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Phylogeny and classification of the Cuban species of Elaphoglossum (Dryopteridaceae), with description of Elaphoglossum sect. Wrightiana sect. nov.

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Abstract

Although a worldwide phylogeny of the bolbitidoid fern genus Elaphoglossum is now available, little is known about the phylogenetic position of the 34 Cuban species. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of a chloroplast DNA dataset for atpß-rbcL (including a fragment of the gene atpß), rps4-trnS, and trnL-trnF. The dataset included 79 new sequences of Elaphoglossum (67 from Cuba) and 299 GenBank sequences of Elaphoglossum and its most closely related outgroups, the bolbitidoid genera Arthrobotrya, Bolbitis, Lomagramma, Mickelia, and Teratophyllum. We obtained a well-resolved phylogeny including the seven main lineages recovered in previous phylogenetic studies of Elaphoglossum. The Cuban endemic E. wrightii was found to be an early diverging lineage of Elaphoglossum, not a member of E. sect. Squamipedia where it was previously classified. We propose a new section for this species: E. sect. Wrightiana. The early diverging position of E. wrightii is of particular interest because the species is a root climber (i.e., climbing from the soil on the lower portions of tree trunks and not losing its connection with the soil), a growth habit it shares with its closest bolbitidoid outgroup genera. This suggests that holoepiphytism evolved later in Elaphoglossum, and the primary hemiepiphytism of E. amygdalifolium, which is sister to the rest of the genus, was derived independently from ancestors that were root climbers. Based on our phylogenetic analysis and morphological investigations, the species of Cuban Elaphoglossum were found to occur in E. sects. Elaphoglossum, Lepidoglossa, Polytrichia, Setosa, and Squamipedia.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the curators and directors of the herbaria B, BSC, BM, BR, G, GH, HAJB, K, M, MBG, NY, P, S, US, W and YU for access to collections and the loan of specimens. The first author’s visit to NY for herbarium and molecular phylogenetic research was supported by the Christopher Reynold Foundation, and we thank Brian Boom for his assistance in obtaining that grant. We also acknowledge a grant from the United States National Science Foundation (DEB 1020443) to R. C. Moran and B. A. Ambrose. The Swedish Institute granted funds for revising type specimens and additional material to L. Regalado. Financial support from the International Association of Plant Taxonomists to J. Lóriga, and further support from the Cuban Agency of Environment (CITMA, projects AMA204 and DB02) to J. Lóriga and L. Regalado, enabled field work in Cuba. We are grateful to Judith Garrison-Hanks for taking photomicrographs of the spores, and to Tynisha Smalls for helping with the molecular work at NY. Special thanks to Miguel Vences and Ariel Rodriguez for kindly providing advice on phylogenetic methods and access to the computer pool of the Zoological Institute of the Technical University of Braunschweig, and to John T. Mickel and Carlos Sánchez for discussions about Elaphoglossum. We are very grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Carretera de Varona, km 3/2, Boyeros, La Habana 19, CP11900, La Habana, Cuba

    Josmaily Lóriga & Ledis Regalado

  2. Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Str. 67, 80638, Munich, Germany

    Josmaily Lóriga & Jochen Heinrichs

  3. The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY, 10458-5126, USA

    Alejandra Vasco & Robbin C. Moran

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  1. Josmaily Lóriga
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  2. Alejandra Vasco
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  3. Ledis Regalado
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  4. Jochen Heinrichs
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  5. Robbin C. Moran
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Correspondence to Josmaily Lóriga.

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Lóriga, J., Vasco, A., Regalado, L. et al. Phylogeny and classification of the Cuban species of Elaphoglossum (Dryopteridaceae), with description of Elaphoglossum sect. Wrightiana sect. nov.. Plant Syst Evol 300, 937–951 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-013-0933-4

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