Code
RPCLO
Growth form
parasite
Biological cycle
annual
Habitat
marshland
RPCLO
Growth form
parasite
Biological cycle
annual
Habitat
marshland
🗒 Synonyms
| synonym | Buchnera longiflora Arn. |
| synonym | Macrosiphon elongatus Hochst. |
| synonym | Macrosiphon fistulosus Hochst. |
| synonym | Rhamphicarpa australiensis Steenis |
| synonym | Rhamphicarpa elongata (Hochst.) O.J.Hansen |
| synonym | Rhamphicarpa longiflora Benth. |
🗒 Common Names
| Malgache |
|
📚 Overview
Description
Global description
Rhamphicarpa fistulosa is an annual parasitic herb with hail simple stem very branched, up to 40 cm high, with often bent growth habit. It becomes black when drying. The leaves are opposite, subopposite, filiform, straight or deeply divided into 1 to 3 pairs of filiform segments and a terminal segment, generally from 1 to more than 4 cm long. The flowers are solitary at the base of the leaves or terminal, in narrow tube flaring at the end, long of 2 to 4 cm, white, cream or pale pink in colour. The fruit is a capsule of 7 to 10 mm long surmounted by a curved beak.
Cotyledons
Cotyledons filiform, very slim.
First leaves
First leaves are opposite, simple, filiform, 2 to 4 mm long. They quickly become deeply divided into filiform segments. Dark green in color, becoming very quickly blackening when is cut.
General habit
Grass with erect growth habit or somewhat curved, with a slender stem simple to highly branched, reaching up to 40 cm in height.
Underground system
Numerous roots, fibrous. Base of plant fixed by a haustorium to the root of the parasitized poaceae
Stem
Slender stem, quadrangular, solid, glabrous, often branched, 20 to 40 cm high.
Leaf
Sub opposite or opposite leaves, rarely alternate, simple. They are carried by filiform petiole, 3 to 10 mm long. The blade is entire or deeply divided with 1 to 3 pairs of filiform segments, less than 1 mm wide and a filiform terminal segment. The blade is of very variable length of 1 to more than 5 cm in length, the segments are 2 to 20 mm long. Both sides are glabrous. The margin is entire.
Flower
Flowers solitary, axillary or terminal, in close tube, 2 to 5 cm long, white, cream or pale pink in colour. They are carried by a peduncle, 9 to 20 mm long. Two thread-like bractlets of 1 to 5 mm long are situated at mid-height of the stalk. The calyx has five sepals fused in tube at the base, 6 mm long, with lobed top corner and lengthily acuminate. The corolla is formed of a tube of 20 to 40 mm long and 10 to 15 mm diameter at the end, terminated by rounded to spatulate lobes, opening only at night.
Fruit
The fruit is an ovoid capsule with 2 loculus, slightly flattened longitudinally, about 1 cm long, at the top ending in sharp beak, 4 to 7 mm long, inclining on one side. The sutures of the capsule are finely winged. The capsule is dehiscent on one side, and contains many seeds forming a powder.
Seed
Oval seed of very small size, dark brown to black in color.
Rhamphicarpa fistulosa is an annual parasitic herb with hail simple stem very branched, up to 40 cm high, with often bent growth habit. It becomes black when drying. The leaves are opposite, subopposite, filiform, straight or deeply divided into 1 to 3 pairs of filiform segments and a terminal segment, generally from 1 to more than 4 cm long. The flowers are solitary at the base of the leaves or terminal, in narrow tube flaring at the end, long of 2 to 4 cm, white, cream or pale pink in colour. The fruit is a capsule of 7 to 10 mm long surmounted by a curved beak.
Cotyledons
Cotyledons filiform, very slim.
First leaves
First leaves are opposite, simple, filiform, 2 to 4 mm long. They quickly become deeply divided into filiform segments. Dark green in color, becoming very quickly blackening when is cut.
General habit
Grass with erect growth habit or somewhat curved, with a slender stem simple to highly branched, reaching up to 40 cm in height.
Underground system
Numerous roots, fibrous. Base of plant fixed by a haustorium to the root of the parasitized poaceae
Stem
Slender stem, quadrangular, solid, glabrous, often branched, 20 to 40 cm high.
Leaf
Sub opposite or opposite leaves, rarely alternate, simple. They are carried by filiform petiole, 3 to 10 mm long. The blade is entire or deeply divided with 1 to 3 pairs of filiform segments, less than 1 mm wide and a filiform terminal segment. The blade is of very variable length of 1 to more than 5 cm in length, the segments are 2 to 20 mm long. Both sides are glabrous. The margin is entire.
Flower
Flowers solitary, axillary or terminal, in close tube, 2 to 5 cm long, white, cream or pale pink in colour. They are carried by a peduncle, 9 to 20 mm long. Two thread-like bractlets of 1 to 5 mm long are situated at mid-height of the stalk. The calyx has five sepals fused in tube at the base, 6 mm long, with lobed top corner and lengthily acuminate. The corolla is formed of a tube of 20 to 40 mm long and 10 to 15 mm diameter at the end, terminated by rounded to spatulate lobes, opening only at night.
Fruit
The fruit is an ovoid capsule with 2 loculus, slightly flattened longitudinally, about 1 cm long, at the top ending in sharp beak, 4 to 7 mm long, inclining on one side. The sutures of the capsule are finely winged. The capsule is dehiscent on one side, and contains many seeds forming a powder.
Seed
Oval seed of very small size, dark brown to black in color.
Wiktrop
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| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
No Data
📚 Natural History
Life Cycle
Life cycle
Annual
Reproduction
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
Rhamphicarpa fistulosa is an annual plant hemiparasitic to rice and poaceae, which quickly multiplies by its many seeds. The plant produces fruits very rapidly and releases, by dehiscence of the capsule, its many powdered seeds.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
| References |
Morphology
Growth form
Erected
Leaf arrangement
Opposite
Alternate
Leaf type
Simple
Type of prefoliation
Broad leaves
Linear leaves
Equality of opposite leaves
Opposite leaves equal
Latex
Without latex
Stem section
Square
Root type
Taproot
Fibrous roots
Hollow or solid stem
Solid stem
Stipule type
No stipule
Leaf attachment type
with petiole
Fruit type
Capsule splitting vertically in 2 carpels
Lamina base
attenuate
Lamina margin
entire
Lamina apex
attenuate
Upperface pilosity
Glabrous
Lowerface pilosity
Glabrous
Simple leaf type
Lamina filiform
Lamina section
flat
Lamina Veination
in arc
Flower color
Pinkish
White
Inflorescence type
Axillary solitary flower
Stem pilosity
Glabrous
Life form
Parasitic plant
Ecology
Rhamphicarpa fistulosa is a semi-aquatic plant, growing in peaty soils over rock substratum, on or between rocks on shallow, slow running streams, but more frequently in grassy swamps, temporary or permanently flooded areas like inland valley swamps and poorly drained rain-fed lowland rice fields. It can grow from sea level up to 1750 m of elevation.
Comoros: Absent.
Madagascar: Rhamphicarpa fistulosa is a species of savannah, common in swampy areas, the edges of ponds and rice-growing lowlands. Parasitic species of poaceae, it infests insufficiently irrigated paddy fields, especially rice zone of medium and low altitude . Adult plants resistant to certain water blade. It also parasites the millet, sorghum and other spontaneous Poaceae.
Mauritius : Absent.
Reunion : Absent.
Seychelles: Absent.
Togo: High and medium levels of Rhamphicarpa fistulosa infestation in lowland rice fields in the Savannah Region are found on soils with high coarse sand content, high potassium content, low fertility and low water retention capacity located in the northwestern part of the zone and at higher than average altitudes, while low levels and absence of infestation are more likely to be found on finer-textured soils found further east in the zone.
Comoros: Absent.
Madagascar: Rhamphicarpa fistulosa is a species of savannah, common in swampy areas, the edges of ponds and rice-growing lowlands. Parasitic species of poaceae, it infests insufficiently irrigated paddy fields, especially rice zone of medium and low altitude . Adult plants resistant to certain water blade. It also parasites the millet, sorghum and other spontaneous Poaceae.
Mauritius : Absent.
Reunion : Absent.
Seychelles: Absent.
Togo: High and medium levels of Rhamphicarpa fistulosa infestation in lowland rice fields in the Savannah Region are found on soils with high coarse sand content, high potassium content, low fertility and low water retention capacity located in the northwestern part of the zone and at higher than average altitudes, while low levels and absence of infestation are more likely to be found on finer-textured soils found further east in the zone.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Habitat
Marshland
Description
Geographical distibution
Madagascar
Origin
Rhamphicarpa fistulosa is native to Sub-Saharan Africa.
Worldwide distribution
This species occurs in 35 countries in Sub saharan Africa, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, Guinea (Conakry), Madagascar, and also in New Guinea and in the north of tropical Australia.
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| Attributions | dummy |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Risk Statement
Local harmfulness
Benin: Rare but abundant when present.
Burkina Faso: Rare but abundant when present.
Comoros: Absent.
Madagascar: Rhamphicarpa fistulosa is frequent weed and locally abundant in rice fields deficient in irrigation. It weakens or completely kills the rice in variable extent spots, giving a burning sensation (hence its Malagasy name "Angamay").
Mali: Rare and scarce.
Mauritius: Absent.
Nigeria: Frequent and scarce.
Reunion: Absent.
Senegal: Rare and scarce.
Seychelles: Absent.
Tanzania: Rare but abundant when present.
Togo: Rhamphicarpa fistulosa first mentioned in 2003 has become a major weed of lowland rice cultivation in the Savannah Region in northern Togo.
Uganda: Rare but abundant when present.
Global harmfulness
Not yet considered to be a widespread problem, however, it has the potential to become more important in the near future (Raynal-Roques, 1994; Rodenburg et al., 2010). It parasitizes on cereal crops like rice and there are indications that it is increasingly occurring on rain-fed lowland rice (Rodenburg et al., 2011).
Local harmfulness
Benin: Rare but abundant when present.
Burkina Faso: Rare but abundant when present.
Comoros: Absent.
Madagascar: Rhamphicarpa fistulosa is frequent weed and locally abundant in rice fields deficient in irrigation. It weakens or completely kills the rice in variable extent spots, giving a burning sensation (hence its Malagasy name "Angamay").
Mali: Rare and scarce.
Mauritius: Absent.
Nigeria: Frequent and scarce.
Reunion: Absent.
Senegal: Rare and scarce.
Seychelles: Absent.
Tanzania: Rare but abundant when present.
Togo: Rhamphicarpa fistulosa first mentioned in 2003 has become a major weed of lowland rice cultivation in the Savannah Region in northern Togo.
Uganda: Rare but abundant when present.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Management
Management recommandations for parasitic plants in rice fields: http://portal.wiktrop.org/document/show/24
Local control
Togo: In the Savannah Region in northern Togo, it is recommended to check that the rice seeds used are not contaminated by Rhamphicarpa fistulosa seeds, to carry out late sowing of rice and to set up cropping systems including rotations with legumes such as soybean, groundnut or cowpea, and vegetable crops.
Global control
Genetic variation in resistance and tolerance levels was observed among rice cultivars; fertilizer applications significantly reduced parasite numbers, biomass and negative host effects (Rodenburg et al., 2011). It is also hypothesized that improved water management (flooding) can reduce Rhamphicarpa abundance.Management recommandations for parasitic plants in rice fields: http://portal.wiktrop.org/document/show/24
Local control
Togo: In the Savannah Region in northern Togo, it is recommended to check that the rice seeds used are not contaminated by Rhamphicarpa fistulosa seeds, to carry out late sowing of rice and to set up cropping systems including rotations with legumes such as soybean, groundnut or cowpea, and vegetable crops.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
No Data
📚 Information Listing
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
References
- Neumann, U., Sallé, G., Weber, H.C., 1998. Development and structure of the haustorium of the parasite Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Scrophulariaceae). Botanica Acta 111, 354-365
- Parker C, Riches CR (1993) Parasitic Weeds of the World: Biology and Control. CAB International, Wallingford, UK
- Hansen, O.J., 1975. The genus Rhamphicarpa Benth. emend. Engl. (Scrophulariaceae). A taxonomic revision. Botanisk Tidsskrift 70, 103-125
- Cissé, J., Camara, M., Berner, D.K., Musselman, L.J., 1996. Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Scrophulariaceae) damages rice in Guinea, In: Moreno, M.T., Cubero, J.I., Berner, D.K., Joel, D., Musselman, L.J., Parker, C. (Eds.), Advances in parasitic plant research: 6th Parasitic Weeds Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, pp. 518-520
- Philcox, D. 1990. Scrophulariaceae. Flora Zambesiaca 8, 1-179 (http://plants.jstor.org/flora/fz6298)
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice. Cédérom. Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
- Rodenburg, J., Riches, C.R., Kayeke, J.M., 2010. Addressing current and future problems of parasitic weeds in rice. Crop Prot. 29, 210-221
- Kuijt, J., 1969. The biology of parasitic flowering plants. University of California Press, Berkeley
- Rodenburg J, Zossou N, Gbehounou G, Ahanchede A, Touré A., Kyalo G, Kiepe P, 2011. Rhamphicarpa fistulosa, a parasitic weed threatening rain-fed lowland rice production in sub-Saharan Africa - A case study from Benin. Crop Protection 30, 1306-1314
- Raynal Roques, A., 1994. Major, minor and potential parasitic weeds in semi-arid tropical Africa: the example of Scrophulariaceae, in: Pieterse, A.H., Verkleij, J.A.C., ter Borg, S.J. (Eds.), Biology and management of Orobanche, Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga research. Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, pp. 400-405
- Ouédraogo, O., Neumann, U., Raynal Roques, A., Sallé, G., Tuquet, C., Dembélé, B., 1999. New insights concerning the ecology and the biology of Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Scrophulariaceae). Weed Res. 39, 159-169
- Zossou, N. Adoukoneou-Sagbadja, H. Fonceka, D. Baba-Moussa, L. Sall, M. Ahanchede, A. Sinsin, B., 2016. Genetic diversity of rice vampireweed (Rhamphicarpa fistulosa) populations in rainfed lowland rice in West Africa. Weed Science. 64(3):430-440.
- Rodenburg, J., Morawetz, J.J., Bastiaans, L., 2015a. Rhamphicarpa fistulosa, a widespread facultative hemiparasitic weed, threatening rice production in Africa. Weed Res. 55, 118–131. doi:10.1111/wre.12129
- Le Bourgeois, T., Carrara, A., Dodet, M., Dogley, W., Gaungoo, A., Grard, P., Ibrahim, Y., Jeuffrault, E., Lebreton, G., Poilecot, P., Prosperi, J., Randriamampianina, J.A., Andrianaivo, A.P., Théveny, F. 2008. Advent-OI : Principales adventices des îles du sud-ouest de l'Océan Indien.V.1.0. In Cirad [ed.]. Cirad, Montpellier, France. Cdrom.
- Houngbéji, T. (2016). Rhamphicarpa fistulosa : infestation dans les bas-fonds rizicoles de la Région des Savanes (Togo) et étude des interactions hôte-parasite. Thèse, Paris-Saclay.
Information Listing > References
- Neumann, U., Sallé, G., Weber, H.C., 1998. Development and structure of the haustorium of the parasite Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Scrophulariaceae). Botanica Acta 111, 354-365
- Parker C, Riches CR (1993) Parasitic Weeds of the World: Biology and Control. CAB International, Wallingford, UK
- Hansen, O.J., 1975. The genus Rhamphicarpa Benth. emend. Engl. (Scrophulariaceae). A taxonomic revision. Botanisk Tidsskrift 70, 103-125
- Cissé, J., Camara, M., Berner, D.K., Musselman, L.J., 1996. Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Scrophulariaceae) damages rice in Guinea, In: Moreno, M.T., Cubero, J.I., Berner, D.K., Joel, D., Musselman, L.J., Parker, C. (Eds.), Advances in parasitic plant research: 6th Parasitic Weeds Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, pp. 518-520
- Philcox, D. 1990. Scrophulariaceae. Flora Zambesiaca 8, 1-179 (http://plants.jstor.org/flora/fz6298)
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice. Cédérom. Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
- Rodenburg, J., Riches, C.R., Kayeke, J.M., 2010. Addressing current and future problems of parasitic weeds in rice. Crop Prot. 29, 210-221
- Kuijt, J., 1969. The biology of parasitic flowering plants. University of California Press, Berkeley
- Rodenburg J, Zossou N, Gbehounou G, Ahanchede A, Touré A., Kyalo G, Kiepe P, 2011. Rhamphicarpa fistulosa, a parasitic weed threatening rain-fed lowland rice production in sub-Saharan Africa - A case study from Benin. Crop Protection 30, 1306-1314
- Raynal Roques, A., 1994. Major, minor and potential parasitic weeds in semi-arid tropical Africa: the example of Scrophulariaceae, in: Pieterse, A.H., Verkleij, J.A.C., ter Borg, S.J. (Eds.), Biology and management of Orobanche, Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga research. Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, pp. 400-405
- Ouédraogo, O., Neumann, U., Raynal Roques, A., Sallé, G., Tuquet, C., Dembélé, B., 1999. New insights concerning the ecology and the biology of Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Scrophulariaceae). Weed Res. 39, 159-169
- Zossou, N. Adoukoneou-Sagbadja, H. Fonceka, D. Baba-Moussa, L. Sall, M. Ahanchede, A. Sinsin, B., 2016. Genetic diversity of rice vampireweed (Rhamphicarpa fistulosa) populations in rainfed lowland rice in West Africa. Weed Science. 64(3):430-440.
- Rodenburg, J., Morawetz, J.J., Bastiaans, L., 2015a. Rhamphicarpa fistulosa, a widespread facultative hemiparasitic weed, threatening rice production in Africa. Weed Res. 55, 118–131. doi:10.1111/wre.12129
- Le Bourgeois, T., Carrara, A., Dodet, M., Dogley, W., Gaungoo, A., Grard, P., Ibrahim, Y., Jeuffrault, E., Lebreton, G., Poilecot, P., Prosperi, J., Randriamampianina, J.A., Andrianaivo, A.P., Théveny, F. 2008. Advent-OI : Principales adventices des îles du sud-ouest de l'Océan Indien.V.1.0. In Cirad [ed.]. Cirad, Montpellier, France. Cdrom.
- Houngbéji, T. (2016). Rhamphicarpa fistulosa : infestation dans les bas-fonds rizicoles de la Région des Savanes (Togo) et étude des interactions hôte-parasite. Thèse, Paris-Saclay.
Images
Herbarium pictures ReCOLNAT: https://explore.recolnat.org/search/botanique/simplequery=Rhamphicarpa%2520fistulosa
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
| Root | Root |
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Tracheophyta |
| Class | Magnoliopsida |
| Order | Lamiales |
| Family | Orobanchaceae |
| Genus | Rhamphicarpa |
| Species | Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Hochst.) Benth. |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
