Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (yellow disease phytoplasmas)
Identity
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris
- Preferred Common Name
- yellow disease phytoplasmas
- Other Scientific Names
- Aconitum proliferation
- Aconitum virescence
- Alberta aster yellows
- alfalfa stunt
- Alstroemeria decline
- American aster yellows
- Anemone virescence
- apple sessile leaf
- apricot chlorotic leaf roll
- azalea little leaf
- banana elephantiasis
- basil little leaf
- Bermuda grass white leaf
- black currant reversion
- black pepper yellows
- blueberry stunt
- broccoli phyllody
- Bunias phyllody
- cactus virescence
- cactus witches'-broom
- Calendula virescence
- canola yellows
- Cardaria phyllody
- carrot proliferation
- carrot yellows
- cassava phyllody phytoplasma
- cassava witches' broom
- Catharanthus little leaf
- Catharanthus virescence
- chayote witches'-broom
- cherry bunch leaf
- cherry little leaf
- chlorantie
- Chrysanthemum witches'-broom
- Chrysanthemum yellows
- Cirsium stunt
- Cirsium yellows
- clover phyllody
- columbine virescence
- coorg black pepper yellows
- cosmos phyllody
- Cyclamen virescence
- dandelion yellows
- Delphinium virescence
- dill yellows
- Diplotaxis virescence
- dogfennel yellows
- dogwood stunt
- dwarf western aster yellows
- eastern aster yellows
- Echinacea phyllody
- eggplant dwarf
- eggplant little leaf
- Epilobium phyllody
- Erigeron yellows
- European aster yellows
- false ragweed
- Festuca yelllows
- Gaillardia yellows
- Gladiolus virescence
- grapevine yellows
- grey dogwood stunt
- hyacinth yellows
- Hydrangea phyllody and virescence
- Ipomoea obscura witches' broom
- Italian cabbage yellows
- Italian lettuce yellows
- kale phyllody
- larkspur virescence
- lazy daisy yellows
- lettuce yellows
- lilac little leaf
- Limonium proliferation
- Limonium yellows
- Lotus yellows
- maize bushy stunt
- mallow yellows
- marguerite yellows
- marigold phyllody
- marigold virescence
- Maryland aster yellows
- Mitsuba witches' broom
- monarda yellows
- mulberry dwarf
- multiplier disease
- New England aster yellows
- New Jersey aster yellows
- oat proliferation
- Oenothera virescence
- olive witches'-broom
- onion phyllody
- onion virescence
- onion yellows
- Papaver virescence
- parsley yellows
- Paulownia witches' broom
- peach red leaf disease
- pear proliferation and decline
- periwinkle little leaf
- periwinkle witches' broom and virescence
- periwinkle yellows
- Phytoplasma asteris
- plantain virescence
- Poa stunt
- poplar witches' broom
- poplar yellows
- Portulaca yellows
- potato purple top
- prickly lettuce yellows
- Primula yellows
- pumpkin yellows
- purple coneflower yellows
- Quercus proliferation
- ragweed yellows
- Ranunculus phyllody
- rape phyllody
- rape virescence
- rose witches'-broom
- ryegrass yellows
- safflower phyllody
- Salix proliferation
- sandal spike
- Saponaria proliferation
- Schizanthus proliferation
- severe western aster yellows
- soybean purple stem
- Spirea stunt
- Stellaria yellows
- strawberry green petal
- strawberry phylloid fruit
- strawberry stunting
- Symphytum proliferation
- Tacaco witches'-broom
- Tagetes witches' broom
- Thalictrum proliferation
- tomato big bud
- tomato yellows
- turnip virescence
- Veronica phyllody
- watercress witches'-broom
- western aster yellows
- wild radish yellows
- International Common Names
- Englishaster yellows phytoplasmasAY
- EPPO code
- PHYP01 (Tomato big bud phytoplasma)
- EPPO code
- PHYPAS
Pictures
Symptoms
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (yellow disease phytoplasmas); malformed flowers of Callistephus chinensis (China aster) affected by AY diseases showing dwarfed youngest leaves and flower malformations. Right, healthy flower.
©C. Marcone
Symptoms
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (yellow disease phytoplasmas); bushy tops and stunted and hairy roots on AY-infected carrot (Daucus carota). Healthy plant on left.
©C. Marcone
Symptoms
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (yellow disease phytoplasmas); AY-infected lettuce (Lactuca sativa) showing stunting and failure to head.
©C. Marcone
Symptoms
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (yellow disease phytoplasmas); Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli), infected by AY, characterized by proliferation of the inflorescence, phyllody and virescence.
©C. Marcone
Symptoms
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (yellow disease phytoplasmas); foliar symptoms of clover phyllody on Trifolium repens. Top left, healthy leaves.
©C. Marcone
Symptoms
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (yellow disease phytoplasmas); healthy plant (left) and AY- infected plant of Primula, showing yellowing, virescence and dwarfed flowers.
©C. Marcone
Symptoms
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (yellow disease phytoplasmas); virescent flowers of AY-infected Anemone coronaria. Top left, healthy flower.
©C. Marcone
Symptoms
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (yellow disease phytoplasmas); phyllody symptoms of AY-disease on a Ranunculus sp.
©C. Marcone
Symptoms
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (yellow disease phytoplasmas); AY- infected periwinkle plant (Catharanthus sp.) showing a pronounced enlargement of the calyx.
©C. Marcone
Symptoms
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (yellow disease phytoplasmas); larkspur (Delphinium sp.) plants, affected by AY disease, showing proliferation of axillary shoots. Right, healthy plant.
©C. Marcone
Distribution
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Symptoms
AY group phytoplasmas affect plants by causing extensive abnormalities in plant growth and development, suggestive of profound disturbance in plant hormone balance. Symptoms typical on herbaceous plant hosts include yellowing of the leaves, stunting, proliferation of auxiliary shoots resulting in a witches'-broom appearance, bunchy appearance of growth at the ends of stems, virescence of flowers and sterility, phyllody, shortening of internodes, elongation and etiolation of internodes, small and deformed leaves. Yellowing, decline, sparse foliage and dieback are predominant in woody plant hosts. However, it is well-known that distantly related phytoplasmas can cause identical symptoms in a given host plant, whereas closely related phytoplasmas can cause distinctly different symptoms. Lee et al. (1992) determined that different symptoms could be induced in Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle) by closely related strains of the AY phytoplasma group.
List of Symptoms/Signs
| Symptom or sign | Life stages | Sign or diagnosis |
|---|---|---|
| Plants/Fruit/abnormal patterns | ||
| Plants/Fruit/abnormal shape | ||
| Plants/Fruit/discoloration | ||
| Plants/Fruit/premature drop | ||
| Plants/Fruit/reduced size | ||
| Plants/Growing point/dieback | ||
| Plants/Growing point/discoloration | ||
| Plants/Growing point/distortion | ||
| Plants/Inflorescence/abnormal leaves (phyllody) | ||
| Plants/Inflorescence/discoloration (non-graminaceous plants) | ||
| Plants/Inflorescence/distortion (non-graminaceous plants) | ||
| Plants/Leaves/abnormal colours | ||
| Plants/Leaves/abnormal forms | ||
| Plants/Leaves/leaves rolled or folded | ||
| Plants/Leaves/yellowed or dead | ||
| Plants/Roots/hairy root | ||
| Plants/Roots/reduced root system | ||
| Plants/Roots/stubby roots | ||
| Plants/Stems/dieback | ||
| Plants/Stems/internal red necrosis | ||
| Plants/Stems/stunting or rosetting | ||
| Plants/Stems/witches broom | ||
| Plants/Whole plant/distortion; rosetting | ||
| Plants/Whole plant/dwarfing | ||
| Plants/Whole plant/early senescence | ||
| Plants/Whole plant/elongation | ||
| Plants/Whole plant/plant dead; dieback | ||
| Plants/Whole plant/uprooted or toppled |
Prevention and Control
The incidence of aster yellows (AY) disease can be reduced significantly if proper attention is given to all control measures. These mainly include the use of healthy plant material, eradication of perennial or biennial weed hosts from the field, roadways and fences, control of the leafhopper vectors in the crop and on weeds with insecticides as early in the season as possible and avoidance of planting a susceptible crop next to a crop harbouring the pathogens. Application of tetracyclines may be appropriate for the treatment of particularly valuable trees, but tetracyclines are not registered in some countries for this purpose.
Impact
Aster yellows (AY) group phytoplasmas affect plants by causing a general reduction in quantity and quality of yield. The most severely affected hosts are carrot, lettuce, onion, spinach and several ornamental crops, including aster, gladiolus, hydrangea, chrysanthemum and purple coneflower. Disease incidence may vary from year to year depending on the population trend of the vectors in the field. Infection rates varying from 20 to 30% were observed in lettuce and ranunculus fields in southern Italy (Marcone et al., 1995; Parrella et al., 2008). In Oklahoma, USA, according to Errampalli et al. (1991), AY group phytoplasma infections occurred in 80% of lettuce plants and 28% of carrots. In Ohio, disease incidence of 100% has been recorded in lettuce fields (Zhang et al., 2004). A major outbreak of AY disease occurred in 2000 in Texas that affected several vegetable crops. Among them, carrot was most severely damaged with infection rates that ranged from to 50 to near 100% (Lee et al., 2003). A severe AY disease of chrysanthemum which induced losses of 70 to 80% of the crop has been reported from China (Min et al., 2008) whereas losses of 90% were recorded in AY-affected aubergines in Bangladesh (Kelly et al., 2009). Infection rates of 60 and 99% were recorded in Hungary for AY-affected sugarbeet plants and India for AY-affected Jatropha curcas plants, respectively (Mumford et al., 2000; Kumar et al., 2010b). However, there are also several reports on sporadic occurrence and generally low incidence of AY group phytoplasmas in vegetable and ornamental crops (Smith et al., 1988; Vibio et al., 1995; Bertaccini et al., 1998). Cassava witches’ broom, a disease affecting cassava in South East Asia (Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, China and the Philippines) is caused by 16SrI phytoplasma. The disease has resulted in significant reductions in cassava root starch content and up to 80% yield loss in parts of Vietnam (Anon., 2014).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © CABI. CABI is a registered EU trademark. This article is published under a Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
History
Published online: 17 January 2024
Language
English
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
SCITE_
Citations
Export citation
Select the format you want to export the citations of this publication.
EXPORT CITATIONSExport Citation
View Options
View options
Get Access
Login Options
Check if you access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.