BOTANICAL SURVEY OF DIANI CORAL RAG FOREST; SOUTH COAST OF KENYA BY MR. JOHN NDEGE. INTRODUCTION The eastern African coastal forest has been described as heterogeneous group of isolated ever green or semi ever green closed canopy forest within sixty kilometers of the Indian Ocean and usually on low hills arising to not more six hundred meters (Neil.Debugs and G.Philip clark 2000. The coastal forest stretches from southern Somalia in the North, through Kenya and Tanzania to Northern Mozambique and are parts of Zanzibar, Whites,(1983)Zanzibar inhambane regional mosaic. They are regarded as important zone for Biodiversity conservation globally a conclusion drawn from cumulated findings of scientific surveys, and a research in the region over the years. According to Burges and Clark (1989), the proportion of the forest endemic species has a proportion of the total number of the known forest species is consistently higher for all the groups. Vascular plants forms 37%, 554 species. In total,784 species in 8 biological groups are strictly endemic to the coastal forests. Most of the coastal forests have at least 1 endemic species however there are areas where species endemism occur in much higher concentration than elsewhere such as Usambara and Kwale local center of endemism. This is in effect basing the effects that are subsequently experienced or realized in the Diani coral rag forest within the Kwale ecosystem. DIANI FOREST Diani Forest bearing is 0419S3933E 10m (Neil.Debugs and G.Philip clark 200`This forest is one of the two remaining stretches of coastal coral rag forests in Kenya after shimoni forest and support rare species of plants such as Premna discolour var dianensis( Ann Robertson ,Quinten Luke ,(1993).Diani Forest is vanishing rapidly because of increasing land developments for tourism activities and attractions ( Ann Robertson ,Quinten Luke ,(1993). Residencial houses and hotels are being constructed on the beach front and the forest is being cleared .Further back,the forest is being cleared for cultivation and housing by squatters. Outstandingly two main long conserved patches of high biodiversity still exist such as Baobab Hotel forest block and the Nomad Jadini forest and some few individual forest blocks. STUDY AREA The Diani Coral rag Forest areas of initially over 80 ha (quoted area) and 0.8ha (have much been lost over the years with only about 10% of the origin remaining. (Neil.Debugs and G.Philip clark 2000.Diani coral rag forest lies on a coral rag ( Ann Robertson ,Quinten Luke ,(1993) with thin soil that does not support agriculture. SELECTION OF THE STUDY AREAS In 2009, a reccoinance study was done from done from September to May 2010 to observe the general physiognomy of the forest and to get a rapor with the owners as the forest is privately owned. In 2012, data was collected over 90 days in a period starting from March to June .The period of Data Collection was from the month of March 2013 to April 2013.Different periods were used to address the flowering times for proper identification then floristic data were collected from four sites namely Jadini/Nomad forest, Baobab Hotel forest blocks, Four twenty south cottage forest block and the private forest blocks in the south of colobus conservation. At each site, the project investigator and some of the owner of the forest blocks walked in the forests for 3 months. At each of the forest locations, the investigator walked through the forest recording the species seen and collecting where necessary up to a maximum of 2hours.The field notes and identifications were made as the plants were pressed in the field. The plant species that could not be identified in the field directly were pressed in the convectional plant press and were taken to the coastal field herbarium located in Ukunda to be confirmed by other plant experts. Some plants were also taken to the National Museum herbarium for further identification. RESULT A total 265 plant species were recorded in Diani Forest ranging from trees, woody herbs, shrubs and climbers. PLANT COMMUNITY ANALYSIS Trichilia emetica, Antiaris toxicaria, Fernandoa magnfica, Milicia exelsa, Carpodiptera Africana, Ficus sycomorus, Adansonia digitata, Tapura fisheri, Inhambanella henriquesii, Bivinia jalbertii, Croton megalocarpoides are dominating the upper storey of the forest. The understory were occupied by shrubby species like Uvaria acuminta, Uvaria lucida, Hoslundia opposite, Mallotus oppostifolius, Alchornea laxiflora,Ocimum grattisimum,and Ormocarpum are dominating the under storey substratum of the forest. RARE AND THREATENED PLANT SPECIES IN NI FOREST Diani forest supports rare plants species such as Premna discolour var dianensis that was first collecte din 1971 in the relict Jadini Hotel that is only known in Diani Forest and Vitengeni in Kilifi.Other rare species of plants in the forest include Lettowinthus stellatus,ziziphus sp nov. Whose species name has not been described. Ann Robertson, Quinten Luke ,(1993 The forest also contains species that have been documented in the IUCN plant species Red List as vulnerable, threatened and endangered. The table below shows the different categories. PLANT SPECIES IUCN CATEGORY Ziziphus robertsoniana Endangered Croton megalocapoides Near Threatened Mildbraedia carpinifolia Vulnerable Picnocoma litoralis Vulnerable Uvariodendron kirkii Vulnerable Sterculia schliebenii Vulnerable Delbergia vaccinifolius Vulnerable UNIQUE PLANT SPECIES OF DIANI CORAL RAG FOREST Diani coral rag forest also has got Interesting plant species. They include Heanandia nymphaefolia that grows near high water mark. This species is only one population known from the African mainland and found along Galu Beach near Diani, Xylocarpus muloccensis which only found in Diani and Kiunga near Somalia and currently only two individual species are remaining in Diani Forest. Another one is Croton megalocarpoides only found in Diani and Kiunga near Somali but currently found in cluster in Baobab Hotel forest block. Diani Coral forest also contains two species of wild cofee i.e cofee sessiflora and coffee pseudozanguebarica. The Endangered Ziziphus robertsoniana is being cut down in Diani Forest leading to suspected loss in the near future in this habitat. One of the Two individual Xylocarpus muluccensis remaining in Diani forest at the highest water mark in Diani Forest next to Baobab Hotel. MEDICINAL PLANTS IN DIANI FOREST Between 70% and 80% of the population of Africa is believed to rely on traditional medicine as primary health care ( Cunnigham 1993).Medicinal plants are widely used in Africa( Kokwaro 1976,Hedberge et al,1982 a.b,Croom 1983,Piuret 1996,Akerel et al 1991)It is worth mentioning that Diani Forest is still very rich in medicinal plants some of which have been documented in the past. Neil D. Burgess and G.Philip Clarke 1989). Diani Forest can be a study ground for medicinal plants in future if well protected and thus enabling discoveries of new drugs in the market. A list of Plant species in Diani Forest with Biological active compounds. Neil D. Burgess and G.Philip Clarke 1989). Uvaria lucida Extract shows in vitro activity against multi drug resistance of falciparum malaria Nkunya et al( 1990) Rauvolfia mombasiana Contain Reserpine and dederpidine.The root extract produce hypotention and counteract effects of Adrenaline. Chabra et al (1987) Jeteorhiza palmata Contain jeteorhizine that has shown effect of tuma cancer in guinnea pigs in Japan. Internet. INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES IN DIANI FOREST Dramatic global increase of invasive alien species (IAS) and the surveyor negative impact and high economic cost.(Charlse Victor Barber et al,2004.)Preventing invasive alien species is a global challenge. The Hotel forest blocks of Diani are no longer supporting the native plant species of the coral rag origin but alien invasive species like Tacoma stans(Yellow elder),Thervertia peruviana,Nerium olieunder,Pedilianthus tithymaloides,Azadirachtar indica. Many Hoteliers have introduced many exotic plants in their hotels, not knowing that the remaining patches of Diani forests still contain wild ornamental plants that can be grown in the hotels to replace the exotic ones that can cause genetic pollution. Examples of the wild ornamental flowers include Pentas buseii,Ipomea shupangensis,Thunnbergia alata,Agalea pentaginna and Acrydocarpus zanzibaricus. DEGREDATION OF THE DIANI FOREST Diani coral forest is one of the stretches of coral rag forests of coastal kenya after Shimoni kenya.Resisdential houses are being constructed on the sea front and the forest is being cleared further back.Big trees are being cut to give way for construction of houses. Some of the trees usually cut down from the diet of the white and black colobus monkeys and rare birds. These trees include Ficus sycomorus,Antiaris toxicaria and some species of plants from the mono specific genera such as carpodiptera africana,Bivinia jerlbetii The photo below shows the degraded part of Diani Forest in the South West of Baobab Hotel forest block with few stands of Lannea welwischii,Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius and Adansonia digitata remaining. CHECKLIST OF PLANTS OF DIANI FOREST Family Genus Species Growth forms 1 Acnthceae Beriarla setigera Shrub 2 Acanthaceae Ecbolium amplecicuale Shrub 3 Acanthaceae Justacia flava Herb 4 Acanthaceae Psederenthemum hilderbrandii Shrub 5 Acanthaceae Ruspolia Psedarenthamoides Shrub 6 Acanthaceae Thurnbergia kirkii Shrub 7 Acanthaceae Thurnbergia alata Shrub 8 Amaranthaceae Pupalia lappaceae Shrub 9 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera Shrub 10 Araliacea Cussonia zimmermanii Shrub 11 Anarcadiacea Lannea welwischii Tree 12 Anarcadiaceae Lannea schwanfurthii Tree 13 Anarcadiaceae Sorindea madagascariensis Tree 14 Anardiaceae Ozoroa Insignis Tree 15 Anarcadiaceae Sclerocarya birrea Tree 16 Annonaceae Annona senagalensis Tree 17 Annonaceae Asterenthes asterias Shrub 18 Annonaceae Cananga odorota Tree 19 Annonaceae lettowinthus stellatus Shrub 20 Anonnaceae Monodora junodii Shrub 21 Anonnaceae Monodora grandierii Shrub 22 Anonnaceae Ophrypetalum odoratum Shub 23 Anonnaceae Polyalthia stuhlmanii Shubr 24 Anonnaceae Uvaria lucida Shrub 25 Anonnceae Uvaria acuminata Climber 26 Anonnaceae Uvariodenron kirkii Shrub 27 Anonnaceae Xylopia parviflora Tree 28 Asparagacea Aspragus flagellaris Climber 29 Aspragaceae Asparagus setaceus Shrub 30 Apocynaceae Adenium obesium Shrub 31 Apocynaceae Ancylobotris petersiana Climber 32 Apocynaceae Dictyophelba lucida Climber 33 Apocynaceae Holorrhena pubescens Tree 34 Apocynaceae Hunteria zeylanica Tree 35 Apocynaceae Rauvolfia mombasiana Tree 36 Apocynaceae Tarbanaemontana elegans Tree 37 Apocyanaceae Schizozygia coffaeoides Shrub 38 Asclepidiaceae Calatropis procera Shrub 39 Ascelpidiaceae Cryptolepis hypoglauca Climber 40 Ascepidaceae Dragea rubicunda Climber 41 Ascelpidaceae Gymnema sylvestre Climber 42 Ascelpidaceae Omphogolonus calophyllus Climber 43 Balanitceae Balanite wilsoniana Tree 44 Bombacea Adansonia digitata Tree 45 Boraginacea Cordia monoica Tree 46 Boraginacea Cordia guineensis Shrub 47 Boraginacea Cordia subcordata Tree 48 Boraginacea Cordia goetzei Tree 49 Boraginacea Hilsenbergia petiolaris Tree 50 Bursaracea Commiphora edulis Tree 51 Bursaracea Commiphora zanzibarica Tree 52 Bursaracea Commiphora africana Tree 53 Bursaracea Commiphora lindensis Shrub 654 Bignoniacea Fernandoa magnifica Tree 55 Bignoniacea Kigelia africana Tree 56 Bignoniacea Markhamia zanzibarica Tree 57 Bignoniacea Sparthodea campanulata Tree 58 Caesalpinacea Cassia abbreviata Tree 59 Caesalpinacea Senna siamea Tree(Exotic) 60 Caesalpinacea Delonix regia Tree(Exotic) 61 Caesalpinacea Caesalpinia bunduc Climber 62 Caesalpinacea cynometra suaheliensis Tree 63 Caesalpinacea Tamarindus Indica Tree 64 Caesalpinacea Senna singuena Shrub 65 Caesalpinacea Parkisonia aculeata Shrub(Exotic) 66 Cactacea Opuntia vulgaris indica Shrub 67 Capparacea Mearua triphylla Shrub 68 Capparacea Capparis erythrocarpos Shrub 69 Capparacea Capparis cartilgeninea Shrub 70 Capparacea Cladostemon kirkii Tree 71 Capparacea Capparis viminea Shrub 72 Capparacea Ritchia capparoides Shrub 73 Combretaceae Combretum schumanii Tree 74 Combretaceae Combretum pentagonum Climber 76 Combretaceae Terminalia spinosa Tree 77 Combretaceae Terminalia cattapa Tree 78 Commelinaceae Commelina benghelensis Herb 79 Compositae Vernonia cinerea Herb 80 Compositae Ageratum conyzoides Herb 81 Compositae Launae cornuta Herb 82 Compositae Bidens pilosa Herb 83 Compositae Pulchea dioscoridis Shrub 84 Compositae Psidia punctata Shrub 85 Compositae Vernonia hilderbrandii Shrub 86 Compositae Conyza bonariensis Herb 87 Compositae Vernonia zansibarica Shrub 88 Convulanaceae Ipomea Shupangensis Climber 89 Convulanaceae Ipomea Urbaniana Cimber 89 Convulaceae Ipomea pes caprae Trailer 90 Curbitaceae Momordica scabra Trailer 91 Curbitaceae Coccinia sp Climber 92 Celastraceae Eleodendron schwanfurthiii Tree 93 Celatraceae Maytenus heterophylla Shrub 94 Celasttrceae Salacia stulmanniana Climber 95 Euphorbeaceae Euphorbea candilebrum Tree 96 Euphorbeaceae Acalypha fructicosa Shrub 97 Euphorbeaceae Acalypha neptunica Shrub 99 Euphorbeaceae Alchornea laxiflora Shrub 100 Euphorbeaceae Antidesma venosum Shrub 102 Euphorbeacea Bridelia Carhatica Tree 103 Euphorbeaceae Croton megalocarpoides Tree 104 Euphorbeaceae Croton psedopulchellus Shrub 105 Euphorbeaceae Flugea virosa Shrub 106 Euphorbeacea Drypetes natalensis Tree 107 Euphorbeacea Drypetes reticulatas Tree 108 Euphorbeacea Jatropha curcas Shrub 109 Euphorbeacea Ricinus cumminis Shrub 110 Euphorbeacea Pycnocoma litoralis Tree 111 Euphorbeacea Cynadenium pereskiifolium Tree 112 Dichapetalacea Dichapetalum mossambiscens Shrub 113 Dichapetalacea Tapura fischerii Tree 114 Flacourtacea Bivinia jalbertii Tree 115 Flacourtacea Dovyalis abbysinica Shrub 116 Flacourtacea Flacourtia indica Shrub 117 Flacourtacea Oncoba spinosa Shrub 118 Flacourtacea Grandierii boivinii Shrub 119 Flacourtacea Ludia mauritania Tree 120 Flacourtacea Homalium abdesammadi Tree 124 Guttiferaecea Vismia orientalis Shrub 125 Guttiferaecea Calophyllum inophyllum Tree 126 Gramnaecea Eragrostis superba Herb 127 Gramnaecea Cloris roxbughiana Herb 128 Hernandiacae Gyrocarpus americanus Tree 129 Hernandiacae Hernandia nymphaeifolia Tree 130 Icacinaceae Pyrenacantha kaurbasana Climber 131 Labiataeae Hoslundia opposita Herb 132 Labiataeae Ocimum grattisimum Herb 133 Lacythidacea Baringtonia asiatica Tree 134 Loganiaceae Strycknos spinosa Shrub 135 Loganiaceae Strycknos madagascariensis Tree 136 Lythracieae Pemphis acidula Shrub 137 Malphigiacea Acridocapus zanzibaricus Climber 138 Malphigiacea Tristelltiea africana Climber 139 Malvaceae Abutilion mauritaniana Shrub 140 Malvaceae Melania velutina Shrub 141 Meliaceae Trichilia Emetica Tree 142 Meliaceae Xylocarpus moluccensis Tree 143 Meliaceae Turrae nilotica Tree 144 Meliaceae Turrae floribunda Shrub 145 Meliaceae Turrea wakefieldii Tree 146 Meliaceae Turrae mombasana Shrub 147 Menispermaceae Tinospora caffra Climber 148 Menispermaceae Tiliacora funifera Climber 149 Menispermaceae Jaterhorhiza palmata Climber 150 Mimosaceae Acacia adenocalyx Climber 151 Mimosaceae Acacia nilotica Tree 152 Mimosaceae Acacia zanzibarica Tree 153 Mimosaceae Albizia versicolor Tree(Introduced) 154 Mimosaceae Albizia gleberrima Tree(Introduced) 155 Mimosaceae Dichrostahys cinerea Shrub 156 Mimosaceae Pithellocebium dulce Tree(Exotic) 157 Moraceae Antiaris toxicaria Tree 158 Moraceae Ficus bubu Tree 158 Moraceae Ficus lingua Tree 159 Moraceae Ficus exasperata Shrub 160 Moraceae Ficus Ottooniifolia Tree 161 Moraceae Ficus Polita Tree 162 Moraceae Ficus sur Tree 163 Moraceae Ficus sycomorus Tree 164 Moraceae Milicia exelsa Tree 165 Moraceae Maclura africana Shrub 166 Moraceae Ficus craterostoma Shrub 167 Moraceae Ficus stuhlmanii Tree 168 Moringiacea Moringa oleifera Tree 170 Nyctaginacaea Boerhavia diffusa Herb 171 Ochnaceae Ochna mossambicensis Shrub 172 Olacaceae Ximenia americana Shrub 173 Opiliaceae Opilia amentaceae Shrub 174 Oleaceae Jasminium fluminense Climber 175 Palmae Cocoa nucifera Tree 176 Palmae Hyphaene compressa Tree 177 Pandanaceae Pandanus kirkii Tree 178 Papilionaceae Abrus precatorius Climber 179 Papilionaceae Clitoria ternea Climber 180 Papilionaceae Canvalia carthatica Climber 181 Papilionaceae Darlbergia vaccinifolia Climber 182 Papilionaceae Darlbergia melanoxylon Tree 183 Papilionaceae Erythrina abbysinica Tree 184 Papilionaceae Ormocarpum sennoides Shrub 185 Papilionaceae Milletia usaramensis Tree 186 Papilionaceae Sophora tomentosa Shrub 187 Papilionaceae Desmodium umbellulatum Shrum 188 Passifloriacea Adenia gummifera Climber 189 Passifloriacea Schlechterina mitostmmatoides Climber 190 Rhamnaceae Colubrina asiatica Shrub 191 Rhamnaceae Lasiodiscus pervillei Tree 192 Rhamnaceae Scutia myrtina Shrub 193 Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mucronata Tree 194 Rhamnaceae Ziziphus robertsoniana Tree 195 Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mauritiana Tree 196 Rubiaceae Catunaregam nilotica Shrub 197 Rubiaceae Chassalia umbraticola Shrub 198 Rubiaceae Coffee cessiflora Shrub 199 Rubiaceae Coffee pseudozanguebariae Shrub 200 Rubiaceae Cremaspora triflora Shrub 201 Rubiaceae Feretia apodenthera Shrub 202 Rubiaceae Gardenia volkensis Shrub 203 Rubiaceae Guttarda speciosa Tree 204 Rubiaceae Keetia zanzibarica Shrub 205 Rubiaceae Pentas buseii Shrub 206 Rubiaceae Pavetta crebrifolia Shrub 207 Rubiaceae Meyna tetraphylla Shrub 208 Rubiaceae Polyspharia mulflora Shrub 209 Rubiaceae Psychotria sp Shrub 210 Rubiaceae Pristimera adongensis Shrub 211 Rubiaceae Vanguria randii Shrub 212 Rubiaceae Triaiolepis africana Shrub 213 Rubiaceae Terenna gravieolense Shrub 214 Rubiaceae Terenna supra axillaris Shrub 215 Rutaceae Toddalia asiatica Climber 216 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum chelybeum Tree 217 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum holtizianum Tree 218 Rutaceae Vepris euginiifolia Shrub 219 Sapindaceae Allophyllus rubifolius Shrub 220 Sapindaceae Allophyllus pervilei Shrub 221 Sapindaceae Blighia unijuguta Tree 223 Sapindaceae Paullinia pinnata Climber 224 Sapindaceae Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius Tree 225 Sapindaceae Lepisanthes senegalensis Tree 226 Sapindaceae Majidea zanguebarica Tree 228 Sapindaceae Deinbolia borbonica Shrub 229 Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa Shrub 230 Sapindaceae Hapcoleum inopleum Shrub 231 Sapindaceae Chatranthus obliqunrvis Shrub 232 Sapindaceae Mcphersonia gracillis Shrub(Introduced) 233 Sapotiaceae Manilkara sanzibarensis Tree 234 Sapotiaceae Sideroxylone inermes Tree 235 Solanaceae Solanum nigrum Herb 236 Solanaceae Solanum incanum Shrub 237 Solanaceae Solanum goetzeii Shrub 238 Sterculiaceae Colar minor Shrub 239 Sterculiaceae Hermania exappendiculata Shrub 240 Sterculiaceae Sterculia africana Tree 241 Sterculiaceae Sterculia appendiculta Tree 242 Sterculiaceae Sterculia schliebenii Tree 243 Simarubiaceae Harrysonia abbysinica Shrub 244 Thymaleaeae Synaptolepis kirkii Shrub 245 Tiliaceae Grewia holstii Climber 246 Tiliaceae Grewia vaughanii Shrub 247 Tiliaceae Grewia glandulosa Shrub 248 Tiliaceae Gewia plagiophylla Tree 249 Tiliaceae Triumpheta rhomboidea Shrub 250 Tiliaceae Corchorus olitorus Shrub 251 Tiliaceae Grewia densa Shrub 252 Ulmaceae Trema orientalis Tree 253 Vebanaceae Clerodendrum incisum Shrub 254 Vebanaceae Clerodendrum glabrum Shrub 255 Vebanaceae Duranta repens Shrub 256 Vebanaceae Lantana camara Shrub 257 Vebanaceae Premna hilderbrandtii Shrub 258 Vebanaceae Premna chrystoclada Shrub 259 Vebanaceae Premna discolor va dianensis Shrub 260 Vebanaceae Premna resinosa Shrub 261 Vitaceae Cissus quadrangularis Climber 262 Vitaceae Cissus rotundifolium Climber 263 Vitaceae Cissus intergrefolia Climber 264 Vitaceae Cyphostema adenocuale Climber 265 Vitaceae Cyphostema deparquatii Climber 266 Zamiaceae Encaphalatos hilderbrandtii Tree CONCLUSION AND RECOMMMENDATION Diani forest is one of the two remaining coral forest in the coastal forests of Kenya, was found to be the home of diverse groups of plant species. The forest is being severely exploited by the local and the private developers. The observed major threats to the forest were destruction of habitat to give space for building. This calls for the need for a serious attention for conservation and management as a whole. Hence the following recommendations were made to meet these objectives, 1. Give conservation priority for the identified threatened plants. 2. Promote in situ conservation and establish nursery for ex situ conservation 3. Create awareness and sense of ownership of the local people and the private developers in forest conservation management 4. Promote forest education to the communities and the private developers on the forest protection 5. Reserve certain parts of forest for nature preserve and protect from home interference 6. Carry out for through and Environmental l Impact assessments with proper mitigatory measure upon effects to the forest health in the events of private developments. 7. The south coast residential association to consider having the close involvement with the Coastal Forest Unit for close and subsequent monitoring programmes to assess the continued levels the forest loss as experienced in the various patches and blocks. ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I am grateful first to the Colobus conservation manager Mr.Keith Thomson for giving me the introductory letter that allowed to enter in the private hotel to study plants, Madam Hillary Martim for her support with reference materials from her home library. I also acknowledge Mr.Sean White for his support with further reference materials and financial support to accomplish this work. Dr. Emily Wabuyele of the National Museum for supporting this work by offering me a chance to reffer from their national library on plant pressing techniques.I also appreciate Mr.Saidi Chtzinga ,Paratoxomist at the Coastal Forest Herbarium located in Ukunda who helped me identifying the Unknown plant species. Lastly I do appreciate Mr.Paul Opere, Conservation Biologist who helped me in putting together and compiling this comprehensive report. BIBLIOGRAPHY Coastal Forest of Eastern Africa (1989)By Neil D.Burgess and Philip Clarke Tradional medicine in Africa (1995), By Isaac Sindinga,Chacha Nyaigoti Chacha and Mary Peter Kanuna. Journal of East Africa Natural History (2007), Vol 96 part 2 by National Museums of Kenya Journal of East Africa Natural History (2008), Vol 97 part 2 by National Museums of Kenya Kenya Trees,Shrubs and Lianas( 2004) By Henk Beentje Digo Ethno Botanical Study (2005) By Mohammed Parkia Medicinal plants of East Africa (1976) 2nd Edition By J.O. Kokwaro Medicinal plants of East Africa (1976) 3rd Edition By J.O. Kokwaro Annotated Checklist of Shimba Hills National Park (2005) By Quinten Luke Coastal Forest Survey (1993) Ann Robbertson and Quinten Luke.