Abstract
Heterochrony acts as a fundamental process affecting the early development of organisms in creating a subtle shift in the timing of initiation or the duration of a developmental process. In flowers this process is linked with mechanical forces that cause changes in the interaction of neighbouring floral organs by altering the timing and rate of initiation of organs. Heterochrony leads to a delay or acceleration of the development of neighbouring primordia, inducing a change in the morphospace of the flowers. As changes in the timing of development may affect organs differently at different stages of development, these shifts eventually lead to major morphological changes such as altered organ positions, fusions, or organ reductions with profound consequences for floral evolution and the diversification of flowers. By concentrating on early developmental stages in flowers it is possible to understand how heterochrony is responsible for shifts in organ position and the establishment of a novel floral Bauplan. However, it remains difficult to separate heterochrony as a process from pattern, as both are intimately linked. Therefore it is essential to connect different patterns in flowers through the process of developmental change.
Examples illustrating the importance of heterochronic shifts affecting different organs of the flower are presented and discussed. These cover the transition from inflorescence to flower through the interaction of bracts and bracteoles, the pressure exercised by the perianth on the androecium and gynoecium, the inversed influence of stamens on petals, and the centrifugal influence of carpels on the androecium. Different processes are explored, including the occurrence of obdiplostemony, the onset of common primordia, variable carpel positions, and organ reduction and loss.
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Acknowledgements
I wish to thank Professor Akitoshi Iwamoto and Dr Mariko Asaoka for inviting me to give a presentation in the JPR symposium organised for the 84th annual meeting of the Botanical Society of Japan in Kyoto in September 2022 and for helping in securing funding from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science. My sincere thanks go to the JSPS for supporting my stay in Japan. I am also grateful to my collaborators, Patricia Dos Santos, Lai Wei, and colleagues of FLO-RE-S for their help and exchange of ideas. Helpful suggestions by two anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged.
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This study was made possible by funding from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of science who financed my visit in Japan.
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Ronse De Craene, L. The interaction between heterochrony and mechanical forces as main driver of floral evolution. J Plant Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-024-01526-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-024-01526-3