Evaluation of Albany Pine Bush Albany County, New York For its Merit in Meeting National Significance Criteria as a National Natural Landmark in Representing Sand Dunes as an Example of Eolian Landforms in the Appalachian Plateau and Ranges Physiographic Regions Prepared by: Todd R. Lookingbill1, Mary C. Brickle1, and Katharina A.M. Engelhardt2 Photo by Mary Brickle March 15, 2013 1 University of Richmond Department of Geography and the Environment 28 Westhampton Way Richmond, VA 23173 2 University of Maryland Center for Environmental Sciences Appalachian Laboratory 301 Braddock Road Frostburg, Maryland 21532 Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Source of Site Proposal ............................................................................................................. 2 Evaluators ................................................................................................................................. 2 Scope of Evaluation .................................................................................................................. 2 Characterization of the Primary Natural Features .......................................................................... 3 Description ................................................................................................................................ 3 Primary Geological Features ............................................................................................. 3 Primary Biological Features .............................................................................................. 4 Distribution and Context ........................................................................................................... 5 Regional Variation .................................................................................................................... 6 Significance............................................................................................................................... 7 Albany Pine Bush Site Description................................................................................................. 8 Primary Natural Features .......................................................................................................... 8 Description of Geological Features.................................................................................... 8 Description of Biological Features ..................................................................................... 9 Natural History Themes Represented ..................................................................................... 11 Secondary Natural Features .................................................................................................... 12 Physical Setting ....................................................................................................................... 12 Location and Access ............................................................................................................... 13 Ownership ............................................................................................................................... 13 Land Use and Condition ......................................................................................................... 13 Historic Land Use ............................................................................................................. 13 Current Land Use and Present Condition ........................................................................ 14 Sensitive or Hazardous Resources .......................................................................................... 15 Comparative Assessment .............................................................................................................. 16 Regional Site Inventory .......................................................................................................... 16 Site Descriptions ..................................................................................................................... 16 Highest Quality Sites......................................................................................................... 16 Other Sites......................................................................................................................... 19 Comparative Analysis & Discussion ...................................................................................... 20 Evaluation Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 23 Proposed Landmark Boundary ............................................................................................... 23 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................. 24 Figures........................................................................................................................................... 30 Appendix A: Flora and Fauna Lists .............................................................................................. 42 Appendix B: Representative Site Photographs ........................................................................... 105 ii Executive Summary The National Natural Landmark (NNL) Program encourages the preservation of the Nation’s natural heritage. To qualify for NNL designation, a site must be one of the best examples of a geological and/or biological feature within a biophysiographic province. The Albany Pine Bush in Albany County, New York, supports a significant example of periglacial sand dunes, which uniquely combines outstanding examples of geologic (Eolian Landforms; Works of Glaciers) and ecological (Pitch Pine-Scrub Oak Barrens) themes in the Appalachian Ranges and Appalachian Plateau biophysiographic provinces of the United States. The Albany Pine Bush is owned by multiple private and public organizations and managed by the Albany Pine Bush Preserve Commission. All entities have consented to allow the site to be evaluated as a potential NNL (pNNL). This evaluation considers whether the resources at Albany Pine Bush are intact, nationally significant, and deserving of NNL designation. It includes a general characterization of periglacial dunes and pitch pine-scrub oak barrens, a site description of Albany Pine Bush pNNL, a comparative assessment of similar sites, a final recommendation for designation, and a map of the recommended boundary. Periglacial sand dunes are fossil landscape features that are common throughout colder climates of the world. The sand dunes are the result of wind action reworking sediments from glacial lakes or outwash dating back to the last Ice Age. Owing to nutrient limiting sandy soils and the heterogeneous topography of dune landscapes, sand dune ecosystems support a diverse biota dominated by pine barrens in higher-lying drier habitats and wetlands in low-lying wet areas at the base of dunes. This interplay of geology and ecology contributes significantly to the natural history of the region. Therefore, consideration of a sand dune-pine barren ecosystem in the Appalachian Ranges and Appalachian Plateau regions is warranted to encourage the preservation of the region’s distinct natural heritage. It is our recommendation that Albany Pine Bush pNNL meets the national significance criteria required for the NNL Program. The proposed site is illustrative in character as it showcases how eolian processes form regionally important and sensitive dune landscapes. The Albany Pine Bush is one of the best examples of inland pine barren ecosystems in the world, comparable in quality to the New Jersey Pine Barrens and other larger systems located outside the Appalachian Mountains on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The dry dunes, moist ravines, and bogs are habitat to more than 1300 species of plants, 156 species of birds, more than 30 species of mammals, and 20 species of amphibians and reptiles. Many of these species are adapted specifically to sandy soils, and several are documented species of special concern. The Albany Pine Bush is therefore of great scientific, conservation and educational interest for study of its diverse flora and fauna. Monitoring of the biota will need to continue to assess impacts of human use and management activities. The biggest threats to the system are fire suppression and suburbanization. A comparison with other periglacial sand dune sites identified Rome Sand Plains (Appalachian Plateau region) as equal in many significance criteria except that a higher number of species of special concern are documented and a more appropriate management plan is in place for Albany Pine Bush pNNL. After considerable research, discourse with experts, and a site visit we have come to the conclusion that Albany Pine Bush pNNL is a prime candidate site to be designated as a NNL. We include a map of the proposed landmark boundary, which delineates a total of 3,200 acres (1,295 ha). 1 Introduction Source of Site Proposal The Albany Pine Bush Preserve was originally recommended as a potential National Natural Landmark (pNNL) in the Potential National Natural Landmarks of the Appalachian Plateaus Natural Region Report (Baer et al. 1982; pp. 107-111) and Appalachian Ranges Natural Region Ecological Report (DeSelm 1984; pp. 183-187), both commissioned by the National Park Service. The Preserve is primarily representative of the Eolian Landforms (Theme 7) Sand Dunes (Sub-theme 7a), and Works of Glaciers (Theme 9) Glacial Deposition (Sub-theme 9a) and Periglacial Features (Sub-theme 9c) natural history themes under the Landforms of the Present grouping (Group 1). It is also representative of a Barrens theme (Sub-theme Pitch Pine-Scrub Oak Barrens) under the Land Ecosystems grouping (Group 3). The sand dunes found in Albany Pine Bush are the result of wind action reworking sediments accumulated in glacial Lake Albany after the Wisconsin glacier began to retreat 12,000 years ago. The glacial retreat left the sand deposits and the lakebed sand and clay exposed to the forces of wind and rain. The resulting ecological landscape is dominated by pitch pine-scrub oak and other communities that tend to occur on well-drained, sandy soils that have low nutrients and wide ranges of soil moisture during the growing season, and are dependent on frequent disturbance by fire. The site has not previously been evaluated for NNL status. It received priority for evaluation because the site represents themes that are currently underrepresented within the Appalachian Ranges and Appalachian Plateau Natural Regions as outlined in "Natural History in the National Park System and on the National Registry of Natural Landmarks" (NPS 1990). Evaluators Dr. Todd R. Lookingbill, Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Richmond. Dr. Lookingbill is a landscape ecologist with research focusing on the spatial patterning of the abiotic environment and the processes that affect species distributions within natural and managed landscapes. Dr. Katharina A. M. Engelhardt, Research Associate Professor, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. Dr. Engelhardt studies the maintenance of biodiversity and its effects on ecosystem functioning. Her current research focuses specifically on the feedback between geomorphology and biodiversity to predict the effects of climate change on ecosystems. Scope of Evaluation The study area used in this evaluation was the Appalachian Ranges (both the Valley and Ridge and the Blue Ridge physiographic provinces) and Appalachian Plateau Regions of the MidAtlantic United States (Figure 1). The sites selected for the comparative assessment lie within a similar climatic zone as Albany Pine Bush with an emphasis on sites containing periglacial sand dunes within the Appalachian Mountains (Figure 2). The evaluation of Albany Pine Bush is based on scientific literature and conversations with scientific experts. A site visit was conducted on July 12-13, 2011. Experts conferred with during the course of this evaluation include: Neil Gifford (Conservation Director Albany Pine Bush Preserve), Tyler Briggs (Fire Management and GIS Specialist Albany Pine Bush Preserve, Wendy Craney (Communications and Outreach Director Albany Pine Bush Preserve), Mark 2 Demitroff (University of Delaware Permafrost Group), Warren Abrahamson (Professor of Biology Emeritus Bucknell University), and Brad Stratton (GIS Specialist and Data Manager The Nature Conservancy). William Kelly (New York State Geologist) and William Patterson (Professor of Environmental Conservation Emeritus University of Massachusetts Amherst) also provided valuable peer review of the assessment. Characterization of the Primary Natural Features Description Primary Geological Features Eolian landforms are shaped by winds that erode, transport, and deposit materials in arid environments where vegetation is sparse and sediments are unconsolidated. In most non-arid landscapes, water and ice are the more typical geomorphic agents owing to their greater density. However, in the absence of these agents, wind can be an important determinant of land formation. Wind transports soil through suspension of small particles in the atmosphere (as dust or haze), or through saltation and creep that lifts or rolls particles and deposits them downwind. Wind-deposited sand bodies occur as sand sheets, ripples, and dunes. These features hold clues to past as well as to present wind directions and intensities. They also provide a good ground record of the most recent episodes of radical climate change, like the abrupt cooling and drying that occurred at the onset of the Younger Dryas. Ripples are small sand waves that feature crests and troughs whose long axes are perpendicular to the wind direction. Sand sheets are relatively flat, sandy fields composed of sand grains that are too large for wind to lift them off the ground and lack discernable slip faces. At the local scale, they often cover large spatial areas. Globally, approximately 40% of eolian depositional surfaces are sand sheets. Although dunes are the classic landform illustrating eolian processes, sand sheets have edaphic qualities similar to dunes and therefore offer similar ecosystem characteristics. Sand dunes are created by the accumulation of sand into mounds or ridges. They have a gentle upwind slope on the wind-facing side and a steep avalanche slope (“slipface”) on the downwind or lee slope. Dunes are highly diverse and can be classified into barchan (classic crecent-shaped unvegetated desert dunes that are perpendicular to the dominant wind direction and whose points point downwind), parabolic (crecent-shaped vegetated dunes that are perpendicular to the dominant wind direction and whose points curve upwind), transverse (long linear dunes that are perpendicular to the wind direction), longitudinal (large linear dunes parallel to wind direction), and star (several ridges radiating out from a central location) among other variations that indicate wind speed and direction, size and amount of sand, and the presence of vegetation (Christopherson 2011). Periglacial sand dunes are indicators of past aridity associated with cold, dry, and windy climates encountered during the Late Pleistocene (Markewich and Markewich 1994; Campbell et al. 2011). As the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated, glaciers and lake levels receded and the climate warmed. Continued wind erosion as well as physical weathering of silicate which occurred during periods of frost (a process known as cryofracturing), led to the formation of scree (broken 3 rock fragments) and finer sand particles, which were shaped into dunes and depressions (wetlands can be found today in these low-lying areas). These conditions contributed to the formation of both short, broad longitudinal dunes as well as parabolic (crescent) shaped dunes (Bradley et al. 2010). These eolian features provide a characteristic rolling topography. Longitudinal dunes formed when unvegetated sediments and soils were exposed to bimodal wind regimes. Parabolic dunes formed when strong and consistent northwesterly winds encountered vegetated dunes, which helped to anchor the sands, preventing significant dune reworking (Bradley et al. 2010). These vegetation colonized eolian features were repeatedly reactivated when severe drought reduced vegetation cover (Harman and Arbogast 2004; Forman et al. 2009). Because of this strong, intuitive link between dune activity and a more arid climate, the timing of past dune activity is often used as a proxy for paleoclimate (Werner et al. 2011). Primary Biological Features Pitch pine-scrub oak barrens are globally rare, early-successional ecosystems that support rich biological communities including many rare and declining species (Boyd 2008; Kirchner et al. 2011). The geologic template of these landscapes gives rise to two relatively distinct biotic communities (McCormick 1998). Lowland depressions, in which the water table is near the surface, are less abundant and are dominated by wetland floristic complexes (Bried and Edinger 2009). The sandy, well-drained soils of the uplands are dominated by vegetation ecologically adapted to dry conditions and periodic fires. These drier communities are characterized by pitch pine (Pinus rigida) trees, a tall shrub layer consisting of scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia) and dwarf chestnut oak (Q. prinoides), as well as a low shrub layer consisting of blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium), black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), and sweet fern (Comptonia peregrina). Interspersed throughout the landscapes are often areas of grasslands dominated by prairie grasses such as big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans). These grassland and early-successional shrubland habitats can be important bird and butterfly habitat, especially when embedded within an otherwise urban matrix (Leck 1998; Gifford et al. 2010). Frequent disturbance is required to maintain pine barren ecosystems (Little 1998). Significant changes in vegetation followed the Younger Dryas stadial, the last major cold episode on Earth approximately 12,900 – 11,600 years BP. Abrupt changes in climate during the period led to a sudden return to colder, dryer conditions, facilitating reactivation of the dunes (Shuman et al. 2002). An erosion surface is created when the deposition process is temporarily disrupted by a change of wind direction causing erosion. If deposition later resumes in the original direction, laying down more deposits in the original orientation, the erosion surface becomes a reactivation surface. The effects of dune reactivation may enhance habitat value for certain biota. For example, small populations of wildfire-intolerant plant species may take refuge in these dry sandy openings that have not been exposed to burning. These sunlit areas also are critical as gestation sites where snakes incubate their young. Dune fields have periodically reactived throughout the Holocene. In addition to drought, fires have been a key historical disturbance process driving eolian activity in pine barren landscapes (Radeloff et al. 2000). Mean fire recurrence interval for barren systems is ~ 30 years (Buchholz and Zampella 1987). Lightning strikes have reset the vegetation following the “pulse-reset” model of pine barrens succession since the present vegetation 4 emerged following the Pleistocene glaciation (Milne 1985; Reiners 1998). Humans have used fire as a tool in the ecosystem dating back to Native American populations who set fire to the woods to ease travel and drive deer during hunts (Little 1979). Prescribed burning is an active component of the management of these ecosystems today. In areas where fire has been suppressed for long periods of time, ecological succession may give rise to both northern and southern hardwood forests (Barnes 2003). Distribution and Context Periglacial sand dunes: These fossil landscape features (Harman and Arbogast 2004) are representative of the natural heritage of the United States and can be observed throughout colder climates of the world in North America, Europe, and Asia. Niessen et al. (1984) summarized the worldwide occurrence of periglacial sand dunes and eolian sand sheets. Extensive eolian sands occur in the sand belt of the West and Central European Lowlands, beginning in East Anglia and the Scottish borderlands, extending through the Netherlands and Belgium in the west and on through Russia in the east (Niessen et al. 1984). Smaller sand dune areas are also found in Great Britain and Scandinavia (Niessen et al. 1984). Sand dunes are also present in Spain in the Duero Basin and on the Manchega Plain (Rebollal and Perez-Gonzales 2008). Dune occurrences in North America that meet the requirement for periglacial origin are widely but sparsely distributed (Niessen et al. 1984). Fossil sand dunes are often associated with coastal areas of the United States where sand sources are technically of marine and fluvial origin, but were deposited a long time ago. Thus, sand dunes are commonly observed on the Coastal Plain in Texas (Forman et al. 2009), Georgia (Ivester et al. 2001, 2003), North Carolina and South Carolina (Markewich and Markewich 1994); the Delmarva Peninsula of Delaware and Maryland (Denny and Owens 1979, Newell and Clark 2008); Potomac River basin (Markewich et al. 2009); Pine Barrens of New Jersey (Mawdsley 2007); Long Island, New York (Englebright et al. 2000, Girardi 2005); and Alaska (Niessen et al. 1984). Large inland dune areas have been documented in Ohio (Campbell et al. 2011); Indiana (Kilibarda and Blockland 2011); Kansas and Oklahoma (Werner et al. 2011); and Nebraska, Wyoming and Colorado (Niessen et al. 1984), covering many tens of thousands of square kilometers. Dunes are located along the shorelines of the Great Lakes (Harman and Arbogast 2004). In Canada, nearly half the dune fields are located in Alberta (Niessen et al. 1984; Munyikwa et al. 2011). Large areas of eolian deposits also occur in Saskatchewan and Manitoba (Niessen et al. 1984). The presence of inland sand dunes in the southern United States suggests that the magnitude of climate change in North America was greater than previously believed after the last Ice Age (Markewich and Markewich 1994). Although never a dominant landscape feature of the Appalachian Plateau or Ranges, the landscape feature is now reduced from its former distribution due to human settlement and stands as a reminder of the historic landscape. For example, the current extent of the Albany Pine Bush represents approximately 10% of the original postglacial sand dunes ecosystem (Barnes 2003). Pitch pine-scrub oak barrens: The modern distribution of pine barren communities is a result of geologic and climatic conditions as well as historic human influence in the past centuries and millennia. Barrens by nature were marginal areas, and their historical documentation poor. Although early colonists did not perceive the lands especially favorably, as captured by the use 5 of the term ‘barrens’, human exploitation for lumber, charcoal, tar, turpentine and real estate has been profound (Wacker 1998; Kays and DeWan 2004). Less than a third of the 1.9 million acres (750,000 ha) that existed in the pre-Colonial Northeast remain today (Kurczewski 1998). Most pine barrens in the United States are found along the Atlantic Coastal Plain (Figure 2), where underlying soils are porous and acidic marine and glacial sands. The most extensive of these systems is the New Jersey Pine Barrens located on the Coastal Plain of southern New Jersey. The New Jersey Pine Barrens ecosystem includes the nation’s first National Reserve and a United Nations Biosphere Reserve. Public land ownership in the region is approximately 370,000 acres (~150,000 ha), which includes large parts of the Mullica River basin (a long-term environmental monitoring site) and The Nature Conservancy’s Forked River Mountain Preserve. In total, between 66% and 75% of the Pine Barrens ecosystem is protected by New Jersey legislation and the Pinelands Commission (Boyd 2008). Low, dense forests of pine and oak, ribbons of cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) and hardwood swamps, pitch pine lowlands, and bogs and marshes combine to produce an expansive vegetative mosaic (Zampella et al. 1992, 1999; Forman 1998). The New Jersey Pinelands also contain over 12,000 acres of "pygmy forest," consisting of pine and oak trees less than 11 feet tall which result from periods of frequent (at least every 7 years) burning. These pine barrens have a more southern flora than many other more northerly pine barrens in the region. Other large pine barren ecosystems are found on Long Island and Cape Cod (Figure 2). The pine barrens community found in the Albany Pine Bush Preserve is a globally rare ecosystem because it is located inland, the result of glacial sand deposition in a large freshwater lake that acted as a suitable sink for the dunes to accumulate (Barnes 2003). At least 12 inland pine barrens have been identified (Kirchman et al. 2011), including Albany Pine Bush Preserve (Figure 2), but few of these combine pitch pine barrens vegetation with an extensive dune formation. The pine barrens located within central and western New York are at the north and western boundary of the range of pitch pine (Barnes 2003). Regional Variation Despite the wide distribution of sand dunes in the United States, only small areas of undeveloped and well-formed eolian sand remain in the Appalachian Ranges and Appalachian Plateau regions. However, we identified three areas (Albany Pine Bush, Rome Sand Plains, and Montandon Sand Dunes) that are excellent representations of inland fossil sand dunes within the United States and the physiographic regions. 6 Significance The inland glacial sand dunes have high geologic and biologic significance. The origin of the dunes demonstrates geologic processes of glacial deposition within the Appalachian Plateau and Appalachian Ranges, dating from the Ordovician sea between 400 and 500 million years ago. Over millennia, the soft shale deposits laid down have eroded, forming hills, valleys, and ridges. The sand dunes created illustrate the importance of eolian erosion and transport in the region. This topographic heterogeneity has a significant impact on the biology of the landscapes and has resulted in the formation of diverse ecological communities. Diverse wetlands can be found in scoured depressions. Although first thought to be biologically depauparate, the pitch pine-scrub oak upland barrens are increasingly recognized for their rich flora and fauna. They also provide an opportunity to showcase the ecological value of fire to maintaining landscape diversity. Unfortunately, many of these sites have been lost to development in the last centuries. The value of those that remain has been acknowledged through increasing conservation efforts and study since the mid 1970s. These fossil landscape also provide the opportunity to further study the natural history of the area and some of the most significant episodes of radical climate change in recent geologic history, like the abrupt warming at the onset of the Bølling-Allerød, and abrupt cooling that occurred at the onset of the Younger Dryas. Eolian bed forms are widely used in Europe for paleoenvironmental reconstruction and climate change modeling, and the Pleistocene inland dune fields along the East Coast of the United States have similar potential (French and Demitroff 2012). 7 Albany Pine Bush Site Description The Albany Pine Bush Preserve has been proposed for this evaluation as one of the best examples of inland sand dunes that support a pine barrens ecosystem in the Northeastern United States. It is one of only two pine barrens to support a dynamic sand dune landscape in the Appalachian Plateau region and one of two sand dune ecosystems within the Appalachian Ranges region. The sand dunes are the result of wind action reworking sediments from glacial Lake Albany, which covered the area 14,000 years ago and contained deposits of glacial sand. This extraordinary ecosystem gives rise to a variety of habitats. In particular, the sandy, welldrained soils in this area are dominated by the globally rare, fire-dependant pitch pine-scrub oak barrens community, home to 45 of the 538 wildlife Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN) found in New York State, including the state and federally listed endangered species, the Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis). These primary natural history features combined with widespread vital species habitat, ongoing and extensive educational opportunities and the recreational value of the Preserve, offer a unique opportunity to highlight multiple natural history themes of the Appalachian Plateau and Appalachian Ranges. The following sections describe the ecosystems found in the Albany Pine Bush Preserve in detail. Primary Natural Features Albany Pine Bush pNNL is located between the cities of Albany and Schenectady in the Capital District of upstate New York (Figure 3). The Preserve is to the southwest of the confluence of the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers, south of the Adirondack Mountains and north of the Catskills. This dynamic mosaic landscape consists of gently rolling sand dunes and low lying wetlands, and contains a variety of ecological communities, most notably the pitch pine-scrub oak barrens. Description of Geological Features Albany Pine Bush is located at the boundary between the Appalachian Plateau and Appalachian Ranges Provinces of New York State (Figure 1). It is representative of an important deglaciation event in the state's history and natural history features of both physiographic regions. Shale and siltstone of middle Ordovician age comprises the majority of the underlying bedrock of the area. This is covered by thick glacial lake deposits from the most recent glaciation (Wisconsin). As the glacier retreated, Glacial Lake Albany formed in the mid and upper Hudson Valley. Large sandy areas extended from the city of Hudson north to Lake George, tracing the ancient lake shoreline. A large delta was formed as layers of silt, sand, and clay flowed from the upper Mohawk Valley and deposited on the lake bottom. As lake levels began to recede, the deltaic deposits were exposed to winds, which formed the gently rolling sand dunes now underlying the Albany Pine Bush (Barnes 2003). Thus, the dunes at Albany Pine Barrens provide a way to date at least one stage of the post-glacial drainage of Glacial Lake Albany and the development of the modern river drainage system. The Preserve contains representative examples of both parabolic and longitudinal dunes (Figure 4). Prevailing northwesterly winds shaped most of the sand dunes, forming primarily parabolic dunes that ranged from 100 to 2,000 feet in length. Typically oriented with their longest axis running from northwest to southeast and frequently resembling Us, Js, or Ys when viewed from above, the crescent shape of these dunes suggests they were colonized early by vegetation which helped stabilize the dune surface and prevent significant reworking (Barnes 2003). Eolian 8 processes also contributed to the formation of short, broad, ridge-shaped longitudinal dunes, usually between 30 to 60 feet high and typically several hundred feet long (Bradley et al. 2010). Today, the dunes are characterized by a transitioning topography from flat to gently rolling surfaces, with both sand swells and low domes, dotted with pitch pine and carpeted with diverse understory plants. Average surface relief of the dunes is 20 feet, with the thickest deposits found paralleling State Route 5 in the northern part of the Preserve. Swamps, wetlands, and shallow ponds have come to fill in holes that were long ago eroded into the sandy soil (Figure 5; Bried and Edinger 2009). The proposed NNL boundaries incorporate 3,200 acres of this landscape. The sandy soils of the Albany Pine Bush are very well drained in most areas (Figure 6). Because of this, exposed sand can be very hot in the summer months and dries out quickly after a rainfall (Barnes 2003). The sand is underlain by silts and clays deposited during the formation of Glacial Lake Albany. Bedrock geology is primarily Normanskill shale (Figure 7). Depth to groundwater varies considerably throughout the park because of the dunes, though much of the Preserve is underlain by a shallow aquifer. In areas where the aquifer is found closer to the surface, water availability is more constant so small changes in dune topography, along with collection of organic matter, directly affects variation in plant species in the region through hydrologic interactions. In colder months, the low-lying depressions between the dunes can act as "frost pockets". As the cooler air settles into these areas, plant growth is delayed in comparison to the areas of higher elevation. This leads to less dense patches of scrub oak in these areas, and they instead become dominated by prairie grasses and sedges. Description of Biological Features The Albany Pine Bush provides one of the best and largest examples of an inland pine barren ecosystem in the world (Barnes 2003). Before European colonization of the area, the Pine Bush covered approximately 40 square miles, representing the largest pitch pine barrens in North America inland of the Coastal Plain (USFS 1997). The dynamic mosaic landscape of the sand dune ecosystem gives rise to an impressive and globally rare assemblage of plants and animals (Milne 1985; Barnes 2003). Pitch pine-scrub oak communities dominate the Albany Pine Bush landscape and have been the focus of conservation efforts to date (Gifford et al. 2010; APBPC 2010). Pitch pine-scrub oak communities are primarily dependent on frequent fire disturbance and tend to occur in areas with sandy soils, which have widely varying soil moisture content during the growing season. Natural fires have been augmented with prescribed burns in recent decades (Gifford pers. comm.). The fire-adapted pine barrens plant community is dominated by 20 to 40 percent pitch pine (Pinus rigida) cover and plants associated with the pitch pine-scrub oak barrens savanna community. Scrub oak (Quercus illicifolia) and dwarf chestnut oak (Q. prinoides) form dense thickets in the shrubby undergrowth layer. Huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium and V. pallidum), sweet-fern (Comptonia peregrina), New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus), and bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) dominate the undergrowth in treeless areas. Interspersed are small grasslands dominated by prairie grasses such as big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), little bluestem (Schyizachyrium scoparium), and Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans) as well as shrubby willows (Salix humilis and S. tristis). 9 These are usually found along trails, at recently disturbed sites, and in some of the low areas between dunes where the water table may be very close to the soil surface. Common herbaceous species include several bush clovers (Lespedeza capitata, L. hirta, L. procumbens) and Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica). Characteristic forbs include goat's rue (Tephrosia virginiana) and wild lupine (Lupinus perennis). The pitch pine-scrub oak barrens community makes up 952 acres, or 42%, of the mapped communities in the Albany Pine Bush Preserve (USFS 1997). A complete list of all plants recorded at the site is attached as an appendix to this report (Appendix A). The dry, acidic soils of the Pine Bush do not promote the decomposition of litter, and the lack of earthworms or other organisms in the dry upper layers of the sandy soil mean that organic matter decomposed by fungi is not incorporated back into the soil (Barnes 2003). A wide assortment of dry plant matter accumulates at the surface, creating a significant fuel source for frequent fires. With the occurrence of these fires, much of the nitrogen in the organic matter is volatized and lost. Because of this, nitrogen-fixing legumes, such as the wild lupine, occupy areas of recent burns, where they have a temporary advantage in the arid, nitrogen poor soil. The exotic, nitrogen-fixing black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) also supplements soil nitrogen pools where it invades (Rice et al. 2004) and can have long-lasting effects on the plant competitive dynamics of these historically nutrient poor sites in the absence of active control measures (Malcolm et al. 2008). Fire disturbance within a pine barrens serves to rejuvenate the natural community, drive out exotic plant species, and increase the food and habitat supply for native insects and other animals (e.g., Beachy and Robinson 2008). It is an important component in maintaining the unique ecological qualities of a pine barrens community (Milne 1985). Good natural conditions for wildfires have existed within the Albany Pine Bush Preserve for thousands of years, especially during the frequent periods of high winds, because the sandy, nutrient-poor soil tends to be droughty and a fuel supply of plant litter accumulates rapidly due to the retarded microbial decomposition (Barnes 2003). It is also likely that local Native American populations historically helped to maintain frequent fire disturbance in the area. Human occupation and use of the site likely dates back thousands of years to Paleo-Indian hunting groups (APBPC 2010). In areas where fire has been suppressed for long periods of time, the pine barrens have typically undergone succession into either northern or southern hardwood forest. The southern hardwood forests are dominated by the exotic black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and black cherry (Prunus serotina), with lesser numbers of oaks (Quercus spp.), maples (Acer, spp.) and tree-of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), also an exotic species. The shrub layer is dominated by black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) and other brambles (Rubus spp.), as well as shrubs characteristic of the pine barrens described above. The northern hardwood forests are dominated by quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), big-toothed aspen (Populus grandidentata), and other hardwood species including black cherry, red maple (Acer rubrum), white pine (Pinus strobus), gray birch (Betula populifolia), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), and oaks (Quercus spp.). Currently, roughly 500 acres of the Pine Bush Preserve are considered to be successional northern and southern hardwood forests, but under a strict fire management plan, the majority of these areas have the potential to be restored back to pitch pine-scrub oak pine barrens communities (Barnes 2003). 10 The Albany Pine Bush is nationally recognized for its extensive populations of rare butterflies and moths, and management plans have focused on the protection of these rare insects (APBPC 2010). There are hundreds of Lepidoptera species found in the Pine Bush, including over 40 noctuid moths (Noctuidae) considered to be pine barrens specialists. A variety of regionally rare butterflies are also found including the dusted skipper (Atrytonopsis hianna), Henry's elfin (Incisalia henrici), frosted elfin (Incisalia irus), Karner blue (Lycaeides melissa samuelis), and Edward's hairstreak (Satyrium edwardsii); rare moths include the Albarufan dagger moth, broadlined catopyrrha (Catopyrrha coloraria), several noctuid moths (Apharetra purpurea, Chaetaglaea cerata, Chytonix sensilis, Macrochilo bivittata, Zanclognatha martha), bird dropping moth (Cerma cora), and a geometrid moth (Itame sp. 1). All of these rare species, with one exception (the noctuid moth Macrochilo bivittata, which is associated with wetlands in the Pine Bush), are associated with pitch pine-scrub oak barrens, grasslands, and other firemaintained communities found in dry, sandy areas. The federally listed endangered Karner blue butterfly typically occurs in the grassy openings in the pitch pine-scrub oak barrens; its food plant and host plant for its larvae is the wild blue lupine, distributed throughout the Albany Pine Bush (Forrester et al. 2005). A complete list of all insects recorded at the site is attached as an appendix to this report (Appendix A). There is increasing evidence of a distinct and rich avian community in the pine barrens ecosystems of the Albany Pine Bush (Beachy and Robinson 2008; Gifford et al. 2010; Bried et al. 2011). The site has been designated as a New York State Bird Conservation Area for meeting four of the required criteria: migratory concentration site; diverse species concentration site; individual species concentration site; and species at risk site. Bird species of particular interest that are found within the pine barrens include American woodcock (Scolopax minor), whip-poorwill (Caprimulgus vociferous), red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus), brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum), ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), common yellowthroat (Geothlypsis trichas), field sparrow (Spizella pusilla), prairie warbler (Dendroica disolor), and pine warbler (Dendroica pinus). Reptiles and amphibians such as the eastern hognose snake (Heterodon platirhinos) and eastern spadefoot (Scaphiopus holbrookii) are found in the pitch pine communities. Common mammals of the pine barrens include whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus), common raccoons (Procyon lotor), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), fishers (Martes pennanti), eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus), and a variety of other rodents. A complete list of birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals recorded at the site is attached as an appendix to this report (Appendix A). Natural History Themes Represented Albany Pine Bush Preserve is representative of the Sand Dunes sub-theme (7a) under Landforms of the Present (Group 1). This sub-theme is part of the Eolian Landforms (Theme 7) natural history theme as identified by the NNL program. In addition, Albany Pine Bush is representative of the Glacial Deposition (9a) and Periglacial Features (9c) sub-themes, represented as part of the Works of Glaciers (Theme 9) natural history theme, also found under Landforms of the Present. Of secondary importance, the dominant ecosystem found within Albany Pine Bush represents a new Pitch Pine-Scrub Oak Barrens sub-theme under Land Ecosystems (Group 3). 11 Secondary Natural Features There are a variety of wetland communities comprising approximately 14% of the Albany Pine Bush Preserve (Figure 5), including red-maple hardwood swamps, shallow-emergent marshes, and typical pine barrens vernal ponds (Bried and Edinger 2009). The presence of each of these communities typically depends on the soil substrate, depth to water table, and fire management history of the area. Wetlands communities play an important role in maintaining the unique function of the pine barrens ecosystem. However, they are not unique to the pine barrens themselves because they can be found throughout the region. For example, the wetlands at Albany Pine Bush Preserve attract a high diversity of adult dragonflies and damselfies (Bried and Edinger 2009). The most common and largest type of wetland is the red maple-hardwood swamp (Barnes 2003). This community is dominated by red maple and may have black ash (Fraxinus nigra), American elm (Ulmus americana), or other co-dominants. The shrub layer can be very dense and includes winterberry (Ilex verticillata), red osier, silky, and gray dogwoods (Cornus sericea, C. ammomum, C. foemina), arrowwood (Viburnum recognitum), wild raisin (V. cassinoides), and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). The herbaceous layer is made up of cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), royal fern (O. regalis), and sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis). There may be openings with other herbaceous species such as skunk cabbage, (Symplocarpus foetidus), and sedges (Carex spp.). In areas where the shrubs listed above are the most common species type and the overhead canopy is very sparse or nonexistent, the wetland is considered a shrub swamp. Individual ephemeral ponds found within the pine barrens are typically small (less than 5 acres), but a total of roughly 35 acres of intermittent pools have been mapped within the area of the Pine Bush Preserve (Barnes 2003). These ponds fluctuate with the seasons and can sometimes not be seen for 3 or 4 years in a row. They are windows to the shallow groundwater. The ground-fed ponds are characterized by a diversity of grasses, sedges, herbs, and low shrubs, including threeway sedge (Dulichium arundinaceum), woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus), cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum), leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata), mountain holly (Nemophanthus mucronatus), and sphagnum moss (Sphagnum fallax). Small trees such as red maple, gray birch (Betula populifolia), and pitch pine may occur along the edges or on hummocks. Most of the pine barrens intermittent pools occur in low valleys between the dunes. Spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), Jefferson salamander (A. jeffersonianum), bluespotted salamander (A. laterale), spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata), and other amphibians and reptiles occur in these wetlands. Several birds such as green heron (Butorides virescens) and red-bellied woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus) also use wetlands of the Albany Pine Bush for habitat. Physical Setting Albany Pine Bush is located on the border of the Appalachian Plateaus and Ridge and Valley Provinces. Located between the Adirondack Mountains to the north and the Catskill Mountains to the south, elevation is low, ranging from about 260 to 360 feet above sea level. The climate of the Albany Pine Bush is considered to be continental humid. Winters are not severe, as surrounding river valleys and mountains moderate winter cold air masses from Canada. A moderate maritime effect coming from the southeastern part of the state influences climate during summer months. Some of the highest temperatures in the state are recorded in the Pine Bush area. Air temperatures range from 102° F (39° C) in summer to -8° F (-22° C) in winter, 12 with a mean annual temperature of 48° F (8.8° C). Most precipitation falls from late spring through summer. The Catskill and Adirondack Mountains produce a rain shadow effect that reduces the amount of total precipitation in the Pine Bush. Average annual total precipitation is 33 inches (84 cm), including about 67 inches (170 cm) of snow (Barnes 2003). Location and Access Albany Pine Bush is located within a 19-square-mile area of sand dunes bounded on the north by New York Route 5, on the south by U.S. Route 20, on the east by Fuller Road, and on the west by Route 146, Lone Pine Road, and Cordell Road. The delineated boundaries for the Albany Pine Bush pNNL are identical to the boundaries of the Albany Pine Bush Preserve and include all land officially managed by the Albany Pine Bush Commission. The address of the Albany Pine Bush Preserve is 195 New Karner Road, Albany, New York 12205. To access the Preserve from I-90, take exit 1S toward US-20/Western Ave. Merge onto Adirondack Northway and take Crossgates Mall Rd. exit. Keep right at the fork to go on Crossgates Mall Rd. Take a slight right and merge onto Washington Ave. exit via the ramp on the left. After 2.1 miles, turn right onto New Karner Road. The Albany Pine Bush Preserve Discovery Center will be on your left after 0.5 miles. Over 18 miles of marked trails and 9 designated access points are found within the Preserve (Figure 8). The Preserve is completely within the 1:24,000 scale topographic map quadrangle “Albany NY” (42073-F7; Figure 3). Ownership The Preserve is composed of tracts owned and set aside by New York State, the City of Albany, The Nature Conservancy, the Towns of Guilderland and Colonie, and some private land owners (Figure 9). However, it is all under the primary management of the Albany Pine Bush Preserve Commission, founded in 1988, when the State of New York recognized the pine barrens landscape as an area needing protection for ecological, educational, and recreational purposes. The proposed landmark boundary is the Preserve boundary. Land Use and Condition Historic Land Use Historic land use in the Albany Pine Bush has not been carefully documented, however, modern vegetation patterns have clearly been altered by species-specific responses to various human activities in the area, such as burning, cutting, agricultural use, and sand mining (Barnes 2003). Humans appear to have entered the region immediately following the Younger Dryas chronozone, around 12,900 years ago and the recent discovery of arrowheads and other artifacts of similar lithic sources (located, in particular, at the Sundler sites), indicate that Paleoindians were well established in the region by as early as 12,600 yr BP (Bradley et al. 2010). Many Native Americans passed through the area, and there is evidence that they introduced the earliest instances of prescribed fire in the area. Once European settlers created the outposts of Albany and Schenectady, the Pine Bush became known as a dangerous area, unfit for agricultural use, prone to fires, and a hideout for smugglers, thieves, and, during the American Revolution, English loyalties. 13 In comparison to much of the land in the region, the Preserve itself has been notably less disturbed. This is due in large part to settlers’ preferences for forest exploitation over farming. However, historical human activity has significantly affected the biodiversity of the Albany Pine Bush in several ways. Several nonnative species have been introduced into the area and now thrive, successfully competing with many native plants that have been in the area for thousands of years. The dramatic increase of plant community edges, with the increase of infrastructure such as roads, bridges, fields, and lawns, has dramatically increased the number of species who prefer these transitional habitat areas. Fire suppression in recent years has also dramatically increased invasibility by nonnative species. This increase in species diversity is not necessarily a good thing, as these new species compete with native species for critical resources. Current Land Use and Present Condition The Albany Pine Bush Preserve is maintained by the Albany Pine Bush Commission, with the purpose of protecting and managing the natural communities with an emphasis on ecological, recreational, and educational value. The Commission maintains good relations with adjacent landowners, as they recognize the importance of facilitating a buffer habitat around the protected lands (Gifford pers. comm.). The site is under excellent management by the Commission as described in the Preserve’s current management plan (APBPC 2010). Plans to expand the protected lands are highlighted, along with guidelines for continued management of the currently protected lands through prescribed fires and related actions to maintain the existing mosaic of pine barrens communities. Primary threats addressed in the plan are development including direct loss of habitat, limitations to fire management, and habitat fragmentation; invasive plants, pests and pathogens; inappropriate public use of the Preserve such as unauthorized use by allterrain vehicles; and wildlife-related impacts, primarily an over-abundance of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The biggest threat to the Albany Pine Bush Preserve is continued suburbanization and development of the natural habitat (Figure 10). For example, inside/outside hunting cats can have a large impact on the ecology of suburban landscapes (Loss et al. 2013); however, cold weather and healthy cat predator populations are speculated to minimize their impact in the Pine Bush area (Keys and DeWan 2004). Fragmentation of the adjacent habitat and excessive use by Preserve visitors are also of serious concern. The use of horses within the park may introduce invasive weed species through the spread of seeds in horse manure. Alterations to groundwater hydrology may influence the presence of wetlands and intermittent ponds and their associated plant and animal life. Use of insecticides in the area may also affect the populations of rare and endangered moths and butterflies that populate the area. Similarly, use of herbicides along power lines and railroads has the potential to cause significant damage to native species in the Preserve (Forrester et al. 2005). To minimize the potential effect of future development, all proposed development within the 13,000-acre Study Area surrounding the Preserve (Figure 11) gets reviewed by the Albany Pine Bush Commission. The reviews include anticipated impacts to wildlife of conservation concern, rare plants, wetlands, streams and dunes. When appropriate, the Commission suggests various ways of avoiding and mitigating those impacts. The 2010 Management Plan (APBPC 2010) also calls for the Commission to continue to work with willing landowners to nearly double the amount of land under full protection to 5,380 acres (Figure 11). 14 Another issue related to the relatively urbanized setting is the suppression of fire in the area, which has caused some traditional communities of pitch pine-scrub oak to convert into either northern or southern hardwood forest. Fortunately, under careful management plans, many of these areas have been restored to their natural pine barrens. From 1991 through 2010, 1,100 acres of the Preserve were managed with prescribed fire and other techniques to restore and maintain native habitat (APBPC 2010). Where fire is less practical, mechanical treatment of the barrens, including mowing and herbicide application, has been used to limit encroachment of undesired species and to reduce the density of understory scrub oak (Bried and Hecht 2011). For example, girdling and herbicides are being used to reduce black locust populations. A primary goal of these ecological management practices is to reduce scrub oak density to 30-35% (Bried and Gifford 2010). An additional benefit of the habitat restoration ongoing in the Preserve is the reduction of tick-borne lyme disease in the region (Morlando et al. 2011). Overall, the site experiences numerous threats, as is typical for this natural feature, but the Preserve has the support and infrastructure in place to maintain the integrity of the site. Sensitive or Hazardous Resources As one of the best remaining examples of an intact, inland pitch pine-scrub oak barrens in North America, there are numerous species of special concern found within the Albany Pine Bush. Federally listed endangered species and species of concern found within the Preserve include the Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis), Albarufan dagger moth (Acronicta albarufa), and bog bluegrass (Poa paludigena). State-listed special concern species include the inland barrens buckmoth (Hemileuca maia ssp. 3), Jefferson salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonium), blue-spotted salamander (Ambystoma laterale), spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), eastern hognose snake (Heterodon platirhinos), spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata), wood turtle (Clemmys insculpta), and eastern bluebird (Sialia Sialis). Finally, state-listed rare plants include red-rooted flatesedge (Cyperus erythrorhizos), Houghton's umbrella-sedge (Cyperus houghtonii), and Schweinit's flatsedge (Cyperus schweinitzii). 15 Comparative Assessment Regional Site Inventory A Regional Site Inventory was compiled through a literature and internet search and conversations with scientific experts (see Scope of Evaluation on p. 2). The following sites were identified for potential inclusion in the comparative assessment (listed in alphabetical order) because they support sand dunes and other features formed through eolian processes and associated pine barrens. Sites with asterisks are described in detail below. Chase Lake Sand Plains, New York Mahantango sand deposit, Pennsylvania Millersburg sand deposit, Pennsylvania *Montandon Sand Dunes, Pennsylvania *Rome Sand Plains, New York Saratoga Sand Plains, New York Site Descriptions Although the largest examples of intact pine barren ecosystems are found in the Coastal Plain of New Jersey and New York (Figure 2), we do not include these locations as detailed comparative sites. Instead, we focus our comparative analysis on sites that, like Albany Pine Bush, are located in the Appalachian Mountain Regions of the Eastern United States. Despite the wide distribution of sand dunes in the United States, only small areas of eolian sand remain in the Appalachian Ranges and Appalachian Plateau. However, the three areas identified (Albany Pine Bush, Rome Sand Plains, and Montandon Sand Dunes) are excellent representations of fossil sand dunes within the United States and the physiographic regions. Highest Quality Sites Montandon Sand Dunes Montandon Sand Dunes in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, was listed as a pNNL in the Potential National Natural Landmarks of the Appalachian Ranges Natural Region, Geological Report (Clark 1985; pp. 256-258) because of its transverse and parabolic dune formation. It is also listed in “Outstanding Scenic Geological Features of Pennsylvania” (Geyer and Bolles 1979). Peltier (1949) extensively surveyed the terraces of the Susquehanna River and its branches and documented three significant deposits of dune sand along the West Branch of the Susquehanna River. The Montandon sand dunes are the best representation of typical eolian sediment deposits within the Susquehanna River basin. The other two areas (Mahantango and Millerburg sand deposits) are described briefly below under “Other Sites”. The Montandon sand dunes are 10 to 13 feet high (Peltier 1949) and are considered to be periglacial relicts of the last period of glaciation (Clark 1985) when the Wisconsinian glacier flushed large amounts of sediment into the West Branch of the Susquehanna River (Chase 1977). The sediment was deposited on flood plains downstream. After glacial retreat, the river cut downward, lowering the water table and drying out the land surface. The dry sediment was now loose and blown by prevailing winds from the west, first into transverse and parallel sand dunes and then into parabolic dunes that extend to the east of the transverse dunes. Due to anchoring by vegetation, parabolic dunes have their tails oriented upwind to the west and the convex steep 16 slope oriented downwind (Chase 1977). The dune field is approximately 0.5 to 1.5 miles wide and 4 miles long. A windblown silt layer (loess) is also present, as are ventifacts (pebbles, stones, or boulders that have been shaped by wind-driven sand or ice crystals; French and Demitroff 2012), which both support the thesis that eolian processes have extensively structured this area (Chase 1977). The Montandon sand dune site and associated wetlands has been studied extensively by undergraduate students at nearby Bucknell University (Frisbee 1955, Meriwether et al. 1975, Zalewski 1989, Mecum 1992, Chartrand 1994, Hochman et al. 1996). Hochman et al. (1996) recorded six plants of special concern for Pennsylvania including three that are endangered (Carex bullata, Juncus scirpoides, and Ludwigia polycarpa), one threatened (Leptoloma cognatum) and two rare (Rotala ramosior and Schoenoplectus fluviatilis). Two state-threatened bird species have also been recorded (Botaurus lentiginosus and Ixobrychus exilis), as well as seven vulnerable species (Hochman et al. 1996). This area was extensively logged (Abrahamson pers. comm.) and the overstory is dominated by oaks and red maple (Acer rubrum; Zalewski 1998). Pine communities that are typically associated with dune complexes appear to be absent. Sand dunes are present both north and south of Route 45, which bisects the sand dune area along an E-W axis. The dune complex south of Route 45 is currently in agriculture and leased to Central Builders Supply of Sunbury, PA (Zalewski 1998). This company is currently extracting sand and gravel such that the southern dune complex will likely not exist in the future. The northern area is owned by numerous landowners but none have been aggressive with their land management (Abrahamson pers. comm.). All-terrain vehicles use the area during the year. Other features of the area include a marsh sandwiched between the transverse dunes and the parabolic dunes. This marsh is considered the most significant graminoid marsh in central Pennsylvania (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1990). The southern wetlands are now protected by a conservation easement held by the Merrill Linn Land & Waterways Conservancy (Abrahamson pers. comm.). None of the sand dune area, however, is protected or is managed to protect the ecosystem. Rome Sand Plains The Rome Sand Plains is a 16,000-acre (6,500 ha) area of up to 30-50 foot deep fossil sand dunes that support pitch pine heath barrens. A 3,875-acre (1,568-ha) preserve is located in and around the city of Rome within Oneida County, New York, and is currently protected under a consolidated management plan (Rome Sand Plains Resource Management Team 2006). Outside this area, the Rome Sand Plains have been fragmented and degraded by development, mining, and farming. Rome Sand Plains was once at the bottom of glacial Lake Iroquois that covered most of central New York at the end of the last ice age. Sands were exposed to the prevailing westerly winds when the lake receded, shifting the sands into crescent-shaped fossil sand dunes (Rome Sand Plains Resource Management Team 2006). Also present are a series of eskers, including one geologically rare bifurcated, or forked, esker, formed by deposits of sand and gravel by subglacial streams (Rome Sand Plains Resource Management Team 2006). 17 Analysis of fossil sediment and pollen samples suggest that Rome Sand Plains was dominated by a mesophytic deciduous-coniferous forest approximately 5,000 to 500 years ago. Fire was relatively infrequent. The pitch pine community originated more recently (<500 years) when fire disturbances became more prevalent due to Native American hunting or clearing and Colonial land clearing for agriculture and logging. With the cessation of these disturbances in the past 50 years, the Rome Sand Plains is succeeding to a more mesic community (Rome Sand Plains Resource Management Team 2006). Today, Pitch Pine Heath Barrens is the dominant vegetation community found on the welldrained sand dunes at Rome Sand Plains (Rome Sand Plains Resource Management Team 2006). Pitch pine (Pinus rigida) is the dominant tree in this community; heaths or scrub oaks (Quercus ilicifolia) dominate the shrub layer. Within the herbaceous layer, wild blue lupine (Lupinus perennis) is the major food source for the frosted elfin butterfly (Incisalia irus), a state-ranked (S1S3) species (Pfitsch and Williams 2009) and the Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis), a state and federally endangered species that does not currently exist at Rome Sand Plains. Other communities at Rome Sand Plains include a Pitch Pine-Blueberry Peat Swamp, a Pine Barrens Intermittent Pond, a Black Spruce--Tamarack Bog, a Highbush Blueberry Bog Thicket, a Rich Hemlock-Hardwood Peat Swamp, a Hemlock-Hardwood Swamp, a Red MapleHardwood Swamp, and an Appalachian Oak-Pine Forest. The Globally (G4) and State (S1) listed climbing fern (Lygodium palmatum) is found at Rome Sand Plains. There are also historic records of ten rare plant species. Several orchids, pitcher plant and sundew occur in various bogs. Other notable species include pitch pine, scrub oak, tamarack, roseshell azalea, sphagnum moss, cinnamon fern, cranberry, blueberry, trailing arbutus and viburnum. In addition to plant species, several state-listed wildlife species are recorded for Rome Sand Plains including frosted elfin (Incisalia irus), two specis of noctuid moths (Zanclognatha martha and Lithophane thaxteri), midland clubtail (Gomphus fraternus), redshouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus), spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata), wood turtle (Clemmys insculpta), and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum). A 1995 survey recorded 219 species of Lepidoptera (Rome Sand Plains Resource Management Team 2006). Sixty-three species of sand wasps have been recorded (Kurczewski 1998). Rome Sand Plains has a unique cultural history (Rome Sand Plains Resource Management Team 2006). Wood Creek connected the Mohawk River with Oneida Lake and points west and was therefore used as a travel route for Native Americans, military, settlers and traders. Fort Stanwix was constructed to protect the route between the Mohawk River and Wood Creek. Until the Erie Canal was opened in 1825, Wood Creek was considered a transportation route of national significance, and attempts were made between 1790 and 1820 to improve passage. These cultural remains are still visible today and contribute to the natural and cultural diversity of Rome Sand Plains. The Rome Sand Plains was lightly developed with farms during the 19th and early 20th century, although the sandy soils and wetlands constrained these activities (Rome Sand Plains Resource Management Team 2006). The area was logged, mined, and hunted. The New York Central and Hudson Railroad was constructed through the Rome Sand Plains in the mid-19th century and resulted in several fires. Fire frequency decreased with the switch to diesel trains in the mid-20th century and subsequently the abandonment of the railroad tracks in 1975 (Rome Sand Plains Resource Management Team 2006). In response to mining permit applications, 18 different conservation-minded organizations started acquiring lands within the Rome Sand Plains in the 1980’s to protect its unique geology and ecology. In 1997, the Rome Sand Plains Resource Management Team was created. The site is cooperatively managed by the Rome Sand Plains Resource Management Team, which includes representatives from New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, The Nature Conservancy, the City of Rome, Oneida County, the Izaak Walton League, the State Department of Transportation, the New York State Canals Corporation, the State Museum, the Mohawk Valley Heritage Corridor Commission, New York Rivers United, the Adirondack Mountain Club, the Rome Area Chamber of Commerce, the Oneida Nation, the Rome Historical Society, and the West Rome Riders, Inc, among others. This team published the Rome Sand Plains Consolidated Management Plan (Rome Sand Plains Resource Management Team 2006; http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/22572.html) for 3,875 acres of the 16,000-acre Sand Plains area in 2006 to protect, maintain and enhance the geological, ecological and historical values of the Sand Plains, and promote recreational opportunities. Its principal goal is to protect the pitch pine heath barrens ecosystem that exists at Rome Sand Plains. Lands that are managed under this management plan are principally owned by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Oneida County, The Nature Conservancy and the Izaak Walton League. Private property is interspersed throughout these lands but is not managed under the management plan. The signage and trail system within Rome Sand plains illustrate the diversity of features found at the site. The area is easily accessible by road and trail. Research at Rome Sand Plains has focused on inventorying the flora and fauna and examining the feasibility of using the Rome Sand Plains as a recovery location for the Karner blue butterfly, which is currently absent from the site (Rome Sand Plains Resource Management Team 2006). Research has examined the fire history at Rome Sand Plains to determine the best management strategies for the area. Other research has focused on the geologic and hydrogeologic links between the ground water and wetlands. Archeological and historic research is conducted as well. Researchers are affiliated with The Nature Conservancy, The State University of New York, Hamilton College, Rutgers University, Colgate University, Utica College and the New York State Museum. Local high school and college teachers use Rome Sand Plains as an outdoor classroom. A Rome Sand Plains Management Team newsletter and local newspapers articles and outreach activities educate the general public. Other Sites Chase Lake Sandplains This site includes a small complex of kettlehole wetlands in a pine-successional northern hardwood landscape near the Adirondack foothills (Bried and Edinger 2009). Mahantango sand deposit Peltier (1949) recognizes an area approximately 1 mile north of the town of Mahantango as a significant wind-borne deposit of very fine sand. The sand deposit covers a hilltop 139 feet above the river and is approximately 10 feet thick. Actual dunes do not appear to be present and nothing else is known of this site. 19 Millersburg sand deposit Similar to the Mahantango sand deposit, Peltier (1949) recognizes an area near the town of Millersburg as a significant wind-borne sand deposit. The sand deposit occurs 80 feet above the Wiconisco Creek, a tributary to the Susquehanna River. The upper, silty A-horizon is only 4-6 inches thick and is underlain by a 1-4 foot deposit of reddish brown, very compact sand that breaks into small lumps rather than grains. Dunes are not present and other information about this site is not available. Saratoga Sandplains Similar to Chase Lake, Bried and Edinger (2009) briefly describe the 800-acre (325 ha) firesuppressed pine-oak landscape within Wilton Wildlife Preserve & Park. The site was created to protect the federally endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis). Comparative Analysis & Discussion We compare Albany Pine Bush pNNL to the two other potential sites in the region that best illustrate similar eolian processes (Montandon Sand Dunes and Rome Sand Plains). In only one case, however, are sand dunes associated with characteristic and well managed pine barrens – Rome Sand Plains. Other sites that feature wind-borne sand exist in the Appalachian Ranges and Appalachian Plateau regions, but these sites do not currently support pine barrens. These secondary sites are therefore not considered in comparison with Albany Pine Bush. 1. Comparison of pNNL with Rome Sand Plains Albany Pine Bush is most closely matched with Rome Sand Plains. We therefore consider both primary (illustrative character and present condition) and secondary (diversity, rarity, and value for science and education) features to illustrate similarities and differences. A) Illustrative Character: Both areas profoundly illustrate pine barrens that have developed on fossil sand dunes. Both areas illustrate how glacial retreat during the last ice age left behind patches of sand and crushed rock known as glacial drift, which was blown by wind to form the sand dunes. These sandy systems are home to a unique, rare, and vulnerable inland pine barren ecosystem. Thus, the Albany Pine Bush and the Rome Sand Plains rank equally in Illustrative Character, though Rome Sand Plains is on the wet end of the continuum for a pine barrens, with 46% of total land area classified as wetlands, as compared to 14% of Albany Pine Bush Preserve. B) Present Condition: At both sites, the sand dune / pine barrens ecosystem consists of protected areas interspersed with private unprotected lands. Thus, both the Albany Pine Bush and the Rome Sand Plains are fragmented with varied disturbance histories. Suburbanization threatens the health and integrity of the ecosystem at both sites. Consequently, management teams composed of several government and private partners have developed comprehensive management plans to ensure that protected lands are managed appropriately. Site management has been highly effective in the Albany Pine Bush Preserve, with an active staff having applied management to more than 1,700 acres to date and providing for a 300-acre expansion of endangered Karner blue butterfly habitat. The Rome Sand Plains have known significantly less management and are consequently more heavily forested, with less representation of 20 the characteristic open pitch pine-scrub oak barrens. Thus, the Albany Pine Bush has been ranked as slightly higher in Present Condition than Rome Sand Plains. C) Diversity: Both areas support a diversity of habitats that illustrate the unique interplay between geology and ecology. High pine barrens located on fossil sand dunes, lowlying bogs and wetlands, and transitional meadows create a diverse ecological resource. The Rome Sand Plains is rich in cultural resources centered on Wood Creek, which figured prominently in the activities of the Iroquois Nation, the early transportation history of the United States and the American Revolution. The low relief of the Rome Sand Plains landscape offers small-scale views of subtle beauty. Likewise, the juxtaposition of pine barrens and wetlands creates a unique and scenic landscape mosaic of wet and dry habitats at Albany Pine Bush. Low-lying wetland communities include red-maple hardwood swamps, shallow-emergent marshes, and intermittent ponds. Similar to Rome Sand Plains, the Albany Pine Bush offers beautiful scenery and opportunities for repose through its low-relief landscape views. D) Rarity: Both areas support rare and endangered flora and fauna. Rome Sand Plains is home to the Globally (G4) and State (S1) listed climbing fern (Lygodium palmatum). Several state-listed wildlife species are recorded for Rome Sand Plains including frosted elfin (Incisalia irus), two species of noctuid moths (Zanclognatha martha and Lithophane thaxteri), midland clubtail (Gomphus fraternus), red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus), spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata), wood turtle (Clemmys insculpta), and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum). Albany Pine Bush is home to hundreds of Lepidoptera species, including over 40 noctuid moths (Noctuidae) considered to be pine barrens specialists. Federally listed endangered species and species of concern found within Albany Pine Bush include the Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis), Albarufan dagger moth (Acronicta albarufa), and bog bluegrass (Poa paludigena). State-listed species of concern include the inland barrens buckmoth (Hemileuca maia ssp. 3), frosted elfin (Incisalia irus), Jefferson salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonium), blue-spotted salamander (Ambystoma laterale), spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), Eastern hognose snake (Heterodon platirhinos), spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata), wood turtle (Clemmys insculpta), red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus) and Eastern bluebird (Sialia Sialis). State-listed rare plants include red-rooted flatesedge (Cyperus erythrorhizos), Houghton's umbrella-sedge (Cyperus houghtonii), and Schweinit's flatsedge (Cyperus schweinitzii). The Karner blue butterfly is currently absent at Rome Sand Plains, and the Rome Sand Plains Management Plan (2006) highlights the need to restore this species. This difference, and the higher number of federal and state-listed species of concern that have been documented at Albany Pine Bush leads us to rank Albany Pine Bush as higher than Rome Sand Plains. Albany Pine Bush also has the added distinction of being a designated New York State Bird Conservation Area. 21 E) Value for Science and Education: Both sites are highly engaged in science education. A broad range of research projects are conducted at both sites. A greater number of published and easily accessible articles are available for Albany Pine Bush, including Barnes (2003) excellent overview of the site. The New York State Geological Survey, the NYS Museum and several academic institutions have and continue to conduct research on the geological and biological aspects of the Albany Pine Bush. Some of these research activities have been ongoing for decades. Both sites support easily accessible trails, and both sites have signage that highlights important features of the landscape. The Discovery Center (pictured in Appendix B) opened at Albany Pine Bush in 2007 and serves tens of thousands of visitors a year with interactive exhibits and activities that explore the Preserve’s geological significance, plants and animals, management principles, and human impacts. Management teams at both sites are highly engaged in education and outreach. Thus, value of science and education is high at both sites, with a slight edge to Albany Pine Bush. 2. Comparison of pNNL with Montandon Sand Dunes The primary features of Albany Pine Bush ranked higher than those of Montandon Sand Dunes. We therefore only consider primary features in our comparison. A) Illustrative Character: Both areas support characteristic sand dunes that were formed through eolian processes. Both sites support vegetation characteristic of sandy, coastal areas. However, Albany Pine Bush better documents and illustrates the pine barrens character. We therefore rank Albany Pine Bush higher than Montandon Sand Dunes in Illustrative Character. B) Present Condition: Albany Pine Bush ranks higher than Montandon Sand Dunes in Present Condition. Montandon Sand Dunes was historically intensively mined, logged, and farmed. Currently, the southern part of the sand dune complex is mined for sand and gravel. The integrity of the Albany Pine Bush is threatened as well, but the Albany Pine Bush Preserve Commission is actively engaged to preserve the character of the site. In summary, we rank Rome Sand Plains and the Albany Pine Bush as near-equal in many characteristics. Rome Sand Plains lies firmly within the Appalachian Plateau region whereas the Albany Pine Bush straddles both the Appalachian Plateau and Appalachian Ranges region. We rank Albany Pine Bush higher than Rome Sand Plains because of the presence of the Karner blue butterfly and a greater variety of observed and documented federally and state-listed species of concern. Educational, outreach and management infrastructure also were evaluated as superior at Albany Pine Bush, and the site excels in its breadth and intensity of scientific investigation. 22 Evaluation Recommendations After careful evaluation of both primary and secondary features of the periglacial sand dunes and pitch pine-scrub oak barrens found at Albany Pine Bush, we recommend the site for designation as a National Natural Landmark. The designation would fill a current gap within the NNL Program for Eolian Landforms in the Appalachian Plateau and Appalachian Ranges provinces. The proposed site showcases how eolian processes form regionally important sand dune landscapes. Despite the wide distribution of sand dunes in the United States, only small areas of eolian sand occur in the Appalachian Ranges and Appalachian Plateau. Albany Pine Bush provides an illustrative example of this fossil landscape feature in combination with one of the best examples of inland pine-barren ecosystems in the world. These fire-maintained ecosystems are generally more common on the Atlantic Coastal Plain and support a distinct and diverse flora and fauna. In comparing Albany Pine Bush to other potential sites in the Appalachian Plateau and Ranges provinces, we rank it slightly above Rome Sand Plains in meeting NNL significance criteria. This prioritization is based on higher biodiversity within the park including the presence of a greater number of species of concern such as the Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis), a state and federally-listed endangered species, and the implementation of a successful management plan. The education, outreach, and scientific infrastructure at Albany Pine Bush is also outstanding. Other potential comparative sites are either inferior in quality (e.g., Montandon Sand Dunes) and/or are poorly documented. Proposed Landmark Boundary The proposed landmark boundary includes all Preserve land currently overseen by the Albany Pine Bush Commission (Figure 12). Any land added to the management area in the future will be evaluated accordingly. Although this boundary includes multiple landowners, it is managed in its entirety by a single entity. All landowners have consented to allow the site to be evaluated and potentially listed as a National Natural Landmark. The vector boundary layer for the Preserve was provided by the Commission. The site is coarsely bound on the north by New York Route 5, on the south by U.S. Route 20, on the east by Fuller Road, and on the west by Route 146, Lone Pine Road, and Cordell Road. 23 Literature Cited Albany Pine Bush Preserve Commission (APBPC). 2010. 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Significant Habitats and Habitat Complexes of the New York Bight Watershed - Complex #30 Albany Pine Bush. van Dam AR, van Dam MH. 2008. Impact of off-road vehicle use on dune endemic Coleoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 101: 411–417. Wacker PO. 1998. Human Exploitation of the New Jersey Pine Barrens before 1900, p. 3-21. In R. T. T. Forman, [ed.], Pine Barrens: Ecosystem and Landscape. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Werner CM, Mason JA, Hanson PR. 2011. Non-linear connections between dune activity and climate in the High Plains, Kansas and Oklahoma, USA. Quaternary Research 75: 267–277. Zalewski ME. 1989. Montandon marsh dune vegetation: Potential restoration species. Undergraduate Thesis, Bucknell University. 82pp. 28 Zampella RA, Moore GA, Good RE. 1992. Gradient analysis of pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) lowland communities in the New Jersey Pinelands. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 119:253-261. Zampella RA, Laidig KJ, Lathrop RG, Bognar JA. 1999. Size-class structure and hardwood recruitment in Atlantic white cedar swamps of the New Jersey pinelands. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 126:268-275. 29 Figure 1. Map of physiographic provinces. The Appalachian Ranges are represented by the Valley and Ridge and the Blue Ridge physiographic provinces. Geographic data from USGS clearinghouse. 30 Figure 2. Locations of Pine Barrens of the Northeast United States. Map from Brad Stratton of The Nature Conservancy. 0 31 25 50 100 Miles ´ Figure 3. Albany Pine Bush location map. Data from Albany NY Quad Sheet 7.5-minute USGS topographic quad sheets. 32 Figure 4. Examples of both Longitudinal and Parabolic Dunes in the preserve. 2-Foot Contour Data obtained from NY State GIS Clearinghouse website. 33 Figure 5. Map of wetland resources in the preserve. Data from the National Wetlands Inventory. 34 Figure 6. Soils of Albany Pine Bush. Sand dunes are highlighted as a primary natural feature at the site. Data from New York State Museum. 35 Figure 7. Bedrock Geology for Albany Pine Bush. Data from New York State Museum. 36 Figure 8. Access to Albany Pine Bush, including trails and roads. Data provided by Neil Gifford, Albany Pine Bush Preserve. 37 Figure 9. Ownership map for Albany Pine Bush and surrounding lands. Colored parcels are lands within the proposed NNL boundary. Brown parcels represent adjacent parcels. Data provided by Brad Stratton of The Nature Conservancy. 38 Figure 10. Land cover map for Albany Pine Bush and surrounding lands. Data from 2006 National Landcover Dataset. 39 Figure 11. Albany Pine Bush Preserve Commission’s Area of Study and recommended expansion of Preserve Boundary. Data from Neil Gifford, Albany Pine Bush Preserve. 40 Figure 12. Albany Pine Bush proposed National Natural Landmark boundary. 41 Appendix A: Albany Pine Bush Preserve Species List VASCULAR PLANTS Compiled and edited by George R. Robinson with the assistance of Kathleen Moore, State University of New York at Albany This checklist is derived from five sources: (1) historic surveys of the Pine Bush region by Stanley Smith, Homer House and other botanists, as recorded in Rittner (1976); (2) collections and records maintained by the Albany Pine Bush Preserve Commission; (3) wetland surveys by Mattox (1994); (4) New York Natural Heritage Program surveys (Schneider 1991 and Hunt 1996); and (5) records and collections from scientists at the University at Albany. The original and primary sources for most records are notes and collections of Stanley Smith, archived at the New York State Museum. An asterisk (*) following an entry in this list indicates that the species is considered a non-indigenous introduction. Nomenclature follows Mitchell and Tucker (1997), as does classification of native/non-native status. The text of this list is largely derived from a 3779-entry electronic database of New York State plants compiled by Richard Mitchell, New York State Museum, in 1999. Following each common name is an indication of the probable status of the species -- i.e., whether it remains extant in the Pine Bush. Species whose status is "[y]" have been confirmed on the basis of recent surveys noted above, with assistance from scientists at the New York State Museum and staff of the Albany Pine Bush Commission. Those with “[n]” status have been deemed extirpated. Those left blank (“[ ]”) may or may not persist in the Albany Pine Bush. Readers who encounter unrecorded or unconfirmed species are asked to bring them to the attention of George Robinson at the University at Albany or Christopher Hawver of the Albany Pine Bush Preserve Commission. Selaginellaceae Selaginella apoda (L.) Fern. Creeping spikemoss [y] Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L. common horsetail [y] Equisetum fluviatile L. Water horsetail [y] Equisetum hyemale L. Scouring rush [y] Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Meadow horsetail [y] Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Dwarf scouring rush [ ] Equisetum sylvaticum L. Woodland horsetail [y] Equisetum variegatum Schleich. ex Weber & Mohr. Variegated horsetail [y] Lycopodiaceae Huperzia lucidula (Michx.) Trev. Shining fir clubmoss [ ] Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub Northern bog clubmoss [y] Lycopodium clavatum L. Staghorn clubmoss [y] Lycopodium complanatum x tristachyum Zeiller's clubmoss [ ] Lycopodium obscurum L. Ground pine Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh Ground cedar [y] Ophioglossaceae Botrychium dissectum Spreng. 42 Cut-leaf grape-fern [y] Botrychium matricariifolium (A. Braun ex Dowell) A. Braun ex Koch Daisy-leaf grape-fern [y] Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. Leathery grape-fern [ ] Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. Dwarf grape fern [ ] Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake fern [y] Ophioglossum pusillum Raf. Northern adder's-tongue [ ] Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray Marginal wood fern [y] Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro Ostrich fern [y] Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive fern [y] Polypodium virginianum L. Rock polypody [ ] Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Shield fern [y] Dennstaedtiaceae Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore Hay-scented fern [y] Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn ex Decken Bracken [y] Pteridaceae Adiantum pedatum L. Maidenhair fern [y] Dryopteridaceae Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ex Mertens var. angustum (Willd.) Lawson Northern lady-fern [y] Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ex Mertens var. asplenioides (Michx.) Farw. Southern lady-fern [y] Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Bulblet fern [ ] Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Fragile fern [ ] Deparia acrostichoides (Sw.) Kato Silvery spleenwort [ ] Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) Fuchs Spinulose wood fern [y] Dryopteris clintoniana (D. Eaton ex A. Gray) Dowell Clinton's shield fern [ ] Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray Cested wood fern [y] Dryopteris goldiana (Hooker ex Goldie) A. Gray Gant wood fern [ ] Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) A. Gray Fancy fern [y] Osmundaceae Osmunda cinnamomea L. Cinnamon fern [y] Osmunda claytoniana L. Interrupted fern [y] Osmunda regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) A. Gray Royal fern [y] Thelypteridaceae Phegopteris connectilis (Michx.) Watt Northern beech fern [ ] Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee Broad beech fern [ ] Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. New York fern [y] Thelypteris palustris Schott var. pubescens (Laws.) Fernald Marsh fern [y] Blechnaceae Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. Virginia chain fern [ ] 43 Ceratophyllum demersum L. Coontail [y] Taxaceae Taxus canadensis Marsh. American yew [ ] Nymphaeaceae Nuphar advena (Soland. ex Ait.) R. Br. ex Ait. F. Yellow pondlily [y] Nymphaea odorata Dryand ex Ait. White waterlily [y] Pinaceae Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam fir [ ] Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch Tamarack, larch [y] Picea abies (L.) Karst.* Norway spruce [y] Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch pine [y] Pinus strobus L. White pine [y] Pinus sylvestris L.* Scotch pine [y] Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern hemlock [y] Ranunculaceae Actaea pachypoda Ell. White baneberry [ ] Actaea spicata ssp. rubra L. (Ait.) Hulten Red baneberry [y] Anemone canadensis L. Canada anemone [y] Anemone cylindrica A. Gray Thimbleweed [y] Anemone quinquefolia L. Wood anemone [y] Anemone virginiana L. Thimbleweed [y] Aquilegia canadensis L. Wild columbine [y] Caltha palustris L. Marsh marigold [y] Clematis occidentalis (Hornem.) DC. Purple clematis [ ] Clematis virginiana L. Virgin's-bower [y] Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Goldthreads [y] Hepatica nobilis Mill. var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyerm. Blunt-lobed hepatica [y] Ranunculus abortivus L. var. abortivus Small-flowered buttercup [y] Ranunculus acris L.* Common buttercup [y] Ranunculus bulbosus L.* Bulbous crowfoot [ ] Ranunculus flabellaris Raf. ex Bigel. Yellow water-buttercup [n] Cupressaceae Juniperus virginiana L. Eastern red cedar [y] Lauraceae Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume Spicebush [y] Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees Sassafras [y] Magnoliaceae Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tulip tree [ ] Aristolochiaceae Asarum canadense L. Wild ginger [y] Cabombaceae Brasenia schreberi Gmel. Water-shield [ ] Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray* Fanwort [y] Ceratophyllaceae 44 Ranunculus flammula L. Creeping spearwort [ ] Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. nitidus (Muhl. ex Ell.) Duncan Swamp buttercup [y] Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. f. Bristly buttercup [y] Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. ex Lam. Hooked buttercup [y] Ranunculus repens L.* Creeping buttercup [y] Ranunculus sceleratus L.* Cursed crowfoot [y] Thalictrum dioicum L. Early meadow-rue [y] Thalictrum pubescens Pursh Tall meadow-rue [y] Thalictrum revolutum DC. Waxy meadow-rue [ ] Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames & Boivin Rue anemone [y] Cornfield poppy [ ] Papaver rhoeas L.* Corn poppy [ ] Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot [y] Hamamelidaceae Hamamelis virginiana L. Witch-hazel [y] Urticaceae Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. False-nettle [y] Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. Wood-nettle [ ] Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pellitory [ ] Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray Richweed [y] Urtica dioica L. ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Selander* Stinging nettle [y] Berberidaceae Berberis thunbergii DC.* Japanese barberry [y] Berberis vulgaris L.* European barberry [y] Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Blue cohosh [y] Podophyllum peltatum L. May-apple [y] Moraceae Morus alba L.* White mulberry [y] Cannabaceae Humulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc.* Japanese hops [ ] Humulus lupulus L.* Common hop [ ] Ulmaceae Ulmus americana L. American elm [y] Ulmus pumila L.* Dwarf elm [y] Ulmus rubra Muhl. Slippery elm [y] Fumariaceae Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Dutchman's-breeches [y] Papaveraceae Chelidonium majus L.* Greater celandine [y] Eschscholzia californica Cham. ex Nees* California poppy [ ] Papaver dubium L.* Juglandaceae Carya cordiformis (Wang.) Koch Bitternut [y] Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet 45 American beech [y] Quercus alba L. White oak [y] Quercus alba  bicolor Hybrid oak [ ] Quercus bicolor Willd. Swamp white oak [y] Quercus coccinea Muenchh. Scarlet oak [y] Quercus ilicifolia Wang. Scrub oak [y] Quercus montana Willd. Chestnut oak [y] Quercus prinoides Willd. Dwarf chestnut oak [y] Quercus rubra L. Red oak [y] Quercus velutina Lam. Black oak [y] Pignut [y] Carya ovata (Mill.) Koch Shagbark hickory [y] Carya tomentosa (Poir. ex Lam.) Nutt. Mockernut [y] Juglans cinerea L. Butternut [y] Myricaceae Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. Sweet-fern [y] Myrica pensylvanica Loisel. ex Duhamel Bayberry [ ] Betulaceae Alnus incana (L.) Moench ssp. rugosa  serrulata Speckled alder [y] Alnus serrulata (Dryand. ex Ait.) Willd. Smooth alder [y] Betula alleghaniensis Britt. Yellow birch [y] Betula lenta L. Sweet birch [y] Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper birch [y] Betula populifolia Marsh. Gray birch [y] Carpinus caroliniana Walt. ssp. virginiana (Marsh.) Furlow Hop hornbeam [y] Corylus americana Walt. Hazelnut [y] Corylus cornuta Marsh. Beaked hazel [y] Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) Koch Hop hornbeam [y] Caryophyllaceae Agrostemma githago L.* Corn-cockle [ ] Arenaria serpyllifolia L.* Thyme-leaf sandwort [ ] Cerastium fontanum Baumg. emend Jalas* Common mouse-ear [y] Dianthus armeria L.* Deptford pink [y] Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr.* Rose-campion [ ] Lychnis viscaria L.* German catch-fly [ ] Minuartia michauxii (Fenzl) Farw. Rock sand-wort [ ] Moehringia laterifolia (L.) Fenzl Grove sandwort [y] Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench* Giant chickweed [ ] Sagina procumbens L.* Pearlwort [ ] Saponaria officinalis L.* Bouncing-bet [y] Scleranthus annuus L.* Knawel [y] Fagaceae Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. American chestnut [y] Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. 46 Silene antirrhina L. Sleepy catch-fly [y] Silene armeria L.* Sweet-william [y] Silene dichotoma Ehrh.* Forked catch-fly [ ] Silene latifolia Poir.* White campion [y] Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke* Bladder-campion [y] Stellaria borealis Bigel. Northern starwort [ ] Stellaria graminea L.* Common stitchwort, lesser stitchwort [y] Stellaria longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. Needle-leaf starwort [ ] Stellaria media (L.) Vill.* Common chickweed [y] Maple-leaf goosefoot [ ] Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult.* Winged pigweed [y] Salsola kali L.* Russian thistle [y] Portulacaceae Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Broad-leaved spring beauty[ ] Portulaca oleracea L.* Purslane [y] Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis hirsuta (Pursh) MacM.* Hairy umbrella-wort [ ] Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM.* Heartleaf umbrella-wort [y] Amaranthaceae Amaranthus albus L.* Tumbleweed [y] Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.* Prostrate amaranth [y] Amaranthus hybridus L.* Green amaranth [ ] Amaranthus powellii S. Wats.* Amaranth [ ] Amaranthus retroflexus L. Pigweed [y] Molluginaceae Mollugo verticillata L.* Carpetweed [ ] Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana L. Poke [y] Polygonaceae Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.* Buckwheat [ ] Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisn. Jointweed [y] Polygonum achoreum Blake Homeless knotweed [ ] Polygonum amphibium L. var. laevimarginatum L. Water lady's thumb [ ] Polygonum arifolium L. Arrowleaf tearthumb [y] Polygonum aviculare L.* Knotweed [y] Polygonum careyi Olney Smartweed [y] Polygonum cespitosum Blume Chenopodiaceae Atriplex patula L. Seaside orach [ ] Bassia scoparia (L.) A. Scott* Summer cypress [ ] Chenopodium album L.* Lamb's-quarters [y] Chenopodium ambrosioides L.* Mexican tea [ ] Chenopodium botrys L.* Jerusalem-oak [ ] Chenopodium pratericola Rydb.* Narrow-leaf goosefoot [ ] Chenopodium simplex (Torrey) Raf. 47 var. longisetum (DeBruyn) Stewart* Japanese lady's-thumb [y] Polygonum convolvulus L.* Black bindweed [y] Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc.* Japanese bamboo [y] Polygonum erectum L. Erect knotweed [ ] Polygonum hydropiper L.* Common smartweed [y] Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. Mild water-pepper [y] Polygonum lapathifolium L.* Willow-weed [y] Polygonum pensylvanicum L. Pinkweed [y] Polygonum persicaria L.* Lady's-thumb [y] Polygonum punctatum Ell. var. confertiflorum (Meisn.) Fassett Dotted smartweed [y] Polygonum punctatum Ell. var. punctatum Dotted smartweed [y] Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. var. ramosissimum* Knotweed [y] Polygonum sagittatum L. Tearthumb [y] Polygonum scandens L. Climbing false-buckwheat [y] Polygonum scandens L. var. dumetorum (L.) Gleason* Climbing false-buckwheat [ ] Polygonum virginianum L. Jumpseed [y] Rumex acetosella L.* Sheep sorrel [y] Rumex altissimus Wood Pale dock [y] Rumex crispus L.* Curly dock [y] Rumex obtusifolius L.* Bitter-dock, red-veined dock [] Rumex orbiculatus A. Gray Great water dock [y] Rumex patientia L.* Patience dock [y] Rumex verticillatus L. Swamp dock [ ] Clusiaceae Hypericum boreale (Britt.) Bickn. Northern dwarf St. John's wort [ ] Hypericum canadense L. Canadian St. John's-wort [ ] Hypericum ellipticum Hooker Pale St. John's-wort [ ] Hypericum gentianoides (L.) BSP. Orange-grass [ ] Hypericum kalmianum L. Kalm St. John's-wort [ ] Hypericum majus (A. Gray) Britt. Canadian St. John's-wort [ ] Hypericum mutilum L. Dwarf St. John's-wort [y] Hypericum perforatum L.* Common St. John's-wort [y] Hypericum punctatum Lam. St. John's-wort [y] Triadenum fraseri (Spach) Gleason Marsh St. John's-wort [y] Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. Marsh St. John's-wort [y] Malvaceae Abutilon theophrasti Medik.* Velvet-leaf [y] Malva neglecta Wallr.* Cheeses [y] Tiliaceae Tilia americana L. var. americana Basswood [y] Tilia americana L. var. heterophylla (Vent.) Loud. White basswood [ ] Droseraceae 48 Drosera intermedia Hayne Sundew [n] Drosera rotundifolia L. Round-leaf sundew [y] Viola palmata L. Early blue violet [ ] Viola pedata L. Bird's-foot violet [y] Viola pubescens Ait. Downy yellow violet [ ] Viola rostrata Pursh Long-spurred violet [y] Viola rotundifolia Michx. Round-leaf violet [ ] Viola sagittata Ait. Arrow-leaf violet [y] Viola sagittata  sororia Violet [ ] Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie Great spurred violet [ ] Viola septentrionalis Greene Northern blue violet [ ] Viola sororia Willd. Woolly blue violet [ ] Viola tricolor L.* Johnny jump-up [ ] Sarraceniaceae Sarracenia purpurea L. Pitcher-plant [n] Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus L.* Garden cucumber [ ] Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torrey & A. Gray Wild cucumber [y] Sicyos angulatus L. Bur cucumber [y] Cistaceae Helianthemum bicknellii Fern. Pine-barren frostweed [ ] Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx. Frostweed [y] Lechea intermedia Leggett ex Britt. Pinweed [ ] Lechea mucronata Raf. ex Desv. Pinweed [ ] Salicaceae Populus alba L.* White poplar [y] Populus balsamifera L. Balsam poplar [y] Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. Cottonwood [y] Populus grandidentata Mixhx. Big-toothed aspen [y] Populus nigra L.* Lombardy poplar [ ] Populus tremuloides Michx. Quaking aspen [y] Salix alba L.* White willow [y] Salix bebbiana Sarg. Beaked willow [y] Salix discolor Muhl. Pussy-willow [y] Salix eriocephala Michx. Stiff willow [ ] Salix exigua Nutt. Sandbar willow [y] Violaceae Viola affinis LeConte Leconte violet [ ] Viola blanda Willd. Sweet white violet [y] Viola canadensis L. Tall white violet [ ] Viola conspersa Reichenb. American dog-violet [y] Viola cucullata Ait. Blue marsh violet [y] Viola lanceolata L. Lance-leaf violet [y] Viola macloskeyi Lloyd ssp. pallens (Banks ex DC.) M. Baker Pale violet [y] 49 Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood Two-leaf toothwort [y] Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress [y] Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.* Wart-cress [ ] Draba verna L.* Whitlow-grass [ ] Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) Schulz* French rocket [ ] Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. ex Ait.* Cow-cress [y] Lepidium densiflorum Schrad.* Bird's peppergrass [y] Lepidium virginicum L. Wild peppergrass [y] Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv.* Sweet alyssum [ ] Raphanus raphanistrum L.* Wild radish [y] Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek* Watercress [y] Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Jonsell* Marsh watercress [n] Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser* Creeping yellow-cress [ ] Sinapis arvensis L.* Charlock [y] Sisymbrium altissimum L.* Tumble-mustard [y] Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.* Hedge-mustard [ ] Salix fragilis L.* Crack-willow [ ] Salix humilis Marsh. var. humilis Prairie willow [y] Salix humilis Marsh. var. tristis (Ait.) Griggs Dwarf upland willow, dune willow [y] Salix lucida Muhl. Shining willow [y] Salix nigra Marsh. Black willow [y] Salix pedicellaris Pursh Bog willow [y] Salix pentandra L.* Bay-leaf willow [ ] Salix petiolaris Sm. Slender willow [y] Salix petiolaris  sericea Willow [ ] Salix purpurea L.* Purple willow [ ] Salix sericea Marsh. Silky willow [y] Brassicaceae Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L.* Alyssum [y] Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower-mustard [y] Arabis laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Poir. ex Lam Smooth rock-cress [y] Arabis lyrata (L.) Lyre-leaf rock-cress [ ] Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. ex Ait.* Cress [y] Berteroa incana (L.) DC.* Hoary alyssum [y] Brassica nigra (L.) Koch* Black mustard [y] Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.* Shepherd's-purse [y] Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) BSP. Spring cress [y] Capparidaceae Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC* Clammyweed [y] Ericaceae Andromeda glaucophylla Link Marsh rosemary [ ] 50 Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench Leatherleaf [y] Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh Spotted wintergreen [y] Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Bart. ssp. cisatlantica (Blake) Hultn Pipsissewa [y] Epigaea repens L. Trailing arbutus [y] Gaultheria procumbens L. Wintergreen [y] Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) Koch Black huckleberry [y] Kalmia angustifolia L. Sheep laurel [y] Kalmia polifolia Wang. Bog laurel [n] Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. Maleberry [y] Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray One-flowered wintergreen [ ] Monotropa uniflora L. Indian-pipe [y] Orthilia secunda (L.) House One-sided wintergreen [ ] Pterospora andromedea Nutt. Pine-drops [ ] Pyrola americana Sweet Wild lily-of-the-valley [y] Pyrola asarifolia Michx. Pink wintergreen [ ] Pyrola chlorantha Sw. Green shinleaf [ ] Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Shinleaf [y] Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron & Judd Labrador tea [n] Rhododendron periclymenoides (Michx.) Shinners Pinkster-flower [y] Rhododendron prinophyllum (Small) Millais Eearly azalea [y] Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Torrey Swamp azalea [y] Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Lowbush blueberry [y] Vaccinium corymbosum L. Highbush blueberry [y] Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. American cranberry [ ] Vaccinium pallidum Ait. Sugar huckleberry, low blueberry [y] Vaccinium stamineum L. Deerberry [y] Primulaceae Lysimachia ciliata L. Fringed loosestrife [y] Lysimachia nummularia L. Moneywort [y] Lysimachia quadriflora Sims Four-flowered loosestrife [y] Lysimachia quadrifolia  terrestris Hybrid loosestrife [ ] Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP. Swamp-candles [y] Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. Tufted loosestrife [y] Lysimachia vulgaris L.* Garden loosestrife [ ] Trientalis borealis Raf. Starflower [y] Rosaceae Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. Common agrimony [y] Agrimonia parviflora Soland ex Ait. Agrimony [ ] Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. Agrimony [ ] Agrimonia rostellata Wallr. Agrimony [ ] Agrimonia striata Michx. Agrimony [ ] Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern. Shadbush [y] 51 Amelanchier arborea  canadensis Serviceberry [ ] Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik. Serviceberry [y] Amelanchier humilis Wieg. Bush juneberry [y] Amelanchier laevis Wieg. Smooth shadbush [y] Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. Roundleaf juneberry [y] Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg. Bush juneberry [y] Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. Red chokeberry [y] Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. Black chokeberry [y] A. X prunifolia. (A. arbutifolia X A. melanocarpa) Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. ex Spach* Lesser flowering quince [ ] Crataegus brainerdii Sarg. Hawthorn [ ] Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Round-leaf hawthorn [ ] Crataegus coccinioides Ashe Hawthorn [ ] Crataegus crusgalli L. Cockspur [y] Crataegus holmesiana Ashe Hawthorn [ ] Crataegus intricata Lange Hawthorn [ ] Crataegus macrosperma Ashe Big-fruited haw [y] Crataegus monogyna Jacq.* English hawthorn [ ] Crataegus opulens Sarg. Hawthorn [n] Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. Scarlet thorn [ ] Crataegus pringlei Sarg. Hawthorn [ ] Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) Koch Hawthorn [ ] Crataegus punctata Jacq. Dotted haw [ ] Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link Hawthorn [ ] Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Mill.* Coast strawberry [y] Fragaria chiloensis  virginiana* Strawberry [ ] Fragaria virginiana Dcne. Field strawberry [y] Geum aleppicum Jacq. Yellow avens [y] Geum canadense Jacq. White avens [y] Geum laciniatum Murr. Rough avens [y] Geum rivale L. Purple avens [y] Malus pumila Mill.* Common apple [y] Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. Ninebark [ ] Potentilla anserina L. Silverweed [ ] Potentilla argentea L.* Silvery cinquefoil [ ] Potentilla canadensis L. Dwarf cinquefoil [y] Potentilla intermedia L.* Cinquefoil [y] Potentilla norvegica L. ssp. monspeliensis (L.) Azchers. & Grbn. Rough cinquefoil [y] Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. Marsh cinquefoil [ ] Potentilla recta L.* Sulfer cinquefoil [y] Potentilla simplex Michx. Common cinquefoil [y] Prunus americana Marsh. Hedge-plum [y] Prunus pensylvanica L. f. Pin-cherry [y] Prunus persica (L.) Batsch* Peach [ ] 52 Prunus pumila L. var. susquehanae (Hort. ex Willd.) Jaeger Sand cherry [y] Prunus serotina Ehrh. Black cherry [y] Prunus virginiana L. Choke-cherry [y] Pyrus communis L.* Pear [ ] Rosa canina L.* Dog rose [ ] Rosa carolina L. Pasture rose [y] Rosa eglanteria L.* Sweetbrier [ ] Rosa palustris Marsh. Swamp rose [y] Rosa rugosa Thunb.* Japanese rose [ ] Rosa setigera Michx. Prairie rose [ ] Rosa virginiana Mill. Wild rose [ ] Rubus allegheniensis Porter ex Bailey Northern blackberry [y] Rubus argutus Link Tall blackberry [y] Rubus arundelanus Blanch. Sand blackberry [ ] Rubus canadensis L. Thornless blackberry [ ] Rubus flagellaris Willd. American dewberry [y] Rubus hispidus L. Swamp dewberry [y] Rubus idaeus L. Red raspberry [y] Rubus idaeus L. ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke Wild raspberry [y] Rubus occidentalis L. Black raspberry [y] Rubus odoratus L. Pink thimbleberry [y] Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. ex Lam. Highbush blackberry [ ] Rubus pubescens Raf. Dwarf raspberry [y] Rubus setosus Bigel. Bog blackberry [ ] Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br.* False spiraea [ ] Sorbus aucuparia L.* European mountain ash [y] Spiraea alba var. alba DuRoi Meadow-sweet [y] Spiraea alba DuRoi var. latifolia (Ait.) Dippel Meadow-sweet [y] Spiraea douglasii  salicifolia* Spiraea [ ] Spiraea tomentosa L. Hardhack [y] Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. Barren strawberry [ ] Saxifragaceae Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. ex Hooker Golden saxifrage [y] Mitella diphylla L. Coolwort [y] Parnassia glauca Raf. Grass-of-Parnassus [n] Saxifraga pensylvanica L. Swamp saxifrage [n] Tiarella cordifolia L. Foamflower [y] Crassulaceae Penthorum sedoides L. Ditch-stonecrop [y] Sedum sarmentosum Bunge* Orpine [ ] Sedum spurium Bieb.* Rosy stonecrop [ ] Sedum telephium L.* Live-forever [ ] 53 Grossulariaceae Ribes americanum Mill. Wild black currant [y] Ribes cynosbati L. Dogberry [y] Ribes hirtellum Michx. Northern gooseberry [ ] Ribes rubrum L.* Northern red currant [ ] Ribes triste Pallas Swamp red currant [y] Trailing lespedeza [ ] Lespedeza thunbergii (DC.) Nakai* Lespedeza [ ] Lotus corniculata L.* Bird's-foot trefoil [y] Lupinus perennis L. Wild lupine [y] Medicago lupulina L.* Black medick [y] Medicago sativa L.* Alfalfa [ ] Melilotus alba Desr. ex Lam.* White sweet-clover [y] Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pallas* Yellow melilotus [y] Robinia hispida L.* Rose-acacia [y] Robinia pseudo-acacia L.* Black locust [y] Robinia viscosa Vent. ex Vauq.* Clammy locust [ ] Senna hebecarpa (Fern.) Irwin & Barneby Wild senna [ ] Strophostyles helvula (L.) Ell. Annual woolly-bean [ ] Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. Goat's-rue [y] Trifolium arvense L.* Rabbit's-foot clover [y] Trifolium aureum Pollich* Yellow clover [ ] Trifolium campestre Schreb.* Hop-clover [ ] Trifolium dubium Sibth.* Hop-clover [ ] Trifolium hybridum L.* Alsike clover [ ] Trifolium incarnatum L.* Scarlet clover [y] Trifolium pratense L.* Red clover [y] Trifolium repens L.* White clover [y] Vicia cracca L. Cow-vetch [y] Fabaceae Amorpha fruticosa L.* False indigo [ ] Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Rickett & Stafleu [ ] Hog-peanut [y] Apios americana Medik. Groundnut [y] Baptisia tinctoria (L.) Vent. Wild indigo [ ] Coronilla varia L.* Crown-vetch [y] Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. Giant tick-clover [y] Desmodium canescens (L.) DC. Hoary tick-clover [y] Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wood Sticky tick-clover [y] Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC. Tick-trefoil [y] Desmodium rotundifolium DC. Tick-clover [ ] Genista tinctoria L.* Dyer's greenweed [ ] Gleditsia triacanthos L.* Honey locust [y] Lathyrus latifolius L.* Everlasting pea [ ] Lespedeza capitata Michx. Bush clover [y] Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. Lespedeza [y] Lespedeza procumbens Michx. 54 Vicia sativa L.* Common vetch [y] Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb.* Lentil-vetch [y] Vicia villosa ssp. villosa Roth* Hairy vetch [ ] Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet* Chinese wisteria [y] Sundrops [ ] Lythraceae Lythrum alatum Pursh Winged loosestrife [n] Lythrum salicaria L.* Purple loosestrife [y] Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne ex Mart. Tooth-cup [n] Haloragaceae Proserpinaca palustris L. var. crebra Fern. & Grisc. Mermaid-weed [ ] Thymeliaceae Daphne mezereum L.* Daphne [ ] Dirca palustris L. Leatherwood [y] Onagraceae Circaea alpina L. Dwarf enchanter's nightshade [y] Circaea lutetiana L. ssp. canadensis (L.) Aschers. & Magnus Enchanter's nightshade [y] Epilobium angustifolium L. Willow-herb [y] Epilobium ciliatum Raf. Willow-herb [y] Epilobium coloratum Biehl. Purple-leaf willow-herb [y] Epilobium hirsutum L.* European fireweed [ ] Epilobium leptophyllum Raf. Willow-herb [y] Epilobium strictum Muhl. ex Spreng. Downy willow-weed [ ] Gaura biennis L.* Gaura [ ] Ludwigia alternifolia L. Seedbox [y] Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell. Water purslane [y] Oenothera biennis L. Common evening-primrose [y] Oenothera clelandii Dietrich, Raven & Wagner* Evening primrose [ ] Oenothera parviflora L. Evening primrose [ ] Oenothera perennis L. Trapaceae Trapa natans L.* Water-chestnut [y] Cornaceae Cornus alternifolia L. f. Green osier [y] Cornus amomum ssp. amomum Mill. Silky dogwood [y] Cornus canadensis L. Bunchberry [y] Cornus florida L. Flowering dogwood [y] Cornus foemina Mill. ssp. racemosa (Lam.) J. Wilson Gray dogwood [y] Cornus rugosa Lam. Round-leaf dogwood [y] Cornus sericea L. Red-osier [y] Nyssaceae Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Black gum [y] Santalaceae Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Bastard-toadflax [y] 55 Virginia creeper [y] Vitis aestivalis Michx. Summer grape [y] Vitis riparia Michx. Frost grape [y] Vitis vulpina L. Winter grape [ ] Celastraceae Celastrus orbiculata Thunb.* Oriental bittersweet [y] Celastrus scandens L. American bittersweet [y] Euonymus americana L. Strawberry-bush [y] Euonymus europaea L.* European spindle-tree [y] Linaceae Linum sulcatum Ridd. Yellow wild flax [ ] Aquifoliaceae Ilex laevigata (Pursh) A. Gray Smooth winterberry [ ] Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray Winterberry [y] Nemopanthus mucronatus (L.) Loesener ex Koehne Mountain holly [y] Rhamnaceae Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey tea [y] Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her. Alder-leaf buckthorn [n] Rhamnus cathartica L.* Common buckthorn [y] Rhamnus frangula L.* Smooth buckthorn [y] Euphorbiaceae Acalypha virginica L. var. rhomboidea (Raf.) Cooperrider Three-seeded mercury [y] Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small Spurge [y] Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small Eyebane [y] Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small Eyebane [ ] Euphorbia corollata L. Flowering spurge [y] Euphorbia cyparissias L.* Cypress spurge [y] Euphorbia esula L.* Wolf's-milk [ ] Euphorbia marginata Pursh* Snow-on-the-mountain [y] Polygalaceae Polygala paucifolia Willd. Fringed milkwort [y] Polygala polygama Walt. Bitter milkwort [ ] Polygala sanguinea L. Rose milkwort [y] Polygala senega L. Seneca snakeroot [ ] Polygala verticillata L. Whorled milkwort [ ] Polygala verticillata L. var. isocycla Fern. Whorled milkwort [ ] Aceraceae Acer campestre L.* Hedge-maple [ ] Acer negundo L. Box-elder [y] Acer nigrum Michx. f. Black maple [ ] Acer pensylvanicum L. Striped maple [y] Vitaceae Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. ex DC. Virginia creeper [y] Parthenocissus vitacea (L.) Planch. ex DC. 56 Acer rubrum var. rubrum L. Red maple [y] Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar maple [ ] Impatiens pallida Nutt. Pale jewelweed [y] Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L.* Lady's-sorrel [y] Oxalis stricta L. Lady's-sorrel [y] Hippocastanaceae Aesculus hippocastanum L.* Horse-chestnut [ ] Simaroubaceae Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle* Tree-of-heaven [y] Apiaceae Angelica atropurpurea L. Alexanders [y] Cicuta bulbifera L. Water-hemlock [y] Cicuta maculata L. Poison hemlock [y] Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Honewort [y] Daucus carota L.* Queen-Anne's-lace [y] Hydrocotyle americana L. Pennywort [y] Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) Clarke Sweet jarvil [ ] Pastinaca sativa L.* Wild parsnip [y] Pimpinella major (L.) Huds.* Pimpinella [ ] Sanicula marilandica L. Black snakeroot [y] Sanicula odorata (Raf.) Pryer & Phillippe Sanicle [ ] Sanicula trifoliata Bickn. Sanicle [ ] Sium suave Walt. Water-parsnip [y] Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fern. Golden Alexanders [ ] Zizia aurea (L.) Koch Golden Alexanders [y] Anacardiaceae Cotinus coggygria Scop.* Smoke-tree [ ] Rhus copallinum L. Winged sumac [y] Rhus glabra L. Smooth sumac [y] Rhus hirta (L.) Sudworth Staghorn sumac [y] Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze Poison ivy [y] Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze Poison sumac [y] Rutaceae Dictamnus albus L.* Gas-plant [ ] Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. Prickly ash [y] Staphyleaceae Staphylea trifolia L. Bladdernut [y] Geraniaceae Geranium bicknellii Britt. Geranium [ ] Geranium maculatum L. Wild geranium [y] Araliaceae Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild sarsaparilla [y] Aralia racemosa L. Balsaminaceae Impatiens capensis Meerb. Spotted touch-me-not [y] 57 Spikenard [ ] Panax quinquefolius L. Ginseng [ ] Panax trifolius L. Dwarf ginseng [ ] Fringed gentian [y] Solanaceae Datura stramonium L. Jimson weed [y] Petunia axillaris (Lam.) BSP.* Garden petunia [ ] Physalis heterophylla Nees Clammy ground-cherry [y] Physalis longifolia Nutt. Long-leaf ground-cherry [ ] Physalis virginiana Mill. Virginia ground-cherry [ ] Solanum carolinense L. Horse-nettle [y] Solanum dulcamara L.* Trailing nightshade [y] Solanum ptycanthum Dunal.* Black nightshade [y] Apocynaceae Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading dogbane [y] Apocynum androsaemifolium  cannabinum Dogbane [ ] Apocynum cannabinum L. var. cannabinum Indian hemp [y] Apocynum cannabinum L. var. hypericifolium A. Gray Indian hemp [ ] Asclepiadaceae Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm. Blunt-leaf milkweed [y] Asclepias exaltata L. Poke milkweed [y] Asclepias incarnata L. var. pulchra (Ehrh. ex Willd.) Pers. Swamp milkweed [y] Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. Four-leaf milkweed [ ] Asclepias syriaca L. Common milkweed [y] Asclepias tuberosa L. var. interior (Woodson) Shinners Butterfly-weed [y] Convolvulaceae Calystegia sepium (L.) R Br. Hedge-bindweed [y] Calystegia spithamea (L.) Pursh Low bindweed [y] Convolvulus arvensis L.* Field bindweed [ ] Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth* Common morning-glory [y] Polemoniaceae Phlox divaricata L. Blue phlox [y] Phlox paniculata L. Fall phlox [y] Cuscutaceae Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex Schultz Dodder [y] Gentianaceae Bartonia virginica (L.) BSP. Bartonia [y] Gentiana clausa Raf. Blind gentian [ ] Gentiana saponaria L. Soapwort gentian [ ] Gentianella quinquefolia (L.) Small Stiff gentian [ ] Gentianopsis crinita (Froel.) Ma Hydrophyllaceae Hydrophyllum virginianum L. Virginia waterleaf [ ] Menyanthaceae 58 Menyanthes trifoliata L. var. minor Raf. Buckbean [ ] Dotted horsemint [ ] Nepeta cataria L.* Catnip [y] Origanum vulgare L.* Marjoram [ ] Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. False dragon head [ ] Prunella vulgaris L.* Self-heal [y] Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad. Mountain-mint [ ] Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) Durieu & Jacks. ex Fern. & B. Robinson Mountain-mint [y] Scutellaria galericulata L. Common skullcap [y] Scutellaria lateriflora L. Mad-dog skullcap [y] Stachys hyssopifolia Michx. Hedge-nettle [n] Stachys palustris L.* Woundwort [ ] Trichostema dichotomum L. Blue-curls [y] Lamiaceae Ajuga reptans L.* Carpet-bugleweed [ ] Clinopodium vulgare L.* Basil [ ] Collinsonia canadensis L. Richweed [y] Galeopsis tetrahit L. var. bifida (Boenn) Lej. & Court.* Hemp-nettle [y] Glechoma hederacea L.* Ground-ivy [y] Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. Mock-pennyroyal [ ] Leonurus cardiaca L.* Motherwort [y] Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex Bart. Water-horehound [y] Lycopus europaeus L.* European water-horehound[ ] Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Water-horehound [y] Lycopus virginicus L. Water-horehound [n] Melissa officinalis L.* Balm [ ] Mentha aquatica L.* Peppermint [ ] Mentha arvensis L.* Field mint [ ] Mentha canadensis L. Field mint [ ] Mentha spicata L.* Spearmint [ ] Moluccella laevis L.* Mollucca-balm [n] Monarda fistulosa L. Wild bergamont [y] Monarda punctata L. Dotted horsemint [y] Monarda punctata L. var. villicaulis (Pennell) Shinners Boraginaceae Anchusa officinalis L.* Alkanet [ ] Cynoglossum officinale L.* Hound's-tongue [y] Echium vulgare L.* Blue-devil [y] Hackelia virginiana (L.) Johnst. Stickseed [y] Lithospermum officinale L.* European gromwell [y] Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill* Forget-me-not [ ] Myosotis laxa Lehm. Wild forget-me-not [y] Myosotis scorpioides L.* Forget-me-not [y] Onosmodium molle Michx. ssp. hispidissimum (Mackz.) Boivin Marble-seed [ ] 59 Onosmodium virginianum (L.) A. DC. False gromwell [ ] Pedicularis canadensis L. Lousewort [ ] Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. Penstemon [y] Schwalbea americana L. Chaffseed [n] Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh Hare-figwort [ ] Verbascum blattaria L.* Moth-mullein [y] Verbascum thapsus L.* Mullein [y] Veronica americana (Raf.) Schwein. ex Benth. American speedwell [y] Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Water speedwell [ ] Veronica beccabunga L.* Brooklime [ ] Veronica chamaedrys L.* Bird's-eye speedwell [ ] Veronica longifolia L.* Speedwell [ ] Veronica officinalis L.* Speedwell [y] Veronica peregrina L. Neckweed [ ] Veronica scutellata L. Marsh speedwell [y] Veronica serpyllifolia L. ssp. serpyllifolia* Thyme-leaf speedwell [ ] Verbenaceae Verbena hastata L. Blue vervain [y] Verbena urticifolia L. White vervain [y] Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata L.* Buck-horn plantain [y] Plantago major L.* Common plantain [y] Plantago patagonica Jacq.* Plantain [n] Plantago psyllium L.* Whorled plantain [ ] Plantago rugelii Dcne. Pale plantain [y] Scrophulariaceae Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. var. tenuifolia Gerardia [y] Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. var. flava Yellow false-foxglove [ ] Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange* Dwarf snapdragon [ ] Chelone glabra L. Turtle-heads [y] Gratiola aurea Muhl. Golden-pert [n] Gratiola neglecta Torrey Mud-hyssop [n] Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumort. Old-field toadflax [ ] Linaria vulgaris Mill.* Butter-and-eggs [y] Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell False-pimpernel [ ] Melampyrum lineare Desr. Cow-wheat [y] Mimulus ringens L. Common monkeyflower [y] Bignoniaceae Catalpa speciosa (Warder ex Barney) Engelm.* Catalpa [y] Oleaceae Fraxinus americana L. White ash [y] Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black ash [ ] Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Green ash [y] 60 Ligustrum obtusifolium Sieb. & Zucc.* Privet [ ] Syringa vulgaris L.* Lilac [y] Wild-licorice [y] Galium palustre L. Ditch bedstraw [y] Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. Bedstraw [y] Galium trifidum L.* Bedstraw [y] Galium triflorum Michx. Sweet-scented bedstraw [y] Mitchella repens L. Partridge-berry [y] Orobanchaceae Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bartr. Beech-drops [y] Orobanche uniflora L. One-flowered cancer-root [ ] Lentibulariaceae Utricularia gibba L. Cone-spur bladderwort [n] Utricularia macrorhiza LeConte Common bladderwort [ ] Caprifoliaceae Diervilla lonicera Mill. Bush honeysuckle [y] Linnaea borealis L. ssp. longiflora (Torrey) Hulten Twinflower [y] Lonicera canadensis Bartr. Fly honeysuckle [y] Lonicera dioica L. var. dioica Wild honeysuckle [ ] Lonicera japonica Thunb.* Japanese honeysuckle [y] Lonicera morrowii A. Gray* Fly honeysuckle [y] Lonicera morrowii  tatarica* Fly honeysuckle [y] Lonicera sempervirens L. Trumpet honeysuckle [y] Lonicera tatarica L.* Tartarian honeysuckle [y] Lonicera xylosteum L.* Fly honeysuckle [ ] Sambucus canadensis L. Black elderberry [y] Sambucus racemosa L. ssp. pubens (Michx.) House Red elderberry [y] Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake var. laevigatus (Fern.) Blake Snowberry [ ] Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench* Coralberry [y] Triosteum perfoliatum L. Campanulaceae Campanula rapunculoides L.* Creeping bellflower [ ] Campanula rotundifolia L. Harebell [y] Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal-flower [n] Lobelia dortmanna L. Water lobelia [ ] Lobelia inflata L. Indian-tobacco [y] Lobelia siphilitica L. Great lobelia [y] Lobelia spicata Lam. Pale-spiked lobelia [ ] Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl.* Venus' looking-glass [y] Rubiaceae Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Buttonbush [y] Galium aparine L. Bedstraw [y] Galium asprellum Michx. Rough bedstraw [y] Galium boreale L. Northern bedstraw [y] Galium circaezans Michx. 61 Tinker's-weed [ ] Viburnum acerifolium L. Maple-leaf viburnum [y] Viburnum dentatum L. Southern arrowwood [y] Viburnum dentatum L. var. lucidum Ait. Southern arrowwood [y] Viburnum lantanoides Michx. Hobblebush [y] Viburnum lentago L. Sheepberry [y] Viburnum nudum L. var. nudum Possom-haw [n] Viburnum nudum L. var. cassinoides (L.) Torrey & A. Gray Wild raisin [y] Viburnum opulus L. var. opulus* Guelder-rose [ ] Viburnum opulus L. var. americanum Ait. Highbush cranberry [y] Viburnum rafanesquianum Schultes Downy arrowwood [ ] Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hooker f. ex Cla Pearly-everlasting [y] Antennaria neglecta Greene ssp. neglecta Everlasting [y] Antennaria neglecta Greene ssp. neodioica (Greene) Bayer Smaller cat's-foot [ ] Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Everlasting [y] Anthemis cotula L.* Mayweed [ ] Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh.* Common burdock [y] Artemisia absinthium L.* Absinthe [ ] Artemisia biennis Willd.* Sage-weed [ ] Aster acuminatus Michx. Mountain aster [ ] Aster cordifolius L. Blue aster [y] Aster divaricatus L. White aster [y] Aster ericoides L. White wreath aster [y] Aster infirmus Michx. Cornel-leaved aster [y] Aster laevis L. Smooth blue aster [y] Aster lanceolatus Willd. var. simplex (Willd.) A. Jones Old-field aster [ ] Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. Calico aster [y] Aster linariifolius L. Stiff-leaf aster [y] Aster macrophyllus L. Bigleaf aster [ ] Aster novae-angliae L. New England aster [y] Aster novi-belgii L. var. novi-belgii New York aster [ ] Valerianaceae Valeriana officinalis L.* Common valerian [ ] Valerianella umbilicata (Sulliv.) Wood Beaked corn-salad [ ] Dipsacaceae Dipsacus fullonum L.* Teasel [y] Asteraceae Achillea millefolium L. var. millefolium Common yarrow [y] Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Ragweed [y] Ambrosia psilostachya DC* Western ragweed [y] Ambrosia trifida L. Giant ragweed [y] 62 Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. Field-thistle [ ] Cirsium muticum Michx. Swamp-thistle [y] Cirsium pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng. Bull-thistle [ ] Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore* Bull-thistle [y] Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. var. canadensis Horseweed [y] Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet* Coreopsis [ ] Coreopsis lanceolata L.* Coreopsis [y] Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.* Cosmos [ ] Crepis biennis L.* Hawk's-beard [ ] Crepis tectorum L.* Hawk's-beard [y] Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC. var. hieracifolia Fireweed [y] Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Daisy-fleabane [y] Erigeron philadelphicus L. Fleabane [y] Erigeron pulchellus Michx. Robin's-plantain [ ] Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. Daisy-fleabane [y] Eupatorium coelestinum L.* Mistflower [ ] Eupatorium dubium Willd. Joe-pye-weed [y] Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt Joe-pye-weed [y] Eupatorium maculatum L. Spotted Joe-pye-weed [y] Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Thoroughwort [y] Eupatorium purpureum L. Sweet Joe-pye-weed [ ] Aster novi-belgii var. tardiflorus (L.) A. Jones Late-flowering New York aster [ ] Aster patens Ait. Late purple aster [y] Aster paternus Cronq. White-topped aster [y] Aster pilosus Willd. Heath aster [ ] Aster praealtus Poir. Willow aster [ ] Aster prenanthoides Muhl. ex Willd. Zig-zag aster [y] Aster puniceus L. Purple-stemmed aster [y] Aster schreberi Nees Large-leaf aster [ ] Aster umbellatus Mill. Flat-top white aster [y] Aster undulatus L. Wavy-leaf aster [y] Bidens cernua L. Stick-tights [y] Bidens connata Muhl. ex Willd Beggar-ticks [ ] Bidens frondosa L. Beggar-ticks [y] Bidens tripartita L.* Beggar-ticks [y] Bidens vulgata Greene Beggar-ticks [y] Calendula officinalis L.* Pot-marigold [ ] Centaurea cyanus L.* Bluebottle [ ] Centaurea jacea L.* Brown knapweed [ ] Centaurea maculosa Lam.* Bushy knapweed [y] Centaurea paniculata L.* Knapweed [ ] Cichorium intybus L.* Chicory [y] Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.* Canada thistle [y] 63 Hieracium lachenalii Gmel.* Hawkweed [ ] Hieracium paniculatum L. Hawkweed [y] Hieracium pilosella L.* Mouse-ear hawkweed [ ] Hieracium piloselloides Vill.* King-devil [ ] Hieracium scabrum Michx. Hawkweed [ ] Hieracium venosum L. Rattlesnake-weed [y] Inula helenium L.* Elecampane [ ] Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. Dwarf dandelion [y] Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fern. Wild lettuce [y] Lactuca canadensis L. Wild lettuce [y] Lactuca serriola L.* Prickly lettuce [y] Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.* Ox-eye daisy [y] Liatris scariosa (L.) Willd. var. novae-angliae Lunell New England blazing-star [ ] Matricaria discoidea DC.* Pinapple-weed [y] Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. Sweet coltsfoot [ ] Prenanthes alba L. White lettuce [ ] Prenanthes altissima L. Rattlesnake-root [ ] Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh Lion's-foot [y] Prenanthes trifoliolata (Cass.) Fern. Gall-of-the-earth [y] Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Wooton & Standl.* Prairie coneflower [n] Rudbeckia hirta L. var. pulcherrima Farw.* Black-eyed-Susan [y] Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. White snakeroot [y] Eupatorium sessilifolium L. Upland boneset [ ] Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. ex Cass. Bush goldenrod [y] Gaillardia aristata  pulchella* Blanket-flower [ ] Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav.* Quickweed [ ] Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. Catfoot [ ] Gnaphalium uliginosum L.* Low cudweed [y] Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal* Gumweed [ ] Helenium autumnale L. var. autumnale Sneezeweed [y] Helenium flexuosum Raf.* Sneezeweed [ ] Helianthus annuus L.* Common sunflower [y] Helianthus decapetalus L. Thin-leaf sunflower [ ] Helianthus divaricatus L. Woodland sunflower [y] Helianthus mollis Lam.* Ashy sunflower [ ] Helianthus petiolaris Nutt.* Sunflower [ ] Helianthus strumosus L. Wood-sunflower [y] Helianthus tuberosus L.* Jerusalem artichoke [y] Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet Ox-eye [ ] Hieracium aurantiacum L.* Orange hawkweed [y] Hieracium caespitosum Dumort.* King-devil [y] Hieracium floribundum Wimm. & Grab. Smoothish hawkweed [ ] 64 Rudbeckia laciniata L. Cut-leaf coneflower [y] Senecio aureus L. Golden ragwort [y] Senecio obovatus Muhl. ex Willd. Ragwort [ ] Solidago arguta Ait. Cutleaf goldenrod [y] Solidago bicolor L. White goldenrod [y] Solidago caesia L. Wreath goldenrod [y] Solidago canadensis L. var. canadensis Canada goldenrod [y] Solidago canadensis L. var. scabra (Muhl.) Torrey & A. Gray Tall goldenrod [ ] Solidago flexicaulis L. Zig-zag goldenrod [y] Solidago gigantea Ait. Late goldenrod [y] Solidago hispida Muhl. ex Willd. Goldenrod [y] Solidago juncea Ait. Early goldenrod [y] Solidago nemoralis Ait. Rough goldenrod [y] Solidago patula Muhl. ex Willd. Spreading goldenrod [y] Solidago puberula Nutt. Downy goldenrod [ ] Solidago rugosa Mill. ssp. rugosa Tall-hairy goldenrod [y] Sonchus arvensis L.* Sow-thistle [ ] Sonchus asper (L.) Hill* Spiny sow-thistle [y] Sonchus oleraceus L.* Sow-thistle [y] Tanacetum vulgare L.* Tansy [y] Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wiggers* Common dandelion [y] Tragopogon dubius Scop.* Goat's-beard [y] Tragopogon pratensis L.* Yellow goat's-beard [y] Tussilago farfara L.* Coltsfoot [y] Xanthium strumarium L. Cocklebur [ ] Alismataceae Alisma subcordatum Raf. Water-plantain [ ] Alisma triviale Pursh Water-plantain [ ] Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon Wapato [y] Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Wapato [y] Sagittaria rigida Pursh Arrowhead [ ] Hydrocharitaceae Elodea canadensis L. Rich. ex Michx. Waterweed [y] Najadaceae Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt Naiad [n] Najas gracillima (A. Br. ex Engelm.) Magnus Naiad [n] Najas minor All.* Naiad [ ] Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton crispus L.* Pondweed [y] Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. Pondweed [ ] Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Pondweed [y] Potamogeton natans L. Pondweed [y] Potamogeton nodosus Poir. 65 Pondweed [y] Potamogeton pectinatus L. sago pondweed [ ] Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Pondweed [ ] Potamogeton pusillus L. Pondweed [ ] Tradescantia virginiana L.* Spiderwort [y] Xyridaceae Xyris torta Sm. Slender yellow-eyed grass [n] Juncaceae Juncus acuminatus Michx. Sharp-fruited rush [y] Juncus articulatus L. Jointed rush [ ] Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern. Narrow-panicled rush [y] Juncus bufonius L. Toad-rush [y] Juncus canadensis Gay ex LaHarpe Canada rush [y] Juncus dichotomus Ell. var. platyphyllus Wieg. Forked rush [y] Juncus dudleyi Wieg. Dudley's rush [ ] Juncus effusus L. Common rush [y] Juncus greenei Oakes & Tuckerm. Greene's rush [ ] Juncus marginatus Rostk. Grass-leaf rush [y] Juncus nodosus L. Knotted rush [n] Juncus tenuis Willd. Slender yard-rush [y] Juncus torreyi Cov. Torrey's rush [y] Luzula campestris (L.) DC. in Lam. & DC. var. multiflora (Retz.) Lej. Wood-rush [y] Luzula campestris (L.) DC. in Lam. & DC. var. pallescens (Wahl.) Wahl. Common wood-rush [y] Zannichelliaceae Zannichellia palustris L. Horned pondweed [n] Araceae Acorus americanus (Raf.) Raf. Sweetflag [ ] Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott ex Schott & Endl. ssp. stewardsonii (Britt.) Huttleston Jack-in-the-pulpit [y] Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott ex Schott & Endl. Arrowleaf [ ] Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex Nutt. Skunk-cabbage [y] Lemnaceae Lemna minor L. Duckweed [y] Lemna trisulca L. Star duckweed [ ] Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Giant duckweed [y] Wolffia borealis (Engelm.) Landolt Watermeal [y] Wolffia columbiana Karst. Watermeal [y] Commelinaceae Commelina communis L.* Dayflower [ ] Tradescantia occidentalis (Britt.) Smyth* Spiderwort [n] Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. Spiderwort [y] Poaceae Agrostis capillaris L.* Colonial bent [y] 66 Agrostis gigantea Roth* Redtop [y] Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. Southern hairgrass [y] Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Autumn bent [y] Agrostis scabra Willd. Hairgrass [y] Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) Farw. Creeping bent [y] Agrostis stolonifera L. var. stolonifera Creeping bent [ ] Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. Short-awn foxtail [y] Andropogon gerardii Vitman Big bluestem [y] Anthoxanthum odoratum L.* Sweet vernalgrass [ ] Aristida dichotoma Michx. Poverty-grass [ ] Aristida oligantha Michx.* Prairie three-awn [y] Avena fatua L. ssp. sativa (L.) Thell.* Oats [ ] Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb. ex Spreng.) Beauv. Bearded-shorthusk [ ] Bromus arvensis L.* Field chess [ ] Bromus ciliatus L. Fringed brome [ ] Bromus commutatus Schrad.* Hairy chess [ ] Bromus inermis Leyss.* Smooth brome [y] Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murr.* Japanese chess [y] Bromus kalmii A. Gray Brome [ ] Bromus pubescens Muhl. ex Willd.* Canada brome [y] Bromus secalinus L.* Cheat [ ] Bromus tectorum L.* Downy chess [y] Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. var. canadensis Bluejoint grass [y] Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler ssp. inexpansa (A. Gray) C. Greene var. lacustris (Kearn.) C. Greene Northern reed-grass [ ] Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fern. Field sandbur [y] Cinna arundinacea L. Stout woodreed [y] Cinna latifolia (Trev. ex Goepp.) Griseb. Drooping woodreed [ ] Dactylis glomerata L.* Orchard grass [y] Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. ex R. & S. Poverty-grass [ ] Deschampsia cespitosa L. Beauv. Tufted hairgrass [ ] Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Common hairgrass [y] Digitaria cognatum (Schultes) Pilger Fall witchgrass [ ] Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koeler Slender crabgrass [ ] Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb. ex Schweig.) Schreb. ex Muhl. Smooth crabgrass [y] Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.* Tall crabgrass [y] Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. ssp. crusgalli* Barnyard grass [y] Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. ssp. edulis Hitchc.* Japanese millet [ ] Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. Cockspur grass [n] Echinochloa muricata var. muricata (Beauv.) Fern. Cockspur grass [ ] Echinochloa walteri (Pursh) Heller 67 Water-millet [y] Elymus canadensis L. Canada wild-rye [y] Elymus hystrix L. Bottlebrush [y] Elymus riparius Wieg. Marsh wild-rye [y] Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. Wild-rye [ ] Elymus virginicus L. var. virginicus Virginia wild-rye [y] Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski* Quackgrass [ ] Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees Lacegrass [ ] Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Mosher* Stinkgrass [y] Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. Lovegrass [ ] Eragrostis minor Host* Lovegrass [ ] Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees Lovegrass [y] Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. Purple lovegrass [y] Festuca elatior L.* Tall fescue [y] Festuca heterophylla Lam.* Fescue [ ] Festuca ovina L.* Sheep fescue [y] Festuca rubra L. ssp. falax Thuill.* Chewing's fescue [ ] Festuca rubra L. ssp. rubra* Red fescue [ ] Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) Alexe'ev Nodding fescue [ ] Festuca trachyphylla (Hackel) Krajina* Sheep fescue [ ] Glyceria acutiflora Torrey Mannagrass [y] Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batchelder Northern mannagrass [n] Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin. Rattlesnake grass [y] Glyceria grandis S. Wats. Reed meadowgrass [y] Glyceria melicaria (Michx.) Hubb. Slender mannagrass [y] Glyceria melicaria  striata Mannagrass [ ] Glyceria striata (Laml) Hitchc. Fowl mannagrass [y] Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Little barley [y] Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Rice cutgrass [y] Leersia virginica Willd. Whitegrass [ ] Lolium perenne L.* English ryegrass [y] Lolium perenne L. var. aristatum Willd. Italian rye grass [ ] Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fern. Wirestem muhly [y] Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin. Spike muhly [ ] Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Satin-grass [y] Muhlenbergia schreberi Gmel. Nimble-will [ ] Muhlenbergia sylvatica (Torrey) Torrey ex A. Gray Woodland drop-seed [ ] Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) BSP. Woodland drop-seed [ ] Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. Spreading ricegrass [y] Oryzopsis pungens (Torrey ex Spreng.) Hitchc. Ricegrass [ ] Panicum acuminatum Sw. Panic grass [y] Panicum capillare L. Witchgrass [y] Panicum clandestinum L. Deer-tongue [y] 68 Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Poverty panic grass [y] Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. Smooth panic grass [ ] Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. var. dichotomiflorum Smooth panic grass [ ] Panicum dichotomum L. Panic grass [y] Panicum gattingeri Nash Panic grass [ ] Panicum latifolium L. panic grass [y] Panicum linearifolium Scribn. ex Nash Panic grass [ ] Panicum ovale L. Panic grass [ ] Panicum philadelphicum Bernh. ex Trin. Panic grass [ ] Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees Panic grass [ ] Panicum scabulorum Lam. var. thinium (Hitchc. & Chase) C. Reed Panic grass [y] Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. Panic grass [ ] Panicum villosissimum Nash Panic grass [ ] Panicum virgatum L. var. spissum Linder Switchgrass [y] Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray Panic grass [ ] Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. setaceum Slender beardgrass [ ] Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. stramineum (Nash) Banks Slender beardgrass [ ] Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed canary-grass [n] Phalaris canariensis L.* Canary-grass [y] Phleum pratense L.* Timothy [y] Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.* Common reed [y] Poa alsodes A. Gray Speargrass [y] Poa annua L.* Annual bluegrass [y] Poa compressa L.* Canada bluegrass [y] Poa languida Hitchc. Woodland bluegrass [y] Poa paludigena Fern. & Wieg. Slender marsh bluegrass [y] Poa palustris L. Fowl bluegrass [ ] Poa pratensis L.* Kentucky bluegrass [y] Poa trivialis L.* Rough bluegrass [ ] Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash Little blue-stem [y] Secale cereale L.* Rye [ ] Setaria pumila (Poir.) Schultes* Foxtail [y] Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv.* Bur bristlegrass [ ] Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Green foxtail [y] Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash ex Small Indian grass [y] Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. Prairie wedgegrass [ ] Sporobolus neglectus Nash Poverty-grass [ ] Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torrey ex A. Gray) Wood Poverty-grass [ ] Torreyochloa pallida (Torrey) Church Pale mannagrass [ ] Triticum aestivum L.* 69 Carex cristatella Britt. ex Britt. & Brown Sedge [y] Carex cumulata (Bailey) Mackz. Sedge [ ] Carex debilis Michx. var. rudgei Bailey Sedge [ ] Carex deweyana Schwein. Sedge [y] Carex disperma Dewey Sedge [n] Carex echinata Murr. Sedge [ ] Carex festucacea Schkuhr ex Willd. Sedge [ ] Carex foenea Willd. Sedge [y] Carex folliculata L. Sedge [ ] Carex gracilescens Steud. Sedge [y] Carex gracillima Schwein. Sedge [y] Carex granularis Muhl. ex Willd. Sedge [ ] Carex gynandra Schwein. Sedge [y] Carex hystericina Muhl. ex Willd. Sedge [y] Carex interior Bailey Sedge [y] Carex intumescens Rudge Sedge [y] Carex lacustris Willd. Sedge [y] Carex laevivaginata (Kk.)Mackz. ex Britt. & Brown Sedge [y] Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. ssp. americana (Fern.) Hulten Sedge [n] Carex laxiculmis Schwein. Sedge [ ] Carex laxiflora Lam. Sedge [ ] Wheat [y] Cyperaceae Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Clarke Sand-rush [ ] Carex amphibola Steud. var. turgida Fern. Sedge [y] Carex annectens (Bickn.) Bickn. Sedge [ ] Carex appalachica Webber & Ball Sedge [y] Carex aquatilis Wahl. Sedge [y] Carex arctata Boott ex Hooker Sedge [ ] Carex atlantica Bailey Sedge [ ] Carex baileyi Britt. Sedge [y] Carex bebbii (Bailey) Olney ex Fern. Sedge [y] Carex blanda Dewey Sedge [y] Carex brevior (Dewey) Mackz. ex Lunell Sedge [y] Carex bromoides Schkuhr ex Willd. Sedge [y] Carex bushii Mackz. Sedge [ ] Carex buxbaumii Wahl. Sedge [n] Carex canescens L. Sedge [y] Carex cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd. Sedge [ ] Carex comosa Boott Sedge [y] Carex complanata Torrey & Hooker Sedge [ ] Carex conoidea Schkuhr ex Willd. Sedge [ ] Carex crinita Lam. Sedge [y] 70 Carex leptalea Wahl. Sedge [y] Carex leptonervia (Fern.) Fern. Sedge [ ] Carex lupulina Muhl. ex Willd. Sedge [y] Carex lurida Wahl. Sedge [y] Carex muhlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. var. muhlenbergii Sedge [y] Carex nigromarginata Schwein. Sedge [ ] Carex normalis Mackz. Sedge [ ] Carex pedunculata Muhl. ex Willd. Sedge [y] Carex pellita Muhl. Sedge [ ] Carex pensylvanica Lam. Sedge [y] Carex plantaginea Lam. plantain-sedge [ ] Carex prairea Dewey ex Wood Sedge [ ] Carex projecta Mackz. Sedge [y] Carex pseudocyperus L. Sedge [y] Carex radiata (Wahl.) Small Sedge [y] Carex retrorsa Schwein. Sedge [y] Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. Sedge [y] Carex rostrata Stokes ex With. var. utriculata (Boott) Bailey Sedge [n] Carex rugosperma Mackz. Sedge [y] Carex scabrata Schwein. Sedge [y] Carex scoparia (L.) Schkuhr ex Willd. Sedge [y] Carex squarrosa L. Sedge [ ] Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. Sedge [y] Carex straminea Willd. ex Schkuhr Sedge [y] Carex stricta Lam. Sedge [y] Carex swanii (Fern.) Mackz. Sedge [y] Carex tenera Dewey Sedge [y] Carex tonsa (Fern.) Bickn. Sedge [y] Carex torta Boott & Tuckerm. Sedge [y] Carex tribuloides Wahl. Sedge [y] Carex trichocarpa Schkuhr ex Willd. Sedge [y] Carex trisperma Dewey Sedge [n] Carex tuckermanii Dewey Sedge [ ] Carex vaginata Taush Sedge [ ] Carex vesicaria L. Sedge [y] Carex vestita Willd. Sedge [y] Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Sedge [y] Cyperus bipartitus Torrey Flat sedge [y] Cyperus diandrus Torrey cyperus [ ] Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. cyperus [y] Cyperus esculentus L.* Yellow nut-grass [ ] Cyperus houghtonii Torrey Flat sedge [y] Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks ssp. lupulinus Flat sedge [y] Cyperus odoratus L. Flat sedge [y] 71 Cyperus schweinitzii Torrey Flat sedge [y] Cyperus squarrosus L. Cyperus [ ] Cyperus strigosus L. Galingale [y] Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt. Three-way sedge [y] Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. Hairgrass [y] Eleocharis elliptica Kunth Slender spikerush [y] Eleocharis erythropoda Steud. Spikerush [y] Eleocharis intermedia Schultes Spikerbush [y] Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes var. obtusa Spikerush [y] Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S. Creeping spikerbush [y] Eriophorum tenellum Nutt. Rough cottongrass [n] Eriophorum virginicum L. Tawny cottongrass [n] Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) R. & S. Fimbry [y] Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl White beakrush [ ] Scirpus acutus Muhl. ex Bigel. Hard-stem bulrush [y] Scirpus atrocinctus Fern. Northern bulrush [y] Scirpus atrovirens Willd. Bulrush [y] Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth Woolgrass [y] Scirpus expansus Fern. Bulrush [y] Scirpus georgianus Harper Bulrush [ ] Scirpus microcarpus Presl Bulrush [y] Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl Leafy bulrush [n] Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel. Soft-stem bulrush [y] Scleria triglomerata Michx. Nutrush [ ] Sparganiaceae Sparganium americanum Nutt. Bur-reed [y] Sparganium erectum L. Bur-reed [y] Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. ex A. Gray Bur-reed [y] Typhaceae Typha angustifolia L. Narrow-leaf cat-tail [y] Typha angustifolia  latifolia Cat-tail [y] Typha latifolia L. Common cat-tail [y] Liliaceae Allium canadense L. Wild garlic [y] Allium cepa L.* Onion [ ] Asparagus officinalis L.* Asparagus [y] Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. Woodlily [y] Erythronium albidum Nutt. White troutlily [ ] Erythronium americanum Ker Yellow adder's-tongue [y] Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.* Orange day-lily [y] Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L.* Yellow day-lily [y] Hosta ventricosa (Salisb.) Stearn* Blue hosta [y] Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Cov. Stargrass [ ] Lilium canadense L. Canada lily [y] Lilium philadelphicum L. Woodlily [y] 72 Maianthemum canadense Desf. False lily-of-the-valley [y] Maianthemum racemosum L. False solomon's-seal [y] Maianthemum stellatum L. Starflower [ ] Medeola virginiana L. Indian cucumber-root [y] Narcissus poeticus L. var. recurvus (Haw.) Fernandez* Poet's narcissus [ ] Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh Solomon's-seal [y] Streptopus roseus Michx. Rose mandarin [y] Trillium cernuum L. Nodding trillium [y] Trillium erectum L. Purple trillium [ ] Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. White trillium [ ] Trillium undulatum Willd. Painted trillium [y] Uvularia grandiflora Sm. Bellwort [y] Uvularia perfoliata L. Strawbell [y] Uvularia sessilifolia L. Wild-oats [y] Veratrum viride Ait. False or white hellebore [y] Pickerel-weed [ ] Smilacaceae Smilax herbacea L. Jacob's-ladder [y] Orchidaceae Arethusa bulbosa L. Swamp pink [n] Calopogon tuberosus (L.) BSP. Grass pink [n] Corallorhiza trifida Chat. Pale coral-root [ ] Cypripedium acaule Ait. Pink ladyslipper [y] Cypripedium reginae Walt. Showy ladyslipper [ ] Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz* Helleborine [y] Galearis spectabilis (L.) Raf. Showy orchis [ ] Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. Downy rattlesnake-plantain[ ] Goodyera tesselata Lodd. Rattlesnake plantain [ ] Isotria verticillata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Raf. Large whorled pogonia [ ] Liparis loeselii (L.) L. Rich. Bog twayblade [y] Malaxis bayardii Fern. Adder's-mouth [y] Platanthera ciliaris (L.) Lindl. Orange orchid [ ] Platanthera clavellata (Michx.) Luer Green woodland orchid [ ] Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. ex Beck Bog-candle [ ] Platanthera hookeri (Torrey ex A. Gray) Lindl. Hooker's orchid [ ] Platanthera lacera (Michx.) G. Don Ragged fringed orchid [n] Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) Lindl. Round-leaved orchid [ ] Iridaceae Iris pseudacorus L. Yellow iris [y] Iris versicolor L. Blue flag [y] Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. Blue-eyed grass [ ] Sisyrinchium montanum Greene Blue-eyed grass [y] Pontederiaceae Pontederia cordata L. 73 Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. Slender lady's-tresses [ ] Platanthera psycodes (L.) Lindl. Purple fringed orchid [y] Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Juss. Rose pogonia [ ] Spiranthes cernua (L.) L. Rich. Nodding lady's-tresses [y] Spiranthes ochroleuca (Rydb. ex Britt.) Rydb. Creamy lady’s tresses [y] Statistical summary 128 plant families 486 genera 1212 total plant taxa (species, subspecies and varieties) 740 taxa (61.1%) confirmed (judged to be extant in the Albany Pine Bush) 41 taxa (3.4%) probably extirpated 431 taxa (35.6 %) uncertain 900 native taxa (74.3% of the total), 570 confirmed 312 non-native taxa (25.7% of the total), 170 confirmed 43 species of conservation interest, 14 confirmed, 6 probably extirpated References Hunt, D. M. 1995. NYFA Base List, Flora of the Albany Pine Bush. New York Natural Heritage Program, Latham, New York. Mattox, J. E. 1994. Wetland Vascular Flora of the Pine Bush, Albany and Schenectady Counties, New York State, in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Master’s Thesis, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Bard College, Annondale, New York. Mitchell, R. S., and G. C. Tucker. 1997. Revised Checklist of New York State Plants. New York State Museum Bulletin 490: 400 pages. Rittner, D. (ed.). 1976. Pine Bush: Albany’s Last Frontier. Pine Bush Historic Preservation Project, Albany, New York. Schneider, K. J., C. Reschke, and S. M. Young. 1991. Inventory of the rare plants, animals, and ecological communities of the Albany Pine Bush Preserve. Report to the Albany Pine Bush Commission. New York Natural Heritage Program, Latham, New York. 74 INSECTS The following list of insects is as it appears in Appendix C of the Albany Pine Bush Natural History Book. Class Insecta: Order Coleoptera The following list of eight tiger beetles from the Albany Pine Bush is based on a list presented by McCabe (1993). An early record of the northeastern beach tiger beetle is almost certainly an error, as this species is restricted to seacoasts, where adults prey on small invertebrates and scavenge dead fish in the intertidal zone. The species marked with superscript X (X) is thought to be extirpated from the Albany Pine Bush. Cicindelidae Cicindela duodecimguttata Dejean Cicindela formosa Say Cicindela patruela DejeanX Cicindela punctulata Olivier Cicindela repanda Dejean Cicindela scutelaris Say Cicindela sexguttata Fabricius Cicindela tranquebarica Herbst The following list of 76 longhorned beetles from the Albany Pine Bush is base on a list publichsed by McCabe and Huether (1986). Nomenclature has been rectified with that found in Yanega (1996). The list is probably incomplete, and further collecting could add names of previously unrecorded species. However, before this list was published in 1986, none of the pspeces had been recorded from the Pine Bush. The elderberry longhorned beetle, has declined markedly in Massachusettes, where it is now regarded as a species of specieal concern. The reasons for the apparent decline are unknown. Cerambycidea (Aseminae) Arhopalus rusticus obsletus (Randall) Asemum striatum (Linnaeus) Cerambycidae (Cerambycinae) Cerambycidae (Lamiinae) Aneflomorpha subpubescens Acanthocinus obsoletus (Olivier) Anelaphus villosus (Fabricius) Aegomorphus modestus (Gyllenhal) Batyle suturalis suturalis (Say) Astylopsis macula (Say) Clytus ruricola (Olivier) Astylopsis sexguttata (Say) Cyrtophorus verrucosus (Olivier) Ecyrus dasycerus dasycerus (Say) Euderces picipes (Fabricius) Eupogonius tomentosus (Haldeman) Megacyllene robiniae (Forster) Goes debilis LeConte Molorchus bimaculatus bimaculatus Say Goes pulcher (Haldeman) Neoclytus acuminatus acuminatus (Fabricius)Hebestola nebulosa (Haldeman) Parelaphidion incertum (Newman) Hippopsis lemniscata (Fabricius) Phymatodes aereus (Newman) Hyperplatys aspera (Say) Phymatodes amoenus (Say) Lepturges angulatus (LeConte) Phymatodes testaceus (Linnaeus) Lepturges confluens (Haldeman) Phymatodes unicolor (Randall) Lepturges pictus (LeConte) 75 Xylotrechus sagittatus sagittatus (Germar) Liopinus alpha (Say) Monochamus notatus (Drury) Monochamus scutellatus scutellatus (Say) Monochamus titillator (Fabricius) Oberea ocellata (Haldeman) Oberea perspicillata (Haldeman) Oberea triumctat (Swederus) Psenocerus supernotatus (Say) Saperda calcarata (Say) Saperda candida (Fabricus) Saperda imitans (Felt and Joutel) Saperda inornata (Say) Saperda lateralis (Fabricius) Saperda obliqua (Say) Saperda tridentata (Olivier) Saperda vistita (Say) Sternidius variegats (Haldeman) Tetraopes melanurus (Schonherr) Tetraopes tetraophthalmus (Forster Tetrops praeusta (Linnaeus) Urgleptes signatus (LeConte) Cerambycidae (Lepturinae) Acmaeops discoideus (Haldeman) Analeptura lineola (Say) Brachyleptura champlaini (Casey) Brachyleptura circumdata (Olivier) Brachyleptura vagans (Olivier) Brachyleptura rubrica (Say) Charisalia americana (Haldeman) Desmocerus palliatus (Forster) Gaurotes cyanipennis (Say) Grammoptera haematites (Newman) Grammoptera subargeniata (Kirby) Judolia cordifera (Olivier) Leptura subhamata (Randall) Metacmoeops vittata (Swederus) Pidonia ruficollis (Say) Rhagium inquisitor (Linnaeus) Strangalepta abbreviata (Germar) Strangalia luteicornis (Fabricius) Strophiona nitens (Forster) Trachysida mutabilis (Newman) Cerambycidae (Prioninae) Typocerus velutinus velutinus (Olivier) Orthosoma brunneum (Forster) Prionus laticullis (Drury) Prionus pocularis Dalmeister Class Insecta: Order Diptera The folowing list of 36 robber fly species from the Albany Pine Bush is baed on a list compiled by McCabe and Weber (1994). Species marked with a superscript X (X) are thought to be extirpated from the Albany Pine Bush. The species marked with a superscript S (S) are believed to be a pine barrens specialist or obligate. Asilidae Asilus erythroenemius (Hine) Atomosia puella (Wiedemann) Ceraturgus cruciatus (Say) Cerotainia macrocera (Say) Cyrtopogon falto (Walker) Cyrtopogon laphriformis (Curran)X Cyrtopogon lutatius (Walker) Cyrtopogon maginalis (Loew) Dioctria baumhaueri (Meigen) Diogmites basalis (Walker) Diogmites umbrinus (Loew) Laphria index (McAtee) Laphria posticata (Say) Laphria sadales (Walker) Laphria thoracica (Fabricius) Laphria virginica (Banks) Lasiopogon currani (Cole and Wilcox) Lasiopogon terricola (Johnson) Leptogaster flavipes (Loew) Leptogaster glabrata (Wiedemann) Machimus notatus (Wiedemann) Machimus sadyates (Walker) 76 Efferia aestuans (Linnaeus) Holopogon guttulus (Wiedemann) Laphria aktis (McAtee) Laphria cinerea (Black)S Laphria divisor (Bans) Laphria flavicollis (Say) Laphria franciscana (Bigot) Machimus snowii (Hine) Neoitamus flavofemoratus (Hine) Neoitamus orphe (Walker) Ommatius tibialis (Say) Proctacanthus philadelphicus (Macquart) Proctacanthus rufus (Williston) Promachus bastardii (Macquart)X Class Insecta: Order Trichoptera The following list of 57 caddisfly species from the Albany Pine Bush is based on lists published by McCabe (1980, 1986). Nomenclature and taxonomic arrangement have been updated to comply, in most cases, with Nomina Insecta Nearctica. Arctopsychidae Parapsyche apicalis (Banks) Frenesia missa (Milne) Glyphotaelius histilis (Hagen) Ironoquia lyrata (Ross) Ironoquia parvula (Banks) Ironoquia punctatissiums (Walker) Limnephilus canadensis (Banks) Limnephilus indivisus (Walker) Limnephilu ornatus (Banks) Limnephilus sericeus (Say) Limnephilus submoilifer (Walker) Liminiphilus sp. Nemotaulius hostilis (Hagen) Neophylax fuscus (Banks) Onocosmoecus quadrinotatus(Banks) Pseudostenophylax uniformis (Bet.) Psychoglypha subborealis (Banks) Pycnopsyche circularis (Provancher) Pycnopsyche divergens (Walker) Pycnopsyche indiana (Ross) Pycnopsyche luculenta (Betten) Pycnopsyche guttifer (Walker) Pycnopsyche scabripennis (Rambus) Pycnopsyche sp. Brachycentridae Brachycentrus americanu (Banks) Hydropsychidae Ceratopsyche slossonae (Banks) Diplectrona modesta (Banks) Hydropsyche betteni (Ross) Hydropsyche sp. Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma sp. Leptoceridae Ceraclea flavus (Banks) Ceraclea resugens (Walker) Mystacides sepulchralis (Walker) Nectopsyche albidus (Walker) Nectopsyche sp. Oecetis cinerascens (Hagen) Oecetis sp. 1 Oecetis sp. 2 Triaenodes baris (Ross) Triaenodes ignitus (Walker) Triaenodes marginata (Sibley) Triaenodes tarda (Milne) Molannidae Molanna blenda (Sibley) Molanna sp. Philoptamidae Chimarra aterrima (Hagen) Limnephilidae Anabolia consocius (Walker) Caborius lyratus (Ross) Frenesia deifficilis (Walker) Phryganeidae Agrypnia coloratta (Hagen) 77 Agrypnia vestita (Walker) Banksiola crotchi (Banks) Banksiola dossuaria (Say) Oligostomis pardalis (Walker) Phryganea sayi (Milne) Ptilostomis ocellifera (Walker) Polycentropodidae Polycentropus interruptus (Banks) Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila fuscula (Walker) Class Insecta: Order Lepidoptera by Tim L. McCabe, New York State Museum In the following list of 101 butterflies and skippers from the Albany Pine Bush, nomenclature and classification, in large part, folow the Check List of Lepidotera of America North of Mexico (Hodges et al. 1983). Common names are those found in the Peterson Field Guide to Eastern Butterflies (Opler and Malikul 1992). Species marked with a superscript X (X) are thought to be extirpated from the Albany Pine Bush. Erynnis persius ScudderX Persius dusky wing Euphys bimacula G. & R. Two-spotted skipper Euphyes conspicuus Edwards Black dash Euphyes dion Edwards Dion skipper Euphyes vestris Bdv. Dun skipper Hesperia leonardus Harr. Leonard's skipper Hesperia metea Scudder Cobweb skipper Hesperia sassacus Harr. Indian skipper Pholisora catullus F. Common sooty wing Poanes hobomok Harr. Hobomok skipper Poanes massasoit Scudder Mulberry wing skipper Poanes viator zizaniae Shapiro Broad-winged skipper Polites coras Cramer Peck's skipper Polites mystic Edwards Long dash Polites origenes F. Crossline skipper Hesperiidae (36 species) Achalarus lyciades Gey. Hoary edge Amblyscirtes hegon Scudder Pepper and salt skipper Amblyscirtes vialis Edwards Roadside skipper Ancyloxypha numitor F. Least skipper Atrytone delaware Edwards Delaware skipper Atrytonopsis hiana Scudder Dusted skipper Calpodes ethlius Stoll (stray, last recorded in 1893) Brazilian skipper Epargyreus clarus Cramer Silver-spotted skipper Erynnis baptisiae Forbes Wild indigo dusky wing Erynnis brizo Bdv. & LeconteX Sleepy dusky wing Erynnis icelus Scudder & Burgess Dreamy dusky wing Erynnis juvenalis F. Juvenal's dusky wing Erynnis lucilius Scudder & BurgessX Columbine dusky wing Erynnis martialis Scudder Mottled dusky wing 78 Polites themistocles Latr Tawny-edged skipper Pompeius verna Edwards Little glassywing Pyrgus communis Grt. (migrant, new record) Checkered skipper Thorybes bathyllus J. E. Smith Southern cloudy wing Thorybes pylades Scudder Northern cloudy wing Thymelicus lineola Ochs. (European introduction) European skipper Wallengrenia egeremet Scudder Northern broken dash Pieris rapae L. Cabbage butterfly Pieris virginiensis EdwardsX West Virginia butterfly Pontia protodice Bdv. & LeconteX Checkered white Lycaenidae (18 species) Celastrina ladon ladon Cramer Spring azure Celastrina ladon lucia Kby. Spring azure Everes comyntas Godt. Eastern tailed blue Feniseca tarquinius F. Harvester Harkenclenus titus F. Coral hairstreak Incisalia augustinus Kby. Brown elfin Incisalia henrici G. & R. Henry's elfin Incisalisa irus Godt. Frosted elfin Incisalia niphon Hbn. Eastern pine elfin Lycaeides melissa samuelis Nabokov Karner blue Lycaena hyllus Cramer Bronze copper Lycaena phlaeas L. American copper Satyrium acadicum Edwards Acadian hairstreak Satyrium calanus Hbn. Banded hairstreak Satyrium caryaevorum McD. Hickory hairstreak Satyrium edwardsii G. & R. Edward's hairstreak Satyrium liparops Leconte Striped hairstreak Strymon melinus Hbn. Gray hairstreak Papilionidae (6 species) Battus philenor L. Pipe-vine swallowtail Papilio canadensis R. & J. Canadian swallowtail Papilio cresphontes Cramer Giant swallowtail Papilio glaucus L. Tiger swallowtail Papilio polyxenes E. Black swallowtail Papilio troilus L Spicebush swallowtail Pieridae (9 species) Colias eurytheme Bdv. Alfalfa butterfly Colias interior ScudderX Pink-edged sulphur (last recorded 1884) Colias philodice Godart Clouded sulphur Eurem lisa Bdv. & Leconte (migrant) Little sulphur Phoebis sennae L. (migrant; new record) Cloudless sulphur Pieris napi L.X Mustard white Nymphalidae (25 species) 79 Question mark Polygonia progne Cramer Gray comma Speyeria aphrodite F. Aphrodite fritillary Speyeria cybele Fabricius Great spangled fritillary Speyeria idalia DruryX Regal fritillary Vanessa atalanta L. (migrant) Red admiral Vanessa cardui Linnaeus (migrant) Painted lady Vanessa virginiensis Drury (migrant) American painted lady Boloria bellona F. Meadow fritillary Boloria selene D. & S. Silver-bordered fritillary Chlosyne harrisii Scudder Harris checkerspot Chlosyne cycteis Doubleday Silvery checkerspot Euphydryas phaeton Drury Baltimore Euptoieta claudia Cramer Variegated fritillary Junonia coenia Hbn. Buckeye Limenitis archippus Cramer Viceroy Limenitis arthemis arthemis Drury Banded purple Limenitis arthemis astyanax Fabricius Red-spotted purple Nymphalis antiopa L. Mourning cloak Nymphalis milberti Godt. Milber'ts tortoise shell Nymphalis vau-album D. & S. Compton tortoise shell Phyciodes batesii ReakirtX Tawny cresent Phyciodes tharos Drury Pearl cresent Polygonia common Harr. Hop merchant Polygonia interrogationis F. Satyridae (6 species) Cercyonis pegala Fabricius Common wood nymph Coenonympha inornata Edwards Inornate ringlet Enodia anthedon A. H. Clark Northern pearly eye Megisto cymela Cramer Little wood satry Satyrodes appalachia R. Chermock Appalachian eyed brown Satyrodes eurydice Johansson Eyed brown Danaidae (1 species) Danaus plexippus L. (migrant) Monarch In the following list of Albany Pine Bush moths, nomenclature follow that found in the Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico (Hodges et al. 1983), unless thename is a recent combination or recently described species. Geometrid nomenclature follows Scoble (1999). Species marked with a superscrpt X (X) have not been found in the course of intensive collecting effort over the past 25 years. Species marked with a superscript R (R) are known in the Pine Bush only from recent collecting, during the past 25 years. Species marked with a superscript S (S) are believed to be pine barrens specialists or obligates, dependent on characteristic vegetation, sandy and arid environments, periodic fires, or some other ecological characteristic of the Pine Bush for their continued existence in this area. Zygaenidae (3 species) Acoloithus falsarius Clem. 80 Harrisina americana Guer. Pyromopha dimidata H.-S.X Dichorda iridaria Gn. Dyspteris abortivaria H.-S. Dysstroma citrata L. Dysstrom hersiliata Gn. Ecliptopera silaceata D. & S. Ematurga amitaria Gn. Ennomos magnaria Gn. Ennomos susignaria Hbn. Ephirrhoe alternata Mueller Erannis tiliaria Harr. Erastria coloraria F. Eubaphe mendica Wlk. Euchlaena serrata Drury Euchlaena muzaria Wlk. Euchlaena johnsonaria Fitch Euchlaena marginaraia Minot Euchlaena irraria B. & McD. Eufidonia notartaria Wlk. Eugonobapta nivosaria Gn. Eulithis diversilineata Hbn. Eulithis testata L. Eulithis explanata Wlk. Eumacaria latiferrugata Wlk. Euphyia unangulata Haw. Eupithecia albicapitata Pack Eupithecia lariciata Freyer Eupithecia miserulata Grt. Eupithecia ravocostaliata Pack. Eusarca confusaria Hbn. Eutrapela clemataria J. E. Smith Glena cribrataria Gn. Gueneria similaria Wlk. Haematopis grataria F. Heliomata cycladata G. & R. Hesperumia suphuraria Pack. Heterophleps triguttaria H. S. Homochlodes fritillaria Gn. Horisme intestinata Gn. Hydrelia condensata Wlk. Hydrelia albifera Wlk. Hydriomena perfracta Swett Hydriomena divisaria Wlk. Hydriomena transfigurata Swett Hydriomena pluviata Gn. Hypagyrtis unipunctat Haw. Idaea bonifata Hulst Megalopygidae (1 species) Lagoa crispata Pack.X Thyrididae (2 species) Thyris maculata Harr. Thyris sepulchralis Guer. Thyatiridae (3 species) Euthyatira pudens Gn. Habrosyne scripta Gosse Psedothyatria cymatophoroides Gn. Drepanidae (4 species) Drepana arcuata Wlk. Drepana bilineata Pack. Eudeilinia herminata Gn. Oreta rosea Wlk. Geometridae (165 species) Aethalura intertexta Wlk. Alsophila pometaria Harr. Anavitrinella pampinaria Gn. Antepione thisoaria Gn. Anticlea vasiliata Gn. Anticlea multiferata Wlk. Apodrepanulatrix liberaria Wlk. Archiearis infans Moesch.X Besmzquereivoraria Gn. Biston betularia L. Cabera erythemaria Gn. Cabera variolaria Gn. Campaea perlata Gn. Caripeta divisata Wlk. Caripeta piniata Pack. Cepphi decoloraria Hulst Cepphis armataria H.-S. Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria Gn. Cingilia catenaria DruryX Cladara limitaria Wlk. Cladara angulineata G. & R. Cladara atroliturata Wlk. Costiconvexa centrostrigaria Woll. Cyclophora pendulinaria Gn. 81 Idaea demissaria Hbn. Idaea dimidiata Hufn. Iridopsis vellivolata Hulst Iridopsis humaria Gn. Iridopsis larvaria Gn. Lambdina fiscellaria Gn. Lobophora nivigerata Wlk. Lobophora montanata Pack. Lomographa semiclarata Wlk. Lomographa vestaliata Gn. Lomographa glomeraria Grt. Lycia ursaria Wlk. Lytrosis unitaria H. S. Macaria aemulataria Hulst Macaria ulsterata Pears. Macaria transitaria Wlk. Macaria minorata Pack. Macaria bicolorata F. Macaria bisignata Wlk. Macaria pinistrobata Ferg. Macaria granitata gn. Macaria ocellinata Gn. Macaria mellistrigata Grt. Macaria gnophosaria Gn. Melanolophis canadaria Gn. Mesoleuca ruficillata Gn. Mesothea incertata Wlk. Metanema inatomaria Gn. Metanema determinata Wlk. Metarranthis duaria Gn. Metarranthis anuglaria B. and McD. Metarranthis indeclinata Wlk. Metarranthis hypochraria H. S. Metarranthis apiciaria Pack.X Metarranthis obfirmaria Hbn. Micaria pustularia Gn. Micaria ribearia Fitch Micaria evagaria Hulst Micaria argillacearia Pack. Micaria n. sp. Nematocampa resistaria H. S. Nemoria bistriaria Hbn. Nemoria rubrifrontaria Pack. Nemoria mimosaria Gn Nepytia canosaria Wlk. Nepytia semiclusaria Wlk.X Operophtera bruceata Hulst Orthofidonia flavivenata Hulst Orthonama obstipata F. Paleacrita vernata Peck Patalene olyzonaria Wlk. Pero honestaria Wlk Pero morrisonaria Hy. Edw. Pero ancetaria Hbn. Petrophora subaequaria Wlk. Phaeoura quernaria Smith Phigalia titea Cramer Phigalia strigataria Minot Plagodis pulveraria L. Plagodis serinaria H. S. Plagodis kuetzingi Grt. Plagodis phlogosaria Gn. Plagodis fervidaria H. S. Plagodis alcoolaria Gn. Pleuroprucha insulsaria Gn Probole alienaria H. S. Probole amicaria H. S. Prochoerodes lineola Goeze Protitame virginalis Hulst Rheumaptera prunivorata Ferg. Rheumaptera hastata L. Scopula limboundata Haw. Scopula quadrilineata Pack. Scopula siccata McD. Scopula inductata Gn. Selenia alciphearia Wlk. Sicya macularia Harr. Spargania magnoliata Gn. Spodolepis substriataria Hulst Synchlora aerata F. Tacparia detersata Gn. Tetracis crocallata Gn. Tetracis cachexiata Gn. Thera juniperata L. Trichodezia albovittata Gn. Triphosa haesitata Gn. Venusia duodecemlineata Pack. Venusia comptaria Wlk. Xanthorhoe labradorensis Pack. Xanthorhoe ferrugata Cl. Xanthorhoe lacustrata Gn. Xanthotype urticaria Swett 82 Xanthotype sospeta Drury Eumorpha pandorus Hbn. Hemaris diffinis Bdv. Hemaris gracilis G. and R.X Hemaris thysbe F. Hyles gallii Rottemburg (European introduction) Hyles lineata F. (migrant) Laothoe juglandis J. E. Smith Laparabombycoides Wlk. Laparaconiferarum J. E. Smith Manduca quinquemaculata Haw. Manduca sexta L. Pachysphinx modesta Harr. Paonias astylus DruryX Paonias excaecatus J. E. Smith Paonias myops J. E. Smith Smerinthus cerisyi Kby. Smerinthus jamaicensis Drury Sphecodina abbottii Swainson Sphinx chersis Strkr. Sphinx eremitus Strkr. Sphinx canadensis Bdv. Sphinx drupiferarum J. E. Smith Sphinx kalimiae J. E. Smith Sphinx luscitiosa Clem. Sphinx poecila Stephens Epiplemidae (2 species) Calledapteryx dryopterata Grt. Callizzia amorata Pack. Mimallonidae (1 species) Lacosoma chiridota Grt. Apatelodidae (2 species) Apatelodes torrefacta J. E. Smith Olceclostera angelica Grt. Lasiocampidae (6 species) Artace cribraria LjunghX Malacosoma americanum F. Malacosoma disstria Hbn Phyllodesma americana Harr. Tolype laricis Fitch Tolype velleda Stoll Saturniidae (12 species) Actias luna L Anisota senatoria J. E. Smith Anisota virginiensis Drury Antheraea polyphemus Cramer Automeris io F. Callosamia promethea Drury Citheronia regalis F.X Eacles imperialis Drury Hemileuca maia Drury Hyalophora cecropia L. Notodontidae (46 species) Cerura scitiscripta Wlk. Clostera albonsigma Fitch Clostera apicalis Wlk. Clostera inclusa Hbn. Clostera strigosa Grt. Dasylophia anguina J. E. Smith Dasylophia thyatiroides Wlk. Datana intergerrima G. and R.X Datana ministra DruryX Ellida caniplaga Wlk. Furcula borealis Guer. Meneville Furcula cinerea Wlk. Furcula modesta Hudson Furcula scolopendrina Bdv. Gluphisia avimacula Hudson Gluphisia lintneri Grt. Gluphisia septentrionis Wlk. Heterocampa biundata Wlk. Sphingidae (36 species) Agrius cingulatus F. (stray individuals) Amphion floridensis B. P. Clark Ceratomia amyntor Geyer Ceratomis catalpae Bdv. Veratomia undulosa Wlk. Darapsa myron Cram. Darapsa pholus Cram. Darapsa versicolor Harr.X Deidamia inscripta Harr. Dolba hyloeus Drury Eumorpha achemon Drury 83 Heterocampa guttiviatta Wlk. Heterocampa obliqua Pack. Hyparax aurora J. E. Smith Hyperaeschra georgiea H. S. Lochmaeus bilineata Pack. Lochmaeus manteo Doubleday Macrurocampa marthesia Cram. Misogada unicolor Pack. Nadata gibbosa J. E. Smith Nerice bidentata Wlk. Notodonta scitipeniis Wlk. Notodonta simplaria Graef Odontosia elegans Strk. Oligocentaria lignicolor Wlk. Oligocentria semirufescens Wlk. Peridea angulosa J. E. Smith Peridea basitriens Wlk. Peridea ferrugiea Pack. Pheosia rimosa Pack. Schizura apicalis G. and R. Schizura badia Pack. Schizura concinna J. E. Smith Schizura ipomoeae Doubleday Schizura leptinoides Grt. Schizura unicornis J. E. Smith Schizura albifrons J. E. Smith Schizura canicosta Francl. Schizura leucitys Francl. Grammia virguncula W. Kby. Halysidota tessellaris Sm. Haploa confusa Lyman Haploa lectonei Guer. Meneville Haploa clymene Brown Holomelina aurantiaca Hbn. Holomelina ferruginosa Wlk. Holomelina laeta Guer. Meneville Holomelina opella Grt. Hyphantria cunea Drury Hypoprepia fucosa Hbn. Hypoprepia miniata Kby. Lophocampa caryae Hbn. Lophocampa maculata Harr Lycomorpha pholus Drury Phragmatobia assimilans Wlk.X Phragmatobia fuliginosa L. Pyrrharctia isabella J. E. Smith Spilosoma congrua Wlk. Spilosoma dubia Wlk. Spilosoma latipennis Stretch Spilosma virginica F. Lymantriidae (11 species) Dasychira basiflava Pack. Dasychira dorsipennata (B. and McD.) Dasychira obliquata G. and R Dasychira pinicola Dyar Dasychira plagiata Wlk. Dasychira vagans B. and McD. Leucoma salicis L. Lymantria dispar L Orgyia antiqua L Orgyia definita Pack. Orgyia leucostigma J. E. Smith Arctiidae (39 species) Apantesis nais Drury Apantesis phalerata Harr. Cisseps fulvicollis Hbn. Clemensia albata Pack. Ctenucha virginica Esp. Cycnia oregonensis Stretch Cycnia tenera Hbn. Ecpantheria scribonia StollX Eilema bicolor Grt.X Estigmene acrea Drury Euchaetes egle Drury Grammia arge Drury Grammia celia Saunders Grammia parthenice W. Kby. Grammia phyllira Drury Grammia virgo L. Noctuidae (563 species) Abagrotis alternata Grt. Abagrotis cupida Grt.S Abrostoal ovalis Gn.R Abrostola urentis Gn. Achatia distineta Hbn. Achatodes zeae Harr. Acronicta albarufa Grt.S Acronicta clarescens Grn 84 Acronicta connecta Grt.X Acronicta dactylina Grt. Acronicta falcula Grt.S Acronicta fragilis Gn Acronicta grisea Wlk. Acronicta hamamelis Gn Acronicta hasta Gn. Acronicta hastulifera J. E. Smith Acronicta impressa Wlk. Acronicta increta Morr. Acronicta innotat Gn. Acronicta interrupta Gn. Acronicta laetifica Sm. Acronicta lanceolaria Grt.SX Acronicta leporina L. Acronicta lepusculina Gn. Acronicta lithospila Grt. Acronicta lobeliae Gn. Acronicta longa Gn. Acronicta modica Wlk. Acronicta morula G. and R. Acronicta noctivaga Grt. Acronicta oblinita J. E. Smith Acronicta pruni Harr.X Acronicta radcliffei Harv.SX Acronicta retardata Wlk. Acronicta sperata Grt.S Acronicta spinigera Gn.S Acronicta subochrea Grt. Acronicta superans Gn. Acronicta tristis Sm.S Acronicta vinnula Grt. Actebia fennica Tauscher Adita chionanthi J. E. Smith Agnorisma badinodis Grt. Agriopodes fallax H. S. Agroperina lutosa AndrewsX Agrotis gladiaria Morr. Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. Agrotis stigmosa Morr. Agrotis subterranea F.R (migrant) Agrotis venerabilis Wlk. Agrotis volubilis Harv.S Alypia octomaculata F. Amolita fessa Grt. Amolita roseola Sm.R Amphipoea americana Speyer Amphipoea interoceanica Sm. Amphipoea velata Wlk. Amphipyra glabella Morr. Amphipyra pyramidoides Gn. Amphipyra tragopoginis Cl. Amyna octo Gn. (migrant) Anagrapha falcifera Kby. Anaplectoides prasina D. and S. Anaplectoides pressus Grt. Anathix puta G. and R. Anathix ralla G. and R. Anicla infecta Ochs. (migrant) Anorthodes tarda Gn.R Anticarsia gemmatalis Hbn. (migrant) Apamea alia Gn. Apamea amputartrix Fitch Apamea apamiformis Gn. Apamea burgessi Morr.X Apamea cariosa Gn. Apamea cristata Grt. Apamea devastator Brace Apamea dubitans Wlk. Apamea helva Grt. Apamea impulsa Gn. Apamea lignicolora Gn. Apamea nigrior Sm. Apamea ophiogramma Grt.R Apamea plutonia Grt. Apamea remissa Hbn. Apamea sordens Hufn. Apamea verbascoides Gn. Apamea vultuosa Grt. Apharetra dentata Grt.S Aplectoides condita Gn. Archanara laeta Morr. Archanara oblonga Grt. Archenara subflava Grt. Argyrostrotis anilis Drury Argyrostrotis quadrifilaris Hbn. Ascalapha odorata L.X (tropica migrant) Athetis miranda Grt. Autographa ampla Wlk. Autographa precationis Gn. 85 Bagisara rectifascia Grt. Baileya dormitans Gn. Baileya doubledayi Gn. Baileya levitans Sm. Baileya ophthalmica Gn. Balsa labecula Grt. Balsa malana Fitch Balsa tristrigella Wlk. Bellura obliqua Wlk. Bleptina caradrinalis Gn. Brachylomis discinigra Wlk. Caenurgina crassiuscula Haw. Caenurgina erechtea Cram. Callopistria cordata Ljungh Callopistria mollissima Gn. Calophasia lunula Hufn.R Calyptra canadensis Bethune Capis curvata Grt. Caradrina meralis Morr.S Caradrina multifera Wlk. Caradrina lineolata Wlk. Catocala amatrix Hbn. Catocala amica Hbn. Catocala andromedae Gn. Catocala antinympha Hbn. Catocala blandula Hulst Catocala briseis Edw. Catocala cara Gn. Catocala cerogama Gn. Catocala clintoni Grt.X Catocala coccinata Grt. Catocala concumbens Wlk. Catocala connubialis Gn. Catocala crataegi Saunders Catocala gracilis Edw.S Catocala grynea Cram. Catocala habilis Grt. Catocala ilia Cram. Catocala judith Strkr. Catocala lineella Grt. Catocala meskei Grt. Catocala micronympha Gn. Catocala mira Grt. Catocala neogama J. E. Smith Catocala n. sp. (near jair Stkr.) Catocala palaeogama Gn. Catocala parta Gn. Catocala piatrix Grt. Catocala praeclara G. and R. Catocala pretiosa Lint.X Catocala relicta Wlk. Catocala residua Grt. Catocala retecta Grt. Catocala similis Edw.S Catocala sordina Grt. S Catocala subnata Grt. Catocala ultronia Hbn. Catocala unijuga Wlk. Catocala vidua J. E. Smith Catocala whitneyi DodgeX Celiptera frustulum Gn. Cerastis fishii Grt. Cerastis tenebrifera Wlk. Cerma cerintha Tr. Cerma cora Hbn.S Chaetaglaea cerata Franel.S Chaetaglaea sericea Morr. Chaetaglaea tremula Harv.S Charadra deridens Gn. Chersotis juneta Grt. Chrysanympha formosa Grt.S Chytolita morbidalis Gn. Chytolita petrealis Grt. Chytolita palliatricula Gn. Chytonix sensilis Grt.S Cirrhophanus triangulifer Grt.SX Cissusa spadix Cram.S Colobochyla interpuncta Grt.S Colocasia flavicornis Sm. Colocasia propinquilinea Grt. Condica vecors Gn. Condica videns Gn. Conservula anodonta Gn. Covialeria grotei Morr. Cosmia calami Harv. Crambodes talidiformis Gn. Crocigrapha normani Grt. Cryptocala acadiensis BethuneS Cucullia asteroides Gn. Cucullia convexipennis G. and R. Cucullia lucifuga D. and S. Cucullia omissa Dod 86 Cucullia postera Gn. Cucullia speyeri Lint.S Deltote albidula Gn. Deltote bellicula Hbn. Deltote muscosula Gn. Deltote musta G. and R. Diachrysia aereoides Grt. Diachrysia balluca Gey. Diarisia jucunda Wlk.X Diarisia rubifera Grt.X Discestra trifolii Hufn. Dypterygia rozmani Berio Dyspyralis illocata WarrenS Dyspyralis nigella Stkr. Dyspyralis puncticosta Sm. Egira dolosa Grt. Elaphria festivoides Gn. Elaphria grat Hbn. Elaphria versicolor Grt. Enargia decolor Wlk. Enargia infumata Grt. Enargia mephisto Franel. Eosphoropteryx thyatyroides Gn. Epiglaea apiata Grt.SX Epiglaea decliva Grt. Eremobina jocasta Smith Euagrotis forbesi Franel. Euagrotis illapsa Wlk. Eucirroedia pampina Gn. Euclidia cuspidae Hbn. Eudryas grata F. Eudryas unio Hbn. Eueretagrotis attenta Grt. Eueretagrotis perattenta Grt. Eueretagrtois sigmoides Gn. Eugraphe subrosea opacifrons Grt.X Euparthenos nubilis Hbn. Euplexia benesimilis McD. Eupsilia devia Grt. Eupsilia morrisoni Grt. Eupsilia n. sp. Eupsilia sidus Gn.S Eupsilia tristigmata Grt. Eupsilia vinulenta Grt. Eurois occulta L.X Eutolype rolandi Grt. Euxoa albipennis Grt. Euxoa bostoniensis Grt. Euxoa campestris Grt. Euxoa detersa Wlk. Euxoa divergens Wlk. Euxoa fumalis Grt. Euxoa messoria Harr. Euxoa mimallonis Grt. Euxoa obeliscoides Gn. Euxoa ochrogaster Gn. Euxoa perpolita Morr.X Euxoa redimicula Morr. Euxoa scandens Riley Euxoa tessallata Harr. Euxoa velleripennis Grt. Fagitana littera Gn.X Faronta diffusa Wlk. Feltia herilis Grt. Feltia jaculifera Gn. Feltia subgothica Haw. Feltia tricosa Lint. Feralia jocosa Gn. Feralia major Sm. Gabara subnivosella Wlk.S Galgula partita Gn. Graphiphora auger Fab. Hadena capsularis Gn. Harrisimemna trisignata Wlk. Helicoverpa zea Boddie Helotropha reniformis Grt. Heptagrotis phyllophora Grt. Himella fidelis Grt.R Homoglaea hircina Morr. Homohadena badistriga Grt.S Homohadena infixa Wlk. Homophoberia apicosa Haw. Homorthodes furfurata Grt. Hydraecia immanis Gn.X Hydraecia micacea Esp.R Hypena abalienalis Wlk. Hypena atomaria Sm. Hypena baltimoralis Gn. Hypena bijugalis Wlk. Hypena edictalis Wlk. Hypena humuli Harr. Hypena madefactalis Gn. 87 Hypena manalis Wlk. Hypena palparia Wlk. Hypena sordidula Grt.X Hypenodes caducus Dyar Hypenodes fractilinea Sm. Hypenodes palustris FergusonR Hyperstrotia secta Grt Hyperstrotia villificans B. and McD. Hypocoena inquinata Gn. Hyppa xylinoides Gn. Idia aemula Hbn. Idia americalis Gn. Idia concisa Wlk. Idia denticulalis Harv. Idia diminuendis B. and McD. Idia forbesi French Idia laurenti Sm. Idia lubricalis Gey. Idia rotundalis Wlk. Idia scobialis Grt. Ipimorpha pleonectusa Grt. Lacanobia atlantica Grt.R Lacanobia subjuncta G. and R. Lacinipolia anguina Grt. Lacinipolia lorea Gn. Lacinipolia lustralis Grt. Lacinipolia meditata Grt. Lacinipolia olivacea Morr. Lacinipolia renigera Steph. Lascoria ambigualis Wlk. Ledaea perditalis Wlk. Lemmeria digitalis Grt. Leucania adjuta Grt. Leucania commoides Gn. Leucania inermis Fbs. Leucania insueta Gn. Leucania lapidaria Grt. Leucania linita Gn. Leucania multilinea Wlk. Leucania phragmatidicola Gn. Leucania pseudargyria Gn. Leucania ursula Fbs. Leuconycta diphteroides Gn. Leuconycta lepidula Grt.X Ltihomia germana Morr.X Lithophane amanda Sm. Lithophane antennata Wlk. Lithophane baileyi Grt. Lithophane bethunei G. and R. Lithophane disposita Morr. Lithophane fagina Morr. Lithophane georgii Grt.X Lithophane grotei Riley Lithophane hemina Grt. Lithophane innominata Sm. Lithophane laticinerea Grt. Lithophane lepida Grt.SX Lithophane oriunda Grt. Lithophane patelaeta Wlk. Lithophane petulca Grt. Lithophane pexata Grt. Lithophane querquera Grt.S Lithophane semiusta Grt.X Lithophane thaxteri Grt.X Lithophane unimoda Lint. Lomanaltes eductalis Wlk. Luperina passer Gn. Macrochilo absorptalis Wlk. Macrochilo bivittata Grt. Macrochilo hypocritalis Ferg. Macrochilo litophora Grt. Macrochilo louisiana Fbs. Macrochilo orciferalis Wlk. Macronoctua onusta Grt. Magusa orbifera Wlk. (migrant) Maliattha synochitis Gn. Marathyssa basalis Wlk. Marathyssa inficita Wlk. Meganola minuscula Zell Meganola spoida Francl.R Melanchra adjuncta Gn. Melanchra assimilis Morr. Melanchra picta Harr. Melanogramma auricinctaria Grt. Melaporphyria immortua Grt.X Meropleon diversicolor Morr. Metalectra discalis Grt. Metalectra quadrisignata Wlk. Metaxaglaea inulta Grt. Metaxaglaea viatica Grt. Mocis latipes Gn. (migrant) Morrisonia confusa Hbn. 88 Morrisonia evicta Grt. Morrisonia latex Gn. Nedra ramosula Gn. Nephelodes minians Gn. Noctua pronuba L.R Nola cilicoides Grt. Nola ovilla Grt. Nola pustulata Wlk. Nola triquetrana Fitch Nycteola frigidana Wlk.X Ochropleura plecta L. Ogdoconta cinereola Gn. Oligia bridghami G. and R. Oligia chlorostigma Harv.R Oligia crytora Francl. Oligia exhausta Sm. Oligia fractilinea Grt. Oligia illocata Wlk. Oligia mactata Gn. Oligia modica Gn. Oligia obtusa Sm.R Ophiuche abjuralis Wlk. Orthodes crenulata Butler Orthodes cynica Gn. Orthosia alurina Sm. Orthosia hibisci Gn. Orthosia revicta Morr. Orthosia rubescens Wlk. Paectes oculatrix Gn. Palthis angulalis Hbn. Palthis asopialis Gn. Pangrapta decoralis Hbn. Panopoda carneicosta Gn. Panopoda rufimargo Hbn. Panthea acronyctoides Wlk. Panthea furcilla Pack. Papaipema n. sp. Papaipema arctivorens Hamp. Papaipema baptisiae Bird Papaipema eupatorii Lyman Papaipema furcata Sm. Papaipema impecuniosa Grt. Papaipema inquaesita G. and R. Papaipema lysimachiae BirdS Papaipema nebris Gn. Papaipema nepheleptena Dyar Papaipema pterisii Bird Papaipema rigida Grt. Papaipema unimoda Sm. Parahypenodes quadralis B.& Mc.DR Parallelia bistriaris Hbn. Parascotia mineta Francl.R Parastichtis suspecta Hbn. Peridroma saucia Hbn. Phalaenophana pyramusalis Wlk. Phalaenostola eumelusalis Wlk. Phalaenostola hanhami Sm. Phalaenostola larentioides Grt. Phalaenostola metonalis Wlk. Phlogophora iris Gn. Phlogophora periculosa Gn. Phoberia atomaris Hbn. Phoberia orthosioides Gn. Phosphila miseliodies Gn.X Plagiomimicus pityochromus Grt.X Plathypena scabra F. Platypolia anceps Steph.XS Plusia contexta Grt. Plusia putnami Grt. Plusia venusta Wlk. Plusiodonta compressipalpis Gn. Polia detracta Wlk. Polia goodelli Grt. Polia imbrifera Gn. Polia nimbosa Gn. Polia purpurissata Grt. Polygrammate hebraeicum Hbn. Polypogon cruralis Gn. Polypogon laevigata Grt. Polypogon lituralis Hbn. Polypogon martha BarnesS Polypogon n. sp. Polypogon ochreipennis Grt. Polypogon pedipilalis Gn. Polypogon protumnusalis Wlk. Protolampra brunneicollis Grt. Protolampra rufipectus Morr.X Protorthodes oviduca Gn. Psaphida reumens Wlk. Psectraglaea carnosa Grt.SX Pseudaletia unipuncta Haw. Pseudeustrotia carneola Gn. 89 Syngrapha rectangula W. Kby. Tarachidia candefacta Hbn. Tarachidia erastrioides Gn. Thysania zenobia Cram.X (migrant) Trachaea delicata Grt. Tricholia signata Wlk. Trichoplusia ni Hbn. Trichordestra legitima Grt. Trichordestra lilacina Harv.X Trichosilia geniculata G. and R. Ufeus plicatus Grt.R Ufeus satyricus Grt.X Ulolonche culea Gn. Ulolonche modesta Morr. Xanthia n. sp. (nr. togata Esp.) Xestia adela Franel. Xestia badicollis Grt.X Xestia dilucida Morr. Xestia dolosa Franel. Xestia elimata Gn.RS Xestia normaniana Grt. Xestia smithii Snellen Xylena cineritia Grt.S Xylena curvimacula Morr. Xylena nupera Lint. Xylena thoracica Putnam-CramerX Xylomoia chagnoni B. and McD. Xylotype capax Grt.SX Xystopeplus rufago Hbn.S Zale aeruginosa Gn. Zale curema Sm.S Zale duplicata Bethune Zale galbanata Morr. Zale helata Sm. Zale horrida Hbn. Zale lunata Drury (migrant) Zale lunifera Hbn.R Zale metatoidse McD.SX Zale mmerea Gn. Zale obliqua Gn.S Zale phaerapna Franel.RS Zale submediana StrandS Zale undularis Drury Zale unilineata Grt. Pseudeva purpurigera Wlk. Pseudohermonassa biearnea Gn. Pseudoplusia includens Wlk. Pseudorthodes vecors Gn. Psychomorpha epimenis Drury Pyreferra ceromatica Grt.X Pyreferra citrombra Franel.R Pyreferra hesperidago Gn. Pyreferra pettiti Grt.S Pyrrhia adela Laf. and Milk Pyrrhia exprimens Wlk. Raphia frater Grt. Redectis vitrea Grt. Renia discoloralis Gn. Renia flavipunctalis Gey. Renia salusalis Wlk. Rhizedra lutosa Hbn.R Rivula propinqualis Gn. Schinia arcigera Gn. Schinia florida Gn. Schinia lynx Gn. Schinia nundina Drury Schinia rivulosa Gn. Schinia septentrionalis Wlk. Schinia tuberculum Hbn. Scolecocampa liburna Geyer Scoliopteryx libatrix L. Sideridis congermana Morr.S Sideridis maryx Gn.S Sideridis rosea Harv. Simyra henrici Grt. Spaelotis clandestina Harr. Spargaloma sexpunelata Grt. Spartiniphaga includens Wlk. Spartiniphaga panatela Sm. Spiramater lutra Gn. Spotoptera exigua Hbn. (migrant) Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (migrant) Spodoptera ornithogalli Gn. (migrant) Sunira bicolorago Gn. Sutyna privata Wlk. Synedoida grandirena Haw.R Syngrapha abstrusa Eichlin 90 Class Insecta: Order Hymenoptera The following list of 33 ant species from the Albany Pine Bush is extracted from the work of Dolores Savignano (1990, 1994). Additional information was provided by Dr. Ryk P. Spoor, Albany College of Pharmacy, and Dr. Stephen Cover, Museum of Camparative Zoology, Harvard University. Formicidae (Formincinae) Camponotus americanus (Mayr) Camponotus novaeboracensis (Fitch) Camponotus pennsylvanicus (DeGeer) Formica difficilis (Emery) Formica exsectoides (Forel) Formica lasioides (Emery) Formica querquetulana (Ken. & Den.) Formica subsericea (Say) Formica incerta (Emery) Formica nitidiventris (Emery) Formica schaufussi (Mayr) Lasius alienus (Foerster) Lasius neoniger (Emery) Paratrechina parvula (Mayr) Polyergus lucidus (Mayr) Prenolepis imparis (Say) Formicide (Myrmicinae) Acanthomyops interjectus (Mayr) Aphaenogaster Rudis (Emery) Aphaenogaster trachae (Forel) Crematogaster cerai (Fitch) Crematogaster linealata (Say) Iridomyrmex pruinossus (Roger) Leptothorax ambigeus (Emery) Monomorium emaginatum (DuBois) Myrmica americana (Weber) Myrmica fractiorsis (Emery) Myrmica pinetorune (Wheeler) Pheidole pilifera (Roger) Solenopsis molesia (Say) Tetramorium caespirum (Linnaeus) Formicidae (Dolichoderinae) Dolichoderus plagiaus (Mayr) Dolichoderus tascaenbergi (Mayr) Tapinoma sessile (Say) 91 FISHES The following list of 30 Albany Pine Bush fish species is taken from The Pine Bush Intermunicipal Study (Bristol, Litynski, Wojcik, P.C. 1980). The taxonomic arrangement and nomenclature follow Smith (1985). Class Osteichthyes: Order Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla rostrata ( Lesueur) American eel Blockhouse Creek, Hunger Kill, Kaikout Kill, Stuyvesant Plaza Pond Class Osteichthyes: Order Siluriformes Ictaluridae Ictalurus natalis (Lesueur) Yellow bullhead Lake Rensselaer, Lisha Kill Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur) Brown bullhead Stuyvesant Plaza Pond, Lake Rensselaer, Lisha Kill, Glass Pond Class Osteichthyes: Order Cypriniformes Catostomidae Catostomus catostomus (Forster) Longnose sucker Lake Rensselaer Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede) White sucker Glass Pond, Hunger Kill, Lisha Kill, East Branch Hunger Kill Cyprinidae Carassius auratus (Linnaeus) (introduced from eastern Asia, China) Goldfish Glass Pond, East Branch Hunger Kill, Lisha Kill Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus (introduced from Europe, temperate Asia) Common carp Lisha Kill, Lake Rensselaer Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill) Golden shiner Lake Rensselaer, Stuyvesant Plaza Pond, Glass Pond Rhinichthys atratulus (Mermann) Eastern blacknose dace Lisha Kill, East Branch Hunger Kill Rhinichthys cataractae (Valenciennes) Longnose dace Lisha Kill Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill) Creek chub Lisha Kill Semotilus margarita (Cope) Pearl dace Glass Pond, East Branch Hunger Kill Notropis cornutus (Mitchill) Common shiner Glass Pond, Lisha Kill Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque) Bluntnose minnow Lisha Kill Pimephales promelas (Rafinesque) Fathead minnow Glass Pond 92 Class Osteichthyes: Order Salmoniformes Salmonidae Salmo trutta Linnaeus (introduced from Europe, western Asia) Brown trout Hunger Kill Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) Brook trout Glass Pond, Hunger Kill, Kaikout Kill Esocidae Esox lucius Linnaeus Northern pike Lake Rennselaer (stocked) Class Osteichthyes: Order Atheriniformes Cyprinodontidae Fundulus diaphanus (Lesueur) Banded killfish Hunger Kill, Glass Pond Class Osteichthyes: Order Perciformes Centrarchidae Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque) Rock bass Lisha Kill, Lake Rensselaer Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus) Pumpkinseed Lake Rensselaer, Glass Pond, Lisha Kill, Stuyvesant Plaza Pond Lepomis macrochirus Lacepede Smallmouth bass Lisha Kill, Lake Rensselaer (stocked) Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede) Largemouth bass Glass Pond, Lake Rensselaer, Lisha Kill, Stuybesant Plaza Rd Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur) Black crappie Lake Rensselaer, Stuyvesant Plaza Pond Percidae Etheostoma olmstedi (Storer) Tessellated darter Lisha Kill Perca flavescens (Mitchill) Yellow perch Lake Rensselaer, Lisha Kill, Stuyvesant Plaza Pond Percina caprodes (Rafinesque) Logperch Lisha Kill Stizostedion vitreum (Mitchill) Walleye Lake Rensselaer (stocked) Class Osteichthyes: Order Scorpaeniformes Cottidae Cottus cognatus Richardson Slimy sculpin East Branch Hunger Kill, Hunger Kill, Kaikout Kill 93 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES The list of amphibians and reptiles recorded from the Albany Pine Bush is derived from the work of Stewat and Rossi (1981) and named according to the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles' list of Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians and Reptiles (Collins 1997). Stewart and Rossi's work was based on detailed study of museum specimens, literature records dating as far back as 1835, and personal observations of competent herpetologists from 1949 to 1977. Some additions have been made to the list since then. Several species listed here have not been found in more recent years (Hunsinger 1999). Class Amphibia: Order Caudata Ambystomatidae Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green) Jefferson salamander Ambystoma laterale Hallowell Blue-spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw) Spotted salamander Plethodontidae Desmognathus fuscus (Green) Northern dusky salamander Eurycea bislineata (Green) Northern two-lined salamander Plethodon cinereus (Green) Northern redback salamander Salamandridae Notophthalamus viridescens viridescens (Rafinesque) Red-spotted newt Class Amphibia: Order Anura Bufonidae Bufo americanus americanus Holbrook Eastern American toad Bufo fowleri Hinckley Fowler's toad Hylidae Pseudacris crucifer (Wied-Neuwied) Spring peeper Hyla versicolor (LeConte) Gray treefrog Pelobatidae Scaphiopus holbrookii (Harlan) Eastern spadefoot Ranidae Rana catesbeiana (Shaw) 94 Bullfrog Rana clamitans (Latreille) Green frog Rana pipiens (Schreber) Northern leopard frog Rana sylvatica (LeConte) Wood frog Class Reptilia: Order Testudines Chelydridae Chelydra serpentina serpentina (Linnaeus) Common snapping turtle Kinosternidae Sternotherus odoratus (Latreille) Common musk turtle Emydidae Chrysemys picta (Schneider) Painted turtle Clemmys guttata (Schneider) Spotted turtle Clemmys insculpta (LeConte) Wood turtle Terrapene carolina caroline (Linnaeus) Eastern box turtle Trachemys scripta elegans (Wied-Neuwied) Red-eared slider Class Reptilia: Order Squamata, Suborder Serpentes Colubridae Carphophis amoenus amoenus (Say) Eastern worm snake Coluber constrictor constrictor (Linnaeus) Northern black racer Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta (Say) Black rat snake Heterodon platirhinos (Latreille) Eastern hognose snake Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum (Lacepede) Eastern milk snake Liochlorophis vernalis (Harlan) Smooth green snake Nerodia sipedon sipedon (Linnaeus) Northern water snake Storeria dekayi dekayi (Holbrook) Northern brown snake Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer) 95 Redbelly snake Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (Linnaeus) Eastern garter snake 96 BIRDS The following list of birds recorded from the Albany Pine Bush was provided by Neil Gifford, Conservation Director, Albany Pine Bush. It is current as of August 2011. Ducks, Geese, Swans Branta canadensis Anas platyrhynchos Aix sponsa Goose, Canada Mallard Duck, Wood Grouse, Turkeys, Pheasants Meleagris gallopavo Turkey, Wild Bonasa umbellus Grouse, Ruffed Herons, Bitterns Butorides striatus Ardea herodias . Heron, Green-backed Heron, Great Blue Hawks, Falcons, Eagles, Vultures Cathartes aura Vulture, Turkey Accipiter striatus Hawk, Sharp-shinned Accipiter cooperii Hawk, Cooper's Buteo lineatus Hawk, Red-shouldered Buteo jamaicensis Hawk, Red-tailed Falco sparverius Kestrel, American Accipiter gentilis Goshawk Plovers, Sandpipers Charadrius semipalmatus Charadrius vociferus Tringa solitaria Actitus macularia Scolopax minor Plover, Semipalmated Killdeer Sandpiper, Solitary Sandpiper, Spotted Woodcock, American Gulls, Terns Larus delawarensis Larus argentatus Larus marinus Gull, Ring-billed Gull, Herring Gull, Great black-backed Doves, Pigeons Columba livia Dove, Rock 97 Zenaida macroura Dove, Mourning Cuckoos Coccyzus americanus Coccyzus erythropthalmus Cuckoo, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Black-billed Owls Bubo virginianus Strix varia Otus asio Aegolius acadicus Owl, Great Horned Owl, Barred Owl, Screech Owl, Saw-whet Swifts, Hummingbirds Chaetura pelagica Archilochus colubris Swift, Chimney Hummingbird, Ruby-throated Kingfishers Ceryle alcyon Kingfisher, Belted Woodpeckers Melanerpes carolinus Sphyrapicus varius Picoides pubescens Picoides villosus Dryocopus pileatus Colaptes auratus Woodpecker, Red-bellied Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Downy Woodpecker, Hairy Woodpecker, Pileated Flicker, Northern Flycatchers, Kingbirds Contopus virens Empidonax alnorum/traillii Sayornis phoebe Myiarchus crinitus Tyrannus tyrannus Wood-pewee, Eastern Flycatcher, Traill's (Alder/Willow) Phoebe, Eastern Flycatcher, Great crested Kingbird, Eastern Vireos Vireo flavifrons Vireo solitarius Vireo olivaceus Vireo philadelphicus Vireo gilvus Vireo, Yellow-throated Vireo, Blue-headed Vireo, Red-eyed Vireo, Philadelphia Vireo, Warbling 98 Crows, Jays Cyanocitta cristata Corvus brachyrhynchos Corvus ossifragus Corvus corax Jay, Blue Crow, American Crow, Fish Raven, Common Swallows Tachycineta bicolor Progne subis Riparia riparia Hirundo rustica Swallow, Tree Martin, Purple Swallow, Bank Swallow, Barn Chickadees, Titmice Parus bicolor Parus atricapillus Titmouse, Tufted Chickadee, Black-capped Creepers Certhia americana Creeper, Brown Nuthatches Sitta carolinensis Sitta canadensis Nuthatch, White-breasted Nuthatch, Red-breasted Wrens Troglodytes aedon Troglodytes troglodytes Thryothorus ludovicianus Wren, House Wren, Winter Wren, Carolina Kinglets, Gnatcatchers Regulus calendula Regulus satrapa Kinglet, Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Golden-crowned Thrushes Sialia sialis Hylocichla mustelina Catharus fuscescens Catharus minimus Catharus ustulatus Catharus guttatus Turdus migratorius Bluebird, Eastern Thrush, Wood Veery Thrush, Gray-cheeked Thrush, Swainson's Thrush, Hermit Robin, American 99 Mockingbirds, Thrashers Dumetella carolinensis Mimus polyglottos Toxostoma rufum Catbird, Gray Mockingbird, Northern Thrasher, Brown Starlings Sturnus vulgaris Starling, European Waxwings Bombycilla cedrorum Waxwing, Cedar Warblers Vermivora pinus Vermivora chrysoptera Oreothlypis peregrina Vermivora ruficapilla Parula americana Dendroica pensylvanica Dendroica tigrina Dendroica magnolia Dendroica coronata Mniotilta varia Dendroica caerulescens Dendroica fusca Dendroica virens Dendroica discolor Dendroica castanea Dendroica striata Dendroica pinus Dendroica Dendroica petechia Wilsonia canadensis Wilsonia citrina Oporornis philadelphia Seiurus aurocapillus Seiurus noveboracensis Geothlypis trichas Setophaga ruticilla Warbler, Blue-winged Warbler, Golden-winged Warbler, Tennessee Warbler, Nashville Parula, Northern Warbler, Chestnut-sided Warbler, Cape May Warbler, Magnolia Warbler, Myrtle Warbler, Black-and-white Warbler, Black-throated Blue Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, Black-throated Green Warbler, Prairie Warbler, Bay-breasted Warbler, Blackpoll Warbler, Pine Warbler, Yellow palm Warbler, Yellow Warbler, Canada Warbler, Hooded Warbler, Mourning Ovenbird Waterthrush, Northern Yellowthroat, Common Redstart, American Tanagers 100 Piranga olivacea Tanager, Scarlet Sparrows Pipilo erythrophthalmus Spizella pusilla Spizella passerina Melospiza lincolnii Melospiza melodia Melospiza georgiana Zonotrichia albicollis Zonotrichia leucophrys Junco hyemalis Towhee, Eastern Sparrow, Field Sparrow, Chipping Sparrow, Lincoln's Sparrow, Song Sparrow, Swamp Sparrow, White-throated Sparrow, White-crowned Junco, Slate-colored Cardinals, Grosbeaks, Buntings Pheucticus ludovicianus Grosbeak, Rose-breasted Cardinalis cardinalis Cardinal, Northern Passerina cyanea Bunting, Indigo Blackbirds, Orioles, Cowbirds Agelaius phoeniceus Blackbird, Red-winged Quiscalus quiscula Grackle, Common Molothrus ater Cowbird, Brown-headed Icterus galbula Oriole, Baltimore Icterus spurius Oriole, Orchard Finches Carpodacus purpureus Carpodacus mexicanus Loxia curvirostra Carduelis pinus Carduelis tristis Finch, Purple Finch, House Crossbill, Red Siskin, Pine Goldfinch, American Weaver Finches Passer doesticus Sparrow, House 101 MAMMALS The following list of mammals recorded from the Albany Pine Bush was compiled by combining lists from Miller (1976) and The Pine Bush Intermunicipal Study (Miller 1980). Roland Kays (RK) of the New York State Museum provided new data. Taxa are arranged accordeing to Whitaker and Hamilton (1998). The northern myotis, previously regarded as an eastern forest Keen's bat, is now considered a seperate species. The native red fox of the United States was long recognized as a separate species, Vulpes fulva, but recently acquired evidence indicates that it is the same as the Old World red fox. Class Mammalia: Order Didelphimorphia Didelphidae Didelphis virginiana (Kerr) Virginia opossum Class Mammalia: Order Insectivora Soricidae Blarina brevieauda (Say) Northern short-tailed shrew Sorex cinereus (Kerr) Masked shrew Talpidae Condylura cristata (Linnaeus) Star-nosed mole Parascalops breweri (Bachman) Hairy-tailed mole Class Mammalia: Order Chiroptera Vespertilionidae Eptesicus fuscus (Palisot de Beauvois) Big brown bat Lasiurus borealis (Muller) Eastern red bat Myotis lucifugus (LeConte) Little brown myotis Myotis septentrionalis (Trouessart) Northern myotis Class Mammalia: Order Lagomorpha Leporidae Sylvilagus floridanus (Allen) Eastern cottontail Class Mammalia: Order Rodentia Scruridae Glaucomys volans (Linnaeus) 102 Southern flying squirrel Marmota monas (Linnaeus) Woodchuck, groundhog Sciurus carolinensis (Gmelin) Eastern gray squirrel Tamias striatus (Linnaeus) Eastern chipmunk Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (Erxleben) Red squirrel, chickaree Dipodidae (Zapodinae) Napaeozapus insignis (Miller) Woodland jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius (Zimmermann) Meadow jumping mouse (extremely rare) Muridae (Arvicolinae) Clethrionomys gapperi (Vigors) Southern red-backed vole Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord) Meadow vole Microtus pinetoru (LeConte) Woodland vole (RK: new record) Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus) Common muskrat Muridae (Murinae) Mus musculus (Linnaeus) House mouse Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout) Norway rat, brown rat Muridae (Sigmodontinae) Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque) White-footed mouse Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner) Woodland deer mouse Erethizontidae Erethizon dorsatum (Linnaeus) North American porcupine (RK: new record) Class Mammalia: Order Carnivora Canidae Canis latrans (Say) Coyote Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber) Gray fox Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus) Red fox Ursidae 103 Ursus americanus (Pallas) Black bear (rare visitor) Procyonidae Procyon lotor (Linnaeus) Common raccoon Mustelidae Martes pennanti (Erxleben) Fisher (RK: new record) Mustela erminea (Linnaeus) Ermine (short-tailed weasel) Mustela frenata (Lichtenstein) Long-tailed weasel Mustela vison (Schreber) Mink (extremely rare) Mephitidae Mephitis mephitis (Schreber) Striped skunk Felidae Felis catus (Linnaeus) Domestic cat Lync rufus (Schreber) Bobcat (rare visitor; RK: new record) Class Mammalia: Order Artiodactyla Cervidae Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann) White-tailed deer 104 Appendix(B:(Representative(Site(Photographs! Photos by Mary Brickle (above and below): A view of the "great dune" - the longest sand dune in the preserve 105 Landscapes (above and below): The most desirable pine barrens landscape in the park; taken near Kings Road, to the west of Karner Barrens West trail 106 (above and below): Further examples of a healthy pine barrens landscape; taken near Karner Barrens West 107 (above and below): Section of the preserve burned in the past 2-3 years; the canopy is of a desirable quality (open, pitch pine dominated) 108 (above): An intermittent pool found in Albany Pine Bush 109 Education*and*Access* (above): The Discovery Center at Albany Pine Bush (below): Example of signage at the site 110 111 Management (above): Habitat Management in progress at Albany Pine Bush (below): Area recently cleared of invasive black locust forest and reseeded 112 (above and below): Area recently cleared of invasive black locust forest and reseeded 113 (above): Sprouting pitch pine seedlings (below): A patch of protected prairie willow 114 Flora&and&Fauna& (left): A large flowering lupine; taken on the Yellow Trail, near the lower section of the great dune (right and below): A male karner blue butterfly is being released 115 (above): The Great Spangled Fritillary resting on a Milkweed plant (below): The Inland Barrens Buckmoth Caterpillar 116 Examples of desirable undergrowth in pitch pine-scrub oak ecosystem (above): dwarf chestnut oak. (below): wild lupine, blueberry, and sweet fern 117 (above and below): Examples of prescribed fire management in the preserve Photos by Neil Gifford 118 (above): Wild black and red raspberries found in the park (below): Wild blueberries growing in Albany Pine Bush 119