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2009, Journal of East African Natural History
Results of recent morphological and molecular analyses necessitate the transfer of the species originally described as Memecylon melindense A.Fern. & R.Fern. to the genus Warneckea Gilg. A new combination, Warneckea melindensis (A.Fern. & R.Fern.) R.D.Stone & Q.Luke is proposed, and an IUCN status of Endangered is assessed for this regional endemic of coastal forests in Kenya and Tanzania. There is no evidence of hybridisation between W. melindensis and the closely related W. sansibarica (Taub.) Jacq.-Fél., even in sites where the two species are sympatric.
South African Journal of Botany
Warneckea parvifolia (Melastomataceae-Olisbeoideae), a new "sand-forest" endemic from northeastern KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and southernmost Mozambique, and a phylogenetic analysis of eastern and southern African representatives of W. section Warneckea2013 •
Warneckea populations from “sand-forest” or “sand-thicket” habitats in Tembe Elephant Park, South Africa, and Licuati Forest Reserve in adjacent southern Mozambique were previously thought to be a small-leaved formof W. sousae, which typically includes larger-leaved plants ranging from central Mozambique northward to Tanzania. We examine this hypothesis using molecular and morphological evidence. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis of combined nrDNA ETS and ITS sequence data failed to resolve W. sousae and the Maputaland populations as an exclusively monophyletic group. Instead, the Kenyan endemic W. mouririifolia was strongly supported as the sister species of W. sousae, and the Maputaland plants were resolved in a separate, strongly supported clade together with populations of an as-yet undetermined Warneckea species from northern Mozambique. A hypothesis of exclusive monophyly for the plants from Tembe and Licuati had moderate support in separate ETS and ITS1 analyses (bootstrap proportions of 88% and 81%, respectively). Statistically significant differences in leaf dimensions and internode length were found between the Maputaland plants and typical W. sousae. We conclude that the populations from Tembe and Licuati represent a distinct species, which we describe as W. parvifolia. The species differs from W. sousae in having shorter internodes (mostly 5–25 mm not 10–60 mm long), smaller leaves (mostly 14–32 × 8–19 mm not 40–76 × 22–52 mm), shorter petioles (mostly 1–1.5 mm not 1.5–6 mm long), smaller flowers (hypanthium 1 × 1.5–1.75 mm not 1.5–2 × 2 mm; calyx lobes 0.5 mm not 0.75 mm long; staminal filaments 3–4 mm not 5 mm long; style 4–5 mm not 9 mm long), and globose fruit (not obovoid). An IUCN conservation status of Endangered (EN) B1a, b(ii, iii) is indicated for W. parvifolia, due to its limited distribution and projected declines in its habitat quality and area of occupancy.
Nordic Journal of Botany
Warneckea cordiformis sp. nov. (Melastomataceae–Olisbeoideae) from a coastal dry forest in northern Mozambique2013 •
Described and illustrated is Warneckea cordiformis R. D. Stone, an evidently localized endemic of coastal dry forest in Mozambique’s Cabo Delgado Province. In ‘Flora Zambesiaca’ the new species would key to W. sansibarica (Taub.) Jacq.-Fél., from which it is readily distinguished by the much smaller, ovate to cordiform leaves and white, short-pedicellate flowers. Because of its evidently very limited occurrence as well as on-going anthropogenic threats, Warneckea cordiformis is here assessed as ‘Critically Endangered’ (CR) B1a,b(iii) according to IUCN criteria. A key is provided to the Mozambican species of Warneckea.
2010 •
Warneckea consists of shrubs and small trees endemic to tropical forests in Africa, Madagascar, and Mauritius. Phylogenetic analyses of sequence data from the transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ETS, ITS) indicate that W. sect. Carnosae Jacq.-Fél. (1 sp., East Africa and Madagascar) is a divergent element that is best treated at subgeneric level. The analyses recovered three major lineages in W. subg. Warneckea, together forming a basal trichotomy. The three lineages represent W. sect. Strychnoides (western and central Africa), sect. Warneckea (East Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius), and a third group with three West African species (W. fascicularis, W. guineensis, W. mangrovensis) comprising the newly proposed W. sect. Guineenses.
2017 •
Described and illustrated is Warneckea albiflora R.D. Stone & N.P. Tenza, another localized endemic of coastal dry forest near Quiterajo in Mozambique's Cabo Delgado Province. In Flora Zambesiaca the new species would key to Memecylon sansibaricum Taub. [ ≡ Warneckea sansibarica (Taub.) Jacq.-Fél. ], but is distinguished by its elliptic-lanceolate, attenuate–acuminate leaves and white flowers borne on pedicels 3.5–4 mm long (versus leaves elliptic and rounded to shortly and obtusely acuminate, pedicels 6–15 mm long, and flowers pale blue to deep blue in Warneckea sansibarica). Because of its evidently very limited occurrence as well as ongoing anthropogenic threats, Warneckea albiflora is provisionally assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii) according to IUCN criteria. A key is provided to the Mozambican species of Warneckea.
2009 •
Described and illustrated is Warneckea austro-occidentalis R. D. Stone, an endemic of tropical forests in Cameroon’s South West Province and adjacent Nigeria. The name W. mangrovensis (Jacq.-Fél.) R. D. Stone is also proposed at species level for the taxon originally described as W. fascicularis var. mangrovensis Jacq.-Fél. An IUCN (2001) status of endangered is assigned for both W. austro-occidentalis and W. mangrovensis.
2018 •
Warneckea ngutiensis R. D. Stone sp. nov. (Melastomataceae-Olisbeoideae) is described from near Nguti in SW Region, Cameroon. Unique in section Strychnoides in having only a vestigial staminal oil gland, this rainforest shrub is Critically Endangered due to an oil palm plantation project.
South African Journal of Botany
Phylogenetic analysis of East and southern African Memecylon section Buxifolia (Melastomataceae): Insights on patterns and processes of diversification2017 •
Molecular phylogenetics is a valuable approach not only for discovering previously undetected plant diversity at the species level, but also for inferring the underlying processes of diversification. In southern Africa, two species of the woody genus Memecylon have been recognised, viz. M. natalense and M. bachmannii, with the range of M. natalense reportedly extending to northern Mozambique and southern Malawi. We investigated the evolutionary relationships of southern African Memecylon with population-level sampling and comparative sequencing of two fast-evolving DNA regions (nuclear rDNA ITS and 5′ ETS). Within M. natalense sensu lato, analyses revealed three geographically outlying populations representing distinct, semi-cryptic lineages (in forests of Maputaland and on the Soutpansberg and Mount Mulanje, respectively). Another sample from the Lindi region (southeastern Tanzania) produced an ITS sequence close to that of Kenyan M. fragrans while the ETS sequence was placed nearer to those of Mozambican M. torrei and M. natalense sensu stricto. This case of phylogenetic incongruence is taken to indicate the presence of an undescribed, homoploid hybrid species in the Rovuma region of southern Tanzania and northern Mozambique, although this hypothesis needs additional study. In KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape, rDNA spacer sequences were found to be identical or nearly so amongst samples of M. natalense and M. bachmannii, a surprising result given the clear morphological and ecological differences between these species. The minimal sequence variation would seem to indicate recent divergence or perhaps introgressive hybridisation. Further study is needed of the species boundary between M. natalense and M. bachmannii.
2014 •
The internal and external transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced in 167 samples of Memecylon s.str. and 22 outgroup samples of Lijndenia, Mouriri, Spathandra, Votomita, and Warneckea. Maximum-likelihood analyses of ETS, ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 alignments yielded tree topologies that are not significantly incongruent, with one exception involving the Tanzanian sample Luke 9741. Monophyly of Memecylon s.str. is strongly supported in the separate ETS and the combined ETS + ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2 analyses. Also supported in all analyses except 5.8S is a sister-group relationship between a small species-group from western and central Africa (Memecylon subg. Mouririoidea, ovary 4-loculed) and the remaining taxa (M. subg. Memecylon, ovary unilocular). In the combined analysis, internal branches at the base of M. subg. Memecylon are short and weakly supported, yet within this large subgenus one finds a series of monophyletic groups representing different parts of the widespread paleotropical distribution (one group in western and central Africa; two separate groups in East Africa, one of these extending to southern Africa and disjunctly to western and northern Madagascar; one species-rich group occurring exclusively on Madagascar and the neighboring Comoro and Mascarene islands; and three distinct groups in Indo-Malesia, one of these also including the Seychelles endemic M. elaeagni). Within the western and central African clade, M. sect. Polyanthema sensu Jacques-Félix is paraphyletic with respect to M. sect. Afzeliana, and at the morphological level it seems to be a group defined by symplesiomorphies (ovary unilocular, fruit globose). Three East African species (M. fragrans, M. greenwayi, M. semseii) are returned to Memecylon s.str. after being erroneously transferred to Lijndenia by Borhidi. T he Madagascan endemic M. mocquerysii is no longer considered a taxonomic synonym of the distantly related, Tanzanian M. cogniauxii. In addition to elevating M. sect. Mouririoidea to subgeneric rank, the following changes are proposed in the infrageneric classification of African Memecylon: (1) the circumscription of sect. Polyanthema is narrowed to comprise only the members of the “M. polyanthemos complex” sensu Jacques-Félix; (2) Engler’s sections Tenuipedunculata, Cauliflora, and Obtusifolia are re-instated with emended descriptions (in the case of sect. Cauliflora with an expanded circumscription); (3) seven new sections, Buxifolia, Diluviana, Felixiocylon, Germainiocylon, Magnifoliata, Montana, and Sitacylon, are described; (4) the purported occurrence of M. sect. Pseudonaxiandra in East Africa is rejected. A key is provided to the two subgenera and twelve sections currently recognized in African Memecylon. Further study is needed toward a sectional classification of Indo-Malesian Memecylon, and for revision of the seven Madagascan sections recognized by Jacques-Félix.
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