Abstract
Haematocarpus validus (Miers) Bakh. f. ex Forman, a lesser-known fruit and medicinal plant of high nutraceutical and medicinal value, is used as anti-arthritic, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory agents in ethnomedicine. Metabolome studies in H. validus are a virgin area of research and here we report the spectra of non-volatiles present in the methanolic leaf and fruit extract, using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the alkaloid sinomenine was quantified using high-performance thin layer chromatography spectrodensitometric analysis owing to its pharmacological importance as anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory drug. Electrospray ionization with protonation in positive mode was selected for the analysis and the spectral data was interrogated using MassHunter software. A total of 40 compounds were identified from leaf and fruit samples and the major classes of compounds identified were alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, tripeptides, vitamins, and related compounds. For separation and quantitation of sinomenine, chloroform:methanol:water (60:30:6.5, v/v) was used as the mobile phase and sinomenine hydrochloride as reference compound. The analysis confirmed the presence of sinomenine in both non-defatted and defatted methanolic leaf extract with quantities 45.73 and 26.02 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively. H. validus is a non-conventional source of sinomenine, the anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory alkaloid. Sinomenine detected in this study supports the ethnomedicinal uses of H. validus as an anti-arthritic agent. Further study is needed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of its anti-arthritic attributes as well as the corresponding structure–activity relationships.
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All the data of this study are transparent and available upon request.
Change history
12 April 2024
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-024-03084-w
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge Dr. T.V.R.S. Sharma (Former Director, Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands), for kindly providing plant material for the study. Authors are thankful to The Head, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, for facilitating HR LC-MS analysis and to Cashew Export and Promotion Council of India (CEPCI), Kollam, Kerala, India, for providing technical support to carry out HP-TLC analysis. The authors are thankful to the Vice Chancellor, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, for providing laboratory space and other necessary facilities.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Blessymole K. Alex: Materials preparation, investigation, data collection and analysis, visualization, data interpretation, writing—review and editing, illustration plotting, final draft. Uttpal Anand: writing—review and editing, data analysis, reviewing illustration and editing, visualization, arranged references. Eapen P. Koshy: writing—review and editing, formal analysis, data collection and analysis, visualization, data interpretation, illustration plotting, overall revision. Abhijit Dey: writing—review and editing, suggestions. George Thomas: supervision, writing—review and editing, formally interpreted data, reviewing illustration and editing, visualization, critical editing, revision, suggestions. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. The Authors declare that all data were generated in-house and that no paper mill was used.
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Alex, B.K., Anand, U., Koshy, E.P. et al. Analysis of non-volatile metabolites and quantitation of the anti-arthritic alkaloid sinomenine from blood fruit (Haematocarpus validus (Miers) Bakh.f. ex Forman). Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 396, 2943–2955 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02498-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02498-2