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Global Plant Ecology of Tropical Ultramafic Ecosystems

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Abstract

Ultramafic ecosystems are renowned for high endemism and habitat specialization. However, most of our understanding of ultramafic plant ecology comes from Mediterranean and temperate climes, raising questions about the generalizability of plant responses to ultramafic soils. This is especially apparent in tropical ultramafic ecosystems which exhibit a wide range of endemism and differentiation between ultramafic and adjacent non-ultramafic soils. Our objectives were two-fold: 1) synthesize our understanding of tropical ultramafic plant ecology, paying particular attention to generalities that may explain variation in endemism and habitat specialization among tropical ultramafic ecosystems; and 2) define an interdisciplinary research agenda using tropical ultramafic ecosystems as a macroecological model. We demonstrate that tropical ultramafic floras are diverse and variable in plant form and function due to the interactive effects of biogeography, climate, and edaphic properties. The variable rates of endemism, specialization, and stress tolerance traits across tropical ultramafic ecosystems have implications for the management and conservation of these diverse systems.

Resumen.

Los ecosistemas ultramáficos son reconocidos por su endemismo y especialización del hábitat. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de nuestra comprensión de la ecología vegetal ultramáfica proviene de climas mediterráneos y templados, lo que plantea dudas sobre la generalización de las respuestas de las plantas a los suelos ultramáficos. Esto es especialmente evidente en los ecosistemas tropicales ultramáficos que exhiben una amplia gama de endemismo y diferenciación entre suelos tropicales ultramáficos y no ultramáficos adyacentes. Nosotros teníamos dos objetivos: 1) sintetizar nuestra comprensión actual de la ecología de las plantas tropicales ultramáficas, prestando especial atención a las generalidades que pueden explicar la variación en el endemismo y la especialización del hábitat entre los ecosistemas tropicales ultramáficos; y 2) definir una agenda de investigación interdisciplinaria utilizando ecosistemas ultramáficos tropicales como modelo macroecológico. Las floras tropicales ultramáficas son diversas y variables en la forma y función de las plantas debido a los efectos interactivos de la biogeografía, el clima y las propiedades edáficas. Las tasas variables de endemismo, especialización y rasgos de tolerancia al estrés en los ecosistemas tropicales ultramáficos tienen implicaciones para el manejo y conservación de estos diversos sistemas.

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Data Availability Statement

All data is archived in Dryad (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0zpc8670p), including an updated georeferenced list of prominent ultramafic outcrops worldwide, a region-specific bibliography, and a georeferenced database of ultramafic outcrops in the Americas.

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Acknowledgements

A. Funding: This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. NSF MSB-ECA #1833358 and NSF CAREER #2042453 to CMH. The authors thank two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments. We also thank Jon Walters for help with the geospatial database and documentation and José Ramón Martínez Batlle for help accessing the geological map of the Dominican Republic.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, PO Box 118525, Gainesville, FL, 32611-8525, USA

    Claudia Garnica-Díaz

  2. Jardín Botánico Nacional, Universidad de La Habana, Carretera de Rocío, km 3½, Calabazar, C.P. 19230, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba

    Rosalina Berazaín Iturralde & Fermín L. Felipe

  3. Jardín Botánico Nacional de Santo Domingo, Av. República de Colombia Esq. Av. Los Próceres, Sector los Altos de Galá, Santo Domingo, D.N., República Dominicana

    Betsaida Cabrera & Ricardo García

  4. Integrative Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA

    Erick Calderón-Morales

  5. Jardín Botánico de Holguín, Centro de Investigaciones y Servicios Ambientales, Carretera al Valle de Mayabe, km 5½, 80100, Holguín, CP, Cuba

    José Luis Gómez Hechavarría

  6. Department of Applied Botany (Departamento de Botânica Aplicada), Universidade Federal de Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Aretha Franklin Guimarães

  7. Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Miranda, Venezuela

    Ernesto Medina & Grisel Velasquez

  8. International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00926

    Ernesto Medina

  9. Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld , 4072, Australia

    Adrian L. D. Paul & Antony van der Ent

  10. Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA

    Nishanta Rajakaruna

  11. Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa

    Nishanta Rajakaruna & Stefan J. Siebert

  12. Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, PO Box 23360, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00931-3360

    Carla Restrepo

  13. Department of Ecology and Conservation, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Eduardo van den Berg

  14. Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA

    Catherine M. Hulshof

Authors
  1. Claudia Garnica-Díaz
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  2. Rosalina Berazaín Iturralde
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  3. Betsaida Cabrera
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  4. Erick Calderón-Morales
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  5. Fermín L. Felipe
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  6. Ricardo García
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  7. José Luis Gómez Hechavarría
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  8. Aretha Franklin Guimarães
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  9. Ernesto Medina
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  12. Carla Restrepo
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  13. Stefan J. Siebert
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  14. Eduardo van den Berg
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  15. Antony van der Ent
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  16. Grisel Velasquez
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  17. Catherine M. Hulshof
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Contributions

CMH and CGD planned the manuscript; CMH edited and organized the first draft. The following authors wrote and edited specific sections: Puerto Rico: CGD and CMH; Cuba: RBI, FLFT, JLGH; Dominican Republic BC and RC; Costa Rica: ECM and CMH; Brazil: AFG and EVDB; Venezuela: EM and GV; New Caledonia: ALDP; Sri Lanka and India: NR; Guatemala and Colombia: CR; southern Africa: SJS; Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines: AVDE. All authors contributed critically to the drafts and gave final approval for publication.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Catherine M. Hulshof.

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The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Supplementary file1 (DOCX 14 KB). Hyperaccumulator plants in tropical ultramafic areas.

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Garnica-Díaz, C., Berazaín Iturralde, R., Cabrera, B. et al. Global Plant Ecology of Tropical Ultramafic Ecosystems. Bot. Rev. 89, 115–157 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-022-09278-2

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