Abstract
Brominated phenols are listed as priority pollutants together with nitrophenol and chlorophenol are the key components of paper pulp wastewater. However, the biodegradation of bromophenol in a mixed substrate system is very scanty. In the present investigation, simultaneous biodegradation kinetics of three substituted phenols 4-bromophenol (4-BP), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), and 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) were investigated using Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6. A 23 full factorial design was applied with varying 4-BP and 4-CP from 75–125 mg/L and 4-NP from 50–100 mg/L. Almost complete degradation of this mixture of substituted phenols was achieved at initial concentration combinations of 125, 125, and 100 mg/L of 4-CP, 4-BP, and 4-NP, respectively, in 68 h. Statistical analysis of the results revealed that, among the three variables, 4-NP had the most prominent influence on the degradation of both 4-CP and 4-BP, while the concentration of 4-CP had a strong negative interaction effect on the biodegradation of 4-NP. Irrespective of the concentration levels of these three substrates, 4-NP was preferentially biodegraded over 4-CP and 4-BP. Furthermore, 4-BP biodegradation rates were found to be higher than those of 4-CP, followed by 4-NP. Besides, the variation of the biomass yield coefficient of the culture was investigated at different initial concentration combinations of these substituted phenols. Although the actinomycetes consumed 4-NP at a faster rate, the biomass yield was very poor. This revealed that the microbial cells were more stressed when grown on 4-NP compared to 4-BP and 4-CP. Overall, this study revealed the potential of A. chlorophenolicus A6 for the degradation of 4-BP in mixed substrate systems.
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MMS: conduct experiments and collected data, analysed sample and data, writing the draft manuscript and editing. SR formal analysis, visualization, review and editing. AD: conceptualization, supervision, review and editing. NKS: conceptualization, supervision, writing, review, and editing, funding acquisition, project administration, funding resources.
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This study was funded by the financial support received from the Department of Biotechnology Government of India, New Delhi (SAN No. 102/IFD/SAN/3610-3612/2016-2017), for carrying out this research work.
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Sahoo, M.M., Sahoo, N.K., Daverey, A. et al. Co-metabolic biodegradation of 4-bromophenol in a mixture of pollutants system by Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6. Ecotoxicology 31, 602–614 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-021-02508-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-021-02508-0