw. ex. Mart.	Coyol	Tree	Native	Gathering, tolerated, transplantation of whole individuals	C, E, O	Wild
Oreopanax xalapensis (Kunth) Decne. & Planch.	–	Tree	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Schefflera arboricola (Hayata) Merr.	–	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Chamaedora elegans Mart	Camedora	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed, enhancement, protected, gathering, tolerated	O	Wild
Chamaedorea tepejilote Liebm. ex Mart	Tepexilotl, tepejilote	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed, cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement, protected, gathering, tolerated	O, E	Wild
Phoenix canariensis Wildpret	Palma	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Asclepiadaceae
Asclepias curassavica L.	–	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Gonolobus uniflorus Kunth.	Pochotl	Climb	Native	Enhancement	E	Wild
Asparagaceae
Agave aff. angustifolia	–	Rosette	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	CO, FI	Domesticated
Agave americana L.	Mexcaltenechtli	Rosette	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O, E, F, CO, LF	Domesticated
Agave americana var. marginata Trel.	Maguey	Rosette	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Agave angustifolia Haw.	Népulli	Rosette	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E, AB	Wild
Agave atrovirens Karw. ex Salm-Dyck	Mexcalli	Rosette	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement, and transplantation of whole individuals	AB	Domesticated
Agave celsii Hook	Magueyito	Rosette	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Agave ellemetiana Jacobi	–	Rosette	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Agave pendula Schnittsp.	Mexcalli	Rosette	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Wild
Agave obscura Schiede	Mezcalcacaya	Rosette	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	C	Wild
Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck.	Mexcalli	Rosette	Native	Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated	E	Domesticated
Agave salmiana var. ferox (K. Koch) Gentry	Maguey de pulque	Rosette	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Domesticated
Asparagus officinalis L.	Espárrago	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Domesticated
Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques	Listón, listoncillo	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev.	Pabellón	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Dasylirion serratifolium (Karw. ex Schult. f.) Zucc.	Tehuizotl, tebixtli, cucharita	Rosette	Native	Gathering, enhancement, protected, and tolerated	E	Wild
Dasylirion sp.	Matzitzi	Rosette	Native	Gathering, enhancement, protected, tolerated	E	Wild
Nolina longifolia (Karw. ex Schult. f.) Hemsl.	Sotolli	Rosette	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	O	Wild
Polianthes tuberosa L.	Nardo	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Sansevieria trifasciata Prain	–	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Yucca guatemalensis Baker	Izotl, izote	Rosette	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E, LF, C	Domesticated
Asphodelaceae
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.	Sábila	Herb	Exotic	Transplantation of whole individuals, cultivated by vegetative propagation	O, M	Ruderal
Gasteria sp.	–	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Kniphofia uvaria (L.) Oken	Española	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement, and tolerated	O	Weedy, ruderal
Asteraceae
Achillea millefolium L.	Micashibitl, alcanfoshibitl	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Ruderal
Ageratina sp.	Teogopultzin, teogopaltzi	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	M	Weedy
Ageratina sp.	Cogopatzi	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Ruderal
Ageratina sp.	Tegopultzin, teoyopultzin	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Ageratina sp.	Chichilchibitl	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Ageratina espinosarum (A. Gray) R.M. King and H. Rob.	–	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Ageratina tomentella (Schrad.) R. M. King and H. Rob.	–	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Ambrosia sp.	–	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Artemisia absinthium L.	Hierba maestra	Herb	Exotic	Gathering	M	Wild
Artemisia absinthium var. insipida Stechmann	Hierba maestra	Herb	Exotic	Gathering	M	Ruderal
Artemisia ludoviciana subsp. mexicana (Willd. ex Spreng.) D.D. Keck	Iztauhyatl, iztagafiah, estafiate	Shrub	Native	Enhancement	M	Ruderal
Artemisia mexicana Willd. ex Spreng.	Hierba maestra	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed	M	Ruderal
Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.	–	Shrub	Native	Gathering	M	Ruderal
Baccharis conferta Kunth.	Tlalpabashtli, tlachpabashtli, escobilla	Shrub	Native	Gathering	U	Ruderal
Barkleyanthus salicifolius (Kunth) H.E. Robins. And Brett.	Yoyotli, azomiate	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Ruderal
Bidens sp.	Amozo	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Ruderal
Brickellia veronicifolia (Kunth) A. Gray	–	Shrub	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Calea zacatechichi Schltdl.	Zacatechichi	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Ruderal
Calendula officinalis L.	Caléndula	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	M	Domesticated
Calyptocarpus vialis Less.	Iloshibitl	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Ruderal
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.	Campechana, crisantemo	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	O	Domesticated
Cirsium sp.	Pitzobiztli	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Ruderal
Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.	Mirasol	Herb	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Erigeron karvinskianus DC.	Ictebashibitl, iktigabashibitl	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Ruderal
Erigeron sp.	Teshibitl	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Ruderal
Galinsoga parviflora Cav.	–	Herb	Native	Enhancement, gathering, and tolerated	F	Weedy, ruderal
Gnaphalium americanum P. Mill.	Gordolobo	Herb	Native	Enhancement, gathering, and tolerated	M	Ruderal, weedy
Gymnosperma glutinosum (Spreng.) Less.	Escobilla	Shrub	Native	Gathering, tolerated	AB, M, U	Ruderal
Jaegeria hirta (Lag.)Less.	–	Herb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	F, M	Weedy, ruderal
Jefea sp.	–	Shrub	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Helianthus sp.	Shaltacto	Herb	Exotic	Gathering	O	Weedy, ruderal
Heterotheca inuloides Cass.	Arnica	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed	M	Weedy, ruderal
Lactuca sativa L.	Lechuga	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Leucanthemum vulgare Tourn. ex Lam.	Margarita	Herb	Naturalized	Cultivated by seed	O	Weedy, ruderal
Matricaria chamomilla L.	Manzanilla	Herb	Exotic	Enhancement	M	Domesticated
Melampodium divaricatum (Rich) DC.	Ojo de conejo	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated	E, F, M	Ruderal
Montanoa grandiflora DC.	Tzatzaztli	Herb	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Montanoa sp.	Tlatlatzca	Herb	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Parthenium tomentosum DC	Sibashibitl	Shrub	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Piqueria trinervia Cav.	Sanigulas, hierba de San Nicolás	Herb	Native	Tolerated	M	Weedy
Pluchea carolinensis (Jacq.) G. Don	Ahuabitl	Shrub	Native	Gathering, tolerated	M	Ruderal
Porophyllum linaria (Cav.) DC.	Malagalquilitl, pipicha, pipitza	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed, enhancement, protected, and tolerated	E, M	Weedy
Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass.	Papaloquilitl, papaloquelite	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed, enhancement	E	Weedy
Pseudognaphalium conoideum Anderb.	Aztoquilitl	Herb	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	E	Weedy
Telanthophora sp.	Ecashibitl	Herb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	E	Wild
Sanvitalia procumbens Lam.	–	Herb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	M, O	Weedy, ruderal
Sigesbeckia jorullensis Kunth.	–	Herb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	M	Weedy
Sonchus oleraceus L.	Memella	Herb	Exotic	Tolerated	E	Weedy, ruderal
Stevia sp.	Xogobashi, hierba del borracho	Herb	Exotic	Gathering	E, M	Ruderal
Stevia sp.	Micaxochitl	Herb	Native	Gathering	C	Ruderal
Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) G.L. Nesom	Chichishibitl, cotchua	Herb	Exotic	Gathering, tolerated	M	Ruderal
Symphyotrichum sp.	–	Herb	Exotic	Gathering, tolerated	O	Domesticated
Tagetes erecta L.	Xempaxóchitl, flor de muerto	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed	O	Weedy
Tagetes filifolia Lag.	Anís	Herb	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	M	Ruderal
Tagetes lucida Cav.	Pericón	Herb	Native	Gathering, enhancement, and tolerated	M	Ruderal
Tagetes lunulata Ort.	Flor de muerto silvestre	Herb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	O	Wild
Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip.	Santa María shibitl	Herb	Exotic	Gathering, tolerated	M	Ruderal
Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg.	Diente de león	Herb	Exotic	Tolerated	M	Weedy, ruderal
Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) S. E. Blake	Acahual	Herb	Native	Gathering, enhancement, and tolerated	O	Weedy, ruderal
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray	Acahuale	Shrub	Native	Tolerated	F	Weedy, ruderal
Verbesina crocata (Cav.) Less.	Vitzcobitl, capitaneja	Herb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	FW, M	Ruderal, weedy
Verbesina sp.	Zazastli	Shrub	Native	Gathering, tolerated	O	Ruderal
Verbesina sp.	Zazagapali (teresita)	Herb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	C	Wild
Verbesina sp.	Tronadora	Herb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	O	Wild
Viguiera dentata (Cav.) Spreng.	Chimalacate	Herb	Native	Gathering, enhancement, and tolerated	M	Wild
Viguiera sp.	Zojiejshibitl	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Xanthium strumarium L.	–	Herb	Native	Tolerated	O	Ruderal
Zaluzania montagnifolia (Sch. Bip.) Sch. Bip.	Pepextli, pepebeshtli	Shrub	Native	Gathering, tolerated	M, F	Wild
Zinnia elegans Jacq.	Cabecitas	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed	O	Domesticated
Zinnia peruviana L.	–	Herb	Native	Gathering, enhancement, and tolerated	O	Ruderal
Balsaminaceae
Impatiens balsamina L.	Chino, gachupín	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Impatiens zombensis Baker f.	–	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Impatiens sodenii Engel and Warb.	–	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Impatiens walleriana Hook f.	Belén, chino	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Begoniaceae
Begonia semperflorens Link and Otto	Cecigxochitl, begonia	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Begonia tuberosa Lam.	Ala de ángel	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Betulaceae
Alnus acuminata Kunth	Elite comegaxóchitl, Bejuco de cera, eliguitl, elite, abedul	Tree	Native	Transplantation of whole individuals, enhancement, and tolerated	M, FW, C, SH	Wild
Bignoniaceae
Crescentia alata Kunth	Chichictegomatl, jícara de Monte	Tree	Native	Cultivated by seed	U	Wild
Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don.	Jacaranda	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	O	Wild
Parmentiera aculeata (kunth) Seem.	Cuaxilotl, cuajilote	Tree	Native	Transplantation of whole individuals, enhancement, and tolerated	E	Wild
Bixaceae
Bixa orellana L.	Axiote	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E	Wild
Brassicaceae
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.	Mostaza	Herb	Exotic	Tolerated	E	Ruderal
Brassica rapa L.	Colesh, colechtenechtli, colechtenso	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated	E	Weedy, ruderal
Brassica sp.	Colesh cuagio	Herb	Exotic	Gathering, tolerated	E	Weedy
Lepidium virginicum L.	Chilchibitl	Herb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	M	Weedy, ruderal
Matthiola incana (L.) W.T. Aiton	Alhelí	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	M	Domesticated
Raphanus raphanistrum L.	Rabanoquilitl	Herb	Exotic	Enhancement, tolerated	E	Weedy
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek	Atlanquilitl, berro	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E, M	Ruderal, wild
Bromeliaceae
Tillandsia deppeana Steud.	–	Epiphyte	Native	Gathering	O, R	Wild
Tillandsia gymnobotrya Baker	–	Epiphyte	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Tillandsia imperialis E. Morren ex Mez	–	Epiphyte	Native	Gathering	O, R	Wild
Tillandsia lucida E. Morren ex Baker	Xolochi	Epiphyte	Native	Gathering	O, R	Wild
Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.	Heno, pashtle	Epiphyte	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Burseraceae
Bursera aspleniifolia Brandegee	Copalhuabitl	Tree	Native	Gathering	RE	Wild
Bursera biflora (Rose) Standl.	Copalhuabitl	Tree	Native	Gathering	RE	Wild
Bursera grandifolia (Schltdl.) Engl.	Chichiltihuabitl, tepebashibitl	Tree	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Cactaceae
Disocactus ackermannii (Haw.) Ralf Bauer	Nopalxochitl	Epiphyte	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Disocactus phyllanthoides (DC.) Barthlott	–	Epiphyte	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Echinopsis sp.	–	Rosette	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Epiphyllum sp.	–	Epiphyte	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton and Rose	Pitahaya	Epiphyte	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O, E	Wild
Mammillaria carnea Zucc. Ex Pfeiff.	Cactus	Rosette	Native	Gathering, tolerated	O	Wild
Mammillaria elegans DC.	Cactus	Rosette	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Mammillaria flavicentra Backeb. ex Mottram	Cactus	Rosette	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Mammillaria polyedra Mart.	Cactus	Rosette	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.	Nopalli, nopal	Shrub	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E, M	Domesticated
Opuntia microdasys (Lehm.) Pfeiff.	–	Shrub	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Rhipsalis baccifera (Sol.) Stearn	Mazazalitzi	Epiphyte	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Schlumbergera truncata (Haw.) Moran	–	Epiphyte	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Stenocereus pruinosus (Otto ex Pfeiff.) Buxb.	Pitaya	Columnar cacti	Native	Tolerated, enhancement, protected, transplantation of whole individuals, and cultivated by vegetative propagation	E, FW	Domesticated
Calophyllaceae
Mammea americana L.	Cuatzapotl	Tree	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	E, O	Wild
Cannabaceae
Celtis caudata Planch.	–	Tree	Native	Gathering	FW	Wild
Cannaceae
Canna indica L.	Panispatl	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	O, E	Wild, ruderal
Canna x generalis L.H. Bailey and E.Z. Bailey	–	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed	O	Domesticated
Capparidaceae
Cleome sp.	–	Herb	Native	Transplantation of whole individuals	O	Weedy
Cleoserrata speciosa (Raf.) Iltis	Mabilquilitl	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed, enhancement, tolerated	E	Weedy
Caricaceae
Carica cauliflora Jacq.	Papaya cimarrona	Tree	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Domesticated
Carica papaya L.	Papaya	Tree	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Domesticated
Caryophyllaceae
Dianthus caryophyllus L.	Clavel	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Gypsophila paniculata L.	Nube	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	O	Wild
Chrysobalanaceae
Couepia polyandra (Kunth) Rose	Zapote de niño	Tree	Native	Gathering, enhancement, tolerated	E	Wild
Commelinaceae
Commelina tuberosa Willd.	Hierba del pollo	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Ruderal
Tinantia erecta (Jacq.) Schltdl.	Matlali, hierba del pollo	Herb	Native	Enhancement	M	Ruderal
Tradescantia sp.	Matlali	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	M	Wild
Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R. Hunt	Matlali	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	M	Domesticated
Tradescantia sillamontana Matuda	Oreja de burro	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Tradescantia spathacea Sw.	Matlali	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Tradescantia zebrina Heynh. ex Bosse	Matlali	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Convolvulaceae
Dichondra sp.	–	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed	O	Domesticated
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.	Camote	Climb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Weedy
Crassulaceae
Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet and H. Perrier	–	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Ruderal
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.	Santuario	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Ruderal
Sedum allantoides Rose	Deditos	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Sedum morganianum E. Walther	Cola de borrego	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Sedum pachyphyllum Rose	Deditos del niño Jesús	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Sedum palmeri S. Watson	–	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Sedum rubrotinctum R.T. Clausen	Deditos del niño Jesús	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Sedum sp.	Deditos del Niño Jesús	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Cucurbitaceae
Cucumis sativus L.	Pepino	Climb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché	Ziligayotl, cilagayotl, chilacayote	Climb	Native	Cultivated by seed	E	Weedy, domesticated
Cucurbita moschata Duchesne	Abayotli, calabaza amarilla	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Cucurbita pepo L.	Calabaza	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Cucurbita sp.	Calabaza melón	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.	Cuatecomatl	Climb	Native	Cultivated by seed, enhancement	E, M	Domesticated
Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.	Chayoctli, chayote	Climb	Native	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Sicyos parviflorus Willd.	Camachichio	Climb	Native	Tolerated	S	Wild, ruderal
Cupressaceae
Cupressus lusitanica Mill.	Cedro	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	M, FW, CO	Domesticated
Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. ex. Gordon	Tlátzca, ciprés	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Cupressus sempervirens L.	Tlátzca, ciprés	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Cupressus sp.	Teocobitl, Cedro	Tree	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement, tolerated	M, CO	Wild
Juniperus deppeana Steud.	Tlátzca, ciprés	Tree	Native	Transplantation of whole individuals, tolerated	FW, LF	Wild
Cyatheaceae
Cyathea sp.	–	Tree	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Dennstaedtiaceae
Pteridium sp.	Ogopetatl	Herb	Native	Tolerated	M	Wild
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea floribunda M. Martens and Galeotti	Barbasco	Herb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	M	Ruderal
Ebenaceae
Diospyros digyna Jacq.	Tliltlzapotl, zapote negro	Tree	Native	Cultivated by seed	O, E, FW, M	Domesticated
Equisetaceae
Equisetum hyemale L.	Cola de caballo	Herb	Native	Gathering	O, M	Wild
Ericaceae
Arbutus xalapensis Kunth	Madroño	Tree	Native	Gathering	M, FW	Wild
Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet	Azalea	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	O	Domesticated
Vaccinium leucanthum Schltdl.	Tetzmolli, tetzmole	Shrub	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	E, FW	Wild
Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha alopecuroidea Jacq.	–	Herb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	M	Wild, ruderal
Croton draco Schltdl. and Cham.	–	Tree	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	M	Wild
Euphorbia milii Des Moul.	Corona de Jesús	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Ruderal
Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch	Nexóchitl, nezpatlahuac, neztlixochtl, flor de nochebuena	Shrub	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Euphorbia trigona Haw.	–	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Jatropha curcas L.	Piñón	Shrub	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E, M	Domesticated
Omphalea sp.	Jonote	Tree	Native	Gathering	M, U	Wild
Ricinus communis L.	Cuyabatzi, higuerilla	Shrub	Exotic	Enhancement, tolerated	M	Ruderal
Fabaceae
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd	Huizache	Shrub	Native	Tolerated	FW	Ruderal
Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Arn.	Cedro rosado	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation, cultivated by seed	FW, SH	Wild
Calia secundiflora (Ortega) Yakovlev	–	Shrub	Native	Gathering, tolerated	M, O	Wild
Canavalia villosa Benth.	Comegatl	Climb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Conzattia multiflora (B.L. Rob.) Standl.	–	Tree	Native	Tolerated	SH	Wild
Crotalaria pumila Ortega	Xayacatl	Herb	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	M, FW, CO	Weedy, ruderal
Desmodium aparines (Link) DC.	–	Herb	Native	Tolerated	M	Weedy, ruderal
Diphysa americana (Miller) M. Sousa	Chiquiliche	Tree	Native	Tolerated	CO	Wild
Erythrina americana Mill.	Iquimite, nigimitl, colorín	Tree	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E, LF	Wild
Inga flexuosa Schltdl.	Topetli	Tree	Native	Transplantation of whole individuals	E, FW, SH	Wild
Leucaena diversifolia (Schltdl.) Benth.	Guaje	Tree	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	E	Wild
Leucaena esculenta (Moc. & Sessé ex DC.) Benth.	Guaje guajilitl	Tree	Native	Cultivated by seed	E, FW	Domesticated
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit	Guaje cimarrón	Tree	Native	Tolerated	E	Wild
Lupinus elegans Kunth	–	Herb	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Lupinus montanus HBK	Yoloczixihuitl	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed, gathering, and tolerated	O, M	Weedy, ruderal
Lysiloma sp.	Tepebashitli	Tree	Native	Gathering, tolerated	FW	Wild
Mimosa aculeaticarpa Ortega	–	Shrub	Native	Gathering, tolerated	FW	Ruderal
Phaseolus coccineus L.	Ilamatzin, xochiquilitl, bepa, frijol ayocote	Shrub	Native	Cultivated by seed, enhancement, protected, and tolerated	E	Weedy, ruderal
Phaseolus sp.	–	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Phaseolus vulgaris L.	Pitza, frijol negro	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Pisum sativum L.	Chícharo	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Senna holwayana (Rose) Irwin et Barneby	Nesneshtamaltzin	Tree	Native	Transplantation of whole individuals	O	Wild
Senna multiglandulosa (Jacq.) H.S. Irwin and Barneby	–	Shrub	Native	Transplantation of whole individuals	O	Ruderal
Senna obtusifolia (L) H.S. Irwin and Bareby	–	Shrub	Native	Tolerated	M	Ruderal
Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H. S. Irwin and Barneby	–	Shrub	Native	Tolerated	M	Ruderal
Vicia faba L.	Haba	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Fagaceae
Quercus laurina Humb. and Bonpl.	Copazole, apipitzactli	Tree	Native	Gathering, enhancement, protected, and tolerated	M, FW	Wild
Quercus rugosa Née	Tlilibicawatl, nahuacocomole	Tree	Native	Gathering, tolerated	FW	Wild
Quercus sp.	Tlilibiabatl	Tree	Native	Gathering	FW	Wild
Quercus sp.	Abatl cuchara	Tree	Native	Gathering	FW	Wild
Quercus urbanii Trel.	Tepoztenawatl, tepozabatl	Tree	Native	Gathering	FW	Wild
Roldana candicans (Née) Villaseñor, S. Valencia and Coombes	Tamalabatl	Tree	Native	Gathering, enhancement, protected, and tolerated	E, FW, M	Wild
Geraniaceae
Pelargonium betulinum (L.) L’Hér. ex Aiton	–	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed, cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Pelargonium zonale (L.) L’Hér.	Geranio	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed, cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Gesneriaceae
Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl.	Violeta	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	O	Domesticated
Heliconiaceae
Heliconia bihai (L.) L.	Ebespatl	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Hydrangeaceae
Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb) Ser.	Hortensia	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Hypericaceae
Vismia camparaguey Sprague and L. Riley	Pulcobitl, camparaguey	Shrub	Native	Gathering, tolerated	O	Wild
Iridaceae
Crocosmia aurea (Pappe ex Hook.) Planch.	Palma cimarrón	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Gladiolus communis L.	Palma	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Gladiolus grandiflorus Andrews	Palma	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Gladiolus × hortulanus L.H. Bailey	Palma, lirio	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Iris germanica L.	Palma, lirio	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Tigridia pavonia (L. f.) DC.	Tlalteztli, flor de trueno	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement, protected, gathering, and tolerated	O, E	Ruderal, weedy
Juglandaceae
Juglans nigra L.	Nuez	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Juglans regia L.	Nuez, nogal	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E, FW, CO	Wild
Lamiaceae
Clinopodium laevigatum Standl.	Hierba del borracho	Shrub	Native	Gathering, tolerated	M	Ruderal
Clinopodium mexicanum (Benth.) Govaerts	Payaniltzin, Payamile	Shrub	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth.	Siempre me verás así	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Marrubium vulgare L.	Marrubio	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed, tolerated	M	Weedy, ruderal
Mentha spicata L.	Hierbabuena	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E, M	Domesticated
Ocimum micranthum Willd.	Xoshashibitl, clavo	Herb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	M	Wild
Origanum majorana L.	Mejorana	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Plectranthus tomentosus Benth.	Planta del vaporub	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	M, O	Domesticated
Rosmarinus officinalis L.	Romero	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E, M	Domesticated
Salvia boegei Ramamoorthy	Tetenhuitzi	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Salvia elegans Vahl	Mirto rojo	Herb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	M, O	Wild
Salvia leucantha Cav.	Cordón de Jesús	Herb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	M, O, R	Wild
Salvia polystachya Cav.	Totochía	Shrub	Native	Gathering	M	Ruderal
Salvia sp.	–	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Thymus vulgaris L.	Tomillo	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Lauraceae
Litsea glaucescens Kunth	Sogogotl, laurel	Tree	Native	Gathering, enhancement, protected, tolerated, and transplantation of whole individuals	E, R	Wild
Nectandra sp.		Tree	Native	Gathering	CO	Wild, ruderal
Persea americana Mill.	Ahuacatl, Aguacate	Tree	Native	Cultivated by seed	E, FW, SH	Domesticated
Persea schiedeana Nees	Chinene	Tree	Native	Enhancement, transplantation of whole individuals, and tolerated	E, CO, SH, U	Wild
Liliaceae
Lilium candidum L.	Lirio, azucena	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Lilium sp.	Azucena	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O, M	Domesticated
Loranthaceae
Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don	Salvarón	Shrub	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodium clavatum L.	Risco	Herb	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Lycopodium sp.	Cola de ratón	Herb	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Lythraceae
Cuphea cyanea DC.	Ehegashibitl	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Ruderal
Lythrum sp.	Axochitl, flor de agua	Herb	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Punica granatum L.	Granada roja	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Domesticated
Magnoliaceae
Magnolia grandiflora L.	Magnolia	Tree	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Talauma mexicana (DC.) G. Don	Yoloxóchitl, flor de corazón, magnolia	Tree	Native	Gathering, enhancement, protected, and tolerated	O, M	Wild
Malphigiaceae
Bunchosia lindeniana A. Juss.	Totolzapotl	Tree	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	SH	Wild
Malvaceae
Hampea integerrima Schltdl.	Jonote Blanco	Tree	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz.	Xonocobitl, xonotl, chachamacobitl jonote	Tree	Native	Enhancement, transplantation of whole individuals, and tolerated	SH	Wild
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.	Tulipán, rosa china	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Hibiscus trionum L.	–	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	O	Ruderal
Malva parviflora L.	Orashibitl	Herb	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	M	Weedy, ruderal
Sida rhombifolia L.	Tlaxpabaxtli, escobilla	Shrub	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	M, O	Weedy, ruderal
Melastomataceae
Chaetogastra scabriuscula (Schltdl.) P.J.F. Guim. and Michelang.	–	Shrub	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Moraceae
Ficus benjamina L.	–	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	O	Ruderal
Ficus carica L.	Higo, breva	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	M	Ruderal
Ficus elastica Roxb. Ex Hornem	Hule	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Ruderal
Morus celtidifolia Kunth	Moro	Tree	Native	Cultivated by seed, tolerated	O	Wild
Musaceae
Musa paradisiaca L.	Plátano, xochicualli	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Domesticated
Myricaceae
Morella cerifera (L.) Small	Itllahaldtenzo	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.	Eucalipto	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	M, SH	Ruderal
Eugenia acapulcensis Steud.	Kowiawak	Tree	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Eugenia capuli (Schltdl. & Cham.) Hook. and Arn.	Mototetl, pimientón	Tree	Native	Transplantation of whole individuals, enhancement, protected, gathering, and tolerated	E, SH	Wild
Psidium guajava L.	Guayaba	Tree	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation, cultivated by seed	E, M, FW	Domesticated, ruderal
Nyctaginaceae
Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.	Bugambilia	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O, M	Domesticated
Pisoniella arborescens (lag & Rdr.) Standl.	–	Shrub	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	FW, M, SR	Wild
Oleaceae
Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) Lingelsh.	Chichistlahui, chichiscuitl, Fresno	Tree	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	M, FW, SH	Wild
Jasminum fruticans L.	Jazmín	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O, LF	Domesticated
Jasminum mesnyi Hance	Jazmín	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	F, O	Domesticated
Onagraceae
Fuchsia magellanica Lam.	Aretillo	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Lopezia racemosa Cav.	–	Shrub	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	F	Weedy, ruderal
Orchidaceae
Laelia superbiens Lindl.	–	Epiphyte	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Prosthechea citrina (Lex.) W.E. Higgins	–	Epiphyte	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Prosthechea cochleata (L.) W.E. Higgins	–	Epiphyte	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Prosthechea rhynchophora (A. Rich. & Galeotti) W.E. Higgins	–	Epiphyte	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Prosthechea vitellina (Lindl.) W.E. Higgins	–	Epiphyte	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Stanhopea oculata (G. Lodd.) Lindl.	–	Epiphyte	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Stanhopea tigrina Bateman ex Lindl.	Tehuanxochitl	Epiphyte	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Oronbachaceae
Castilleja tenuiflora Benth.	–	Herb	Native	Tolerated	M, O	Wild
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis corniculata L.	Limonadas, trébol	Herb	Exotic	Gathering	E	Ruderal
Paeoniaceae
Paeonia lactiflora Pall.	Rosa de Monte	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	O	Domesticated
Papaveraceae
Argemone mexicana L.	Papalotito	Herb	Native	Gathering, enhancement, and tolerated	M	Weedy, ruderal
Argemone platyceras Link and Otto	Chicalote	Herb	Native	Tolerated	O	Weedy, ruderal
Bocconia frutescens L.	Gordolobo	Herb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	M	Ruderal
Papaver rhoeas L.	Amapola	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	M, O	Weedy, ruderal
Passifloraceae
Passiflora edulis Sims	Maracuyá, granadilla	Climb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O, E, M	Domesticated
Passiflora ligularis L.	Granadilla	Climb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Wild
Passiflora subpeltata Ortega	Matetecomatl	Climb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	M	Ruderal
Pentaphylacaceae
Ternstroemia sp.	Flor de tila	Shrub	Native	Gathering, enhancement, protected, and tolerated	M	Wild
Ternstroemia lineata DC.	Hachevitl, tila	Tree	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	M	Wild
Phytolaccaceae
Phytolacca icosandra L.	Molquilitl, molli, yamolli	Herb	Native	Gathering, enhancement, and tolerated	E	Weedy, ruderal
Picramniaceae
Picramnia antidesma Sw.	Soplador	Herb	Native	Gathering	CO	Wild
Pinaceae
Pinus montezumae Lamb.	Pino	Tree	Native	Gathering	CO	Wild
Pinus patula Schltdl. and Cham.	Ocotl, ocote, pino	Tree	Native	Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated	O, FW, CO	Wild
Pinus teocote Schltdl. and Cham.	Ocotl, ocote, pino	Tree	Native	Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated	FW	Wild
Piperaceae
Peperomia caperata Yunck.	–	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Peperomia nigropunctata Miq.	Tequilitl, tequelite	Herb	Native	Gathering, enhancement, tolerated	E	Wild
Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietr.	–	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Peperomia peltilimba C. DC. ex Trel.	Tehuantequilitl	Herb	Native	Gathering	E	Wild
Peperomia sp.	Huetshibitl	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Piper auritum Kunth.	Tlanepaquilitl, tlanilpayilitl, hierba santa	Shrub	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement	E, M	Domesticated
Plantaginaceae
Antirrhinum majus L.	Perrito	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Digitalis purpurea L.	–	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Plantago alismatifolia Pilg.	Lengua de vaca, Toro Lengua	Herb	Exotic	Enhancement, tolerated	F	Weedy, ruderal
Russelia obtusata S. F. Blake	Aretillo	Herb	Native	Tolerated	M	Wild
Platanaceae
Platanus mexicana Moric.	Papaloguitl, papalohuitl, álamo	Tree	Native	Tolerated	M, FW	Wild
Poaceae
Arundo donax L.	Agatl, Carrizo	Herb	Exotic	Enhancement, tolerated	CO	Ruderal
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl.	Agatl, Carrizo	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	CO	Domesticated
Bothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Herter	Calzácatl	Herb	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	CO	Weedy, ruderal
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf	Zacate limón	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	M	Domesticated
Pennisetun purpureum Schumach	Molotzin, zacatillo	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	F	Ruderal and weedy
Saccharum officinarum L.	Caña de azúcar	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Domesticated
Zea mays L.	Maíz	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed	E, F, C, M	Domesticated
Polygonaceae
Rumex crispus L.	Xoghilitl, Lengua de vaca	Herb	Exotic	Enhancement, tolerated	E	Weedy, ruderal
Polypodaceae
Phlebodium pseudoaureum (Cav.) Lellinger	–	Herb	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Platycerium alcicorne Desv.	Nogopetatl, asta de ciervo	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Portulacaceae
Portulaca oleracea L.	Verdolaga	Herb	Uncertain	Cultivated by seed, enhancement, protected, and tolerated	O, E, M	Weedy, ruderal
Primulaceae
Anagallis arvensis L.	–	Herb	Exotic	Enhancement, tolerated	F, M	Weedy, ruderal
Lysimachia nummularia L.	–	Herb	Exotic	Enhancement, tolerated	O	Ruderal
Pteridaceae
Adiantum capillus-veneris L.	–	Herb	Exotic	Transplantation of whole individuals	O	Ruderal
Llavea cordifolia Lag.	–	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculus sp.	Chichibitl	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Ranunculus petiolaris Humb., Bonpl. and Kunth ex DC.	Botón de oro, tepostrompo	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Weedy, ruderal
Rhamnaceae
Ceanothus sp.	Espire	Shrub	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Rhamnus sp.	–	Tree	Native	Gathering, tolerated	O	Wild
Sageretia elegans (Kunth) Brongn.	–	Tree	Native	Gathering	E	Wild
Rosaceae
Amelanchier denticulata (Kunth) K. Koch	Tlaxistle	Shrub	Native	Gathering	M	Ruderal
Cercocarpus fothergilloides Kunth	Tepellili	Tree	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	CO, FW, SH	Wild
Cercocarpus macrophyllus C.K. Schneid.	Tepoztenabatl	Tree	Native	Tolerated	M, FW	Wild
Crataegus mexicana DC.	Texocotl, tejocote	Tree	Native	Transplantation of whole individuals, enhancement, protected, and tolerated	E, LF, M	Wild
Crataegus pubescens (C. Presl) C. Presl	Texocotl	Tree	Native	Transplantation of whole individuals, enhancement, protected, and tolerated	E, M, FW	Wild
Cydonia oblonga Mill.	Membrillo	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by seed, cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Domesticated
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.	Xoxogotl, níspero	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Fragaria mexicana Schltdl.	Fresa	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Malus domestica Borkh.	Manzana	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E, FW	Domesticated
Prunus armeniaca L.	Chabacano	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Domesticated
Prunus domestica L.	Ciruela	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Domesticated
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch	Durazno	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E, FW	Domesticated
Prunus serotina Ehrh.	Capolcuahuitl, capulín	Tree	Native	Transplantation of whole individuals, enhancement, protected, and tolerated	E, FW, M	Wild
Pyrus communis L.	Pera	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Domesticated
Pyrus malus L.	Perón	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Domesticated
Rosa sp.	Rosa	Shrub	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Rosa gallica L.	Rosa de castilla	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Rubus adenotrichos Schltdl.	Xoxonte, zarzamora	Shrub	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	E, LF	Ruderal
Rubus eriocarpus Liebm.	Zarzamora	Shrub	Native	Tolerated	E	Wild
Rubiaceae
Bouvardia ternifolia (Cav.) Schltdl.	Cagastli	Shrub	Native	Tolerated	P	Ruderal
Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc.	–	Shrub	Native	Tolerated	O	Wild
Coccocypselum cordifolium Nees and Mart.	–	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Coffea arabica L.	Café	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E, FW	Domesticated
Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis	Gardenia	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Hamelia patens Jacq.	Cocacabatzi	Shrub	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	M	Weedy
Rutaceae
Citrus aurantifolia Swingle	Limón	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Domesticated
Citrus limetta Risso	Lima	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E, FW	Domesticated
Citrus reticulata Blanco	Mandarina	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck	Naranja	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E, FW	Domesticated
Ptelea sp.	–	Tree	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Ruta chalepensis L.	Ruda	Shrub	Exotic	Enhancement, tolerated	M	Ruderal
Salicaceae
Salix taxifolia Kunth	Abeshotl	Tree	Native	Tolerated	FW, SH	Wild
Santalaceae
Phoradendron sp.	Tempala	Herb	Native	Gathering	O	Wild
Sapindaceae
Acer negundo L.	Acezintle	Tree	Native	Tolerated, enhancement, protected, and transplantation of whole individuals	CO, SH	Wild
Allophylus cominia (L.) Sw.	–	Tree	Exotic	Enhancement, tolerated	F	Wild
Cupania dentata DC.	Cuetzalcahuitl	Tree	Native	Tolerated	CO, FW, SH	Wild
Urvillea ulmacea Kunth	–	Tree	Native	Tolerated	F	Wild
Sapotaceae
Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen	Zapote Blanco	Tree	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Wild
Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni	Zapote de niño	Tree	Native	Cultivated by seed, enhancement, protected, and tolerated	E, M	Wild
Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore and Stearn	Mamey	Tree	Native	Cultivated by seed, propagación vegetativa	E, M	Wild
Sideroxylon palmeri (Rose) T.D. Penn.	Tempesquistle	Tree	Native	Transplantation of whole individuals, enhancement, protected, and tolerated	E, CO, SH, U	Wild
Scrophulariaceae
Buddleja sp.	Pepeshtli	Shrub	Native	Gathering	M	Wild
Calceolaria tripartita Ruiz and Pavón	Globitos	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Weedy
Castilleja arvensis Schltdl. and Cham.	Flor de cochi	Herb	Native	Tolerated	F	Weedy, ruderal
Lamourouxia multifida Kunth	Tlanpatzitzi	Herb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	F, O	Weedy, ruderal
Salicaceae
Xylosma flexuosa (Kunth) Hemsl.	–	Shrub	Native	Gathering	CO, FW, SH	Wild
Selaginellaceae
Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring	Ogopetatl, doradilla	Herb	Native	Gathering	O, M	Wild
Siparunaceae
Siparuna thecaphora (Poepp. & Endl.) A. DC.	Sojacobitl, soquicobitl, limoncillo	Tree	Native	Protected	M	Wild
Solanaceae
Brugmansia × insignis (Barb. Rodr.) Lockwood ex R.E. Schult.	Tzapa, xóchitltecomatl, floripondio, florifundio	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O, M	Domesticated
Brugmansia candida Pers.	Tzapa, xóchitltecomatl, floripondio, florifundio	Tree	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O, M	Domesticated
Capsicum annuum L.	Chile poblano	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser and Pickersgill	Chiltepin	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated	E	Wild
Capsicum pubescens Ruiz and Pav.	Chile canario	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	E	Domesticated
Cestrum nocturnum L.	Zopeliquilitl, huele de noche	Herb	Native	Transplantation of whole individuals, cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Weedy
Datura stramonium L.	Toloatzin, toloache	Herb	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	M	Weedy, ruderal
Jaltomata procumbens (Cav.) J. L. Gentry	Xaltocto, aztoquilitl, quelite de zorra	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated	E	Weedy, ruderal
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.	Citlaltomatl, tomate de lucero, tomate guajillo, tomate de ratón	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated	E	Weedy, ruderal
Nicotiana glauca Graham	Tepebeshotl, tebebeshotl	Tree	Native	Gathering, tolerated	M	Ruderal
Petunia hybrida Vilm.	Betunia	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	O	Domesticated
Physalis philadelphica Lam.	Miltomatl, tomate de cáscara	Herb	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	E	Weedy, ruderal
Solandra grandiflora Sw.	Copa de oro	Shrub	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Solanum americanum Mill.	Tomaquilitl, hierba mora	Herb	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	E	Weedy, ruderal
Solanum glaucescens Zucc.	Cuatomatl, tomate de corazón o de Monte	Herb	Native	Cultivated by seed, enhancement, and tolerated	E, M	Weedy
Solanum lanceolatum Cav.	Valeriana	Herb	Native	Gathering, tolerated	E, M	Ruderal
Solanum laxum Spreng.	Comecaxochitl, lágrima, ramo de novia, velo de novia	Climb	Exotic	Cultivated by seed	O	Wild
Solanum nigrescens M. Martens and Galeotti	Xaltocto, coccoyo	Herb	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	E	Weedy, ruderal
Solanum tuberosum L.	Tlahuatetl, tlacotetl, papa	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Domesticated
Solanum wendlandii Hook. f.	–	Climb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Witheringia solanacea L’hér.	Hierbamora cimarrona	Shrub	Native	Cultivated by seed	E	Weedy
Theaceae
Camellia japonica L.	Camelia	Shrub	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Domesticated
Tropaeolaceae
Tropaeolum majus L.	–	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Ruderal
Ulmeaceae
Ulmus mexicana (Liebm.) Planch.	Ilite	Tree	Native	Enhancement, tolerated	CO, FW, SH	Wild
Urticaceae
Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol.	Guarumbo hormiguero	Tree	Native	Tolerated	M	Wild
Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm.	Lenteja	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement, and tolerated	O	Weedy, ruderal
Verbenaceae
Lantana camara L.	Mala suegra	Shrub	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation, tolerated	O, P	Ruderal
Lippia graveolens Kunth	Orégano	Herb	Native	Gathering	E, M	Wild
Phyla scaberrima (Juss. ex Pers.) Moldenke	Egegachibitl	Herb	Native	Gathering	M	Ruderal
Violaceae
Viola odorata L.	Violeta cimarrona	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	M	Weedy
Xanthorrhoeaceae
Phormium sp.	Palma cimarrona	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O	Wild
Zingiberaceae
Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum.	–	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	O, C	Wild
Renealmia alpinia (Rottb.) Maas	Huazmole, veligmolli	Herb	Native	Transplantation of whole individuals, cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement, and protected	E	Wild
Renealmia mexicana Klotzsch ex Petersen	Palma velijmolli	Herb	Native	Cultivated by vegetative propagation, enhancement	O	Wild
Zingiber officinale Roscoe	Gengibre	Herb	Exotic	Cultivated by vegetative propagation	E	Domesticated

1. ^aUses (AB alcoholic beverages, C ceremonial, CO construction, E edible, F fodder, FI fibers, FW firewood, LF living fence, M medicinal, O ornamental, P poison, R ritual, RE resine, S saponiferous, SH shade, SR soil retention, Us utensils)