Code
SCTAN
Growth form
Broadleaf
Biological cycle
Annual
Habitat
Terrestrial
🗒 Synonyms
| synonym | Stachytarpheta angustifolia (Mill.) Vahl |
| synonym | Stachytarpheta angustifolia f. elatior (Schrad. ex Schult.) López-Pal. |
| synonym | Stachytarpheta angustifolia f. jenmanii (Moldenke) Moldenke |
| synonym | Stachytarpheta angustifolia f. rionegrensis Moldenke |
| synonym | Stachytarpheta angustifolia var. elatior Schrad. |
| synonym | Stachytarpheta angustissima Moldenke |
| synonym | Stachytarpheta elatior Schrad. |
| synonym | Stachytarpheta elatior var. jenmanii Moldenke |
| synonym | Stachytarpheta jamaicensis var. indica (L.) H.J.Lam |
| synonym | Stachytarpheta surinamensis Miq. Ex Pulle |
| synonym | Valerianoides indica (L.) Medik. |
| synonym | Valerianoides jamaicensis var. linearifolia Kuntze |
| synonym | Verbena angustifolia Mill. |
| synonym | Verbena caudata Salisb., nom. superfl. |
| synonym | Verbena indica L. |
| synonym | Verbena lancifolia Steud., nom. inval. |
| synonym | Vermicularia lancifolia Moench, nom. superfl. |
| synonym | Zappania angustifolia (Mill.) Poir. |
| synonym | Zappania indica (L.) Lam. |
🗒 Common Names
| No Data |
📚 Overview
Description
Global description
Stachytarpheta indica is an upright plant with a quadrangular stem, simple leaves, opposite and glabrous, with a poorly differentiated petiole. The margin of the limb is toothed, with long teeth. The inflorescences are terminal, cylindrical, upright, fleshy spikes, whose mauve flowers are gradually blooming in small groups. The calyx, tubular, includes 2 strong teeth.
Cotyledons
The cotyledons are triangular. They are borne by a petiole 5 mm long. The blade is 6 to 8 mm long and 3 mm wide. The top of the limb is rounded and the base is truncated or wide. The lamina is marked by the midrib.
First leaves
The first leaves are simple and opposite. They are sessile. The blade is elliptical to oblanceolate, narrow, 2 to 3 cm long and 6 to 10 mm wide. The base is attenuated in a long false petiole, extending around the stem in a stipular V-shaped collar. The blade is marked with 2 to 4 secondary pinnate veins. The margin is entire in the lower part of the limb and includes some wide teeth, in the upper part. Both sides are glabrous.
General habit
The plant is erect, with ramifications sometimes drooping. The plant is little branched. It is usually 30 to 40 cm high, but can occasionally reach 1 m.
Underground system
The root is a taproot.
Stem
The stem is solid and quadrangular, with rounded corners. It is hairless.
Leaf
The leaves are simple and opposite. They are almost sessile because the base of the lamina is attenuated at length along the petiole. It surrounds the stem in a stipular V-shaped collar. The blade is narrowly elliptic lanceolate, 4 to 10 cm long and 1 to 4 cm wide. The top is in wide corner and the base attenuated in acute corner. The margin is roughly toothed. The teeth are elongated with a lower edge more than 2 times longer than the upper edge. The upper face is glabrous, while the underside has a few short hairs. The lamina is marked with 5 to 8 pairs of pinnate secondary veins.
Inflorescence
The flowers are grouped in terminal spikes, 10 to 40 cm long and 5 mm in diameter, erect or curving at the end but not sinuous. The axis of the spike is fleshy. The flowers are inserted into linear cells along the axis. The flowers bloom gradually in small groups of 2 to 5 from the base of the spike to the top.
Flower
The flowers are sessile, located in the axil of a triangular bract, 5 mm long. The calice is a tube with 2 strong triangular teeth at the top. The corolla is formed of 5 petals welded in narrow tube at the base and spread in 5 broad lobes at the top. It is 6-8 mm wide and pale purple in color. The tube of the corolla largely exceeds the calyx before bending. In the corolla tube are 2 sessile stamens and 2 staminodes. The ovary is superior, surmounted by a filiform style reaching the top of the tube of the corolla.
Fruit
The fruit is dry, conical, dark brown in color. It is 3 to 5 mm long and separates at maturity into 2 indehiscent elements, each closing a seed.
Seed
The seeds are oblong, laterally compressed. They are 2 to 4 mm long and 1 to 2 mm wide.
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
No Data
📚 Natural History
Life Cycle
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Northern Cameroon: Stachytarpheta indica is present throughout the crop cycle. The first germinations take place from the first rains of May. New emergence occurs after each cultural operation (plowing, weeding, hilling), which can even take place very late (November). In non-weeded plots, flowering is phased from June to September. On the other hand, in regularly weeded plots, flowering is delayed and ranges from September to November. Fruiting then occurs at the same time and can be prolonged during the dry season (January-February) depending on soil moisture.
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Look Alikes
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Identification characteristics of Stachytarpheta
| S. mutabilis | S. urticifolia | S. cayennensis | S. jamaicensis | S. indica | |
| Plant size | 1 - 3 m | 0,5 - 1,5 m | 0,5 - 2 m | 0,3 - 1 m | 0,3 - 1 m |
| Leaf hairiness | pubescent scabrous, tomentose | glabrous | scabous | glabrous | glabrous, glabrescent |
| Leaf texture | thick | membranous corrugated dark green |
membrano-fleshy | membrano-fleshy | fleshy |
| Margin crenation | round and short | acute and short | round and short | round and short | round and long |
| Spike hairiness | hairy | glabrous | pubescent | glabrous | glabrous |
| Spike shape | erect | erect | sinuous | erect | erect |
| Spike diameter | 4-7 mm | 2-2,5 mm | 1,5-2 mm | 2,5-3 mm | 4-5 mm |
| Flower colour | red, pink, salmon | bright blue | blue, lilac, whitish | blue pale white | blue pale white |
| Corolla tube | 17-20 mm | 8-9 mm | 5-7 mm | 8-10 mm | 5-11 mm |
| Corolla tube | tube exceeding the calyx | tube exceeding the calyx | tube not exceeding the calyx | tube exceeding the calyx | tube exceeding the calyx |
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Ecology
Stachytarpheta indica is a ruderal plant present on roadsides, it is a weed of crops, rainfed rice and bordering irrigated rice plots.
Northern Cameroon: Stachytarpheta indica develops from the Sahelo-Sudanian region to the Guinean region. It is characteristic of clay soils, at basic pH and with high water retention, very clayey as vertisols or clay-silt as recent alluviums along riverbanks.
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
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Origin
Stachytarpheta indica is native to tropical America.
Worldwide distribution
Stachytarpheta indica is a pantropical species occuring in Africa, India, South-East Asia, and New Caledonia.
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Risk Statement
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Glocal harmfulness
Stachytarpheta indica is a weed of minor importance in rice fields but can become a serious problem in pastures where it can not be cut.
Local harmfulness
Benin: Stachytarpheta indica is rare and scanty in rice fields
Burkina Faso: rare and scanty.
Northern Cameroon: Stachytarpheta indica is a minor weed, uncommon because it grows only in heavy soils, little used for crops such as cotton, sorghum and peanuts and is never abundant. This species is more common in off-season vegetable crops grown near the river.
Nigeria: rare and scanty.
Uganda: rare but abundant when it is present.
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Management
Global control
Mechanical control: Manual weeding two or three times during the croppig season may be effective in removing Stachytarpheta indica.
Chemical control: Foliar treatment with 2,4-D (in Queensland, pastures and against seedlings); 1.1 kg of MSMA supplemented with 0.9 kg of 2,4-D in 182 liters of water at two-week intervals (Malaysia).
For general information on weed control of irrigated and lowland rice in Africa see:
For tips on weeding annual broadleaf weeds of irrigated and lowland rice in Africa see:
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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No Data
📚 Information Listing
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
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Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
References
- Berhaut J., 1967. Flore du Sénégal. 2ème éd. Clairafrique éd., Dakar, Sénégal, 485p.
- Merlier H. & Montégut J., 1982. Adventices tropicales. ORSTOM-GERDAT-ENSH éd., Montpellier, France, 490p.
- Hutchinson J., Dalziel J. M., Keay R. W. J. & Hepper F. N., 1963. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Vol. II. 2ème éd.. The Whitefriars Press ed., London & Tonbridge, 544p.
- Le Bourgeois, T. and H. Merlier (1995). Adventrop - Les adventices d'Afrique soudano-sahélienne. Montpellier, France, Cirad.
- Le Bourgeois Th., 1993. Les mauvaises herbes dans la rotation cotonnière au Nord-Cameroun (Afrique) - Amplitude d'habitat et degré d'infestation - Cycle de développement. Thèse USTL Montpellier II, Montpellier, France, 241p.
- Okezie Akobundu, I. et Agyakwa, C.W. 1989. Guide des adventices d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Institut international d'agriculture tropicale, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Galinato, M.I., Keith Moody, Colin M. Piggin. 1999. Upland Rice Weeds of Southeast Asia, IRRI.
- Grard, P., Homsombath, K., Kessler, P., Khuon, E., Le Bourgeois, T., Prospéri, J., Risdale, C. 2006. Oswald V.1.0: A multimedia identification system of the major weeds of rice paddy fields of Cambodia and Lao P.D.R. In Cirad [ed.]. Cirad, Montpellier, France. Cdrom. ISBN 978-2-87614-653-2.
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds
- Soerjani, M., A. J. G. H. Kostermans and G. Tjitrosemito (1987). Weeds of rice in Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia, Balai Puskata.
Information Listing > References
- Berhaut J., 1967. Flore du Sénégal. 2ème éd. Clairafrique éd., Dakar, Sénégal, 485p.
- Merlier H. & Montégut J., 1982. Adventices tropicales. ORSTOM-GERDAT-ENSH éd., Montpellier, France, 490p.
- Hutchinson J., Dalziel J. M., Keay R. W. J. & Hepper F. N., 1963. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Vol. II. 2ème éd.. The Whitefriars Press ed., London & Tonbridge, 544p.
- Le Bourgeois, T. and H. Merlier (1995). Adventrop - Les adventices d'Afrique soudano-sahélienne. Montpellier, France, Cirad.
- Le Bourgeois Th., 1993. Les mauvaises herbes dans la rotation cotonnière au Nord-Cameroun (Afrique) - Amplitude d'habitat et degré d'infestation - Cycle de développement. Thèse USTL Montpellier II, Montpellier, France, 241p.
- Okezie Akobundu, I. et Agyakwa, C.W. 1989. Guide des adventices d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Institut international d'agriculture tropicale, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Galinato, M.I., Keith Moody, Colin M. Piggin. 1999. Upland Rice Weeds of Southeast Asia, IRRI.
- Grard, P., Homsombath, K., Kessler, P., Khuon, E., Le Bourgeois, T., Prospéri, J., Risdale, C. 2006. Oswald V.1.0: A multimedia identification system of the major weeds of rice paddy fields of Cambodia and Lao P.D.R. In Cirad [ed.]. Cirad, Montpellier, France. Cdrom. ISBN 978-2-87614-653-2.
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds
- Soerjani, M., A. J. G. H. Kostermans and G. Tjitrosemito (1987). Weeds of rice in Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia, Balai Puskata.
Images
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Herbarium pictures ReCOLNAT: https://explore.recolnat.org/search/botanique/simplequery=Stachytarpheta%2520indica
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
| Root | Root |
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Tracheophyta |
| Class | Magnoliopsida |
| Order | Lamiales |
| Family | Verbenaceae |
| Genus | Stachytarpheta |
| Species | Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
