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Forest Types and Their Associated Soils

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Forest Soils

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Abstract

For variations in climatic, topographic, and edaphic conditions, we find the evolution of different types of forests in different geographic regions of the world. These forests have diverse structures, compositions, and functions. They can be classified on the basis of their regions of occurrence, species composition, habitat type, leaf type, persistence, etc. There are natural and artificial forests, broadleaf and coniferous forests, evergreen and deciduous forests, primary and secondary forests, etc. World forests are classified into three broad types—tropical forests, temperate forests, and boreal forests—mainly on the basis of geographical positions. Besides these types, there are montane forests, mangrove forests, and swamp forests. Likewise, there are many different types of soils in the world. These soils are classified into 12 orders in USDA Soil Taxonomy and 32 Reference Soil Groups (RSGs) by World Reference Base (WRB) for Soil Resources. As vegetation is an active factor of soil formation, and as soil and vegetation evolve together as coupled systems through natural succession, and as particular vegetation is commonly associated with a definite climate, we see widely different types of soils in different forest types. For example, typical soils of tropical forests are the Oxisols (Ferralsols, Plinthosols, and Nitisols), Ultisols (Plinthols, Planosols, and Alisols), and some Alfisols (Albelluvisols, Luvisols, and Planosols); typical soils of temperate forests are Alfisols and Spodosols (Podzols) along with some Histosols; and typical soils of the boreal forests are the Gelisols (Cryosols and Histosols) and Spodosols. There are some Entisols (Regosols, Leptosols, Fluvisols, and Arenosols) and Inceptisols (Cambisols, Gleysols, Umbrisols, and Nitisols) in all of these forests. In the following sections, a brief description of world forest types, world soil classification, and associations of different soils with different forests is given.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh

    Khan Towhid Osman

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Study Questions

Study Questions

  1. 1.

    Define forest soil. How does it differ from agricultural soil? Discuss general characteristics of forest soils.

  2. 2.

    Give an account of tropical forests and soils associated with them.

  3. 3.

    What is a mangrove forest? How does it differ from freshwater swamp forest? Discuss characteristics of mangrove soils.

  4. 4.

    Distinguish between tropical and temperate climate. Describe soils of temperate forests.

  5. 5.

    Narrate the ecological conditions and geographical occurrence of boreal forests. Explain boreal forest soils with emphasis on cryoturbation and permafrost.

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Osman, K. (2013). Forest Types and Their Associated Soils. In: Forest Soils. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02541-4_7

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