Abstract
Agrobiodiversity is the variety and variability of animals, plants and microorganisms that are used directly or indirectly for food and agriculture, including crops, livestock, forestry and fisheries. It also includes the diversity of non-harvested species that support production (soil microorganisms, predators, pollinators) and those in the wider environment that support agroecosystems. Now, the agrobiodiversity is threatened by changing patterns of land use (urbanization, deforestation), agricultural modernization (monocultures and abandoning of traditional, biodiversity-based practices), westernization of diets and their supply chains. After analysing the target species, strategies adopted to conserve and promote agrobiodiversity are in situ and ex situ conservation along with habitat conservation, management and promotion of agrobiodiversity through sustainable uses. Recently, molecular techniques are facilitating the identification and evaluation of interspecific diversity and evolutionary history, restoration of potential species which may be vulnerable in the near future and conservation of closely related species for the possibility of exploring useful bioactive molecules present in them. These molecular approaches include both non-PCR- and PCR-based techniques. PCR-based techniques have been widely applied in conservation and restoration of agrobiodiversity through molecular characterization, assessing genetic diversity, DNA barcoding, phylogenetics, QTL mapping, MAS, genome sequencing, pangenome construction, etc. Besides these, target genes were discovered for quantitative traits using association mapping and genome-wide prediction studies. Different biotechnological tools have also been employed for genomic manipulation through important gene cloning and genetic modification and genome editing tools in important crop germplasm to conserve, manage and restore from wild population to avoid its depletion. These DNA technologies can be a viable option to develop genetically modified crops with enhanced resistance and improved yields to fight against climate change, droughts and chronic food shortages. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) and GenBank repositories are developed to maintain agricultural biodiversity and ensure the preservation of the genetic resources and reduce the genetic vulnerability. Thus, a wide array of DNA approaches available may be used to exploit and harness the diversity in wild crop resource of agriculture for achieving higher genetic gains for food and nutritional security.
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Dhakad, A.K., Mohanapuria, P., Ranjan, R., Vaishnav, V., Yadav, S.K. (2022). Molecular Approaches in Conservation and Restoration of Agrobiodiversity. In: Kumar, P., Tomar, R.S., Bhat, J.A., Dobriyal, M., Rani, M. (eds) Agro-biodiversity and Agri-ecosystem Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0928-3_10
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