Phytotaxa 62: 13–24 (2012) www.mapress.com/ phytotaxa / Copyright © 2012 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) PHYTOTAXA Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) Using the internet to aid in discovery of unrecognized type material BASTIAN STEUDEL2, MICHAEL KESSLER1 & RETO NYFFELER1 1 Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland Biodiversity, Macroecology & Conservation Biogeography Group, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-AugustUniversity of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany; email: bastiansteudel@aol.com 2 Abstract Herbaria contain many specimens for which identification to species and family is not up-to-date with current classifications. However, updated species names are essential as key information for publishing digitized specimen data on internet-based online resources such as Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF; www.gbif.org). Keeping herbarium collections current relative to classification of species and families poses a particular challenge to herbarium staff. Especially, families with a dynamic record of repeated changes in generic classification, such as Orchidaceae, require much curatorial attention. We used the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCL; apps.kew.org/wcsp/ home.do) for rapid validation of current species names of specimens of Orchidaceae housed at the combined herbaria of the University of Zurich (Z) and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ZT). In order to evaluate the possible type status of specimens, we consulted the original species description when the reviewed specimens were collected prior to the date of the publication. Within 600 hours of labour, we reviewed and updated species names for about 10,000 orchid specimens and located 280 previously unrecognized type specimens. Almost half of the type specimens located in the general collections represent species described by Rudolf Schlechter, Fritz Kraenzlin, and Rudolf Mansfeld, whose original material was destroyed in 1943 in the Herbarium Berolinense (B) and for which discovery at Z+ZT is therefore particularly valuable. Introduction At a time when global biodiversity is under ever increasing threat, herbarium collections are gaining importance as repositories of information and sources for discovery of new species (e. g. Bebber et al. 2010). Access to specimens and label information relies on accurate assignment (i. e. identification) of current species names, which is particularly crucial for internet-based information systems such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF; www.gbif.org). However, herbaria often hold specimens for which species names do not reflect current classification. This is especially the case for Orchidaceae (Jussieu 1789: 64). Currently, about 800 genera and at least 24,000 species of orchids are recognized (Fay & Chase 2009). However, delimitation of some orchid genera has repeatedly changed over time, resulting in a large number of species variously transferred to different genera. A prominent example is the genus Epidendrum (Linnaeus 1763: 1347), described in the 2nd edition of Species plantarum. Surprisingly, Linnaeus himself had already described a different genus Epidendrum (Linnaeus 1753: 952) in the 1st edition of Species plantarum. The older version of the name was later rejected because taxonomists had been using the name Epidendrum with the conserved type E. nocturnum Jacquin (1760: 29), which Linnaeus included in his concept of Epidendrum in 1763. Epidendrum L. (1753), lectotypified with E. nodosum L., is now treated as a synonym of the genus Brassavola (Brown 1813: 216). Brassavola has two additional synonyms, whereas Epidendrum L. (1763) currently has 32 synonyms (Pridgeon et al. 2006; World Checklist of Selected Plant Families [WCL]). Such confusions in orchid taxonomy are not rare and require a broad grasp of the whole family to overcome, which only few people have. A database with all known taxa linked to the current synonyms like WCL Accepted by Mark Chase, 6 Aug. 2012; published online in PDF: 13 Aug. 2012 13 (apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do) provides easy access to this knowledge. In addition to the many changes in generic names, there is a vast number of synonyms at species level in orchids due to their rarity and paucity of collections. This has resulted in many orchid species being described from single collections, leading to the description of new species based on only a few, possibly variable, characters. For herbarium staff it is timeconsuming to check all possible filing places for a specific taxon, especially in large genera. To face these vexing problems we re-organized our holdings of non-European orchid specimens in the combined herbaria of the University of Zurich (Z) and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ZT) (abbreviation used below: Z+ZT) according to current taxonomy and briefly report on our experiences here. Furthermore, identification of type material among specimens of the general collection is an important task of herbaria in order to provide inventories and lists of available type specimens to the community of taxonomists for online access. This report is intended to provide a working protocol for efficiently updating herbarium holdings with the help of online database resources, provide estimates of working hours required to update a larger herbarium collection and report, in addition, on the existence of type material of Orchidaceae at Z+ZT, mainly collected or described by Schlechter, Kraenzlin, and Mansfeld, for which the first set, for the most part, was destroyed in Berlin in 1943. Methods We focused on non-European orchids because collections housed in the combined herbaria Z+ZT are for the most part more than 60 years old and lacked current species names. The species name as given on the label of every specimen of non-European orchid was compared to the WCL. The WCL provides the most up-to-date view on species classification and synonyms for 173 seed plant families. Compared to other taxonomic information systems it provides not just nomenclatural information (including the reference to its original publication) but gives information on its taxonomic status as either being accepted by the authority of the family treatment as “valid” species or as synonym of some other species. Specimens were annotated with the current names and marked as investigated for species assignment. Note that this did not involve new determinations but rather “only” the updating of the names based on current classification. We invested about 600 hours of labour over two years to review the orchid holdings at the combined herbaria Z+ZT. For identification of type specimens, all specimens collected prior to the publication date of the protologue were checked for potential type status via Tropicos (www.tropicos.org) and reference to the original publication. Other possibilities for a specimen to represent type material were checked, e. g. for an intraspecific taxon if the specimen was collected before the intraspecific name was published. For all type specimens, a copy of the original species description (= protologue) was added to the folder of the specimen and a digital image of the specimen was made accessible through the website of the combined herbaria Z+ZT (www.herbarien.uzh.ch/index_en.html) for easy online access. Almost half of the discovered type specimens (129 of the 280 specimens) represent type material of species described by Schlechter (1872-1925). An additional 17 specimens turned out to be type material of species described by Kraenzlin (1847-1934). Additionally, nine type specimens represent species described by Mansfeld (1901-1960). Schlechter and Mansfeld worked as taxonomists at the herbarium in Berlin. The material used by Kraenzlin was sold to Berlin in 1907 (Poppendieck 2001). As most type material of the orchid collections of the Herbarium Berolinense in Berlin (B) was destroyed in 1943, this material may be particularly valuable. To assess whether type material of species described by Schlechter, Kraenzlin and Mansfeld located at Z+ZT is today still present at the herbarium in Berlin, we did not rely on published lists of orchid type specimens stored at B (Butzin 1978; 1980; 1981) because these lists may not be complete (Butzin 1981). Instead, we directly checked the holdings at B. Unfortunately, most material of the genus Habenaria (Willdenow 1805: 5) was on loan, and therefore it remains unclear which specimens of Habenaria are still also available from B. 14 • Phytotaxa 62 © 2012 Magnolia Press STEUDEL ET AL. Results The review of species names resulted in updating of about 60% of some 10,000 specimens investigated, whereas the remaining 40% exhibited species names that were current compared to the WCL classification. Discovery of 280 type specimens, which so far had remained unrecognized in the general herbarium collection, increased the number of orchid type specimens at the combined herbaria Z+ZT by about 70% to a total of some 680 specimens. For some species, the Tropicos database did not provide any information about where the type material is housed or specify that type material was destroyed at B (Table 1). Table 1 provides a list of type material discovered at Z+ZT compared to the holdings at B. During these investigations, we also found in the Herbarium Berolinense some type specimens that were previously not recognised as types but were stored as part of the general holdings at B. Discussion Our project has greatly increased the utility of the collection of non-European orchids in the combined herbaria of the University of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (Z+ZT). Digital images of the newly located type specimens can be consulted through the website of the Herbarium Z+ZT (www.herbarien.uzh.ch). Now, due to the updated species names a specialist is able to confirm or further verify the species names. In the face of global decrease of biodiversity, herbarium collections are important as repositories of information and sources for the discovery of new species (Bebber et al. 2010; Smith & Figueiredo 2011). The easy and rapid access to specimens of a certain taxon of interest in the collection is crucial for these investigations. Additional value is yielded through the discovery of type specimens not recognised previously. The discovery of type specimens of species described by Schlechter, Kraenzlin and Mansfeld is particularly valuable because most orchid type material at B was destroyed (Butzin 1978; 1980; 1981). Type material of other families was destroyed 1943 in Berlin as well. A recent example is the discovery of type specimens of Solanum Linnaeus (1753: 184) in the Herbarium Göttingen (GOET) (Vorontsova & Knapp 2010). It is likely that isotypes of orchid species described by Schlechter, Kraenzlin and Mansfeld were distributed to Z+ZT because of the close scientific collaboration of these scientists with Hans Schinz. Therefore, some type material destroyed in Berlin may be stored at the combined herbaria Z+ZT. The material of species described by Kraenzlin needs to be further compared with fragments of the collections that Kraenzlin kept for his studies. These fragments are now, after a chequered history, stored again at the Herbarium Hamburgense (HBG) (Poppendieck 2001). In some cases, direct comparison of material stored at B with the information provided by Tropicos revealed that the material was in fact not lost, i. e. type material still exists for Isochilus alatus (Schlechter 1912: 360), Neobolusia stolzii (Schlechter 1915: 482), Satyrium monadenum (Schlechter 1915: 527), Satyrium rhynchanthoides (Schlechter 1915: 529), Schizochilus sulphureus (Schlechter 1915: 486), and Stolzia angustifolia (Mansfeld 1934: 1062). In other cases, the material was listed as stored in B, but it was in reality missing (Table 1). However, for most type specimens we discovered (about 200), there is no information provided by Tropicos in which herbarium the material might be located (Table 1). Our study shows that the use of the WCL is straight-forward, widely accessible, and quick. Thus, we recommend reviewing herbarium holdings using online-based resources for the benefit of taxonomic research. In this way, a consistent system of species naming can be applied easily. Compared to the WCL, Tropicos has other advantages such as the inclusion of specimen information or taxonomic names above the genus rank. Recently, several different taxonomic databases like WCL and Tropicos have been combined to form “The Plant List” (http://theplantlist.org), which provides a comprehensive checklist of accepted species names and their classification, including a new source called "confidence level" for a quick impression about the "value" of the status. This may, in the near future, greatly assist updating of species names and family assignments in herbarium collections in the form as outline above. ONLINE TYPE DISCOVERY Phytotaxa 62 © 2012 Magnolia Press • 15 TABLE 1 List of type material so far unrecognized at the combined herbaria of the University of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (Z+ZT) with additional information derived from Tropicos and the collections at the Herbarium Berolinense (B). Species Acampe renschiana Rchb.f. Ancistrorhynchus laxiflorus Mansf. Ancistrorhynchus laxiflorus Mansf. Angraecum caffrum Bolus Angraecum caffrum Bolus Angraecum filifolium Schltr. Angraecu m globulosum Hochst. Angraecum kamerunense Schltr. Angraecum parcum Schltr. Angraecum parcum Schltr. Angraecum plehnianum Schltr. Angraecum podochiloides Schltr. Angraecum podochiloides Schltr. Angraecum pungens Schltr. Angraecum scandens Schltr. Angraecum schumanni Kraenzl. Angraecum stolzii Schltr. Angraecum straussii Schltr. Angraecum trachyrrhizum Schltr. Ansellia africana Lindl. var. australis Summerh. Aphyllorchis parviflora King & Pantl. Bicornella parviflora Ridl. Bipinnula polysyka Kraenzl. Bollea coelestis Rchb.f. Brachycorythis oligophylla Kraenzl. Brachycorythis stolzii Schltr. B r a c h y c o r y th i s t y s on i i Bolus Brownleea gracilis Schltr. Bulbophyllum alsiosum Ames Bulbophyllum mindanaense Ames Bulbophyllum vanoverberghii Ames Country Madagascar Tanzania Collection Hildebrandt 3392 Schlieben 3731 Date Apr 1880 4 Apr 1933 Cited in Tropicos B B Berlin no yes Tanzania Schlieben 3731 4 Apr 1933 B yes South Africa South Africa Congo Rehmann 5861 Rehmann 5860-5861 Schlechter 12791 1875-1880 1875-1880 Sep 1899 no no no no no no Ethiopia Schimper 1565 1840 no no Cameroon Winkler 209 22 Jul 1904 no no Malawi Malawi Cameroon Stolz 640 Stolz 640 Schlechter 12780 11 Mar 1911 11 Mar 1911 Oct 1899 no no no yes yes no Cameroon Schlechter 15769 19 Oct 1905 no yes Cameroon Schlechter 15769 19 Oct 1905 no yes Cameroon Cameroon Schlechter 15774 Schlechter 12739 27 Sep 1905 Sep 1899 no no no no Cameroon Braun 20 s.d. no no Malawi Cameroon Mozambique Stolz 2508 Schlechter 15771 Schlechter 12256 Feb 1914 Apr 1905 11 Apr 1898 B, K no no no no no Angola Baum 280 15 Oct 1899 no no India Pantling 383 Jul 1895 unknown no Madagascar Uruguay Hildebrandt 3820 Arechavaleta 2627 Jan 1881 Nov 1875 no no no no [unknown] Angola Klaboch 75 Baum 614 s.d. 1 Jan 1900 no no no no Malawi Stolz 2382 Dec 1913 no no South Africa Tyson 479 Feb 1883 no no Tanzania Philippines Stolz 1178 Elmer 9817 Apr 1908 no MO yes no Philippines Elmer 11307 Jun 1909 no no Philippines Vanoverbergh 712 29 Jul 1914 no yes ......continued on next page 16 • Phytotaxa 62 © 2012 Magnolia Press STEUDEL ET AL. TABLE 1. (Continued) Species Calanthe yunnanesis Rolfe Calyptrochilum orientale Schltr. Calyptrochilum orientale Schltr. Camaridium tuerckheimii Schltr. Centrostigma nyassanum Schltr. Ceratandra bicolor Sond. ex Drège Ceratostylis capitata Zoll. & Moritzi Cheirostylis schliebenii Mansf. ex Schlieb. Cirrhopetalum africanum Schltr. Cirrhopetalum africanum Schltr. Cirrhopetalum sarcophyllum var. minor King & Pantl. Coelogyne elmeri Ames Corallorhiza macrantha Schltr. Country China Malawi Collection Henry 11107 Stolz 469 Date s.d. Dec 1910 Cited in Tropicos MO no Berlin no no Malawi Stolz 469 Dec 1910 no no Guatemala Türckheim von 1771 Mar 1907 B (destr.), US no Malawi Stolz 2452 Jan 1914 no no South Africa Ecklon 1574 s.d. no no Indonesia Zollinger 1620 s.d. no no Tanzania Schlieben 4066 8 Jul 1933 no yes Malawi Stolz 1411 1912 no no Malawi Stolz 2406 s.d. no no India Pantling 95 May 1894 no no Philippines Mexico Elmer 10694 Pringle 4723 May 1909 Jun 1894 no no Cranichis thysan ochila B.L.Rob. & Greenm. Cynorkis gymnadenoides Schltr. Cynorkis kassneriana Kraenzl. Cynorkis oblonga Schltr. Cynorkis rupicola Schltr. Cyrtopodium paranaense Schltr. Cyrtopodium paranaense Schltr. D e n d ro b i u m c e r i n u m Schltr. Dendrobium pleianthum Schltr. D e n d ro b i u m schimperianum A.Rich. Dendrochilum lucbanense Ames Diaphananthe ovalis Summerh. Diaphananthe stolzii Schltr. Disperis anthoceros Rchb.f. Disperis bolusiana Schltr. Mexico Pringle 6023 2 Nov 1894 Malawi Stolz 1117 10 Feb 1912 no Lectot. MSC Isolectot. AMES, BM, BR, DAO, E , E N C B , G, K , M , MEXU(photo), MO, MSC, NY, P, PH, UC, US AMES, K, MEXU, MO, US no no Central Africa Kassner 3124 Oct 1908 B, K no Mozambique Malawi Brazil Schlechter 12171 Stolz 1151 Dusén 14613 2 Apr 1898 1 Mar 1912 21 Feb 1914 Brazil Dusén 14613 21 Feb 1914 no New Caledonia Schlechter 15654 6 Jan 1903 no no no no Lectot. AMES Isolectot. no MO Lectot. AMES Isolectot. no MO no no Bismarck Archipelago Ethiopia Schlechter 16303 10 Jul 1907 no no Schimper 1218 Apr 1840 no no Philippines Elmer 1571 May 1907 MO yes (as nr. 7571) Zaire Stauffer 1026 14 Jan 1955 no no Malawi Ethiopia South Africa Stolz 714 Schimper 1295 Schlechter 5346 10 May 1911 1863-1868 15 Sep 1894 no no no ONLINE TYPE DISCOVERY yes no no ......continued on next page Phytotaxa 62 © 2012 Magnolia Press • 17 TABLE 1. (Continued) Species Disperis bolusiana Schltr. Disperis cooperi Harv. Disperis fanniniae Harv. Disperis gracilis Schltr. Disperis neilgherrensis Wight Disperis paludosa Harv. ex Lindl. Disperis stenoglossa Schltr. Disperis stolzii Schltr. Disperis virginialis Schltr. Diuris corymbosa Lindl. Diuris palustris Lindl. Diuris porrifolia Lindl. Diuris venosa Rupp. Epidendrum durangense Hágsater & Holman Country South Africa South Africa South Africa South Africa India Collection Schlechter 5321 Cooper 1100 Cooper 1092 Schlechter 4393 Wight 3018 Date 13 Sep 1894 1862 1862 5 Feb 1894 s.d. Cited in Tropicos no no no no no Berlin no no no no no South Africa Ecklon 3935 s.d. no no South Africa Malawi South Africa Australia Australia Australia Australia Mexico Schlechter 3001 Stolz 672 Schlechter 4453 Gunn s.n. Gunn s.n. Preiss 2195 Boorman s.n. Hágsater 4666 21 Aug 1893 1911 10 Feb 1894 s.d. s.d. 25 Jul 1839 Jan 1915 15 Aug 1980 no yes no no yes no no no Epidendrum hagsateri Christenson Epipactis veratrifolia Boiss.& Hohenh. Epipactis veratrifolia Boiss.& Hohenh. Epipactis veratrifolia Boiss.& Hohenh. Epipactis veratrifolia Boiss.& Hohenh. Eria kingii Hook.f. Eulophia arenicola Schltr. Eulophia bletilloides Schltr. Eulophia boltonii Harv. ex Rolfe Eulophia calantha Schltr. Eulophia campestris Wall. ex Lindl. Eulophia coeloglossa Schltr. Eulophia corallorhiziformis Schltr. Eulophia corymbosa Schltr. Eulophia elegans Schltr. Euloph ia ga strodioides Schltr. Eulophia guineensis Lindl. var. kibilana Schltr. Eulophia holubii Rolfe Eulophia junodiana Kraenzl. Mexico Pringle 4728 14 Jun 1894 no no no no no no no AMO, AMES, B, BR, C, CA, ENCB, F, G, IBUG, K, LL, M, MEXU, MICH, MO, NY, P, SEL, W, XA MO Iran Kotschy s.n. no no Iran Kotschy 401 G no Iran Kotschy 253 no no Iran Kotschy 104 no no India Angola Malawi South Africa King 6491 Baum 384 Stolz 1800 MacOwan 681 Aug 1884 4 Nov 1899 1913 s.d. no no no no no no no no Angola Afghanistan Baum 631 Griffith 5192 5 Jan 1900 s.d. no no no no Angola Baum 367 2 NOv 1899 no no South Africa Galpin 1221 Feb 1891 no no Angola Malawi Mozambique Baum 377 Stolz 1980 Schlechter 12253 4 Nov 1899 1912 11 Apr 1898 no B, K, Z no no no no Malawi Stolz 1875 1912 no no Namibia Mozambique Schinz s.n. Junod 122 12 Jan 1880 1890 no no no no 27 Jun 1843 no ......continued on next page 18 • Phytotaxa 62 © 2012 Magnolia Press STEUDEL ET AL. TABLE 1. (Continued) Species Eulophia macra Schltr. Eulo ph ia ma ssokoe nsis Schltr. Eulophia monticola Schltr. Eulophia sabulosa Schltr. Eulophia stolzii Schltr. Eulophia subsaprophytica Schltr. Eulophia tainioides Schltr. Eulophia triceras Schltr. Eulophia tricristata Schltr. Eulophia tuberculata Bolus Eulophia vestita Schltr. Eulophia warburgii Schltr. Eulophidium nyassanum Schltr. Habenaria albomarginata King & Pantl. Habenaria amambayensis Schltr. Habenaria arechavaletae Kraenzl. Habenaria bangii Schltr. Habenaria decorata Hochst. ex A.Rich. Habenaria filifera S.Watson H a b e n a r i a f u rc i p e t a l a Schltr. Habenaria guentheriana Kraenzl. Habenaria harmsiana Schltr. Habenaria insignis Schltr. Habenaria macowaniana Kraenzl. Habenaria marxiana Schltr. Habenaria miguelii Schltr. Habenaria minutiflora Ridl. Habenaria pringlei B.L.Rob. H ab e naria q ua r t i ni an a A.Rich. Habenaria rautanenii Kraenzl. Habenaria schimperiana Hochst. ex A.Rich. Habenaria stolzii Kraenzl. Habenaria suaveolens Dalzell Country Angola Malawi Collection Baum 341 Stolz 1831 Date 30 Oct 1899 1913 Cited in Tropicos no no Berlin no yes Malawi Malawi Malawi Malawi Stolz 2449 Stolz 2575 Stolz 739 Stolz 1807 Jan 1914 Mar 1914 2 Jun 1911 1912 no no no no no no no no Mozambique Malawi Angola South Africa Malawi Angola Malawi Schlechter 12106 Stolz 1806 Baum 357 Rehmann 4296 Stolz 625 Baum 496 Stolz 1466 10 Feb 1898 Jun 1912 1 Nov 1899 1875-1880 10 Mar 1911 30 Nov 1899 1912 K, Z no no no not listed no no no yes no no yes no yes India Pantling 450 Jul 1896 ? ? on loan Paraguay Hassler 10969 Feb 1913 no ? on loan Uruguay Arechavaleta 1160 Feb 1880 no ? on loan Bolivia Ethiopia Bang 1239 Schimper 1253 1891 3 Aug 1838 GH, MO, us MO ? on loan ? on loan Mexico Pringle 3187 31 Jul 1890 MO ? on loan Malawi Stolz 1189 1 May 1912 no ? on loan Bolivia Buchtien 465 20 Jan 1927 AMES, G, K, NY ? on loan Malawi Stolz 583 3 Mar 1911 no ? on loan South Africa South Africa Schlechter 4517 MacOwan 767 6 Feb 1894 s.d. no no ? on loan ? on loan Malawi Bolivia Madagascar Mexico Stolz 1149 Bang 2910 Hildebrandt 3729 Pringle 3823 1 Mar 1912 s.d. Nov 1880 7 Aug 1891 B (destr.), K, S AMES, GH, MO, NY, US Holot. BM, Isot. HBG GH, MO ? on loan ? on loan ? on loan ? on loan Ethiopia Schimper 1349 24 Jul 1838 no ? on loan Namibia Rautanen 481 s.d. no ? on loan Ethiopia Schimper s.n. s.d. MO? ? on loan Malawi India Stolz 140 Stocks s.n. 18 Oct 1906 s.d. no no ? on loan ? on loan ......continued on next page ONLINE TYPE DISCOVERY Phytotaxa 62 © 2012 Magnolia Press • 19 TABLE 1. (Continued) Species Habenaria subauriculata B.L.Rob.& Greenm. Habenaria vaginata A.Rich. Habenaria variabilis Ridl. Herminium angustilabre King & Pantl. Herminium gracile King & Pantl. Herminium jaffreyanum King & Pantl. Hexadesmia confusa Schltr. Country Mexico Collection Pringle 4830 Date Aug 1894 Cited in Tropicos MO Berlin ? on loan Ethiopia Schimper 1350 24 Jul 1838 no ? on loan Ethiopia India Schimper 1265 Pantling 375 27 Aug 1863 Aug 1896 no no ? on loan no India Pantling 397 Jul 1896 no no India Pantling 237 Aug 1896 no no Guatemala AMES, BR, US, W no Holothrix brachylabris Sond. Holothrix multisecta Bolus Holothrix nyasae Rolfe var. blepharodactyla Schltr. Holothrix squamulosa Lindl. Holothrix squamulosa Lindl. Holothrix villosa Lindl. Huttonaea oreophila Schltr. Huttonaea pulchra Harv. Ionopsis pygmaea Cogn. Isochilus alatus Schltr. South Africa v o n T ü r c k h e i m I I , May 1908 23478 Ecklon 107.11 s.d. no no South Africa Malawi Scully 1371 Stolz 2527 Jan 1886 1914 no no no no South Africa Ecklon 1581 s.d. no no South Africa Ecklon 70.10 s.d. no no South Africa South Africa South Africa Trinidad Guatemala Ecklon 1.11 Schlechter 6931 Cooper 1091 Broadway 2251 Türckheim, von 1831 s.d. 3 Mar 1895 1862 27 Mar 1908 Jun 1907 no yes no no no Switzerland (cult. hort.) Switzerland (cult. hort.) Jamaica Regel 53.12 s.d. no no no Holot. AMES Isot. MO Holot. B (destr.) Isot. AMES, NY no Regel s.n. s.d. no no Harris 7833 6 Mar 1900 no no South Africa Schlechter 12252 11 Apr 1898 no no India Pantling 449 Jul 1896 no no India Pantling 201 Oct-Dec 1891 no no Angola Mechow von 366 Nov-Dec 1879 no no Angola Mechow 419 Dec 1880 no no Angola Mechow 319 Nov 1879 no no Central African Mechow 528 Republic Angola Malange 415 Nov 1880 no no Dec 1880 no no South Africa 1875-1880 no Laelia anceps Lindl. var. superba Regel Laelia anceps Lindl. var. superba Regel Lepanthes divaricata Fawc. & Rend. Liparis hemipilioides Schltr. Liparis pygmaea King & Pantl. Liparis resupinata Ridl. var. ridleyi King & Pantl. Lissochilus alexandri Rchb.f. Lissochilus antennisepalus Rchb.f. Lissochilus dilectus Rchb.f. f. minor Rchb.f. Lissochilus dilectus Rchb.f. f. minor Rchb.f. Lissochilus platypterus Rchb.f. Lissochilus rehmannii Rolfe 20 • Phytotaxa 62 © 2012 Magnolia Press Rehmann 4297 no no ......continued on next page STEUDEL ET AL. TABLE 1. (Continued) Species Listera alternifolia King & Pantl. Listera longicaulis King & Pantl. Lucum apulverulenta Mart. & Eichler ex Miq. Masdevallia bangii Schltr. Microstylis japonica Miq. Microstylis tenuis Watson Monadenia junodiana Kraenzl. Monadenia multiflora Sond. Mystacidium gracile Harv. Mystacidium graminifolium Ridl. Neobolusia stolzii Schltr. Country India Collection Pantling 390 Date Jul 1897 Cited in Tropicos no Berlin no India Pantling 391 Jul 1897 no no Guyana Martius s.n. s.d. B, F, NY, P, US no Bolivia Japan Mexico South Africa Bang 2424 Tschonoski s.n. Pringle 3186 Junod 1208 8 Sep 1894 1866 27 Jul 1890 s.d. AMES, MO, NY unknown Isot. MEXU, MO, NY no no no no no South Africa Ecklon 1564 s.d. no no South Africa Madagascar Cooper 271 Hildebrandt 3977 1860 Mar 1881 no no Malawi Stolz 1076 Jan 1912 Oberonia emarginata King India & Pantl. Oberonia verticillata Wight India Octomeria boliviensis Rolfe Bolivia Pantling 423 Sep 1895 no Lectot. BM, Isolectot. P Holot. B (destr.) Isot. K no Wight 2940 Bang 2185 s.d. 1894 no no Oncidium boliviense Rolfe Bolivia Bang 2196 16 May 1894 Oncidium johannis Schltr. Guatemala von Türckheim 1639 Feb 1908 Peristylus petitianus A.Rich. Platanthera ang olens is Schltr. Platanthera rhodostachys Schltr. Pleurothallis complicata Rolfe ex Rusby P l e u ro t h a l l i s f o r m o s a Schltr. P l e u ro t h a l l i s p r i n g l e i Schltr. Ethiopia Schimper 1257 6 Aug 1828 no Holot. AMES Isot. F, GH, M, MO, NY, US, W Holot. K Isot. GH, LE, MO, NY, US Holot. B (destr.) Lectot. US Isolectot. AMES, P, NY no no Angola Baum 326 26 Oct 1899 no no Angola Baum 381 4 Nov 1899 no no Bolivia Bang 1568 Jul-aug 1892 no Guatemala H . T ü r c k h e i m v o n Oct 1907 1995 C. G. Pringle 4709 14 Jun 1894 no no no yes no Pleurothallis resupinata Mexico Ames C. G. Pringle 10135 Pleurothallis tuerckheimii Schltr. Podochilus bimaculatus Schltr. Podochilus elmeri Ames Podochil u s l ongilabris Ames H . T ü r c k h e i m v o n Nov 1907 1996 R. Schlechter 16497 6 Sep 1907 Holot. K Isot. AMES, F, GH, M, MO, NY, US, W Holot. W Isot. AMES, BM, BR, HB, US Lectot. MEXU Isolectot. AMES, BM, BR, HB, HBG, K, MO, NY, US, W Holot. GH Isot. AMES, BM, HB, HBG, JE, K, LE, M, MEXU, MINN, MO, NY, US, W Lectot. AMES Isolectot. BM, BR, HB, NY, US, W no A. D. E. Elmer 10718 A. D. E. Elmer 7585 MO MO Mexico Guatemala Bismarck Archipelago Philippines Philippines 15 Nov 1905 May 1909 May 1907 no no no no no no ......continued on next page ONLINE TYPE DISCOVERY Phytotaxa 62 © 2012 Magnolia Press • 21 TABLE 1. (Continued) Species Polystachya eusepala Kraenzl. P ol y s t a c h y a o b a n e n s i s Rendle Prasophyllum giganteum Lindl. Prasophyllum truncatum Lindl. Pte rog loss a sp is s tric ta Schltr. Pterygodium acutifolium Lindl. Pterygodium biflorum Hochst. ex A.Rich. Pterygodium leucanthum Bolus Pterygodium newdigatae Bolus var. cleistogamum Bolus Pterygodium newdigatae Bolus Quekettia australis Kraenzl. Risleya atropurpurea King & Pantl. Roeperocharis benettiana Rchb.f. Roeperocharis elata Schltr. Roeperocharis ukingensis Schltr. Roeperocharis urbaniana Kraenzl. Satyrium aphyllum Schltr. Satyrium aphyllum Schltr. Satyrium aphyllum Schltr. Satyrium aphyllum Schltr. Satyrium brachyrhynchum Schltr. Satyrium colliferum Schltr. Country Congo Collection T. Kaesnner 3235 Date 18 Aug 1908 Cited in Tropicos no Berlin no Nigeria P. A. Talbot 930 1911 no no Australia Preiss 2215 26 Jul 1839 no no Australia Gunn s.n. s.d. no no Malawi Stolz 1319 30 May 1912 no no South Africa Ecklon 1.12 s.d. no no Ethiopia Schimper 570 6 Aug 1838 MO no South Africa Bolus 8704 1896 no no South Africa Schlechter 5908 9 Nov 18994 no no South Africa MacOwan 1960 Oct 1894 no no Brazil India Bornmüller 142 Pantling 451 2 Sep 1904 Jul 1896 no unknown yes no Ethiopia Schimper 1327 5 Sep 1863 no no Malawi Malawi Stolz 2032 Stolz 2612 Jul 1912 Mar 1914 no no yes no Ethiopia Schimper 1333 20 Sep 1863 no no South Africa South Africa South Africa South Africa Malawi Schlechter 6599 Schlechter 3723 Schlechter 3234 Maur 739 Stolz 2531 2 Feb 1895 16 Nov 1893 15 Sep 1893 s.d. s.d. no no no no no yes no no no no Malawi Stolz 2546 s.d. no Satyrium colliferum Schltr. Satyrium colliferum Schltr. Satyrium colliferum Schltr. Malawi Malawi Malawi Stolz 2456 Stolz 2491 Stolz 1185 s.d. s.d. 1 Api 1912 Lectot. K Isolectot. EA no no no Satyrium emarcidum Bolus Satyrium fallax Schltr. Satyrium leucanthum Schltr. Satyrium maculatum Burch. Satyrium mairei Schltr. Satyrium marginatum Bolus Satyrium monadenum Schltr. South Africa Malawi Malawi Bolus 159 Stolz 2530 Stolz 2549 Sep 1883 s.d. s.d. no no no South Africa China South Africa Malawi Drege 104 Maire s.n. Bolus 4550 Stolz 2528 8 Oct 1903 s.d. Oct 1879 s.d. no no ? no no no no (Lectot. Stolz 1031 B no (but the (destr.) Isolectot. K) number 1031) ......continued on next page 22 • Phytotaxa 62 © 2012 Magnolia Press no no no (but the number 1088) no no no STEUDEL ET AL. TABLE 1. (Continued) Species Satyrium nutans Kraenzl. S at y r i u m o u t e n i q u e n s e Schltr. Satyrium princeps Bolus Satyrium rhynchanthoides Schltr. Satyrium rhynchanthoides Schltr. Satyrium robustum Schltr. Satyrium rupestre Schltr. Country South Africa South Africa Collection Wilms 1357 Schlechter 5792 Date Feb 1895 2 Nov 1894 Cited in Tropicos no no Berlin no yes South Africa Malawi Hallack 5929 Stolz 1074 Sep 1885 11 Ján 1912 no yes Malawi Stolz 2435 s.d. Malawi South Africa Stolz 2349 Schlechter 5980 s.d. 15 Nov 1894 no Synt. B (destr.) Isosynt. K Synt. B (destr.) Isosynt. K no no Satyrium sceptrum Schltr. Malawi Stolz 2434 s.d. Satyrium sphaeranthum Schltr. Satyrium unifolium Schltr. Scelochilus tuerckheimii Schltr. Schizochilus angustifolius Rolfe Schizochilus flexuosus Harv. ex Rolfe Schizochilus sulphureus Schltr. Scopularia burchellii Lindl. Sobralia buchtienii Schltr. Sobralia caloglossa Schltr. Sobralia pleiantha Schltr. Spathoglottis wrayi Hook.f. Sphyrarhynchus schliebenii Mansf. Spiranthes tenuiflora Greenm. Stelis effusa Schltr. Malawi Stolz 2529 s.d. Malawi Guatemala Stolz 2453 Türckheim, von 1919 s.d. Sep 1907 South Africa Wood 10763 South Africa Synt. (2434) B (destr.) Isosynt. EA, K no no no no (but number 5870) no no no no s.d. no Lectot. US Isolectot. AMES, US no Tyson 2605 Oct 1986 no no Malawi Stolz 1075 11 Jan 1912 B (destr.) K yes South Africa Bolivia Bolivia Costa Rica Malesia Tanzania Ecklon 24.10 Buchtien 7211 Buchtien 7210 Pittier 3855 Wray 202 Schlieben 2892 s.d. 30 Nov 1922 13 Aug 1920 Feb 1891 s.d. 29 Oct 1933 no AMES no Holot. W Isot. CR no no no no no no no no Mexico Pringle 6995 16 Feb 1899 no Costa Rica Tonduz 8279 Nov 1893 Stelis patula Schltr. Guatemala Türckheim, von 1916 Aug 1907 Stelis scandens Rolfe Stelis tricuspis Schltr. St e n o g l o t t i s f i m b r i a t a Lindl. var. saxicola Schltr. ex Kraenzl. Stolzia angustifolia Mansf. Bolivia Costa Rica South Africa Bang 1817 a Beolly 949 Schlechter 6820 s.d. Jul 1885 20 Feb 1895 Holot. US Isot. F, MO, SEL Lectot. AMES Isolectot. CR Synt. B (destr.) Isosynt. BR, G, W AMES, GH, MO, NY CR no Tanzania Schlieben 3055 5 Dec 1932 Stolzia oligantha Mansf. Tanzania Schlieben 2967 Tainia hookeriana King & Pantl. Tridactyle brevifolia Mansf. Tridactyle nyassana Schltr. Tridactyle pulchella Schltr. Tr i dact y le u ngui culat a Mansf. Tryphia major Sond. India no no no no no no Pantling 204 Holotype B (destr.) Isot. BM 11 Nov 1932 Holotype B (destr.) Isot. BM Feb–Mar 1892 Co-t. K no Tanzania Malawi Malawi Tanzania Schlieben 2982 Stolz 658 Stolz 716 Schlieben 1352 12 Nov 1932 20 Mar 1911 10 May 1911 Oct 1931 Holot. B Isot. K no no no no no yes no South Africa Ecklon 76 s.d. no no ONLINE TYPE DISCOVERY yes no Phytotaxa 62 © 2012 Magnolia Press • 23 Acknowledgements BS thanks Rubén Gallucci for his help and patience during the herbarium work. Rubén Gallucci and Josefine Jacksch included the newly located type specimens in the digital database. For literature search support, we thank Elena Benetti and Barbara Seitz. We thank Robert Vogt, curator at the Herbarium Berolinense (B), for support with investigations in Berlin. Comments by Vicki Funk and three anonymous reviewers contributed to improving a former version of the manuscript. References Bebber, D.B., Carine, M.A., Wood, J.R.I., Wortley, A.H., Harris, D.J., Prance, G.T., Davidse, G., Paige, J., Pennington, T.D., Robson, N.K.B. & Scotland, R.B. (2010) Herbaria are a major frontier for species discovery. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 107: 22169–22171. Brown, R. (1813) Hortus Kewensis. London (2nd ed.) 5. 568 pp. Butzin, F. (1978) In Berlin vorhandene Typen von Schlechters Orchideenarten. Willdenowia 8: 401–407. Butzin, F. (1980) Typenstudien im Berliner Orchideenherbar: Arten von Kraenzlin und Mansfeld. Willdenowia 10: 147–149. Butzin, F. (1981) Typenstudien im Berliner Orchideenherbar: Diverse markierte Typen. Willdenowia 11: 119–121. Fay, M.F. & Chase, M.W. (2009) Orchid biology: from Linnaeus via Darwin to the 21st century. Annals of Botany 104: 359–364. Jaquin, N.J. (1760) Enumeratio systematica plantarum vol. 1. 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Willdenow, C.L. von (1805) Caroli a Linne Species Plantarum: exhibentes Plantas Rite Cognitas ad Genera Relatas cum Differentiis Specificis, Nominibus Trivialibus, Synonymis Selectis, Locis Naturalibus secundum Systema Sexuale digestas. Nauk, G.C. Berlin. 629 pp. 24 • Phytotaxa 62 © 2012 Magnolia Press STEUDEL ET AL.