Code
AMMBA
Growth form
Boradleaf
Biological cycle
Annual
Habitat
Marshland
Ammannia baccifera L.
synonym | Ammannia aegyptiaca Willd. |
synonym | Ammannia attenuata Hochst. ex A. Rich. |
synonym | Ammannia baccifera Subf. contracta Koehne |
synonym | Ammannia baccifera subsp. aegyptiaca (Willd.) Koehne |
synonym | Ammannia baccifera subsp. intermedia Koehne |
synonym | Ammannia caspia Hohen. |
synonym | Ammannia caspica Bieb. |
synonym | Ammannia crassissima Koehne |
synonym | Ammannia debilis Ait. |
synonym | Ammannia densiflora Miq. ex C. B. Clarke |
synonym | Ammannia discolor Nakai |
synonym | Ammannia glauca Wall. |
synonym | Ammannia hildebrandtii Koehne |
synonym | Ammannia indica Lam. |
synonym | Ammannia intermedia (Koehne) A. Fernandes & Diniz |
synonym | Ammannia prostrata Buch.-Ham. ex Bl. |
synonym | Ammannia retusa Koehne |
synonym | Ammannia salicifolia Hiern |
synonym | Ammannia salicifolia Monti |
synonym | Ammannia sanguinolenta Heyne ex Steud. |
synonym | Ammannia verticillata (Ard.) Lam. |
synonym | Ammannia verticillata Boiss. |
synonym | Ammannia vesicatoria Roxb. |
synonym | Ammannia viridis Willd. ex Hornem. |
synonym | Ammannia wormskioldii Fisch. et Mey. |
synonym | Cornelia verticillata Ard. |
synonym | Cryptotheca apetala Bl. |
synonym | Hapalocarpum indicum Miq. |
synonym | Hapalocarpum vesicatorium Miq. |
English |
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Mandingo |
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Serer |
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Global description
Ammania baccifera is an annual terrestrial broadleaved plant, up to 60 cm tall. White or brown taproot. Quadrangular stem, solid, glabrous. Stipules absent. Leaves simple, opposite, sessile, lanceolate, less than 2 cm wide, entire margin, apex pointed or obtuse, base attenuated in corner or obtuse, one vein. Hermaphrodite flowers grouped into lateral glomeruli, sessile, red, pink or purple, without petals. The fruit is a capsule with irregular and transverse dehiscence.
General habit
An erect annual herb, simple or branched, usually 10 to 60 cm tall, but up to 1 m tall.
Underground system
The root is a taproot.
Stem
The stem is small, of more or less quadrangular section. It can be simple, but is usually very ramified. It is entirely glabrous, more or less reddish in color. It is solid. The twigs have many leaves and are smaller than the stem.
Leaf
Leaves are simple, opposite decussate, elongated, narrow, oblong to oblanceolate to narrow elliptic, cuneate to truncate base sometimes attenuated petiole or subcordate, pointed to obtuse at the apex. They are 4 to 80 mm long and 1 to 16 mm wide. They are glabrous, with a single vein, with a scabrous margin.
Inflorescence
The flowers are grouped by 3 to 15 in dense axillary inflorescences short pedunculate (0-1 mm).
Flower
The flower is small, borne on a short pedicel (0-1 mm), without petals, green to purple. The calyx is composed of 4 acute triangular lobes without intervening tooth. The stamens are four in number. The style is very short, less than 0.3 mm, shorter than the ovary.
Fruit
The fruit is a flat rounded capsule 1.5 to 2 mm in diameter, of red color, which opens with an irregular circular aperture located in its upper part.
Seed
The seed is tiny, less than 0.5 mm long, concave on the belly, convex on the back. She is red.
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
China: Ammannia baccifera blooms from August to October and fructifies from September to December.
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Characters to distinguish several Ammannia species
Base of the lamina | Petals | Style | Peduncle | Fruit | Species |
Attenuate, truncate | Absent | Shorter than the ovary | 0-1 mm | 1-2 mm | A. baccifera |
Auriculate | Present | 1/2 as long as the ovary | 1-2 mm | 1,5 mm | A. multiflora |
Auriculate | Present | 1/2 to 1 as long as the ovary | 1,5-3 mm | 1,5 mm | A. prieureana |
Auriculate | Present | As long as or longer than the ovary | 6-18 mm | 2,5 - 3,5 mm | A. auriculata |
Auriculate | Present | As long as or longer than the ovary | 0-9 mm | 3,5 - 5 mm | A. coccinea |
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Ammannia baccifera grows in flooded or very humid sites, from 0 to 2000 m altitude. Rice fields at low altitude, periphery of the pools, lowlands temporarily flooded.
Madagascar: Species in rice fields and lowland wetlands but much less common than A. multiflora.
Réunion: At the edge of ponds at low altitude.
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Worldwide distribution
Ammania baccifera is present in all tropical and subtropical regions, America, West Indies, Africa, Asia, China, Reunion, Mauritius, Madagascar, Australia, India.
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Global harmfulness
Ammannia baccifera can become a nuisance in paddy fields, especially in rice fields that are drying up.
Local harmfulness
Burkina Faso: rare but abundant when it is present.
Côte d'Ivoire: rare and scanty.
Ghana: frequent and scanty.
Madagascar: rare and scanty
Mali: rare but abundant when it is present.
Reunion: Not present in cultivated area
Senegal: frequent and scanty.
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Medicinal : The leaves of Ammania baccifera or the ashes of the plant, mixed with oil, are applied to cure herpetic eruptions. The fresh, bruised leaves have been used in skin diseases as a rubefacient and as an external remedy for ringworm and parasitic skin affection.
In India, leaves of Ammannia baccifera are used to reduce the sexual activity of animals.
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Global control
The mechanical weeding against Ammannia baccifera is difficult because the cut parts regenerate very easily.
Chemical control with 2,4-D at high dose, MCPA is less effective. Growth regulator herbicides such as oxydiazone, a mixture of propanil and oryzalin, nitralin or butachlor may be used.
For general information on weeding irrigated and lowland rice in Africa please consult
For recommandations on weeding annual broadleaf weeds of irrigated and lowland rice in Africa consult:
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
- Radanachaless, T., Maxwell, J.F. 1994. Weeds of soybean fields in Thailand. Multiple Cropping Center ed., Chiang Mai Univ., Chiang Mai, Thailand.
- Grard, P., et al. (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
- Soerjani M., Kostermans A. J. G. H., Tjitrosoepomo G. 1987. Weeds of rice in Indonesia. Balai Pustaka. Jakarta.
- Johnson, D.E. 1997. Les adventices en riziculture en Afrique de l'Ouest. ADRAO/WARDA, Bouaké, Côte-d'Ivoire.
- Pancho, J.V., Obien, S.R. 1995. Manual of Ricefield Weeds in the Philippines. Philippine Rice Research Institute, Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
- Fournet, J. 2002. Flore illustrée des phanérogames de Guadeloupe et de Martinique. Cirad, Gondwana éditions, Montpellier, France.
- Grard, P., Homsombath, K., Kessler, P., Khuon, E., Le Bourgeois, T., Prospéri, J., Risdale, C. 2006. Oswald V.1.0: A multimedia identification system of the major weeds of rice paddy fields of Cambodia and Lao P.D.R. In Cirad [ed.]. Cirad, Montpellier, France. Cdrom. ISBN 978-2-87614-653-2.
- Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M., Keay, R.W.J., Hepper, F.N. 1954. Flora of west tropical africa. The Whitefriars Press, London & Tonbridge, Great Britain.
- Radanachaless, T., Maxwell, J.F. 1994. Weeds of soybean fields in Thailand. Multiple Cropping Center ed., Chiang Mai Univ., Chiang Mai, Thailand.
- Grard, P., et al. (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
- Soerjani M., Kostermans A. J. G. H., Tjitrosoepomo G. 1987. Weeds of rice in Indonesia. Balai Pustaka. Jakarta.
- Johnson, D.E. 1997. Les adventices en riziculture en Afrique de l'Ouest. ADRAO/WARDA, Bouaké, Côte-d'Ivoire.
- Pancho, J.V., Obien, S.R. 1995. Manual of Ricefield Weeds in the Philippines. Philippine Rice Research Institute, Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
- Fournet, J. 2002. Flore illustrée des phanérogames de Guadeloupe et de Martinique. Cirad, Gondwana éditions, Montpellier, France.
- Grard, P., Homsombath, K., Kessler, P., Khuon, E., Le Bourgeois, T., Prospéri, J., Risdale, C. 2006. Oswald V.1.0: A multimedia identification system of the major weeds of rice paddy fields of Cambodia and Lao P.D.R. In Cirad [ed.]. Cirad, Montpellier, France. Cdrom. ISBN 978-2-87614-653-2.
- Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M., Keay, R.W.J., Hepper, F.N. 1954. Flora of west tropical africa. The Whitefriars Press, London & Tonbridge, Great Britain.
Herbarium pictures ReCOLNAT: https://explore.recolnat.org/search/botanique/simplequery=Ammannia%2520baccifera
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Root | Root |
Kingdom | Plantae |
Phylum | Tracheophyta |
Class | Magnoliopsida |
Order | Myrtales |
Family | Lythraceae |
Genus | Ammannia |
Species | Ammannia baccifera L. |