Salicaceae
Casearia

Casearia sylvestris Sw.

First published in Fl. Ind. Occid. 2: 752 (1800)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Mexico to Tropical America. It is a shrub or tree and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. It is used as a poison and a medicine and for food.

Distribution

Native to:

Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Cayman Is., Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad-Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela, Windward Is.

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Accepted Infraspecifics

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Balick, M. J., M. H. Nee & D.E. Atha (2000). Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 85: 1-246.
  • Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2009). Nova silva cusatlantica. Árboles nativos e introduciados de El Salvador. Parte 1: Angiospermae - Familias A a L. Englera 29-1: 1-438.
  • Boggan, J. Funck, V. & Kelloff, C. (1997). Checklist of the Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, Franch Guiana) ed. 2: 1-238. University of Guyana, Georgetown.
  • Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  • Goodwin, Z.A. & al. (2013). A checklist of the vascular plants of the lowland savannas of Belize, Central America. Phytotaxa 101: 1-119.
  • Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. MIM, Deurne.
  • Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., Ortiz, R.D.C., Callejas Posada, R. & Merello, M. (eds.) (2011). Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 1-939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P.G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E.J. & Martin, C.A. (2022). An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, sér. 3, 44: 345-903.
  • Sant'Ana Melhem, T., das Graças Lapa Wanderley, M., Ehlin Martins, S., Jung-Mendaçolli, S.L., Shepherd, G.J. & Kirizawa, M. (eds.) (2007). Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo 5: 1-476. Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo.
  • Villaseñor, J.L. (2016). Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87: 559-902.
  • Zuloaga, F.O. & Belgrano, M.J. (eds.) (2017). Flora Argentina. Flora vascular de la República Argentina 17: 1-434. INTA, IMBIV & IBODA.
  • Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Flora of the Cayman Islands

  • Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ. 2: 752 (1798).

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Balick, M. J., M. H. Nee & D.E. Atha (2000). Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 85: 1-246.
  • Boggan, J. Funck, V. & Kelloff, C. (1997). Checklist of the Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, Franch Guiana) ed. 2: 1-238. University of Guyana, Georgetown.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., G. Galeano, A. Rodríguez, H. Sarmiento y M. Gutiérrez. (2017). Nombres Comunes de las Plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/
  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org.
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (2019). Lista de especies vedadas por la resolución 213 de 1977. 8256 especies. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=le_plantaspriorizadas_2019
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • Plants for malaria, plants for fever: Medicinal species in Latin America, a bibliographic survey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Jun 12, 2017 Figuerola-Hernandez, C.E.; Sustache, J.A. [2080] Puerto Rico K:SPC-78523.000 No
Sep 3, 2008 Hamilton, M.A. [596] Montserrat K:SPC-65333.000 No
Jan 1, 2008 Zappi, D.C.; Milliken, W.; Biggs, N.; Henicka, G.S.; Silveira, E.A.; Philippsen, M.; Piva, J.H. [1215] Brazil K000578131 Yes
Feb 2, 2006 Hamilton, M.A.; Clubbe, C. [316] Montserrat K:SPC-65187.000 No
Jan 1, 1976 Gardner [160] Brazil K000471206 Holotype Yes
Jan 1, 1976 Bang, M. [1592] Bolivia K000471250 Type Yes
Jan 1, 1976 Wydler, H. [191] Puerto Rico K000370542 Type Yes
Jan 1, 1976 Hostmann [974] Suriname K000370543 Unknown Type Material Yes
Jan 1, 1976 Bang, M. [1529] Bolivia K000471249 Type Yes
Jan 1, 1976 Smith, H.H. [1768] Colombia K000471248 Type Yes
Jan 1, 1971 Silva, M.; Souza, R. [2650] Brazil K001216712 Yes
Forero, E. [7070] Brazil K001216922 Yes
Freire, E. [82] Brazil K001216824 Yes
Harley, R.M. [21161] Brazil K001216792 Yes
Giulietti, A.M. [4068] Brazil K001577624 No
s.coll. [732] Brazil K001216740 Yes
de Queiroz, L.P.; Cardoso, D.; Oinonen, P.; Messias, Sr. [12110] Brazil K001636250 Yes
Saldias, M.; Jardim, A.; Surubi, J. [3782] Bolivia K001636280 Yes
Glaziou, A.F.M. [1389] Brazil K001216751 Yes
Ratter, J.A. [6870] Brazil K001216810 Yes
Baird, J. [s.n.] K001216831 Yes
Hatschbach, G. [56565] Brazil K001216885 Yes
Gardner [2517] Brazil K001216901 Yes
Schomburgk [103] Trinidad and Tobago K000471176 Isotype Yes
Krukoff, B.A. [1055] Brazil K001216774 Yes
Marquete, R. [3514] Brazil K001216779 Yes
Wright, C. [1892] Cuba K000471178 Type Yes
Usteri, A. [184] Brazil K001216806 Yes
Harley, R.M. [25679] Brazil K001216748 Yes
Reitz [3809] Brazil K001216836 Yes
Regnell, A.F. [I/54/I/55] Brazil K001216773 Yes
Gottsberger, I. [358] Brazil K001216781 Yes
Lewis, G.P. [1497] Brazil K001216914 Yes
Schomburgk [103] Guyana K000471203 Type Yes
Gomes, J.C., Jr. [2034] Brazil K001216731 Yes
Mexia, Y. [5011] Brazil K001216715 Yes
Glaziou, A.F.M. [12421] Brazil K001216749 Yes
Pereira, E. [7156] Brazil K001216784 Yes
Pohl [736] Brazil K001216760 Yes
Folli, D.A. [550] Brazil K001216898 Yes
Brunetto, A. [22] Brazil K001216871 Yes
Lindeman, J.C. [2516] Brazil K001216811 Yes
Bourgeau, M. [1888] Brazil K001216767 Yes
Silva Neto, S.J. [449] Brazil K001216814 Yes
Ramos, J.; Hunt, D.R. [6711] Brazil K001216769 Yes
Glaziou, A.F.M. [12422] Brazil K001216750 Yes
Fontenella, J.P. [172] Brazil K001216908 Yes
Reitz, R. [5203] Brazil K001216886 Yes
Prance, G.T. [2321] Brazil K001216855 Yes
Ratter, J.A. [6213] Brazil K001216918 Yes
Eraldo & et al. [6] Brazil K001567270 Yes
Carvalho-Sobrinho, J.G. de & Neto, A.J. [623] Brazil K001567271 Yes
de Queiroz, L.P. [9573] Brazil K001636249 Yes
Correia, C.; Oliveira, A.; Costa, J.; Leite, K.R.B. [267] Brazil K001636265 Yes
Marcon, A.B. [74] Brazil K001216975 Yes
Sellow [s.n.] Brazil K001216834 Yes
Hamilton, M. [316] Montserrat K000213360 Yes
Krukoff, B.A. [5239] Brazil K001216865 Yes
Angeli, C. [68] Brazil K001216737 Yes
Reineck [s.n.] Brazil K001216714 Yes
Ganev, W. [2001] Brazil K001216820 Yes
Belém, R.P. [3689] Brazil K001216799 Yes
Krukoff, B.A. [5233] Brazil K001216867 Yes
Glaziou, A.F.M. [13527] Brazil K001216772 Yes
Eiten, G. [5390] Brazil K001216913 Yes
Ganev, W. [3468] Brazil K001216732 Yes
Rodriguez, D.; Galan, P.; Villacorta, A.; Cabrera, R. [6476] El Salvador K001532225 No
Sucre, D. [3304] Brazil K001216823 Yes
Glaziou [10245] Brazil K001216853 Yes
Prance, G.T. [14553] Brazil K001216851 Yes
Duarte, L. [364] Brazil K001216884 Yes
Tweedie [1137] Brazil K001216835 Yes
Mexia, Y. [4883] Brazil K001216761 Yes
Assunção, P.A.C.L. [224] Brazil K001216889 Yes
Martius [885] Brazil K001216743 Yes
Krukoff, B.A. [2049] Brazil K001216846 Yes
Claussen, P. [s.n.] Brazil K001216857 Yes
Krukoff, B.A. [5583] Brazil K001216868 Yes
Gardner, G. [961] Brazil K001216724 Yes
Pabst, G.F.J. [4230] Brazil K001216911 Yes
Hassler, E. [4137] Paraguay K001216812 Yes
Blanchet [3565] Brazil K001216800 Yes
Prance, G.T. [9146] Brazil K001216736 Yes
Rivera, J. [194] El Salvador K001625628 No
Assunção, P.A.C.L. [224] Brazil K001216872 Yes
Sothers, C.A. [507] Brazil K001216878 Yes
s.coll. [737] Brazil K001216756 Yes
Lundell, C.L.; Lundell, A.A. [7824] Mexico K000471136 Type Yes
s.coll. [1021] Brazil K001216723 Yes
Rabelo, B.V. [2757] Brazil K001216881 Yes
Strudwick, J.J. [4273] Brazil K001216891 Yes
Salzmann  [s.n.] Brazil K001216828 Yes
Lima, A. [53-1401] Brazil K001216845 Yes
Ratter, J.A. [6141] Brazil K001216916 Yes
Prance, G.T. [58707] Brazil K001216852 Yes
Braga, J.M.A. [2507] Brazil K001216778 Yes
Ratter, J.A. [5717] Brazil K001216915 Yes
Prance, G.T. [4460] Brazil K001216856 Yes
Dubs, B. [1729] Brazil K001216785 Yes
Galán, P.; Rodríguez, D.; Menjívar, J.; Morales, A.; Arias, L.; Catacho, O.; Pereira, J.; Gómez, S.; Ramos, H. [4948] El Salvador K001625605 No
Vauthier [s.n.] Brazil K001216741 Yes
Burchell, W.J. [2974] Brazil K001216754 Yes
Damineli, E.C.; Nasaro, V.F. [20430] Brazil K001216728 Yes
Soares-Silva, L.H. [204] Brazil K001216710 Yes
[Spruce] [1069] Brazil K001216720 Yes
Pabst, G.F.J. [7000] Brazil K001216880 Yes
Fontella, J.P. [172] Brazil K001216718 Yes
Usteri [90] Brazil K001216716 Yes
Glaziou, A. [6469] Brazil K001216896 Yes
Gottsberger, G. [12-17768] Brazil K001216780 Yes
Tweedie [1153] Brazil K001216895 Yes
Claussen, P. [s.n.] Brazil K001216858 Yes
Folli, D.A. [1950] Brazil K001216897 Yes
Pabst, G. [6997] Brazil K001216840 Yes
Riedel [s.n.] Brazil K001216808 Yes
Amaral, I.L. [1478] Brazil K001216825 Yes
Dusén, P. [17207] Brazil K001216744 Yes
Ratter, J.A. [6870] Brazil K001216794 Yes
Ribeiro, R.D. [1095] Brazil K001216809 Yes
Krukoff, B.A. [5386] Brazil K001216864 Yes
Burchell, W.J. [3046] Brazil K001216759 Yes
Gardner [2519] Brazil K001216904 Yes
Fraga, C.N. [2646] Brazil K001216797 Yes
Sothers, C.A. [508] Brazil K001216887 Yes
Lima, J. [717] Brazil K001216919 Yes
Prance, G.T. [4616] Brazil K001216842 Yes
Duarte, A.P. [5257] Brazil K001216838 Yes
Tambani, C. [s.n.] Brazil K001216727 Yes
Harley, R.M. [17176] Brazil K001216910 Yes
Heringer, E.P. [7304] Brazil K001216826 Yes
Prance, G.T. [10369] Brazil K001216786 Yes
Lindeman, J.C. [4666] Brazil K001216822 Yes
Ratter, J.A. [4374] Brazil K001216912 Yes
Spruce, R. [s.n.] Brazil K001216719 Yes
Giraldi, C. [20930] Brazil K001216734 Yes
Ratter, J.A. [6718] Brazil K001216782 Yes
Gardner [1409] Brazil K001216861 Yes
Blanchet [2166] Brazil K001216829 Yes
Stannard, B.L. [695] Brazil K001216917 Yes
Ratter, J.A. [6901] Brazil K001216746 Yes
Mexia, Y. [4725] Brazil K001216879 Yes
Burchell, W.J. [743-3] Brazil K001216757 Yes
Prance, G.T. [21671] Brazil K001216791 Yes
s.coll. [737] Brazil K001216739 Yes
Strudwick, J.J. [4277] Brazil K001216894 Yes
Pires, J.M. [50506] Brazil K001216843 Yes
Ratter, J.A. [6282] Brazil K001216899 Yes
Gottsberger, G. [15-211066] Brazil K001216783 Yes
Ganev, W. [1078] Brazil K001216821 Yes
Depieri, R. [s.n.] Brazil K001216735 Yes
Claussen, P. [s.n.] Brazil K001216801 Yes
Carauta, P. [1693] Brazil K001216804 Yes
Gardner [1409] Brazil K001216862 Yes
Gardner [2578] Brazil K001216903 Yes
Krukoff, B.A. [4766] Brazil K001216863 Yes
Garrote, V. [s.n.] Brazil K001216711 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K001216833 Yes
Woolston, A.L. [709] Paraguay K001216775 Yes
Glaziou, A. [13528] Brazil K001216905 Yes
Reitz [7272] Brazil K001216892 Yes
Campelo, M.J. [39] Brazil K001216709 Yes
Cid, C.A. [8323] Brazil K001216882 Yes
Lindeman, J.C. [4666] Brazil K001216818 Yes
Usteri, A. [89] Brazil K001216803 Yes
Stannard, B.L. [660] Brazil K001216875 Yes
Harley, R.M. [28231] Brazil K001216790 Yes
Rauscher, I. [45] Brazil K001216793 Yes
Krukoff, B.A. [5583] Brazil K001216869 Yes
Marquete, R. [3777] Brazil K001216815 Yes
Martius [s.n.] Brazil K001216802 Yes
Lima, A. [53-1303] Brazil K001216844 Yes
Burchell, W.J. [8439] Brazil K001216753 Yes
Marquete, R. [3769] Brazil K001216816 Yes
Cid, C.A. [8263] Brazil K001216883 Yes
Marquete, R. [3478] Brazil K001216777 Yes
Martius [s.n.] Brazil K001216830 Yes
Fiebrig, K. [341] Paraguay K001216813 Yes
Schomburgk [263] Guyana K000471202 Syntype Yes
Costa, M.A.S. [313] Brazil K001216873 Yes
Krukoff, B.A. [2038] Brazil K001216848 Yes
Assunção, P.A.C.L. [224] Brazil K001216876 Yes
Krukoff, B.A. [2049] Brazil K001216847 Yes
Ratter, J.A. [5706] Brazil K001216921 Yes
Silva, S.S. [s.n.] Brazil K001216762 Yes
Claussen, P. [s.n.] Brazil K001216902 Yes
Berg, G.A. [s.n.] Brazil K001216726 Yes
Ganev, W. [10] Brazil K001216819 Yes
Bautista, H.P.; Hind, D.J.N.; Harley, R.; Roque, N. [4348] Brazil K001216798 Yes
Kinupp, V.F. [605] Brazil K001216725 Yes
Pabst, G.F.J. [11047] Brazil K001216837 Yes
Dusén, P. [6846] Brazil K001216771 Yes
Hill, S.R. [13184] Brazil K001216907 Yes
Fróes, R.L. [20000] Brazil K001216770 Yes
Ganev, W. [2875] Brazil K001216817 Yes
Burchell, W.J. [789] Brazil K001216755 Yes
Belém, R.P.; Aguiar, A.M. [1343] Brazil K001216717 Yes
Dubs, B. [1722] Brazil K001216747 Yes
Folli, D.A. [4864] Brazil K001216708 Yes
Lindeman, J.C. [3044] Brazil K001216854 Yes
Lima, H.C.; Diniz, A.P. [6267] Brazil K001216776 Yes
Krukoff, B.A. [2038] Brazil K001216849 Yes
Mori, S.A. [9424] Brazil K001216906 Yes
Ferreira, C.A.C. [7238] Brazil K001216787 Yes
Mori, S. [8421] Suriname K001216874 Yes
Schomburgk [263] Guyana K000471204 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [736] Brazil K001216738 Yes
Ball, J. [s.n.] Brazil K001216745 Yes
Dias, M.C. [s.n.] Brazil K001216729 Yes
Lima, H.C. [3554] Brazil K001216788 Yes
Gottsberger, I. [26-180998] Brazil K001216713 Yes
Silva, S.S. [s.n.] Brazil K001216763 Yes
Burchell, W.J. [789] Brazil K001216758 Yes
unknown [232] Suriname K000471205 Type Yes
Gardner, G. [961] Brazil K001216766 Yes
Smith, H.H. [906] Colombia K000471246 Isotype Yes
Gardner [2519] Brazil K001216900 Yes
Tweedie, J. [s.n.] Brazil K001216832 Yes
Ekman, E.L. [14870] Dominican Republic K000471177 Isotype Yes
Nee, M. [34871] Brazil K001216789 Yes
Glaziou [8966] Brazil K001216860 Yes
Dias, M.C. [s.n.] Brazil K001216733 Yes
Spruce, R. [873] Brazil K001216722 Yes
Glaziou, A. [3646] Brazil K001216850 Yes
Sellow [88] Brazil K001216827 Yes
Chagas, F. [26] Brazil K001216888 Yes
Bolland, G. [19] Brazil K001216807 Yes
Thomas, W. [5046] Brazil K001216920 Yes
Harley, R.M. [25338] Brazil K001216764 Yes
Duarte, A.P. [4969] Brazil K001216839 Yes
Prance, G.T. [9751] Brazil K001216909 Yes
Glaziou [8267] Brazil K001216859 Yes
Glaziou, A.F.M. [1111] Brazil K001216752 Yes
Usteri, A. [51905] Brazil K001216805 Yes
Miers, J. [3620] Brazil K001216765 Yes
Tessmann, G. [6149] Brazil K001216870 Yes
Skog, L. [5609] French Guiana K001216976 Yes
Krukoff, B.A. [5239] Brazil K001216866 Yes
Marquete, R. [3551] Brazil K001216796 Yes
Pereira, E. [5117] Brazil K001216841 Yes
Hopkins, M.J.G. [1569] Brazil K001216893 Yes
Vicentini, A. [1003] Brazil K001216877 Yes
Vicentini, A. [1003] Brazil K001216890 Yes
Sellow [986] K001216742 Yes
Groppo, M. [829] Brazil K001216730 Yes
Pabst, G. [4498] Brazil K001216768 Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of the Cayman Islands

    • Flora of the Cayman Islands
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • IUCN Categories

    • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0