Abstract
Even though saline land is thought to be poor for plant biodiversity, a total of 640 taxa from 56 families has been recorded (70 of which are endemic to Turkey) in salt marshes and salt steppes in Turkey. After reviewing phytosociological studies on salt marshes and salt steppes, there were 47 instances recorded from salt marshes and six instances recorded from salt steppes. The smaller number of cases from salt steppes is most likely the result of a lack of phytosociological studies on many inland salt steppes. These areas are under threat from, amongst others, overgrazing, exploitation of agricultural areas, construction of tourism complexes, and harvesting of plants for different purposes. Therefore, in certain areas, measures should be put in place to protect these areas with their valuable biodiversity, and flora communities should be re-evaluated in light of new scientific knowledge. Hereby the authors summarized current knowledge about halophytic plant species and phytosociological units in both coastal and inland halophytic areas of Turkey.
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Appendix
Appendix
List of the taxa found in saline areas of Turkey
Family | Species name | Habitat type | Halophyte or not | Region | Endemism |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amaryllidaceae | Allium ampeloprasum | M | A | Med/CA/BS | |
Allium atroviolaceum | A | CA/EA/Med | |||
Allium callidictyon | S | A | CA/EA | ||
Allium cappadocicum | H | CA | X | ||
Allium hirtovaginatum | S | A | CA/Med | ||
Allium macrochaetum subsp. macrochaetum | S/M | H | CA/EA | ||
Allium pseudoflavum | S | H | CA/EA | ||
Allium scabriflorum | S | H | CA | X | |
Allium sieheanum | M | H | CA | X | |
Narcissus serotinus | CM | A | Med | ||
Apiaceae | Ammi majus | CM | A | Med | |
Bifora radians | A | All | |||
Bupleurum croceum | S | A | EA/CA/Med | ||
Bupleurum heldreichii | S | H | CA/Med | X | |
Bupleurum lancifolium | M | A | Med | ||
Bupleurum orientale | M/CM | H | Med | ||
Daucus carota | S/CM | A | All | ||
Caucalis platycarpos | A | All | |||
Echinophora orientalis | S | H | EA | ||
Eryngium campestre var. virens | S/CM | A | All | ||
Eryngium creticum | CM | A | Med/BS | ||
Eryngium maritimum | CM | A | Med/BS | ||
Falcaria falcarioides | M | H | EA/CA/Med | ||
Ferula caspica | S | H | CA/EA | ||
Ferula halophila | S | H | CA | X | |
Scandix pecten-veneris | S | A | All | ||
Torilis arvensis subsp. neglecta | M/CM | A | All | ||
Torilis nodosa | CM | A | Med/BS | ||
Turgenia latifolia | A | All | |||
Apocyanaceae | Apocynum venetum subsp. sarmatiense | CM | H | Med | |
Cionura erecta | M/CM | A | All | ||
Araceae | Arum dioscoridis var. dioscoridis | CM | A | Med | |
Asclepiadaceae | Cynanchum acutum subsp. acutum | H | All | ||
Cynanchum acutum subsp. sibiricum | H | EA | |||
Asparagaceae | Asparagus lycaonicus | M | H | CA | |
Asparagus persicus | S | H | EA | ||
Muscari longipes | S | A | CA/EA | ||
Ornithogalum narbonense | S | A | All | ||
Asteraceae | Achillea arabica | S | A | All | |
Achillea oligocephala | S | A | EA | ||
Achillea schischkinii | S | A | EA | X | |
Achillea sieheana | S | H | CA | X | |
Achillea santolinoides subsp. wilhelmsii | S | H | CA/EA | ||
Ambrosia maritima | CM | H | Med/CA | ||
Anthemis cotula | CM | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Anthemis fumariifolia | S | H | CA | X | |
Artemisia campestris var. campestris | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Artemisia santonicum subsp. santonicum | M/S | H | All | ||
Artemisia scoparia | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Artemisia spicigera | S | H | CA/BS/EA | ||
Artemisia taurica | S | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Aster subulatus | M/CM | A | Med/BS | ||
Asteriscus aquaticus | CM | H | Med | ||
Bellis annua | CM | H | Med/BS | ||
Cardopatium corybosum | CM | A | Med/CA/BS | ||
Carduus nutans | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. albidus | CM/M | A | Med/ CA/BS/EA | ||
Carthamus lanatus | CM | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Carthamus tenuis subsp. tenuis | CM | A | Med | ||
Centaurea balsamita | S | A | Med/ CA/EA | ||
Centaurea calcitrapa subsp. calcitrapa | CM/M | H | Med | ||
Centaurea drabifolia subsp. floccosa | A | CA | X | ||
Centaurea halophila | S | H | CA | X | |
Centaurea hieropolitana | H | Med | X | ||
Centaurea kilaea | H | BS | |||
Centaurea patula | A | CA/EA | |||
Centaurea pamphylica | H | Med | |||
Centaurea spinosa var. spinosa | H | Med/BS | |||
Centaurea solstitialis subsp. solstitialis | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Centaurea tuzgölüensis | S | H | CA | X | |
Centaurea virgata | S/M | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Chlamydophora tridentata | M/CM | H | Med | ||
Chondrilla juncea | A | All | |||
Cichorium intybus | CM | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Cichorium glandulosum | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Cichorium spinosum | CM | A | Med | ||
Cirsium alatum | S | H | CA/EA | ||
Cnicus benedictus | M | A | All | ||
Conyza canadensis | S | H | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Cota austriaca | S | A | All | ||
Cota halophila | CM | A | Med | X | |
Cousinia birandiana | S | H | CA | X | |
Cousinia iconica | S | A | CA | ||
Crepis commutata | M | A | Med | ||
Crepis foetida subsp. foetida | M/CM | A | Med/CA/BS | ||
Crepis foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Crepis sancta | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Crepis vesicaria subsp. vesicaria | M/CM | H | Med/BS | ||
Cyanus depressus | S | A | All | ||
Cyanus triumfettii subsp. triumfettii | A | All | |||
Filago arvensis | S | A | All | ||
Filago pyramidata | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Glebionis coronaria | CM | A | Med | ||
Hedypnois rhadioloides subsp. cretica | CM | A | Med/BS/EA | ||
Inula aucherana | M | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Inula crithmoides | M/CM | H | Med | ||
Inula tuzgoluensis | S | H | CA | X | |
Inula aucheriana | S | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Inula viscosa | CM | H | Med/BS | ||
Lachnophyllum noeanum | M | A | Med/EA | ||
Lactuca sativa | S | A | Med/EA | ||
Leontodon cripus subsp. asper var. asper | S | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Leontodon oxylepis var. oxylepis | S | H | Med/CA | ||
Koelpinia linearis | S | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Micropus supinus | M | A | Med/EA | ||
Oligochaeta divaricata | S | H | EA | ||
Onopordum anatolicum | S | H | Med/CA | X | |
Onopordum davisii | S | H | CA | X | |
Onopordum turcicum | A | CA | |||
Phagnalon graecum | CM | A | Med | ||
Scorzonera cana subsp. cana | CM | A | Med/EA/CA | ||
Scorzonera cana var. jacquinana | CM | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Scorzonera hieraciifolia | M | H | CA | X | |
Scorzonera laciniata subsp. laciniata | S/M | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Scorzonera parviflora | M | H | CA/EA | ||
Scorzonera tuzgoluensis | M | H | CA | X | |
Senecio leucanthemifolius subsp. vernalis | S | A | All | ||
Senecio salsuginea | S | H | CA | X | |
Senecio vernalis | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Senecio vulgaris | A | Med/CA/BS | |||
Sonchus asper subsp. glaucescens | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Sonchus bulbosa subsp. microcephala | S | H | Med | ||
Sonchus oleraceus | M | H | Med/CA/BS | ||
Tanacetum armenum | S | A | Med/CA/BS | ||
Taraxacum bessarabicum | S | H | All | ||
Taraxacum buttleri | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Taraxacum farinosum | M | H | CA | X | |
Taraxacum mirabile | S | H | CA | X | |
Taraxacum scaturiginosum | M | A | EA | ||
Taraxacum serotinum | S | A | Med/CA | ||
Taraxacum sintenisii | S | A | EA | ||
Taraxacum tuzgoluensis subsp. eskilense | S | H | CA | X | |
Taraxacum tuzgoluensis subsp. tuzgoluensis | S | H | CA | X | |
Tragopogon coloratus | A | CA/BS/EA | |||
Tragopogon porrifolius subsp. longirostris | CM | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Tripleurospermum callosum | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | X | |
Tripleurospermum parviflorum | S | H | CA | ||
Tripolium pannonicum subsp. tripolium | M | H | Med/BS | ||
Urospermum picroides | CM | A | Med/BS/EA | ||
Xanthium orientale subsp. italicum | CM | H | Med | ||
Xanthium orientale subsp. italicum | H | CA | |||
Xanthium strumarium subsp. strumarium | H | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Boraginaceae | Buglossoides arvensis subsp. sibthorpiana | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |
Caccinia macranthera var. macrantera | S | H | Med/EA | ||
Cynoglossum creticum | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Echium angustifolium | A | Med/CA/BS | |||
Heliotropium dolosum | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Heliotropium europaeum | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Lappula patula | A | CA/EA | |||
Moltkia coerulea | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Myosotis alpestris subsp. alpestris | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Onosma halophyla | M | H | CA | X | |
Rochelia disperma var. disperma | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Brassicaceae | Alyssum blepharocarpum | S | H | CA | X |
Alyssum desertorum | S | A | All | ||
Alyssum linifolium var. linifolium | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Alyssum pateri | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Boreava orientalis | A | Med/CA/ES | |||
Brassica elongata | A | CA/EA | |||
Cakile maritima | M/CM | H | Med/ BS | ||
Camelina rumelica | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Capsella bursa-patoris | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Descurainia sophia subsp. sophia | S | A | All | ||
Draba verna | S | A | All | ||
Erysium crassipes | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Erysimum huber-morathii | S | H | CA | ||
Erysimum sisymbrioides | S | H | CA | ||
Hornungia procumbens | S | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Iberis halophila | S | H | CA | X | |
Isatis kotschyana | S | A | EA | ||
Lepidium cartilagineum subsp. caespitosum | M/S | H | CA/EA | ||
Lepidium cartilagineum subsp. crassifolium | S | H | CA/EA | ||
Lepidium draba | S/CM | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Lepidium perfoliatum | S | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Lepidium vesicarium | S | A | EA | ||
Neslia paniculata subsp. thracica | S | A | EA | ||
Sinapis arvensis | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Sisymbrium altissimum | S | A | Med/CA | ||
Sisymbrium loeselii | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Sisymbrium officinale | S | A | Med/BS/EA | ||
Strigosella africana | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Campanulaceae | Campanula conferta | S | A | EA | |
Legousia speculum-veneris | CM | A | Med/CA/BS | ||
Caprifoliaceae | Cephalaria aristata | CM | A | Med/CA/EA | |
Valerianella vesicaria | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Caryophyllaceae | Allochrusa versicolor | S | H | EA | |
Arenaria serpyllifolia | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Cerastium dubium | A | All | |||
Gypsophila antari | S | A | EA | ||
Gypsophila oblanceolata | M | H | CA | X | |
Gypsophila perfoliata var. perfoliata | S | H | Med/CA | ||
Herniaria glabra | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Holosteum umbellatum var. umbellatum | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Minuartia erythrosepala | C | A | CA | ||
Minuartia picta | M | A | Med/EA | ||
Minuartia sclerantha | S | A | CA | ||
Minuartia urumiensis | S | H | CA | ||
Sagina maritima | M | H | Med | ||
Saponaria halophila | S | H | CA | X | |
Saponaria karapinarensis | S | A | CA | X | |
Silene colorata subsp. colorata | CM | A | Med | ||
Silene salsuginea | M | H | CA | X | |
Silene supina subsp. pruinosa | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Spergularia bocconei | M/S/CM | A | Med/EA | ||
Spergularia diandra | S | H | Med/EA | ||
Spergularia marina | M/CM | H | Med/BS | ||
Spergularia media | M/S/CM | H | Med/CA | ||
Spergularia rubra | A | Med/CA | |||
Stellaria media | A | Med/BS/EA | |||
Chenopodiaceae | Amaranthus blitoides | S | A | Med/EA | |
Amaranthus viridis | S | A | Med/EA | ||
Anabasis aphylla | S | H | CA/EA | ||
Arthrocnemum glaucum | M | H | Med/EA | ||
Arthrocnemum macrostachyum | M/CM | H | Med | ||
Atriplex aucheri | S | H | CA | ||
Atriplex hastata | M | H | Med/BS/EA | ||
Atriplex hortensis | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Atriplex laevis | S | H | CA | ||
Atriplex lasiantha | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Atriplex lehmanniana | S | H | EA | ||
Atriplex leucoclada | S | H | EA | ||
Atriplex micrantha | A | EA | |||
Atriplex nitens | S | A | CA/EA | ||
Atriplex rosea | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Atriplex tatarica var. tatarica | S/M/CM | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Bassia pillosa | S | H | CA/EA | ||
Beta maritima | CM | H | Med | ||
Bienertia cycloptera | M | H | EA | ||
Camphorosma monspeliaca subsp. monspeliaca | S | H | CA/EA | ||
Camphorosma monspeliaca subsp. lessingii | S | H | CA/EA | ||
Ceratocarpus arenarius | S | H | EA | ||
Chenopodium album subsp. album var. album | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Chenopodium album subsp. iranicum | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Chenopodium botrys | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Chenopodium chenopodioides | H | Med/CA | |||
Chenopodium foliosum | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Chenopodium murale | A | Med/BS/EA | |||
Cyathobasis fruticulosa | S | H | CA | ||
Halanthium kulpianum | S/M | H | CA/EA | ||
Halanthium rarifolium | S | H | EA | ||
Halanthium roseum | S | H | EA | ||
Halimione portulacoides | M/S/CM | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Halimione verrucifera | M | H | Med/CA | ||
Halocnemum strobilaceum | M/CM | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Halocnemum cruciata | M | H | Med | ||
Halogeton glomeratus | S | H | EA | ||
Halopeplis amplexicaulis | M | H | Med | ||
Halostachys belangeriana | M/S | H | EA | ||
Halothamnus glaucus. | S | H | CA/EA | ||
Halothamnus hierochunticus | S | H | EA | ||
Kalidium wagenitzii | M | H | CA | ||
Kalidium caspicum | M/S | H | EA | ||
Kochia prostrata | S | H | CA/EA | ||
Krascheninnikovia ceratoides | S | H | CA/EA | ||
Microcnemum coralloides | M | H | CA | ||
Noaea major | S | H | CA | ||
Noaea minuta | S | H | CA/EA | ||
Noaea mucronata subsp. mucronata | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Noaea tournefortii | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Panderia pilosa | S | H | CA/EA | ||
Petrosimonia brachiata | M/S/CM | H | Med/CA | ||
Petrosimonia glauca | M/S | H | EA | ||
Petrosimonia nigdeensis | M/S | H | CA | X | |
Petrosimonia squarrosa | M/S | H | EA | ||
Salicornia dolichostachya | M | H | Med | ||
Salicornia emerici | M | H | Med | ||
Salicornia frietagii | M | H | CA | X | |
Salicornia patula | M/CM | H | Med | ||
Salicornia perennans | M | H | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Salsola brachiata | S | H | EA | ||
Salsola crassa | M/S | H | CA/EA | ||
Salsola dendroides | M/S | H | EA | ||
Salsola erycoides | S | H | EA | ||
Salsola grandis | M/S | H | CA | ||
Salsola incanacens | S | H | EA | ||
Salsola inermis | M/S | H | CA | ||
Salsola kali | S | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Salsola laricina | S | H | CA | ||
Salsola macera | M | H | CA/EA | ||
Salsola nitraria | S | H | CA/EA | ||
Salsola nodulosa | S | H | EA | ||
Salsola soda | CM | H | Med | ||
Salsola stenoptera | M | H | CA | X | |
Salsola tragus subsp. pontica | M | H | BS | ||
Salsola tragus subsp. tragus | CM | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Salsola verrucosa | S | H | EA | ||
Sarcocornia obclavata | M/CM | H | Med | X | |
Sarcocornia perennis | M/CM | H | Med/BS | ||
Seidlitzia florida | S | H | EA | ||
Spirobassia hirsuta | M | H | Med | ||
Suaeda altissima | S | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Suaeda carnosissima | S | H | CA | ||
Suaeda confusa | S | H | CA/EA | ||
Suaeda cucullata | M | H | Med/CA | X | |
Suaeda eltonica | M | H | CA | ||
Suaeda linifolia | M | H | EA | ||
Suaeda microphylla | S | H | EA | ||
Suaeda prostrata subsp. anatolica | M/S/CM | H | Med/CA | X | |
Suaeda prostrata subsp. prostrata | M/CM | H | Med | ||
Suaeda splendens | M | H | Med | ||
Cistaceae | Helianthemum microcarpum | S | A | Med/CA/EA | |
Convolvulaceae | Convolvulus arvensis | M/S/CM | A | All | |
Convolvulus lineatus | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Cressa cretica | M/S/CM | H | Med/EA | ||
Cuscuta balansae | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Cuscuta campestris | CM | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Cyperaceae | Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. cymosus | M | H | Med/CA/EA | |
Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. maritimus | M | H | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Bolboschoenus laticarpus | M/CM | H | Med | ||
Carex capitellata | M | A | BS | ||
Carex cuprina | M | A | Med | ||
Carex diluta subsp.diluta | M | A | EA | ||
Carex divisa | CM | H | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Carex extensa | M/CM | H | Med | ||
Carex flacca subsp. erythrostachys | M | A | CA/EA | ||
Carex hispida | M | H | Med | ||
Cladium mariscus subsp. mariscus | M | H | Med/CA/BS | ||
Cyperus laevigatus | M/CM | H | Med | ||
Cyperus longus | M | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Cyperus noeanus | M | H | CA | X | |
Cyperus pannonicus | M | H | CA/EA | ||
Cyperus rotundus | M | A | Med/BS/EA | ||
Cyperus serotinus var. serotinus | M | H | Med/BS | ||
Eleocharis palustris | M | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Eleocharis uniglumis | M | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Fimbristylis bisumbellata | CM | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Isolepis cernua | M | H | Med/BS | ||
Schoenoplectus lacustris subsp. lacustris | M | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Schoenoplectus litoralis subsp. litoralis | M/CM | H | All | ||
Schoenoplectiella supina | M | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Schoenus nigricans | CM | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Scirpoides holoschoenus subsp. holoschoenus | CM | H | All | ||
Dipsacaceae | Cephalaria syriaca | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Scabiosa rotata | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia falcata subsp. falcata var. falcata | S | A | Med/CA/EA | |
Euphorbia hirsuta | A | Med/CA/BS | |||
Euphorbia macroclada | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Fabaceae | Alhagi maurorum subsp. maurorum | M/CM | A | Med/CA/EA | |
Astragalus condensatus | S | A | Med/CA | ||
Astragalus hamosus | CM | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Astragalus karamasicus | A | Med/CA | X | ||
Astragalus lycius | A | Med/CA/EA | X | ||
Astragalus mesogitanus | S | A | Med/CA | X | |
Astragalus microcephalus subsp. microcephalus | S | A | All | ||
Astragalus onobrychis | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Astragalus ovalis | M/S | H | CA | X | |
Astragalus shelkovnikovii | S | A | EA | ||
Astragalus strigillosus | A | CA | |||
Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Halimodendron halodendron | S | H | EA | ||
Lathyrus sativus | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Lotus corniculatus var. corniculatus | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Lotus corniculatus var. tenuifolius | M/CM | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Lotus halophilus | M | A | Med | ||
Lotus strictus | M | H | Med/CA | ||
Medicago littoralis var. littoralis | CM | A | Med/BS | ||
Medicago lupulina | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Medicago minima var. minima | S/CM | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Medicago orthoceras | A | CA/EA | |||
Medicago rotata var. rotata | CM | A | Med/EA | ||
Melilotus albus | M/CM | A | All | ||
Melilotus elegans | M/CM | H | Med/EA | ||
Melilotus officinalis | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Onobrychis paucijua | S | A | CA | ||
Ononis spinosa subsp. leiosperma | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Prosopis farcta | S | A | Med/EA | ||
Sphaerophysa kotschyana | M | H | Med/CA | X | |
Tetragonolobus maritimus | M | H | Med/CA | ||
Trifolium campestre | M/CM | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Trifolium fragiferum | CM | A | Med/CA | ||
Trifolium purpureum var. purpureum | CM | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Trifolium repens var. repens | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Trifolium resupinatum | S | A | All | ||
Trifolium resupinatum var. resupinatum | M | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Trifolium tomentosum | S | A | Med/EA | ||
Trifolium stellatum | CM | A | Med/BS | ||
Trigonella capitata | M | H | Med/CA | ||
Trigonella coerulescens subsp. coerulescens | S | A | All | ||
Trigonella foenum-graecum | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Trigonella monspeliaca | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Vicia narbonensis var. narbonensis | CM | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Vicia sativa subsp. sativa | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Frankeniaceae | Frankenia hirsuta | M/S | H | Med/CA | |
Frankenia pulverulenta | M/S | H | Med/CA/EA | X | |
Frankenia salsuginea | S | H | CA | X | |
Gentianaceae | Blackstonia perfoliata subsp. perfoliata | M/CM | A | Med/BS | |
Centaurium erythraea subsp. Rumelicum | M/CM | A | Med/CA | ||
Centaurium erythraea subsp. turcicum | CM | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Centaurium maritimum | CM | A | Med/BS | ||
Centaurium pulchellum | CM | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Centaurium tenuiflorum subsp. acutifolium | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Schenkia spicata | M/CM | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Geraniaceae | Erodium botrys | S | A | Med/EA | |
Erodium cicutarium subsp. cicutarium | S/CM | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Erodium gruinum | CM | A | Med/EA | ||
Geranium dissectum | H | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Geranium molle | S/CM | A | Med/CA/BS | ||
Geranium tuberosum subsp. deserti-syriacum | S | A | EA | ||
Hypericaceae | Hypericum salsugineum | M | H | CA | X |
Ixioliriaceae | Ixiolirion tataricum subsp. tataricum | S | A | EA | |
Iridaceae | Gladiolus atroviolaceum | M | A | EA | |
Gladiolus halophilus | M | H | CA | X | |
Gynandriris sisyrinchium | CM | A | Med/EA | ||
Iris paradoxa | S | A | EA | ||
Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica | S | H | CA/EA | ||
Iris xanthospuria | M | A | Med | X | |
Romulea columnae subsp. columnae | CM | A | Med | ||
Romulea ramiflora subsp. ramiflora | CM | A | Med | ||
Juncaceae | Juncus acutus | M/CM | H | Med/BS | |
Juncus articulatus subsp. articulatus | CM | A | All | ||
Juncus effusus subsp. effusus | S | A | All | ||
Juncus gerardi subsp. gerardi | M | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Juncus heldreichianus subsp. heldreichianus | CM | H | Med | ||
Juncus heldreichianus subsp. orientalis | M | H | CA/EA | ||
Juncus hybridus | M | H | Med/CA/BS /EA | ||
Juncus inflexus subsp. inflexus | M/CM | A | All | ||
Juncus littoralis | M/CM | H | Med/CA/BS | ||
Juncus maritimus | M/CM | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Juncus persicus subsp. libanoticus | M | H | Med/EA/CA | ||
Juncus rigidus | M/CM | H | Med | ||
Juncus subulatus | M | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Juncaginaceae | Triglochin barrelieri subsp. barrelieri | M/CM | H | Med/CA | |
Triglochin maritima | M | A | CA/EA | ||
Triglochin palustris | M | A | CA/EA | ||
Lamiaceae | Lamium orientale | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Lamium purpureum var. purpureum | A | Med/CA/BS | |||
Phlomis armeniaca | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Salvia halophila | M | H | CA | X | |
Salvia syriaca | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Salvia viridis | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Scutellaria orientalis subsp. orientalis | S | A | EA | ||
Teucrium polium subsp. polium | S | A | All | ||
Teucrium scordium subsp. scordioides | H | Med/CA/EA | |||
Thymus sipyleus subsp. sipyleus var. sipyleus | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | X | |
Ziziphora tenuior | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Linaceae | Linum bienne | CM | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |
Linum maritimum | M | A | Med | ||
Linum mucronatum subsp. mucronatum | S | A | EA | ||
Linum seljukorum | M | H | CA | ||
Lythraceae | Lythrum salicaria | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Malvaceae | Alcea calvertii | S | A | EA | X |
Lavatera thuringiaca | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Malva neglecta | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Menyanthaceae | Menyanthes trifoliata | M | H | EA | |
Myrtaceae | Myrtus communis subsp. communis | CM | A | Med/BS | |
Nitrariaceae | Nitraria schoberi | S | H | CA/EA | |
Peganum harmala | S | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Tetradiclis tenella | S | H | CA | ||
Onagraceae | Epilobium hirsutum | M/S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |
Orchidaceae | Orchis palustris | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Orobanchaceae | Cistanche salsa | H | CA/EA | ||
Orobanche minor | A | Med/CA/BS | |||
Orobanche oxyloba | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Papaveraceae | Fumaria parviflora | S | A | Med/CA/EA | |
Fumaria vaillantii | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Glaucium leiocarpum | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Hypecoum pendulum | S | A | CA/EA | ||
Hypecoum procumbens | A | Med/CA | Med/CA/EA | ||
Roemeria hybrida | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Plantaginaceae | Plantago coronopus subsp. coronopus | S | H | Med/CA/BS | |
Plantago coronopus subsp. commutata | M/CM | H | Med/CA | ||
Plantago crassifolia | M/S/CM | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Plantago holosteum | A | Med/CA | |||
Plantago lagopus | CM | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Plantago lanceolata | S | H | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Plantago major subsp. intermedia | M | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Plantago maritima | M/S/CM | H | All | ||
Veronica grisebachii | S | A | Med/CA/BS | ||
Veronica triphyllos | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Veronica viscosa | S | A | EA | ||
Plumbaginaceae | Acantholimon halophilum var. coloratum | S | H | CA | X |
Acantholimon halophilum var. halophilum | S | H | CA | X | |
Limonium anatolicum | S | H | CA | X | |
Limonium angustifolium | M/CM | H | Med | ||
Limonium bellidifolium | M/S/CM | H | Med/CA | ||
Limonium echioides | CM | H | Med | ||
Limonium effusum | M | H | Med | ||
Limonium globuliferum | S | H | CA | ||
Limonium gmelinii | M/S | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Limonium graecum var. graecum | M/CM | H | Med | ||
Limonium iconicum | M | H | CA | X | |
Limonium lilacinum | M/S | H | CA | X | |
Limonium meyeri | M/CM | H | Med/EA | ||
Limonium narbonense | M/CM | H | Med | ||
Limonium pycnanthum | S | H | CA/EA | X | |
Limonium sieberi | M | H | Med | ||
Limonium sinuatum | CM | H | Med | ||
Limonium tamaricoides | M | H | CA | X | |
Limonium vananse | M | H | EA | X | |
Limonium virgatum | M/CM | H | Med | ||
Plumbago europaea | S | H | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Poaceae | Aegilops cylindrica | A | CA/EA | ||
Aegilops umbellulata subsp. umbellulata | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Aeluropus lagopoides var. lagopoides | S | H | Med/EA | ||
Aeluropus littoralis | S/M/CM | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Agropyron cristatum subsp. pectinatum var. pectinatum | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Agrostis stolonifera | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Alopecurus arundinaceae | M | A | EA | ||
Alopecurus myosuroides subsp. myosuroides | M | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Alopecurus myosuroides var. Latialatussinonim | M | H | Med | ||
Apera intermedia | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Avena clauda | A | Med | |||
Avena sterilis subsp. sterilis | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Brachiaria eruciformis | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Brachypodium distachyon | A | All | |||
Briza maxima | A | Med/CA/BS | |||
Bromus arvensis | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Bromus intermedius | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Bromus japonicus subsp. japonicus | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Bromus madritensis | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Bromus psammophilus var. Psammophilus | CM | A | Med | X | |
Bromus psammophilus var. Robustus | CM | A | Med | X | |
Bromus pseudobrachystachys | CM | A | Med | ||
Bromus racemosus | S | A | CA/EA | ||
Bromus rigidus | M/CM | A | Med | ||
Bromus rubens | CM | A | Med | ||
Bromus squarrosus | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Bromus tectorum | A | Med/CA/EA/BS | |||
Calamagrostis pseudophragmites | M | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Catabrosa aquatica | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Crypsis aculeata | S | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Crypsis faktorovskyi | CM | H | Med/EA | ||
Crypsis schoenoides | S/M/CM | H | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Cynodon dactylon var. Villosus | S/CM | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Digitaria sanguinalis | M/CM | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Elymus elongatiformis | A | CA/EA | |||
Elymus elongatus subsp. ponticus | CM | H | Med/CA | ||
Elymus elongatus subsp. salsus | M/S | H | CA | X | |
Elymus farctus subsp. bessarabicus | CM | A | Med/BS | ||
Elymus hispidus | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Eragrostis collina | M | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Eremopyrum distans | A | CA/EA | |||
Eremopyrum orientale | A | CA/BS/EA | |||
Festuca valesiaca | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Holcus lanatus | A | Med/CA/BS | |||
Hordeum brevisubulatum subsp. violaceum | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Hordeum geniculatum | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Hordeum marinum | S | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Hordeum murinum subsp. glaucum | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum | A | Med/CA/BS | |||
Hordeum murinum subsp. murinum | M/S/CM | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Imperata cylindrica | CM | A | Med/EA | ||
Lagurus ovatus | A | Med/BS | |||
Leymus cappadocicus | S | H | CA/EA | ||
Lolium rigidum | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Lolium rigidum var. Rottbollioides | M/CM | A | Med/BS/EA | ||
Molinia caerulea | M | A | BS/CA | ||
Panicum repens | M | A | Med | ||
Parapholis incurva | M/CM | H | Med/BS | ||
Phalaris aquatica | CM | A | Med/EA | ||
Phalaris paradoxaa | CM | A | Med/BS/EA | ||
Phleum exaratum subsp. exaratum | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Phragmites australis | M/CM | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Poa bulbosa | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Poa pratensis | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Poa trivialis | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Polypogon maritimus subsp. maritimus | A | Med | |||
Polypogon monspeliensis | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Puccinellia bulbosa subsp. bulbosa | S | H | EA | ||
Puccinellia bulbosa subsp. caesarea | S | H | CA | X | |
Puccinellia convoluta | S | H | Med/CA | ||
Puccinellia distans subsp. distans | M/S/CM | H | Med/CA/EA | ||
Puccinellia distans subsp. sevangensis | M/S | H | EA | ||
Puccinellia festuciformis | CM | H | Med/BS | ||
Puccinellia gigantea | M | H | Med/BS/EA | ||
Puccinellia intermedia | M/CM | H | Med/CA | ||
Puccinellia koeieana subsp. anatolica | M | H | Med/CA | X | |
Rhizocephalus orientalis | S | H | CA | ||
Rostraria cristata var. Cristata | M/CM | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Saccharum ravennae | CM | A | Med/EA | ||
Schismus arabicus | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Setaria glauca | S | A | Med/BS/EA | ||
Sorghum halepense var. Halepense | M | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Sphenopus divaricatus | M/S/CM | H | Med/CA | ||
Sporobolus virginicus | M/CM | H | Med/CA | ||
Stipa ehrenbergiana | A | CA/EA | |||
Trisetaria loeflingiana | M/CM | A | Med/CA | ||
Polygonaceae | Atraphaxis spinosa | S | A | EA | |
Calligonum polygonoides | S | A | EA | ||
Polygonum aviculare | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Polygonum equisetiforme | M/CM | H | Med/EA | ||
Polygonum patulum subsp. patulum | A | CA | |||
Polygonum salicifolium | S/M | H | Med/EA | ||
Rumex crispus | CM | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Potamogetonaceae | Stuckenia pectinata | M | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |
Primulaceae | Anagallis arvensis var. arvensis | CM | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |
Anagallis arvensis var. caerulea | CM | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Androsace maxima | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Glaux maritima | M | H | CA/EA | ||
Samolus valerandi | H | Med/BS/EA | |||
Ranunculaceae | Adonis aestivalis subsp. aestivalis | S | A | Med/CA/EA | |
Adonis annua | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Adonis dentata | S | A | EA | ||
Adonis flammea | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Adonis microcarpa | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Ceratocephala falcata | S | A | CA/EA | ||
Consolida anthoroidea | S | A | EA | ||
Consolida glandulosa | A | Med/CA/EA | X | ||
Consolida orientalis | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Delphinium peregrinum | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Delphinium venulosum | A | CA | X | ||
Nigella arvensis subsp. glauca | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Nigella turcica | S | A | EA | X | |
Nigella segetalis | S | A | CA/EA | ||
Ranunculus constantinopolitanus | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Ranunculus cuneatus | S | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Thalictrum lucidum | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Rosaceae | Potentilla reptans | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Rubus sanctus | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Sarcopoterium spinosum | CM | A | Med/BS | ||
Rubiaceae | Asperula arvensis | S | A | MED/CA/EA | |
Cruciata taurica | S | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | ||
Galium murale | S | A | Med/BS/EA | ||
Galium tricornutum | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Galium verum subsp.verum | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Santalaceae | Thesium compressum | S | H | CA | |
Scrophulariaceae | Linaria genistifolia supsp. confertiflora | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Verbascum cheiranthifolium | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Verbascum helianthemoides | S | H | CA | ||
Verbascum pyroliforme subsp. pyroliforme | M | H | CA | X | |
Verbascum sinuatum | A | Med/BS | |||
Solanaceae | Lycium anatolicum | S | A | Med/CA/EA | X |
Lycium ruthenicum | S | A | EA | ||
Solanum americanum | S | A | EA | ||
Tamaricaceae | Reaumuria alternifolia | S | H | CA/EA | |
Tamarix duzenlii | M/CM | H | Med | X | |
Tamarix hampeana | A | Med | |||
Tamarix octandra | S/M | H | EA | ||
Tamarix parviflora | A | Med/CA/EA | |||
Tamarix smyrnensis | M/CM | A | CA/EA | ||
Tamarix tetragyna | CM | H | Med | ||
Tamarix tetrandra | M | A | Med/CA/EA | ||
Thymelaeaceae | Thymelaea hirsuta | M | A | Med | |
Thymelaea passerina | A | All | |||
Typhaceae | Typha domingensis | M | A | Med/CA/EA | |
Verbenaceae | Verbena officinalis var. officinalis | S | A | All | |
Xanthorrhoeaceae | Asphodelus aestivus | CM | A | Med/EA | |
Zygophyllaceae | Tedradiclis tenella | M | H | CA | |
Tribulus terrestris | A | Med/CA/BS/EA | |||
Zygophyllum album | M/CM | H | Med | ||
Zygophyllum fabago | A | Med/CA/EA |
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Tug, G.N., Yaprak, A.E., Vural, M. (2019). The Floristical, Ecological, and Syntaxonomical Characteristics of Salt Marshes and Salt Steppes in Turkey. In: Gul, B., Böer, B., Khan, M., Clüsener-Godt, M., Hameed, A. (eds) Sabkha Ecosystems. Tasks for Vegetation Science, vol 49. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04417-6_26
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