Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biting and Predator Fish Group

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Dangerous Fishes of the Eastern and Southern Arabian Peninsula

  • 495 Accesses

Abstract

Reports of marine injuries have increased in recent years as water sports and recreation grow in popularity. Eels, wolf-herring, barracuda, triggerfish, and ribbonfish frequently cause trauma. Sharks play an important role in the animal–human attack game and can render land-based, bipedal primates easy prey. The term shark attack has been considered to be any forceful or injurious exchange between a human and any shark. This frightening incident has always been one of the more thoroughly examined issues of the challenge between human and shark. Because of their feeding mechanisms, including sharp teeth and powerful jaws, and because they can attain very large sizes, sharks are considered to be the top predators of the marine world. Regardless of its size, any shark having both opportunity and physical capacity for injuring humans can be considered dangerous. The incidence of shark attacks in the world could not be said to merit the degree of apprehension or antipathy often expressed towards sharks, but when a shark attack does occur, it is often with an impressive efficiency.

In this chapter, an account of the biting and predator marine fish species that causes threats and incidents both fatal and nonfatal to humans and inhabits the east and southern Arabian peninsula is given. In this account, the description, distribution, habitat, biology, economic status, and conservation status are provided. In the biology section of each species, narration is given about the dangerous status of the species.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Al Sakaff H, Esseen M. Length-weight relationship of fishes from Yemen waters (Gulf of Aden and Red Sea). Naga ICLARM Q. 1999;22(1):41–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Absi. Studies on the social life of coastal villages on the Sea of Oman. Dubai: Sunrise Publishing House; 2012. 65 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Baharna WS. Fishes of Bahrain. Manama: Directorate of Fisheries, Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture; 1986. p. 149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Baharna WS. Dangerous fishes of Bahrain. Directorate of Fisheries, Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture, Manama; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Daham NK. Two new records of sharks from Iraqi territorial waters with their descriptions. Bull Basrah Nat Hist Mus. 1974;1:99–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali FG. Fishes from Gulf of Oman. Muscat: Oman Publishing House; 2008. 87 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali H. Life of eel fishes in Omani waters. Muscat: Norma House; 2010a. 170 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali SM. On some fishes from the Persian Gulf. Bushehr: United Fishing; 2010b. 78 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali AH. First record of six shark species in the territorial marine waters of Iraq with a review of cartilaginous fishes of Iraq. Mesopot J Mar Sci. 2013;28(1):1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen GR, Erdmann MV. Reef fishes of the East Indies, vol. 1–3. Tropical Reef Research. Perth: Universitiy of Hawai’i Press; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen GR, Steene RC. Fishes of Christmas Island Indian Ocean. Christmas Island Natural History Association, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, 6798; 1988. 197 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Nahdi A, Al-Marzouqi A, Al-Rasadi E, Groeneveld JC. The size composition, reproductive biology, age and growth of largehead cutlassfish Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus from the Arabian Sea coast of Oman. Indian J Fish. 2009;56:73–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Shamlan SM (Translated from the Arabic by Clark P). Pearling in the Arabian Gulf: a Kuwaiti memoir. London: London Centre for Arab Studies; 2001

    Google Scholar 

  • Altman PL, Dittmer DS. Growth, including reproduction and morphological development. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology; 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amorim AF, Arfelli CA, Costa FES, Motta FS, Nishitani R. Observation on shark embryos, and juveniles caught by Santos longliners off south and southeast Brazil; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RC, Ahmed H. The shark fisheries in the Maldives. Male: FAO, Rome and Ministry of Fisheries; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RC, Stevens JD. Review of information on diurnal vertical migration in the bignose shark (Carcharhinus altimus). Mar Freshwat Res. 1996;47(4):605–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RC, Randall JE, Kuiter RH. New records of fishes from the Maldive Islands, with notes on other species. Ichthyol Bull. 1998;67(2):20–36. (Image of)

    Google Scholar 

  • Animalia Enthusiasts. Gymnothorax javanicus; 2016. http://animaliaenthusiasts.proboards.com/thread/761/giant-moray-gymnothorax-javanicus#ixzz3JAfnNwGS

  • Appukuttan KK. Studies on the developmental stages of hammerhead shark Sphyrna (Eusphyrna) blochii from the Gulf of Mannar. Indian J Fish. 1978;25(1–2):41–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aquarium Community. Echidna nebulosa; 2016. http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/sw/snowflakemorayeel.php

  • Assadi H, Dehghani RP. Atlas of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman fishes. Terhan: Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organization; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auerbach PS. Hazardous marine animals. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1984;2:531–44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bacchet P, Zysman T, Lefèvre Y. Guide des poissons de Tahiti et ses îles. Tahiti (Polynésie Francaise): Editions Au Vent des ÃŽles; 2006. 608 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldridge HD. Shark aggression against man: beginnings of an understanding. Calif Fish Game. 1988;74(4):208–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin ZH. A new species of Bullhead Shark, genus Heterodontus (Heterodontiformes: Heterodontidae), from Oman; Heterodontus omanensis. Copeia. 2005;2005(2):262–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bannister DRK. The book of the shark. London: New Burlington Books; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrows EM. Animal behavior desk reference: a dictionary of animal behavior, ecology, and evolution. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2001. p. 317. ISBN: 0-8493-2005-4. OCLC 299866547.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass AJ, D’Aubrey JD, Kistnasamy M. Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. 1. The genus Carcharhinus (Carcharhinidae). Investigative Report of the Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban 33; 1973a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass AJ, D’Aubrey JD, Kistnasamy N. Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. I. The genus Carcharhinus (Carcharhinidae). South African Association for Marine Biological Research. Oceanographic Research Institute. Oceanographic Research Institute. Investigational Reports; 1973b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass AJ, D’Aubrey JD, Kistnasamy N. Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. III. The families Carcharhinidae (excluding Mustelus and Carcharhinus) and Sphyrnidae. South African Association for Marine Biological Research. Oceanographic Research Institute. Investigational Reports; 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass AJ, Compagno LJV, Heemstra PC. Squalidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ sea fishes. Berlin: Springer; 1986a. p. 49–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass AJ, Heemstra PC, Compagno LJV. Carcharhinidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ sea fishes. Berlin: Springer; 1986b. p. 67–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basson PW, Burchard JE, Hardy JT, Price ART. Biotops of the Western Arabian Gulf. Aramco: Dhahran; 1977. 284 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauchot M-L, Saldanha L. Muraenesocidae. In: Whitehead PJP, Bauchot M-L, Hureau J-C, Nielsen J, Tortonese E, editors. Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, vol. 2. Paris: UNESCO; 1986. p. 559–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum JK, Myers RA, Kehler DG, Worm B, Harley SJ, Doherty PA. Collapse and conservation of shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic. Science. 2003;299(5605):389–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baum J, Clarke S, Domingo A, Ducrocq M, Lamónaca AF, Gaibor N, Graham R, Jorgensen S, Kotas JE, Medina E, Martinez-Ortiz J, Monzini Taccone di Sitizano J, Morales MR, Navarro SS, Pérez-Jiménez JC, Ruiz C, Smith W, Valenti SV, Vooren CM. Sphyrna lewini. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T39385A10190088. 2007. Downloaded 27 Feb 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beech M. In the Land of the Ichthyophagi. Modelling fish exploitation in the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman from the 5th millennium BC to the Late Islamic period. (Abu Dhabi Islands Archaeological Survey Monograph 1). Oxford: BAR International Series 1217; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benchley P. Great white sharks. The unmistakable jaws of the great white have long been synonymous with terror. PHOTOGRAPHS BY DAVID DOUBILET. Natl Geogr. 2000;197(4):2–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett MB, Gordon I, Kyne PM. (SSG Australia & Oceania Regional Workshop, March 2003). Carcharhinus galapagensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2003: e.T41736A10550977. 2003. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T41736A10550977.en. Downloaded 26 Feb 2016.

  • Bernal D, Dickson KD, Shadwick RE, Graham JB. Analysis of the evolutionary convergence for high performance swimming in lamnid sharks and tunas. Comp Biochem Physiol. 2001;129:695–726.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bester, C. Biological profiles: Great Hammerhead. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. 2008. Retrieved 18 Oct 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bester C. Biological profiles: Zebra Shark. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bigelow HB, Schroeder WC. Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Part 2: Sawfishes, guitarfishes, skates and rays; chimaeroids. New Haven: Yale University; 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop JM. History and current checklist of Kuwait’s ichthyofauna. J Arid Environ. 2003;54(1):237–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop SDH, Francis MP, Duffy C, Montgomery JC. Age, growth, maturity, longevity and natural mortality of the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) in New Zealand waters. Mar Freshw Res. 2006;57:143–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blegvad H, Løppenthin B. Fishes of the Iranian Gulf. Einar Munksgaard, Copenhagen; 1944. 247 p. (1999 translation into Farsi by E. Etemad and B. Mokayyer with supplement, Tehran University Publications No. 1744: 26 + 416 pp.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogutskaya NG. Preliminary assignment of coordinates to type localities in the catalog of Fishes. Unpublished dbf file; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bone Q. On the scabbard fish Aphanopus carbo. J Mar Biol Assoc UK. 1971;51:219–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonfil R. The biology and ecology of the silky shark, Carcharhinus falciformis. In: Camhi M, Pikitch EK, Babcock EA, editors. Sharks of the open ocean: biology, fisheries and conservation. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2008. p. 114–27. ISBN: 0-632-05995-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonfil R, Mena R, de Anda D. Biological parameters of commercially exploited silky sharks, Carcharhinus falciformis, from the Campeche Bank. México: NOAA Technical Report NMFS; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonfil R, Amorim A, Anderson C, Arauz R, Baum J, Clarke SC, Graham RT, Gonzalez M, Jolón M, Kyne PM, Mancini P, Márquez F, Ruíz C, Smith W. Carcharhinus falciformis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T39370A10183906. 2009. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T39370A10183906.en. Downloaded 26 Feb 2016.

  • Branstetter S. Biological notes on the sharks of the north-central Gulf of Mexico. Contrib Mar Sci. 1981;24:13–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branstetter S. Age and growth estimates for Blacktip, Carcharhinus limbatus, and Spinner, C. brevipinna, sharks from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Copeia. 1987a;4:964–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Branstetter S. Age, growth and reproductive biology of the Silky Shark, Carcharhinus falciformis, and the Scalloped Hammerhead, Sphyrna lewini, from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Environ Biol Fish. 1987b;19:161–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Branstetter S. Early life history implications of selected carcharhinoid and lamnoid sharks of the northwest Atlantic. NOAA Technical Report NMFS. 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branstetter S, Burgess GH. Commercial shark fishery observer program. Characterization and comparisons of the directed commercial shark fishery in the eastern Gulf of Mexico and off North Carolina through an observer program. Final Report. MARFIN Award NA47FF0008. 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branstetter S, Stiles R. Age and growth estimates of the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Environ Biol Fishes. 1987;20(3):169–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brazier W, Nel R, Cliff G, Dudley S. Impact of protective shark nets on sea turtles in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 1981–2008. Afr J Mar Sci. 2012;34(2):249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bres M. The behaviour of sharks (PDF). Rev Fish Biol Fish. 1993;3(2):133–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bright M. The private life of sharks: the truth behind the myth. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books; 2000. p. 74–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinker D, Hancox JD, Bernardon SO. Assessment and initial treatment of lacerations, mammalian bites, and insect stings. AACN Clin Issues. 2003;14:401–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bshary R, Hohner A, Ait-el-Djoudi K, Fricke H. Interspecific communicative and coordinated hunting between groupers and giant moray eels in the Red Sea. PLoS Biol. 2006; 4(12):e431. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040431. PMC 1750927.PMID 17147471.

  • Buck JD, Spotte S, Gadbaw JJ. Bacteriology of the teeth from a great white shark: potential medical implications for shark bite victims. J Clin Microbiol. 1984;20:849–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess GH. Shark attack and the international shark attack file. In: Gruber SH, editor. Discovering sharks. Sandy Hook: American Littoral Society; 1990. p. 101–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess GH. Carcharhinus brevipinna. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T39368A10182758. 2009. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T39368A10182758.en. Downloaded 26 Feb 2016.

  • Burgess HG, Branstetter S. Carcharhinus limbatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T3851A10124862. 2009. Downloaded 26 Feb 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess GH, Buch RH, Carvalho F, Garner BA, Walker CJ. Factors contributing to shark attacks on humans: a Volusia County, Florida, Case study. In: Carrier JC, Musick JA, Heithaus MR, editors. Sharks and their relatives II: Biodiversity, adaptive physiology and conservation. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2010. 713 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burt J, Al-Harthi S, Al-Cibahy A. Long-term impacts of coral bleaching events on the world’s warmest reefs. Mar Environ Res. 2011;72(4):225–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byard RW, Gilbert JD, Brown K. Pathologic features of fatal shark attacks. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2000;21(3):225–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cailliet GM, Cavanagh RD, Kulka DW, Stevens JD, Soldo A, Clo S, Macias D, Baum J, Kohin S, Duarte A, Holtzhausen JA, Acuña E, Amorim A, Domingo A. Isurus oxyrinchus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T39341A10207466. 2009. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T39341A10207466.en. Downloaded 25 Feb 2016.

  • Caldicott DGE, Mahajani R, Kuhn M. The anatomy of a shark attack: a case report and reviw of the literature. Injury (Int J Care Injured). 2001;32:445–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carey FG, Teal JM, Kanwisher JW. The visceral temperature of mackerel sharks (Lamnidae). Physiol Zool. 1981;54:334–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson J, Wiley T, Smith K. Pristis pectinata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T18175A43398238. 2013. Downloaded 27 Feb 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter KE, Krupp F, Jones DA, Zajonz U. The living marine resources of Kuwait, Eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. Rome: FAO; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casper BM, Domingo A, Gaibor N, Heupel MR, Kotas E, Lamónaca AF, Pérez-Jimenez JC, Simpfendorfer C, Smith WD, Stevens JD, Soldo A, Vooren CM. Sphyrna zygaena. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2005: e.T39388A10193797. 2005. Downloaded 27 Feb 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castle PHJ. Congridae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ sea fishes. Berlin: Springer; 1986. p. 161–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castle PHJ, McCosker JE. Muraenidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ sea fishes. Berlin: Springer; 1986. p. 165–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro JI. The Sharks of North American Waters. College Station: Texas A&M University Press; 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro JI. The shark nursery of Bulls Bay, South Carolina, with a review of shark nurseries of the southeastern coast of the United States. Environ Biol Fish. 1993;38:37–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castro JI. Biology of the blacktip shark, Carcharhinus limbatus, off the southeastern United States. Bull Mar Sci. 1996;59(3):508–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang W, Pien F. Marine acquired infections: hazards of the ocean environment. Postgrad Med. 1986;80:30–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen GCT, Leu TC, Joung SJ. Notes on reproduction in the scalloped hammerhead, Sphyrna lewini, in northeastern Taiwan waters. Fish Bull. 1988;86(2):389–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen GCT, Leu TC, Joung SJ, Lo NCH. Age and growth of the Scalloped Hammerhead, Sphyrna lewini, in northeastern Taiwan waters. Pac Sci. 1990;44(2):156–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen H-M, Shao K-T, Chen CT. A review of the muraenid eels (Family Muraenidae) from Taiwan with descriptions of twelve new records. Zool Stud. 1994;33(1):44–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark E, von Schmidt K. Sharks of the central Gulf coast of Florida. Bull Mar Sci. 1965;15:13–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke TA. Ecology of the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini, in Hawaii. Pac Sci. 1971;25:133–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke SC, McAllister MK, Milner-Gulland EJ, Kirkwood GP, Michielsens CGJ, Agnew DJ, Pikitch EK, Nakano H, Shivji MS. Global estimates of shark catches using trade records from commercial markets. Ecol Lett. 2006;9:1115–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Claro R. Características generales de la ictiofauna. In: Claro R, editors. Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba. Instituto de Oceanología Academia de Ciencias de Cuba and Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo; 1994. p. 55–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliff G. Shark attacks on the South African coast between 1060 and 1990. S Afr J Sci. 1991;87:513–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliff G. (SSG Subequatorial Africa Regional Workshop, September 2003). Squatina africana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T44996A10963184. 2004. Downloaded 27 Feb 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliff G. Carcharhinus amboinensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T39366A10217585. 2009. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T39366A10217585.en. Downloaded 26 Feb 2016.

  • Cliff G, Dudley SFJ. Sharks caught in the protective nets off Natal, South Africa. 5. Java shark Carcharhinus amboinensis (Müller and Henle). S Afr J Mar Sci. 1991;11:443–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coad BW, Al-Hassan LAJ. Freshwater shark attacks at Basrah, Iraq. Zool Middle East. 1989;3(1):49–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coad BW, Papahn F. Shark attacks in the rivers of southern Iran. Environ Biol Fish. 1988;23(1–2):131–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Compagno LJ. Systematics and body form. Sharks, skates and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. 1999. pp. 1–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Compagno LJV. FAO species catalogue. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 – Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fisheries Synopsis, no. 125, vol. 4/1, p. 1–249. Rome: FAO; 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Compagno LJV. Hemigaleidae. In: Carpenter KE, Niem VH, editors. FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific, vol. 2. Cephalopods, crustaceans, holothurians and sharks. Rome: FAO; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Compagno LJV. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes, no. 1, vol. 2, 269 p. Rome: FAO; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Compagno LJV. Sharks of the world: an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date, vol. 2. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization; 2002. p. 184–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Compagno LJV, Last PR. Pristidae. Sawfishes. In: Carpenter KE, Niem V, editors. FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Rome: FAO; 1999. p. 1410–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Compagno LJV, Niem VH. Carcharhinidae. Requiem sharks. In: Carpenter KE, Niem VH, editors. FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Rome: FAO; 1998a. p. 1312–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Compagno LJV, Niem VH. Odontaspididae. Sand tiger sharks. In: Carpenter KE, Niem VH, editors. FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Rome: FAO; 1998b. p. 1264–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Compagno LJV, Ebert DA, Smale MJ. Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. London: New Holland; 1989. 158 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Compagno LJV, Cook SF, Oetinger MI. Knifetooth, pointed, or narrow sawfish Anoxypristis cuspidata (Latham, 1794). In: Fowler SL, Camhi M, Burgess GH, Cailliet GM, Fordham SV, Cavanagh RD, Simpfendorfer CA, Musick JA, editors. Sharks, rays and chimaeras: the status of the chondrichthyan fishes. Gland: IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group, IUCN; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa G, Chubb JC, Veltkamp CJ. Cystacanths of Bolbosoma vasculosum in the black scabbard fish Aphanopus carbo, oceanic horse mackerel Trachurus and common dolphin Delphinus delphis from Madeira, Portugal. J Helminthol. 2000;74:113–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cousteau JY. The living sea. London: Penguin; 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cousteau J-Y, Cousteau P. The shark: splendid savage of the sea. Garden City: Doubleday; 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Anastasi B, Simpfendorfer C, van Herwerden L. Anoxypristis cuspidata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T39389A18620409. 2013. Downloaded 27 Feb 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson A. Seafood of South-East Asia: a comprehensive guide with recipes. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press; 2003. p. 34. ISBN: 1-58008-452-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies DH, Campbell GD. The aetiology, clinical pathology and treatment of shark bite. J R Nav Med Serv. 1962;3:110–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Carvalho MR, Séret B, McEachran JD. Carcharhinidae. p. 144–7. In: Stiassny MLJ, Teugels GG, Hopkins CD, editors. The fresh and brackish water fishes of Lower Guinea, West-Central Africa. Volume I. Collection Faune et Flore tropicales 42. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, and Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium, 2007, 800 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Crosta MA, Taylor LR Jr., Parrish JD. Age determination, growth, and energetics of three species of carcharhinid sharks in Hawai’i. In: Proceedings of the 2nd symposium on resource investigations of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, vol. 2. University of Hawai’i Sea Grant, UNIHI-SEAGRANT-MR-84-01; 1984. pp. 75–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Schepper N, Van Wassenbergh S, Adriaens D. Morphology of the jaw system in trichiurids: trade-offs between mouth closing and biting performance. Zool J Linn Soc. 2008;152(4):717–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Sylva DP. Sphyraenidae. In: Quero JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA), vol. 2. Lisbon/Paris/Paris: JNICT/SEI/UNESCO; 1990. p. 860–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Debelius H. Indian Ocean tropical fish guide. Neu Isenberg: Aquaprint; 1993. ISBN: 3-927991-01-5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Debelius H. Fischführer Mittelmeer und Atlantik. Hamburg: Jahr; 1998. 305 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denham J, Stevens J, Simpfendorfer CA, Heupel MR, Cliff G, Morgan A, Graham R, Ducrocq M, Dulvy ND, Seisay M, Asber M, Valenti SV, Litvinov F, Martins P, Lemine Ould Sidi M, Tous P, Bucal D. Sphyrna mokarran. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T39386A10191938. 2007. Downloaded 27 Feb 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devadoss P. Observations on the breeding and development of some sharks. J Mar Biol Assoc India. 1988;30(1–2):121–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dingerkus G. Shark distribution. In: Dingerkus G, editor. Sharks. New York: Facts on File Publications; 1987. p. 36–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudgeon CL, Noad MJ, Lanyon JM. Abundance and demography of a seasonal aggregation of zebra sharks Stegostoma fasciatum. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2008;368:269–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dudgeon CL, Broderick D, Ovenden JR. IUCN classification zones concord with, but underestimate, the population genetic structure of the zebra shark Stegostoma fasciatum in the Indo-West Pacific. Mol Ecol. 2009;18(2):248–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dudley SFJ, Cliff G. Sharks caught in the protective gillnets off Natal, South Africa. 7. The blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes). S Afr J Mar Sci. 1993;13:237–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dudley SJF, Cliff G, Zungu MP, Smale MJ. Sharks caught in the protective gillnets off KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 10. The dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus (LeSueur, 1818). S Afr J Mar Sci. 2005;27(1):107–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dulvy NK, Reynolds JD. Evolutionary transitions among egg-laying, live-bearing and maternal inputs in sharks and rays. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B: Biol Sci. 1997;264:1309–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebert DA. Sharks, rays, and chimaeras of California. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2003. p. 160–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebert DA, Fowler S, Compagno L. Sharks of the world: a fully illustrated guide. Plymouth: Wild Nature Press; 2013. 528 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis ME, Mandal BK. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment: 10 years’ experience of a regional infectious diseases unit. J Infect. 1983;6:17–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Encyclopaedia foe life (EOL). Pristis zijsron; 2016. http://eol.org/pages/213650/overview

  • Erickson T, Vanden Hoek TL, Kuritza A, Leiken JB. The emergency management of moray eel bites. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21:212–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO. Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskal, 1775). Species Fact Sheets. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO, Fisheries Department. World review of highly migratory species and straddling stocks. FAO Fish. Technical Paper No. 337. Rome: FAO; 1994. 70 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fennessy ST. Incidental capture of elasmobranchs by commercial prawn trawlers on the Tugela Bank, Natal, South Africa. S Afr J Mar Sci. 1994;14:287–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Field R. Reef fishes: UAE and Gulf of Oman. Dubai: Motivate; 2005. 144 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer W, Bianchi G, editors. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). Prepared and printed with the support of the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), vol. 1–6. Rome: FAO; 1984. pag. var. (Ref. 186).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer W, Bauchot M-L, Schneider M, editors. Fiches FAO d’identification des espèces pour les besoins de la pêche. (Révision 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire, Zone de Pêche, vol. 37. Rome: FAO; 1987. 1529 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleisher GR. The management of bite wounds. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:138–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Florida Museum of Natural History. International shark attack file; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Florida Museum of Natural History. University of Florida. Retrieved 7 May 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Florida Museum of Natural History. University of Florida. Retrieved 7 May 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fourmanoir P. Requins de la Côte Ouest de Madagascar. Memoires de L’Institut Scientifique de Madagascar. Série F. Oceanographie. ORSTOM. Tome IV; 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frantz V. Bull sharks attacks comonly in warm, shallow waters. State College: accuweather; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fricke R. Fishes of the Mascarene Islands (Réunion, Mauritius, Rodriguez): an annotated checklist, with descriptions of new species. Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books, Theses Zoologicae, vol. 31; 1999. 759 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friel JP, Wainwright PC. Evolution of motor patterns in Teteraodontiform fishes: does muscle duplication lead to functional diversification? Brain Behav Evol. 1998;52:159–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Froese R, Pauly D, editors. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication; 2016. www.fishbase.org, version (01/2016).

  • Garrick JAF. Revision of sharks of genus Isurus with description of a new species (Galeoidea, Lamnidae). Proc US Natl Mus. 1967;118:663–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrick JAF. Sharks of the genus Carcharhinus. NOAA Technical Report NMFS; 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrick JAF, Schultz LP. A guide to the kinds of potentially dangerous sharks. Sharks Surv. 1963;3–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gasparini JL, Floeter SR. The shore fishes of Trindade Island, western South Atlantic. J Nat Hist. 2001;35:1639–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert PW, Schlernitzauer DA. The placenta and gravid uterus of Carcharhinus falciformis. Copeia (Am Soc Ichthyol Herpetol). 1966;(3):451–7. doi:10.2307/1441064. JSTOR 1441064.

  • Gilman E, Clarke S, Brothers N, Alfaro-Shigueto J, Mandelman J, Mangel J, Piovano S, Peterson S, Watling D, Dalzell P. Strategies to reduce shark depredation and unwanted bycatch in pelagic longline fisheries: industry practices and attitudes, and shark avoidance strategies. Honolulu: Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gliwicz ZM. A lunar cycle in zooplankton. Ecology. 1986;67:882–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goreau TJ. Undercurrent Diver’s Blog; 2015. http://www.undercurrent.org/blog/2011/01/04/barracuda-attack/

  • Goubanov EP, Shleib NA. Sharks of the Arabian Gulf. Kuwait: Ministry of Public Works, Agricultural Department. Fisheries Divisions; 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guidera KJ, Ogden JA, Highhouse K, Pugh L, Beatty E. Shark attack. J Orthop Trauma. 1991;5(2):204–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habermehl GG, Krebs HC, Rasoanaivo P, Ramialiharisoa A. Severe ciguatera poisoning in Madagascar—a case-report. Toxicon. 1994;32(12):1539–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hajimoradi M, et al. The effect of shark liver oil on the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and cytokine pattern in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;126(3):565–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halstead BW. Dangerous marine animals. Cambridge: Cornell Maritime Press; 1959.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hazin F, Burgess GH, Carvalho F. Shark attack outbreak of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil: 1992–2006. Bull Mar Sci. 2008;89:199–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heemstra PC. Additions and corrections for the 1995 impression. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Revised Edition of Smiths’ sea fishes. Berlin: Springer; 1995. p. 5–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heithaus MR. The biology of tiger sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier, in Shark Bay, Western Australia: sex ratio, size distribution, diet, and seasonal changes in catch rates. Environ Biol Fish. 2001;61(1):25–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson AC, Reeve AJ. Noteworthy elasmobranch records from Oman. Afr J Mar Sci. 2011;33(1):171–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hennemann RM. Sharks & rays: elasmobranch guide of the world. 2nd ed. Frankfurt: IKAN – Unterwasserarchiv; 2001. p. 132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heupel M. Carcharhinus melanopterus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T39375A10219032. 2009. Downloaded 26 Feb 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heupel MR, Carlson JK, Simpfendorfer CA. Shark nursery areas: concepts, definition characterization and assumptions. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2007;337:289–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobson PN, et al. Anaerobic digestion of organic matter. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 1974;41(4):131–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmayer ER, Franks JS, Driggers WB III, Grace MA. Movements and habitat preferences of dusky (Carcharhinus obscurus) and silky (Carcharhinus falciformis) sharks in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Preliminary Results. 2009 MTI Bird and Fish Tracking Conference Proceedings; 26 Mar 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland KN, Wetherbee BM, Peterson JD, Lowe CG. Movements and distribution of hammerhead shark pups on their natal grounds. Copeia. 1993;1993(2):495–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holts DB, Julian A, Sosa-Nishizaki O, Bartoo NW. Pelagic shark fisheries along the west coast of the United States and Baja California, Mexico. Fish Res. 1998;39:115–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard RJ, Burgess GH. Surgical hazards posed by marine and freshwater animals in Florida. Am J Surg. 1993;166:563–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard RJ, Pessa ME, Brennaman BH, Ramphal R. Necrotizing soft-tissue infections caused by marine vibrios. Surgery. 1985;98:126–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphries P. Observations on the ecology of Galaxiella pusilla (Mack) (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae) in Diamond Creek. Victoria Proc R Soc Vic. 1986;98:133–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussain NA, Naiama AK, Al-Hassan LAJ. Annotated check list of the fish fauna of Khor Al-Zubair, north west of the Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Acta Ichthyol Piscat. 1988;18(1):17–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain NA, Rasen AK, Al-Kafiji BY, Coad BW. Bull shark occurrence Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes, 1839) at the inland waters of southern Iraq. J Univ Duhok. 2012;15(1):140–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussaini KL. Life of fishermen. Draft report. The Gulf Fishing Services; 2009. 98 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Shark Attack File. 2016. https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/isaf/home/

  • Iranian Fisheries Company and Iranian Fisheries Research Organization. Persian Gulf and Oman sea fishes. Iran: Poster; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark. International Shark Attack File; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • ISAF. ISAF statistics on attacking species of shark. International Shark Attack File, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida; 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • ISAF. ISAF statistics on attacking species of shark. Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida; 2016. Retrieved 4 Feb 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iversen ES, Skinner R. How to cope with the dangerous sea life-a guide to animals that sting, bite or are poisonous to eat from the waters of the Western Atlantic, Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. Miami: Windward; 1977. 76 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jabado RW, Al-Ghais SM, Hamza W, Henderson AC, Ahmad MA. First record of the sand tiger shark, Carcharias taurus, from United Arab Emirates. Mar Biodivers Rec. 2013;6:e27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jabado RW, Al-Ghais SM, Hamza W, Henderson A. The shark fishery in the United Arab Emirates: an interview based approach to assess the status of sharks. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshwat Ecosyst. 2015;25:800–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jalili SH. Quality of gelatin extracted from skin of dominant ray fishes of the Persian Gulf. Iran Sci Fish J. 2004;13:55–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Japan International Cooperation Agency. The fisheries resources survey in Fiji and Tuvalu. Figures and tables. Japan International Cooperation Agency; 1987, April.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen AL. Beverton and Holt life history invariants result from optimal trade-off of reproduction and survival. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 1996;53(4):820–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson RH, Nelson DR. Agonistic display in the gray reef shark, Carcharhinus menisorrah, and its relationship to attacks on man. Copeia. 1973;1973:76–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawase H. Spawning behavior and biparental egg care of the crosshatch triggerfish, Xanthichthys mento (Balistidae). Environ Biol Fish. 2003;66:211–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawase H, Nakazono A. Reproductive behavior of the flagtail triggerfish, Sufflamen chrysopterus. In: Richmond RH, editor. Proceedings of the 7th international coral reef symposium, Guam; 1992. p. 905–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp J. Zoogeography of the coral reef fishes of the Socotra Archipelago. J Biogeogr. 1998;25(5):919–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khalaf M, Zajonz U. Fourteen additional fish species recorded from below 150 m depth in the Gulf of Aqaba, including Liopropoma lunulatum (Pisces: Serranidae), new record for the Red Sea. Fauna Arabia. 2007;23:421–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Killam KA. The reproductive biology, age, and growth of the blacktip shark, Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes) near Tampa Bay, Florida. M.Sc. Thesis, University of South Florida; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klausewitz W. Comparative studies on the vertical distribution of bathybenthic deep-sea fishes of the Red Sea. Proc IPFC. 1994;4:462–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klimley AP. The determinants of sexual segregation in the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini. Environ Biol Fishes. 1987;18(1):27–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klimley AP, Nelson DR. Diel movement patterns of the scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) in relation to El Bajo Espiritu Santo: a refuging central-position social system. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 1984;15:45–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knickle C. Tiger shark biological profile. Florida Museum of Natural History, Ichthyology Department; 2011. Retrieved July 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohler NE, Casey JG, Turner PA. Length-weight relationship for 13 species of sharks from the western North Atlantic. Fish Bull. 1995;93:412–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristofferson K. Killer barracuda; 2015. http://www.silber.com.br/barracuda/info/info2.htm

  • Krupp F, Al-Marri MA. Fishes and fish assemblages of the Jubail marine wildlife sanctuary. In: Krupp F et al., editors. A marine wildlife sanctuary for the Arabian Gulf: environmental research and conservation following the 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill. Frankfurt: SNG; 1991. p. 339–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krupp F, Almarri M, Zajonz U, Carpenter K, Almatar S, Zetzsche H. Twelve new records of fishes from the Gulf. Fauna Arabia. 2000;18:323–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuiter RH. Photo guide to fishes of the Maldives. Victoria: Atoll Editions; 1998. 257 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuiter RH, Tonozuka T. Pictorial guide to Indonesian reef fishes. Part 1. Eels- Snappers, Muraenidae – Lutjanidae. Zoonetics, Australia; 2001. p. 1–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lack M, Sant G. Trends in global shark catch and recent developments in management. Cambridge: TRAFFIC International; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Last PR, Stevens JD. Sharks and rays of Australia. Hobart: CSIRO; 1994. 513 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Last PR, Stevens JD. Sharks and rays of Australia. 2nd ed. Melbourne: CSIRO; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaVan F, Hunt T. Oxygen and wound healing. Clin Plast Surg. 1990;17:463–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavenberg RJ, Grove JS, Seigel JA. Conservation alert: status of fisheries for Galápagos sharks, with a checklist of known species. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieske E, Myers R. Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. London: Haper Collins; 1994. 400 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieske E, Myers RF. Coral reef guide; Red Sea. London: Harper Collins; 2004. ISBN: 0-00-715986-2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu KM, Chen C-T, Liao T-H, Joung S-J. Age, growth, and reproduction of the pelagic thresher shark, Alopias pelagicus in the Northwestern Pacific. Copeia. 1999;1999(1):68–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowry M, William D, Metti Y. Lunar landings: relationship between lunar phase and catch rates for an Australian gamefish-tournament fishery. Fish Res. 2007;88:15–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lubbock R, Edwards A. The fishes of Saint Paul’s rocks. J Fish Biol. 1981;18:135–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luther G. The dorab fishery resources of India. Proc Living Resour Seas Around India. 1973;11:445–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luther G. Age and growth of the fishes of the genus Chirocentrus cuvier. J Mar Biol Assoc India. 1985;27:0–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luther G, Dharma R. Population studies on the fish of the genus Chirocentridae Cuvier. J Mar Biol Assoc India. 1982;24:118–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyle JM. Observations of the biology of Carcharhinus acutus (Whitley), C. melanopterus (Quoy and Gaimard) and C. fitzroyensis (Whitley) from Northern Australia. Aust J Mar Freshwat Res. 1987;38:701–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Majeed NM, Hamid YL, Saeed TR. Fishermen with injuries. Internal report. Muscat: Oman Gulf Fisheries Enterprice; 2010. 54 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malek FB. Triggerfish. Dubai: Dubai Publishing; 2007. 87 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manilo LG, Bogorodsky SV. Taxonomic composition, diversity and distribution of coastal fishes of the Arabian Sea. J Ichthyol. 2003;43(1):S75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marine life. Sphyrna lewini; 2016. http://marinelife.about.com/od/Sharks/p/Scalloped-Hammerhead-Shark-Sphyrna-Lewini.htm

  • Marine Species Identification Portal. Galeocerdo cuvier; 2016. http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=sharks&id=462

  • Martin RA. Elasmo research. ReefQuest; 2006. Retrieved 6 Feb.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin RA. A review of shark agonistic displays: comparison of display features and implications for shark-human interactions. Mar Freshw Behav Physiol. 2007;40(1):3–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin RA. What’s the speediest marine creature?. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research; 2014. Retrieved 13 Apr 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin RA, Martin A. Sociable killers. Nat Hist Mag. 2013. Archived from the original 15 May 2013. Retrieved 30 Sept 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martins AS, Haimovici M. Distribution, abundance and biological interactions of the cutlassfish Trichiurus lepturus in the southern Brazil subtropical convergence ecosystem. Fish Res. 1997;30:217–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martins R, Coasta FO, Murta AG, Carniero M, Landi M. First record of Zenion hololepis (Zenionidae) in Portuguese continental waters: the northernmost occurrence in the eastern Atlantic. Mar Biodiv Rec. 2012;5:1–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marx RF. The history of underwater exploration. New York: Courier Dover Publications; 1990. p. 3. ISBN: 0-486-26487-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masuda H, Amaoka K, Araga C, Uyeno T, Yoshino T. The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago, vol. 1. Tokyo: Tokai University Press; 1984. 437 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsuura K. Balistidae. Triggerfishes. In: Carpenter KE, Niem V, editors. FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles. Rome: FAO; 2001. p. 3911–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCosker JE. White shark attack behaviour: observations and speculations about predator and prey tactics. South Calif Acad Sci Mem. 1985;9:123–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCosker JE, Rosenblatt RH. Muraenidae. Morenas. In: Fischer FK, Schneider W, Sommer C, Carpenter KE, Niem V, editors. Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental, 3 vols. Rome: FAO; 1995. p. 1303–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDavid J. Aquarium fish: triggerfish. Advanced Aquarist; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDavitt M. The cultural and economic importance of sawfishes (family Pristidae). Shark News. 1996;8:10–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDavitt MT. Summary of trade in sawfishes and sawfish parts. Unpublished Report; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDavitt MT, Charvet-Almeida P. Quantifying trade in sawfish rostra two examples. Shark News. 2004;16:10–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • McEachran JD, Capapé C. Rhinopteridae. p. 208–9. In: Whitehead PJP, Bauchot M-L, Hureau J-C, Nielsen J, Tortonese E, editors. Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, vol. 1. Paris: UNESCO; 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMillan PJ, Francis MP, James GD, Paul LJ, Marriott PJ, Mackay E, Wood BA, Griggs LH, Sui H, Wei F. New Zealand fishes. Volume 1: A field guide to common species caught by bottom and midwater fishing. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 68; 2011. 329 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehdi KL. Ribbonfishes. Tehran: Persian Gulf News; 2008. 34 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melouk MA. On the development of Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Publications of the Marine Biological Station at Ghardaqa; 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menni RC, Lucifora LO. Condrictios de la Argentina y Uruguay. ProBiota, FCNyM, UNLP, Serie Técnica-Didáctica, La Plata, Argentina. 2007; 11:1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles SB. The countries and tribes of the Persian Gulf. London: Frank Cass; 1919.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mollet HF, Cliff G, Pratt HL Jr, Stevens JD. Reproductive biology of the female shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque 1810, with comments on the embryonic development of lamnoids. Fish Bull. 2000;98(2):299–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore ABM, Peirce R. Composition of elasmobranch landings in Bahrain. Afr J Mar Sci. 2013;35(4):593–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore ABM, Compagno LJV, Fergusson IK. The Persian/Arabian Gulf’s sole great white shark Carcharodon carcharias (Lamniformes: Lamnidae) record from Kuwait: misidentification of a sandtiger shark Carcharias taurus (Lamniformes: Odontaspididae). Zootaxa. 2007;1591:67–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore ABM, White WT, Pierce R. Additions to the shark fauna of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf (Carcharhiniformes: Hemigaleidae and Carcharhinidae). Zool Middle East. 2010;50:83–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore ABM, Ward RD, Peirce R. Sharks of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf: a first annotated checklist (Chondrichtyes: Elasmobranchii). Zootaxa. 2012;3167:1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore AB, White WT, Ward RD, Naylor GJ, Peirce R. Rediscovery and redescription of the smooth tooth blacktip shark, Carcharhinus leiodon (Carcharhinidae), from Kuwait, with notes on its possible conservation status. Mar Freshwat Res. 2011;62(6):528–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno Iturria DA. Demographic analysis of the family Pristidae to aid in conservation and management. James Cook University; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mundy BC. Checklist of the fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Mus Bull Zool. 2005;6:1–704.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musick JA, Grubbs RD, Baum J, Cortés E. Carcharhinus obscurus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T3852A10127245. 2009. Downloaded on 26 Feb 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers RF. Micronesian reef fishes. 2nd ed. Barrigada: Coral Graphics; 1991. 298 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers RF. Micronesian reef fishes: a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of Micronesia, 3rd revised and expanded edition. Barrigada: Coral Graphics; 1999. 330 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myrberg A, Nelson DF. The behaviour of sharks: what have we learned? Underw Nat. 1991;20:92–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakabo T. Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, English edition I. Tokyo: Tokai University Press; 2002. p. 5–866.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura I. Trichiuridae. Cutlassfishes. In: Carpenter KE, Niem V, editors. FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The Western Central Pacific; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura I, Parin NV. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 15. Snake mackerels and cutlassfishes of the world (families Gempylidae and Trichiuridae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the snake mackerels, snoeks, escolars, gemfishes, sackfishes, domine, oilfish, cutlassfishes, scabbardfishes, hairtails, and frostfishes known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis, vol. 125(15); 1993. 136 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakano H. Age, reproduction and migration of blue shark in the North Pacific Ocean. Bull Natl Res Inst Far Seas Fish. 1994;31:141–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narasimham KA. Some obsefivations on the fishery and biology of the ribbonfish Eupleurogrammus glossodon (bleeker). Indian J Fish. 1983;21(2):269–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Natanson LJ, Casey JG, Kohler NE. Age and growth of the Dusky Shark, Carcharhinus obscurus, in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Fish Bull. 1995;93:116–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Natanson LJ, Kohler NE, Ardizzone D, Cailliet GM, Wintner SP, Mollet HF. Validated age and growth estimates for the shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Environ Biol Fish. 2006;77:367–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Geographic. Bull shark; 2016. http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/bull-shark/. Retrieved 3 Feb 2016.

  • National Marine Fisheries Service. Status review of the smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata); 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Recovery plan for smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata). Prepared by the Smalltooth Sawfish Recovery Team for the National Marine Fisheries Service. Silver Spring; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naylor E. Marine animal behaviour in relation to lunar phase. Earth Moon Planet. 1999;85–86:291–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson DR. Aggression in sharks: is the gray reef shark different? Oceanos. 1981;24:45–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson DR, Johnson RH. Acoustic studies on sharks: Rangiroa Atoll, July 1969. ONR Technical Report 2, No. N00014-68-C-0138; 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • NOAA. Office of protected resources; 2016. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/fish/greensawfish.htm

  • Norton SF, Brainerd EL. Convergence in the feeding mechanics of ecomorphologically similar species in the Centrarchidae and Cichlidae. J Exp Biol. 1993;176:11–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira MAM. Estudo comparativo da dieta de R. lalandi e de jovens de S. lewini desembarcados na Praia das Astúrias (Guaruj); 1997 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira MAM, Amorim AF, Arfelli CA. Estudo biología-pesqueiro de tubaries peligicos capturados no sudeste e sul do Brasil. IX Encontro Brasileiro de Ictiologia. Maringñ Paran Brasil; 1991 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortega LA, Heupel MR, van Beynen P, Motta PJ. Movement patterns and water quality preferences of juvenile bull sharks (Carcharhinus lecuas) in a Florida estuary. Environ Biol Fish. 2009;84(4):361–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owfi F, Fatemi MR, Motallebi AA, Coad B. Systematic review of Anguilliformes order in Iranian Museums from the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Iran J Fish Sci. 2014;13(2):407–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrine D. Sharks. Stillwater: Voyager Press; 2002. p. 67. ISBN: 0-89658-604-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petzold T, Feindt PR, Carl UM, Gams E. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in deep sternal wound infection after heart transplantation. Chest. 1999;115:1455–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peverell SC. Distribution of sawfishes (Pristidae) in the Queensland Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, with notes on sawfish ecology. Environ Biol Fish. 2005;73:391–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peverell SC. Sawfish (Pristidae) of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia. School of Marine Biology, James Cook University; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips C, Brady WH. Sea pests, poisonous or harmful sea life of Florida and the West Indies. Coral Gables: University of Miami; 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillans R. Negaprion acutidens. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; 2003. Retrieved 4 May 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillans RD, Simpfendorfer CA. Zebra shark, Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann, 1783). In: Cavanagh RD, Kyne PM, Fowler SL, Musick JA, Bennet MB, editors. The Conservation Status of Australasian Chondrichthyans. The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane; 2003. p. 170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillans R, Amorim A, Mancini P, Gonzalez M, Anderson C. Carcharhinus altimus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature; 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillans R, Amorim A, Mancini P, Gonzalez M, Anderson C. Carcharhinus altimus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T161564A5452406. 2009. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T161564A5452406.en. Downloaded 25 Feb 2016.

  • Porter HT, Motta PJ. A comparison of strike and prey capture kinematics of three species of piscivorous fishes: Florida gar (Lepisosteus platyrhincus), redfin needlefish (Strongylura notata), and great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda). Mar Biol. 2004;145(5):989–1000.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt HL Jr. Reproduction in the blue shark, Prionace glauca. Fish Bull. 1979;77:445–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt HL Jr, Carrier JC. A review of elasmobranch reproductive behavior with a case study on the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum. In: The behavior and sensory biology of elasmobranch fishes: an anthology in memory of Donald Richard Nelson. Netherlands: Springer; 2001. p. 157–88.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Premalatha P, Manojkumar PP. Some biological aspects of two species of barracudas from the south west coast of India. Indian J Fish. 1990;37(4):289–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quignard J-P, Tomasini JA. Mediterranean fish biodiversity. Biol Mar Mediterr. 2000;7(3):1–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabbani A, Abdosamadi S, Sari-Saraf N. Affinity of anticancer drug daunomycin to core histones in solution: comparison of free and cross-liked proteins. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2007;28:731–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabbani-Chadegani A, Abdossamadi S, Bargahi A, Yousef-Masboogh M. Identification of low-molecular-weight protein (SCP1) from shark cartilage with anti-angiogenesis activity and sequence similarity to parvalbumin. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2008;46(3):563–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randall JE. Contribution to the biology of the whitetip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus). Calif Wild (Pac Sci). 1977;31(2):143–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall JE. Sharks of Arabia. London: Immel; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall JE. Coastal fishes of Oman. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall JE. Randall’s tank photos. Collection of 10,000 large-format photos (slides) of dead fishes. Unpublished; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall JE. Reef and shore fishes of the South Pacific. New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press; 2005a. 720 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall JE. A review of mimicry in marine fishes. Zool Stud. 2005b;44(3):299–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall JE, Helfman GS. Attacks on humans by the blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus). Calif Wild (Pac Sci). 1973;27(3):226–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall JE, Hoover JP. Coastal fishes of Oman. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press; 1995. p. 30–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall JE, Millington JT. Triggerfish bite – a little-known marine hazard. J Wilderness Med. 1990;1(2):79–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randall JE, Allen GR, Steene RC. Fishes of the great barrier reef and Coral Sea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press; 1990. 506 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall JE, Williams JT, Smith DG, Kulbicki M, Tham GM, Labrosse P, Kronen M, Clua E, Mann BS. Checklist of the shore and epipelagic fishes of Tonga. Atoll Res Bull Nos. 2003;502

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasoanandrasana N, Baran E, Laroche J. Temporalpatterns in fish assemblage of a semiarid mangrove zone in Madagascar. J Fish Biol. 1997;51:3–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Razmi NA, Kalalian Moghadam H, Tabandeh MR, Babakhani AAF. The therapeutic effect of ingestion of shark cartilage (Carcharhinus dussumieri) on the growth of dimethylbenzanthracene induced mammary tumour in Sprague Dawley rats. Iran South Med J. 2008;10:104–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reardon M, Márquez F, Trejo T, Clarke SC. Alopias pelagicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T161597A5460720. 2009. Downloaded 25 Feb 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiner F. Catálogo dos peixes do arquipélago de Cabo Verde. Publ. Avuls. Inst. Port. Invest. 1996, March 2. 339 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reide K. Global register of migratory species – from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn; 2004. 329 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riordan C, Hussain M, McCann J. Moray eel attack in the tropics: a case report and review of the literature. Wilderness Environ Med. 2004;15(3):194–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robins CR, Ray GC. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; 1986. 354 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romine J. Status, ecology and demographic analysis of the dusky shark, Carcharhinus obscurus, and the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus, in the northwest Atlantic. M.Sc. thesis. College of William & Mary; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose JH. Sphyraenidae. In: Fischer W, Bianchi G, editors. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51), vol. 4. Rome: FAO; 1984. pag. var.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Alvarado CL, Ixquiac-Cabrera M. Evaluación del potencial de Explotación del recurso tiburón en las Costas del Pacífico de Guatemala. Guatemala: Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología FODECYT-Centro de Estudios del Mar y Acuacultura CEMA-USAC-Unidad Especial de Pesca y Acuacultura UNEPA; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell BC, Houston W. Offshore fishes of the Arafura Sea. Beagle. 1989;6(1):69–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadovy de Mitcheson Y, Liu M. Functional hermaphroditism in teleosts. Fish Fish. 2008;9:1–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sahafi HH. Identification of marine ornamental fishes in northern part of the Persian gulf, Iran. Iran J Fish Sci. 2000;2:21–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salem AB. Fishes of the sea. Baghadad: Report to the Ministry of Agriculture; 2010. 120 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sally OM. Diving with danger. Diving instructions. Dubai: Blue Sea Diving; 2008. 75 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salt Aquarium. 2016. http://saltaquarium.about.com/cs/eelcare/p/dragoneel.htm

  • Sanches JG. Catálogo dos principais peixes marinhos da República de Guiné-Bissau. Publicações avulsas do I.N.I.P. No. 16. 429 p. McEachran and Capapé, 1984; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz K. Ken Schultz’s field guide to saltwater fish. Hoboken: Wiley; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz FJ. Shark ageing methods and age estimation of scalloped hammerhead, Sphyrna lewini, and dusky, Carcharhinus obscurus, sharks based on vertebral ring counts. NOAA Tech Rep NMFS. 1983;8:167–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seki T, Taniuchi T, Nakano H, Shimizu M. Age, growth, and reproduction of the Oceanic Whitetip shark from the Pacific Ocean. Fish Sci Tokyo. 1998;64:14–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Senou H. Sphyraenidae. Barracudas. In: Carpenter KE, Niem V, editors. FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles. Rome: FAO; 2001. p. 3685–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Séret B. Carcharhinidae. p. 74–7. In: Paugy D, Lévêque C, Teugels GG, editors. The fresh and brackish water fishes of West Africa. Volume 1. Collection Faune et Flore Tropicales 40. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and Musée Royal de l’Afrique Central, Tervuren; 2003. 457 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahrokhi N, et al. Effect of aqueous extract of watercress on glucose and lipid plasma in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Pak J Physiol. 2009;5(2):6–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shallard B. Fish resource assessment survey project of Abu Dhabi and UAE waters. ERWDA; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shark Facts. Carcharhinus longimanus; 2016. http://www.arkive.org/oceanic-whitetip-shark/carcharhinus-longimanus/

  • Sibbing FA, Nagelkerke LAJ. Resource partitioning by Lake Tana barbs predicted from fish morphometrics and prey characteristics. Rev Fish Biol Fish. 2001;10:393–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siliotti A. Fishes of the red sea. Verona, Geodia; 2002. ISBN: 88-87177-42-2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpfendorfer C. Biology of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) caught by the Queensland shark meshing program off townsville, Australia. Aust J Mar Freshwat Res. 1992;43:3–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpfendorfer CA. Eusphyra blochii. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature; 2003a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpfendorfer CA. (SSG Australia & Oceania Regional Workshop, March 2003). Rhizoprionodon acutus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2003: e.T41850A10579779. 2003b. Downloaded 27 Feb 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpfendorfer CA. Threatened fishes of the World: Pristis pectinata Latham, 1794 (Pristidae). Environ Biol Fishes. 2005;73:20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpfendorfer C. Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T40797A10358129. 2009a. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T40797A10358129.en. Downloaded 26 Feb 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpfendorfer C. Galeocerdo cuvier. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T39378A10220026. 2009b. Downloaded 26 Feb 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpfendorfer C. Pristis zijsron. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T39393A18620401. 2013. Downloaded 27 Feb 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sivasubramaniam K, Ibrahim MA. Common fishes of Qatar; 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smale MJ. Triaenodon obesus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2005: e.T39384A10188990. 2005. Downloaded 27 Feb 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smale MJ. Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T39365A10216946. 2009. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T39365A10216946.en. Downloaded 26 Feb 2016.

  • Smale MJ, Goosen AJJ. Reproduction and feeding of spotted gully shark, Triakis megalopterus, off the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Fish Bull. 1999;97:987–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart JJ, Harry AV, Tobin AJ, Simpfendorfer CA. Overcoming the constraints of low sample sizes to produce age and growth data for rare or threatened sharks. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshwat Ecosyst. 2012;23(1):124–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sminkey TR. Demographic analyses of natural and exploited populations of three large coastal sharks. Shark Evaluation Workshop: Document SB-III-8. Miami; 1996

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith CL. National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. New York: Alfred A. Knopf; 1997. 720 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith MM, Heemstra PC. Smith’s sea fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan; 1986. p. 1047.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SE, Au DW, Show C. Intrinsic rebound potentials of 26 species of Pacific sharks. Mar Freshw Res. 1998;49(7):663–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith DG, Brokovich E, Einbinder S. Gymnothorax baranesi, a new moray eel (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa. 2008;1678:63–8. Image of

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith WD, Cailliet GM, Melendez EM. Maturity and growth characteristics of a commercially exploited stingray, Dasyatis dipterura. Mar Freshwat Res. 2007;58(1):54–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith K, Scarr M, Scarpaci C. Grey nurse shark (Carcharias taurus) diving tourism: tourist compliance and shark behaviour at fish rock, Australia. Environ Manage. 2010;46(5):699–710.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith M, Warmolts D, Thoney D, Hueter R, editors. The elasmobranch husbandry manual : captive care of sharks, rays and their relatives. Columbus: Ohio Biological Survey; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snelson FF, Mulligan TJ, Williams SE. Food habits, occurrence and population structure of the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, in Florida coastal lagoons. Bull Mar Sci. 1984;34:71–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommer C, Schneider W, Poutiers J-M. FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of Somalia. Rome: FAO; 1996. 376 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Springer S. Field observations on large sharks of the Florida-Caribbean region. In: Gilbert PW, editor. Sharks and survival. DC Heath, Boston;1963. p. 95–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Springer S. Sphyrnidae. In: Quero JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA), vol. 1. Lisbon/Paris/Paris: JNICT/SEI/UNESCO; 1990. p. 109–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stafford-Deitsch J. Red sea sharks. London: Trident Press. 1999. p. 19–24, 27–32, 74–75. ISBN: 1-900724-28-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stafford-Deitsch J. Sharks of Florida, the Bahamas, the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. London: Trident; 2000. p. 90–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stehmann M. Pristidae. In: Quero JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA), vol. 1. Lisbon/Paris/Paris: JNICT/SEI/UNESCO; 1990. p. 51–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson P, Chidlow J. Bycatch in the Pilbara Trawl Fishery. Final report to Natural Heritage Trust. Department of Fisheries. Perth; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens JD. Biological observations on sharks caught by sports fishermen off New South Wales. Aust J Mar Freshwat Res. 1984a;35:573–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens JD. Life history and ecology of sharks at Aldabra Atoll, Indian Ocean. Proc R Soc Lond B. 1984b;222(1226):79–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens JD. Prionace glauca. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T39381A10222811. 2009. Downloaded 27 Feb 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens JD, Lyle JM. The biology of three hammerhead sharks (Eusphyrna blochii, Sphyrna mokarran and S. lewini) from Northern Australia. Aust J Mar Freshwat Res. 1989;40:129–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens JD, McLoughlin KJ. Distribution, size and sex composition, reproductive biology and diet of sharks from northern Australia. Aust J Mar Freshwat Res. 1991;42:151–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swan SC, Gordon JDM, Shimmield T. Preliminary investigations on the uses of otolith microchemistry for stock discrimination of the deep-water Black Scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo) I the North East Atlantic. J Northwest Atl Fish Sci. 2003;31:221–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor LR. Sharks of Hawaii: their biology and cultural significance. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press; 1993. p. 65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tester AL. Cooperative shark research and control program, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Final Report; 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas P. Great white shark amazes scientists with 4000-foot dive into abyss. GrindTV; 2010, April 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_shark

  • Thomas N, Brook I. Animal bite-associated infections: microbiology and treatment. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2011;9(2):215–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornley M, Dante V, Wilson P, Bartholomew W. Surfing Australia. 2nd ed. Clarendon: Tuttle Publishing; 2003. p. 264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorson TB, Lacy E. Age, growth rate and longevity of Carcharhinus leucas estimated from tagging and vertebral rings. Copeia. 1982;1982:110–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tobin AJ, Simpfendorfer CA, Mapleston A, Currey L, Harry AJ, Welch DJ, Ballagh AC, Chin A, Szczenski N, Schlaff A, White J. A quantitative ecological risk assessment of sharks and finfish of Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area inshore waters: a tool for fisheries and marine park managers: identifying species at risk and potential mitigation strategies. In: Marine and Tropical Sciences Research Facility, editors. Cairns; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres-Huerta AM. Observaciones sobre la Biología reproductiva de la cornuda barrosa Sphyrna lewini en aguas del Noreste de México. Tesis del Doctorado, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trape S. Shark attacks in Dakar and the Cap Vert Peninsula, Senegal: low incidence despite high occurrence of potentially dangerous species. PLoS One. 2008;3(1):e1495.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tricas TC, McCosker JE. Predatory behaviour of the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), with notes on its biology (PDF). Proc Calif Acad Sci. 1984;43(14):221–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Umezawa A, Oyake T, Hirokawa J, Tsukamoto K, Okiyama M. Development of the eggs and larvae of the pike eel, Muraenesox cinereus. Jpn J Ichthyol. 1991;38:35–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenti SV. Heterodontus omanensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T161720A5488163. 2009. Downloaded 27 Feb 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Elst R. A guide to the common sea fishes of southern Africa. 3rd ed. Cape Town: Struik Publishers; 1993. 398 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viegas J. Largest great white shark don’t outweigh whales, but they hold their own. Discovery Channel; 2010. Retrieved 19 Jan 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weitkamp DE, Sullivan RD. Gas bubble disease in resident fish of the lower clark fork River. Trans Am Fish Soc. 2003;132(5):865–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welch K, Martini FH. Non-fatal shark attack at Maui. Hawaii Med J. 1981;40(4):95–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wet Web Media. Gymnothorax flavimarginatus. 2016. http://www.wetwebmedia.com/

  • Wetherbee BM, Crow GL, Lowe CG. Distribution, reproduction and diet of the gray reef shark, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos in Hawaii. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 1997;151:181–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White WT. (SSG Australia & Oceania Regional Workshop, March 2003). Hemipristis elongata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2003: e.T41874A10582240. 2003. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T41874A10582240.en. Downloaded 25 Feb 2016.

  • White WT, Bartron C, Potter IC. Catch composition and reproductive biology of Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith) (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) in Indonesian waters. J Fish Biol. 2008;72:1675–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead PJP. FAO species catalogue, vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fisheries Synopsis, no. 125, vol. 7/1. Rome: FAO; 1985. p. 1–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikipedia. 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracuda?action=history

  • Wikipedia. 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_shark

  • Will GJ. Fish can be dangerous. Tehran: Moon; 2007. 54 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wojciechowski J. Observations on the biology of cutlassfish Trichiurus lepturus L. (Trichiuridae) of Mauritania shelf. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria II; 1972. p. 67–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright AJ. Lunar cycles and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) stranding on the North Atlantic coastlines of the British Isles and eastern Canada. Mar Mamm Sci. 2005;2:145–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wroe S, Huber DR, Lowry M, McHenry C, Moreno K, Clausen P, Ferrara TL, Cunningham E, Dean MN, Summers AP. Three-dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white bite? J Zool. 2008;276(4):336–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wueringer BE, Peverell SC, Seymour J, Squire L Jr, Kajiura SM, Collin SP. Sensory systems in sawfishes. 1. The ampullae of Lorenzini. Brain Behav Evol. 2011;78(2):139–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wueringer BE, Squire L, Kajiura SM, Hart NS, Collin SP. The function of the sawfish’s saw. Curr Biol. 2012;22(5):R150–1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zajonz U, Khalaf M, Krupp F. Coastal fish assemblages of the Socotra Archipelago. In: Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity of Socotra Archipelago: marine habitat, biodiversity and fisheries surveys and management. Progress Report of Phase III. Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt; 2000. p. 127–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zakei A. Report to the Ministry of Health, Baghdad; 2010. 104 p.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Manukau, Auckland, New Zealand

    Laith A. Jawad

Authors
  1. Laith A. Jawad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jawad, L.A. (2018). Biting and Predator Fish Group. In: Dangerous Fishes of the Eastern and Southern Arabian Peninsula. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57926-9_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation