Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people in Tulu Korma and its Surrounding Areas of Ejere District, Western Shewa Zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

ZEWDIE KASSA

Background: An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants was conducted between October 2013 and September 2014 in Tulu Korma and its surrounding areas of Ejere District, West Shewa Zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. The objective of the study was to document medicinal plant species of the area and associated ethnobotanical knowledge. Methods: Common ethnobotanical methodologies and techniques were applied. About 156 informants were interviewed. The informants were selected from five visually established sites for sampling. Results: About 138 medicinal plant species belonging to 107 genera and 56 families were recorded. About 76(55.07%) of the medicinal plants were used to treat human aliments, 9(6.52%) animal aliments and 53(38.44%) for both. Conclusion: The study area is very rich in medicinal plant species and indigenous traditional ethnobotanical knowledge. There are also potential threats that need priority for conservation. Potentially significant plant species need screening, verifying and approval for setting conservation priorities.

Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2016; 4(2): 24-47 ISSN 2320-3862 JMPS 2016; 4(2): 24-47 © 2016 JMPS Received: 18-01-2016 Accepted: 20-02-2016 Zewdie Kassa Mizan-Tepi University, Natural Sciences College, Department of Biology P.O. Box: 260 Tepi, Ethiopia Zemede Asfaw (Prof) Addis Ababa University, Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, the National Herbarium, P.O. Box: 3434 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Sebsebe Demissew (Prof) Addis Ababa University, Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, The National Herbarium, P.O. Box: 3434 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people in Tulu Korma and its Surrounding Areas of Ejere District, Western Shewa Zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia Zewdie Kassa, Zemede Asfaw, Sebsebe Demissew Abstract Background: An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants was conducted between October 2013 and September 2014 in Tulu Korma and its surrounding areas of Ejere District, West Shewa Zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. The objective of the study was to document medicinal plant species of the area and associated ethnobotanical knowledge. Methods: Common ethnobotanical methodologies and techniques were applied. About 156 informants were interviewed. The informants were selected from five visually established sites for sampling. Results: About 138 medicinal plant species belonging to 107 genera and 56 families were recorded. About 76(55.07%) of the medicinal plants were used to treat human aliments, 9(6.52%) animal aliments and 53(38.44%) for both. Conclusion: The study area is very rich in medicinal plant species and indigenous traditional ethnobotanical knowledge. There are also potential threats that need priority for conservation. Potentially significant plant species need screening, verifying and approval for setting conservation priorities. Keywords: Ethnobotany, medicinal plants, Tulu Korma, Ejere, Indigenous species 1. Introduction Background Ethno botany is the scientific study of the relationships between plants and people [28, 6]. It was stated that Ethno botany appears to be a promising discipline that can play a key role as a mediator of dialogue between different academic disciplines and traditional knowledge, a union essential to enable contextualized and sustainable alternatives to explosive practices and biodiversity management [1]. Hence, ethnobotanical studies play significant roles in contributing techniques of community based resource management and conservation. This is because the science of ethnobotany is an endeavor which attracts people from various academic disciplines. Ethnobotanists and local people face the challenging task of not only recording knowledge of the plant world but also applying the results of their studies tobiodiversity conservation, community development and primary healthcare services involving medicinal plants. Correspondence Zewdie Kassa Mizan-Tepi University, Natural Sciences College, Department of Biology P.O. Box: 260 Tepi, Ethiopia Ethno botany It was noted that much of the controversy surrounding the definition of ethnobotany has begun from differences in the interests of workers involved in its study [6]. A good justification is that for several years, ethnobotany has included students from several disciplines. It is from this multidisciplinary approach involving various fields of botany, chemistry, pharmacology and anthropology that ethno-scientists can derive information for different applications. Moreover, it was believed that the changing attitudes towards traditional peoples are the key reasons for the growing interests in ethnobotany. Hence, ethnobotany attained potential applications since the early ethnobotanical studies in aboriginal plant use. The scope of ethnobotany currently has expanded enormously, encompassing the botanical aspects of a number of ethno-scientific studies including ethnomedicine. The practical applications of ethnobotanical data in areas such as biodiversity prospecting and conservation biology are also seen as within the current scope of the subject [4, 6]. It is worth noting the concept of [27] who depicted ethnobotany as the renaissance of traditional herbal medicine when one envisages it from the medicinal plants point of view. ~ 24 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies In that case, medicinal plants are botanical remedies derived from trees, shrubs or herbaceous plants that are useful for primary healthcare system and as a remedy for disease and injury including plants used traditionally for foods and drinks that are also believed good for health [12, 8]. Moreover, medicinal plants play multipurpose roles such as spices and condiments [24], apiculture [13], ecological services, source of wood and wood products as well as soil conservation [26, 3] in addition to their medicinal value. Meteorological Service Agency (ENMSA) during 1999 to 2014 the annual average minimum and average maximum temperature for 16 years data is 7.4 °C and 26.2 °C respectively. The annual average temperature and average rainfall for the same years’ data are 16.9 °C and 1099mm respectively with uni-modal rainfall type (Figure 2). Plant-Human Relations The history of plant use by humans for the treatment of various diseases is as old as the history of the human species. Hence, humans had been looking to nature to provide them with remedies for their health problems most of which are derived from plant products. It is due to the fact that the plants have been used as a source of medicine in both developed and developing countries in general and in Ethiopia in particular since the time immemorial [25, 18, 29, 30]. This research focused on documenting medicinal plants as well as the levels of ethnobotanicaly knowledge together with its contribution to primary healthcare system in Tulu Korma and its surrounding areas of Ejere District, Ethiopia. 2. Materials and Methods The Study Area Location Tulu Korma and its surrounding, which is home to the Center for the Restoration of Ethiopia’s Biodiversity and Key Natural Resources formerly known as the Center for Indigenous Trees Propagation and Biodiversity Development in Ethiopia, is located at 50-55 km West of Addis Ababa on the high way running from Addis Ababa to Ambo. Geographically, the center is located between 09ᵒ01.188’ N and 038ᵒ21.570’ E within altitude range of 2,163-2,267m [26]. Four neighboring kebeles bordering Tulu Korma are Chiri to the north, Kimoye to the west, Hora to the south and Endode to the east (Figure 1). Fig 2: Climate diagram of the study area Vegetation Types According to [16], areas between altitudes of 1800 and 3000 meters have been marked as the Dry evergreen Afromontane forest and grassland complex with the exception of high annual rainfall areas of 1700 millimeters and above. Hence, the vegetation type of the central highlands belongs to the Dry evergreen Afromontane forest and grassland complex type and the vegetation of Tulu-korma and its surrounding also belongs to such vegetation type. The authors were also noted that such vegetation type is characterized by a canopy dominated by Juniperus procera (Cupressaceae), Podocarpus falcatus (Podocarpaceae), Olea europaea subsp.Cuspidata (Oleaceae), Croton macrostachyus (Euphorbiacea) and Ficus species (Moraceae). Shrubs and bush lands, woodlands and plantations are also available in Tulu-Korma and its surrounding. The people of the study area According to Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency [7], Ejere District has a total population of 89,168 (45,352 males and 43, 816 females) of which 78,795 are rural dwellers and the remaining 10,373 are urban dwellers. Although other ethnic groups are also found in the district, the major ones are the Oromo ethnic groups and Afaan Oromoo is widely spoken language. Since the study only focused on only Tulu-Korma and its surrounding areas, informant sampling was done by first identifying the number of households living in the vicinity and then determining the sample size (number of informants) following [5]. Materials The following materials were used in the course of data collection: Digital camera, field notebook, Garmin Global Position System, Meter, laptop computer, SILVA Compass, SILVA Ranger Clinometers and Plant press. Fig 1: Location of the study area Climate The climate of Tulu-Korma and its surrounding belongs to the woinadega agro-climate type of traditional classification. Based on data sources from the Ethiopian National Methods Reconnaissance survey to get first hand preliminary information about the general floras, stakeholders, appropriate ~ 25 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies data collection time and seasons as well as the levels of ethnobotanical knowledge in the study area, a survey was made after briefing the objectives and significance of carrying out the research in the area to the local officials as well as other concerned bodies. The survey was done by making sure of whether all concerned bodies are included to provide the required information during the course of the study. Demographic information was then retrieved from the nearby administration offices before setting sample size for ethnobotanical data collection using semi-structured interview. Both standard qualitative and quantitative ethnobotanical methods such as ranking and scoring were employed during data collection. About 260 households living in Tulu Korma and its surrounding areas where included in the study and informant sampling was based on only these households since the study is targeted to only Tulu Korma and its vicinity. Site and Informant Selection Sample sites were identified and selected from the surrounding areas of Tulu-Korma and its surrounding within 2-10 kilometers radius. Five sites; Berga, Sororo, Techisa, Safara and Gawo were identified. Ethnobotanical data were preferentially sampled from the five villages found in the respective sites. Informants were also selected following even distribution for all the sample sites. Two types of informants were considered; those who were deliberately interviewed because of their detailed ethnobotanical knowledge, and those who were randomly interviewed to make the sampling frame representative of the whole population. Sample size for informants was determined following [5]. About 156 informants were selected from the 260 households and interviewed randomly. Hence, =156 where n= corrected sample size, nₒ= probable sample size without correction factor at 95% confidence interval determined with, N= population size, 260 households in our case. Plant Specimen Collection Locally used medicinal plants that were reported by each informant during each successive visit and interviews were collected. All the necessary information about the specimens collected was carefully recorded at the spot. Voucher specimens were pressed and dried, both those identified on the field and those not identified on the field, were taken to the Ethiopian National Herbarium for further confirmation and verification. Plant specimen identification Specimen identification was made at the National Herbarium Addis Ababa University using taxonomic keys, characters and published volumes of the flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea [19, 20, 9, 10, 11, 21, 22, 15] . The entire medicinal plant specimens collected were identified and deposited in the National Herbarium of Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. Necessary photographic pictures taken along with specimens during field data collection were also properly managed, labeled and documented. Ethnobotanical Data Collection Following selections of informants, both qualitative and quantitative ethnobotanical data were collected through the application of standard ethnobotanical methods following [28, 2, 6]. Bennett’s golden rules for ethnobotanical data collection were properly followed to retrieve the necessary information from the informants. Ethnobotanical data from and around homegardens were collected and recorded. The methods of field observation, guided field walk, market surveys, individual and group discussions, participant observations as well as demonstration were also used in the course of the study. Ranking and scoring, pair wise comparisons as well as direct matrix ranking techniques were used following [28] and the results were carefully recorded. Paired comparisons of selected useful plant species based on informants’ responses were made to test for consistency and transitivity. Informants were provided with pair of items determined as: for comparison, where N= number of pairs, n= number of items compared. Data Analysis Ethnobotanical Data Analysis Descriptive statistics was used to analyze ethnootanical data using Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Ranking and scoring, pair wise comparisons as well as direct matrix ranking techniques were done following [28, 6] to analyze ethnobotanical data quantitatively. To see the degree of effectiveness of a given medicinal plants species against certain diseases such as stomach problems, simple preference ranking and paired comparisons were computed. The agreement of the informants on the reported use of medicinal plants to cure a group of aliments was tested by calculating the informants’ consensus factor (ICF) values following [23] as: , where nur = number of use citations in each category of disease, nt = total number of medicinal plants used. 3. Results General medicinal plant use categories About 12 major use categories of plants were identified from the study area (Appendix 1). These use categories include medicinal, food/drink, fire wood, charcoal, shade, construction and tools, commercial, fodder, bee forage, culture and rituals, ornamental and others (Table 1). 28 48 51 42 70 87 9 11 14 25 19 23 ~ 26 ~ 41 64 79 18 27 31 30 68 92 31 80 115 28 35 44 27 35 45 Others Ornamental Culture and /Ritual Bee forage Fodder Commercial Construction /Tools Shade Charcoal 56 107 138 Firewood Medicinal Families Genera Species Food/drinks Taxonomic Hierarchies Table 1: Taxonomic and use categories of medicinal plants recorded from the study area 72 24 29 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Medicinal Plants About 138 plant species belonging to 107 genera and 56 families were identified as medicinal plants used for treating major health problems of humans and animals. These medicinal plants were reported to be used for treating human, animals, both human and animal health problems (Table 2) in addition to other ethnobotanical significance they have (Appendix 1). Table 2: Use categories of medicinal plants among human and animal health problems No of taxonomic hierarchies 138 species 107 genera 56 families Ranking and scoring Medicinal plants reported as the most common ones were compared by ranking and scoring ethnobotanical methods. Simple preference ranking was done to compare eight medicinal plants used against fever (MICH) (Table 3). Paired comparison was also used to rank four medicinal plants used against fever (Table 4). Similarly, six medicinal plant species were compared against seven major uses by direct matrix ranking (Table 5). Medicinal plants used to treat Humans Animals Both (B) (H) (An) 76 53 9 (6.52%) (55.07%) (38.41%) 58 48 9 (8.41%) (54.21%) (44.86%) 33 31 9 (16.07%) (58.93%) (55.36%) Plant parts used as medicines About 10 major plant parts were identified as to be used as medicines for treating various health problems of both humans and animals (Figure 3). Fig 3: Frequencies of plant parts used as medicine Table 3: Result of simple preference ranking for eight medicinal plants used against fever (MICH) where 8= most preferred and 1= least preferred. Medicinal plant species Cynoglossum amplifolium Cynoglossum coeruleum Plectranthus cylinderaceus Leucas martinicensis Ocimum lamiifolium Ocimum uritcifolium Salvia nilotica Satureja abyssinica R1 6 7 5 4 8 1 2 3 R2 1 6 4 2 8 3 7 5 R3 2 8 5 1 7 3 6 4 R4 1 7 4 3 6 2 8 3 Top four of the above medicinal plants were taken and randomized for the sequence of the pairs and the order within the pairs. Six possible pairs of medicinal plants were obtained as: N = n (n-1)/2 = 4(4-1)/2 = 6 pairs were generated. Hence, the possible pairs are 1st pair = (1,2), 2nd pair = (1,3), 3rd pair = (1,4), 4th pair = (2,3), 5th pair = (2,4), 6th pair = (3,4). By C. coeruleum O. lamifolium O. lamifolium S. nilotica C. coeruleum O. lamifolium R5 7 8 3 2 5 1 4 6 Respondents R6 R7 R8 3 2 5 5 6 4 1 5 6 4 1 2 8 7 8 2 4 1 6 3 7 7 8 3 R9 6 8 4 3 7 2 5 1 R10 1 3 2 5 8 4 7 6 Total 34 62 39 26 72 23 55 46 Rank 6th 2nd 5th 7th 1st 8th 3rd 4th randomizing the order of presentation through drawing numbers 1-6 written on cards and by randomizing the order of each medicinal plant within each pair by flipping a coin such that head (H) indicates the original order is maintained and tail (T) indicates the original order is reversed, the following results were obtained (Figure 4). S. abyssinica C. coeruleum O. lamifolium S. nilotica C. coeruleum O. lamifolium S. nilotica S. abyssinica Scores 2 3 1 0 Rank 2nd 1st 3rd 4th Fig 4: A pair wise ranking matrix of four medicinal plants against fever (single respondent) Table 4: Paired comparison of four medicinal plants against fever (results of R1-R10). Medicinal plant species Cynoglossum coeruleum Ocimum lamiifolium Salvia nilotica Satureja abyssinica R1 2 3 1 0 R2 3 2 0 1 R3 2 1 3 1 R4 1 3 2 1 R5 0 3 2 1 ~ 27 ~ Respondents R6 R7 R8 2 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 3 0 2 1 R9 0 2 1 3 R10 3 2 0 1 Total 16 24 14 11 Rank 2nd 1st 3rd 4th Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Table 5: Direct matrix ranking of six plant species. Results of three informants (I1-I3) against 7 use values. UV = Use values, 0 = No use, 6 = Best, TM = Timber, FW = Firewood, CH = Charcoal, CT = Construction and Tools, FD = Food, SD = Shade, IT = Informants’ Totaled, GT = Grand Totaled, R = Rank UV Acacia abyssinica Informants 1 2 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 4 3 1 2 1 4 5 6 28 25 27 80 2nd MD TM FW CH CT FD SD IT GT R Multipurpose plant species in the study area Albizia Croton Olea Ficussur schimperiana macrostachyus europaea Informants Informants Informants Informants 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 0 0 0 7 7 7 5 4 3 3 4 2 3 2 1 0 0 0 3 2 1 2 3 1 5 6 6 3 4 5 3 3 4 6 6 6 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 5 2 1 5 3 4 3 4 3 2 3 2 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 5 0 0 0 6 6 6 1 1 2 5 4 3 4 5 5 20 18 17 15 16 17 24 22 18 26 26 21 55 48 64 73 5th 6th 4th 3rd Informants’ consensus factor (ICF) The values of informants’ consensus (IC) and informants’ consensus factor (ICF) are used to test the agreement of people on medicinal values of each medicinal plant species (Table 6, 7). The medicinal plant use reports obtained during the study Podocarpus falcatus Informants 1 2 3 2 3 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 1 2 6 6 6 0 0 0 6 5 6 30 27 28 85 1st indicated that some medicinal plants are cited by more than 15 informants (Appendix 1). Based on the data, top 15 medicinal plants that have relatively higher percentages of informants’ consensus were used selected for further analysis (Table 6). Table 6: Informants’ consensus for top 15 medicinal plants SN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Medicinal plant species Allium sativum Brucea antidysentrica Croton macrostachyus Cucumis ficifolius Justicia schimperiana Leucas martinicensis Ocimum lamiifolium Ocimum urtitcifolium Phytolacca dodecandra Ranunculus multifidus Rumex nepalensis Ruta chalepensis Salvia nilotica Stephania abyssinica Zehneria scabra Total No. citations by informants 34 15 45 30 25 16 22 17 24 22 19 18 19 17 18 Percentage of informants 21.79 9.62 28.85 19.23 16.03 10.26 14.10 10.90 15.38 14.10 12.18 11.54 12.18 10.90 11.54 Rank 2nd 15th 1st 3rd 4th 14th 6th 12th 5th 6th 8th 10th 8th 12th 10th Table 7: Informants’ consensus factor (ICF) values for 12 major plant use categories No. use %use reports reports 1 Medicinal 138 18.45 789 26.67 2 Food/drinks 51 6.82 174 5.88 3 Firewood 87 11.63 330 11.16 4 Charcoal 14 1.87 74 2.50 5 Shade 23 3.07 114 3.85 6 Const. and Tools 79 10.56 276 9.33 7 Commercial 31 4.14 122 4.12 8 Fodder 92 12.30 219 7.40 9 Bee forage 115 15.37 403 13.62 10 Culture and rituals 44 5.88 216 7.30 11 Ornamental 45 6.02 126 4.26 12 Others 29 3.88 115 3.89 Over all Informant consensus Factor (ICF) = (nur-nt)/ (nur-1) = (2958-748)/(2958-1) = 0.747 SN Use categories No.species %Species Major threats to medicinal plants This study identified six major threats to vegetation of the study area. Threats based on the intensity of destructiveness in ICF Rank 0.826 0.711 0.739 0.822 0.805 0.716 0.752 0.583 0.716 0.800 0.648 0.754 1st 10th 7th 2nd 3rd 8th 6th 12th 8th 4th 11th 5th the area as reported by the informants. The result of priority ranking of threats to vegetation based on their destructiveness is given below (Table 8). ~ 28 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Table 8: Results of responses from ten respondents (R1-R10) on priority ranking of six factors that are perceived as threats to vegetation of Tulu Korma and its surrounding areas based on their degree of destructiveness (1 = least destructive, 6= most destructive). Threats Agricultural intensification High population pressure Charcoal making Firewood collection Construction and Tools Grazing R1 6 5 2 3 4 1 R2 4 5 3 2 6 1 R3 5 3 1 4 6 2 R4 3 6 2 4 5 1 4. Discussion General use categories of plants Almost all the 138 medicinal plant species recorded from the study area are useful and used by the local community in one or more ways both directly and indirectly. These use categories include medicines, food and drinks, firewood, charcoal making, shade, construction and tools, commercial, fodder, bee forage, culture and rituals, ornamental and others such as tanning hides and skins. Moreover, there are plants that have both positive and negative useful values in the environment but generally categorized as useful plants. For instance, plants such as Oenanthe palustris and Rorippa nasturtium-aquatica are known to be very poisonous to livestock if they are grazed since they immediately kill the animals unless immediate antidote is given to them. On the other hand, these two plant species especially Onanthe palustris is a very good species used by farmer in tanning hides, skins and leathers. According to [17], indigenous knowledge systems associated with various plant uses have become recognized worldwide for their contribution to science and conservation. The above concept is good implication for the need of knowledge integration from various angles in the course of better biodiversity management. [32] also added that indigenous knowledge play a key role in advancing reputes of sustainable natural resource management. For that matter, it would be worth noting here the role of ethnobotanical knowledge systems in retrieving valuable information from indigenous society. In the context of large-scale development and conservation projects, it was noted that ethnobotanical studies provide sound and valuable information to a wide range of stakeholders and the local peoples as well as to the scientific community interested in biodiversity conservation and management along with the associated traditional knowledge [31, 14] . This concept is hand-in-hand with the ongoing conservation activity at Tulu Korma. Medicinal plants All the 138 medicinal plant species recorded from the study area were found to have medicinal values in one or more ways both directly and indirectly. These plant species are used to treat humans (76, 55.07%) and animals (9, 6.52%) or both (53, 38.41%) health problems (Table 13). About ten major plant parts were identified as parts used to treat about 20 major health problems. In most cases, the local people can be able to name the plants in their vicinity directly by its local name. However, in some cases, there are circumstances when one cannot get the exact mach or local name for a particular species in question despite the plant is still in use for certain purposes both directly or indirectly. In such cases, farmers associate the possible name of the plant with its use value or its ecological significance in the vicinity. For instance, all plants named by adding the prefix “QORICHA” to the name of the diseases or aliment for which it is used in the locality have certain medicinal value. R5 6 5 4 2 3 1 Respondents R6 R7 R8 5 4 4 6 6 6 1 2 1 3 5 5 2 1 3 4 3 2 R9 5 6 2 4 3 1 R10 6 5 3 2 4 1 Total 48 53 21 34 37 17 Rank 2nd 1st 5th 4th 3rd 6th QORICHA means medicine for. Such naming systems include: QORICHA MICHII: Plants used as medicine against fever and chilly. QORICHA MADAA: Plants used as medicines against wound and bleeding. QORICHA CINIINNAA: Plants used as medicines against stomachache. QORICHA SINBIRAA: Plants used as medicines against recurrent herpes zoster simplex around nose and the nasal cavity. QORICHA MARZII/HADHAA: Plants used as medicines against poisoning and puss. QORICHA BUDAA: Plants used as medicines against evil eye. QORICHA BOFAA: Plants used as medicines against snake bite. QORICHA XANNACHAA: Plants used as medicines against tumors. QORICHA WAAN WAAQA IRRAA/BIDUU: Plants used as medicines against hepatitis virus. QORICHA SAREE MARAATUU: Plants used as medicines against rabies virus. QORICHA ILKAANII: Plants used as medicines against toothache. QORICHA IJAA: Plants used as medicines against eye diseases. QORICHA QUFAA: Plants used as medicines against common cold or cough. QORICHA QOONQOO: Plants used as medicines against tonsillitis. QORICHA MAAGAA: Plants used as medicines against Ascariasis. QORICHA RAAMMOO MINNII: Plants used as medicines against tapeworm (Taeniasis). QORICHA SHIFEE/SARARIITII: Plants used as medicines against herpes zoster simplex and skin diseases. QORICHA BUUTII: Plants used as medicines against blotting due to snake poisoning. Similar finding was also reported by [33] . Ranking and scoring Results of simple preferential ranking of eight medicinal plants used against fever (MICH) indicated that Ocimum lamiifolium ranked first followed by Cynoglossum coeruleum second and Salivia nilotica third (Table 2). Similarly, the results of paired comparison of four medicinal plants against fever (MICH) showed that Ocimum lamiifolium again ranked first followed by Cynoglossum coeruleum second and Salivia nilotica third confirming consistency and transitivity of the medicinal plants against a given health problem. Direct matrix ranking of multipurpose plant species in the area was also done for six plant species against seven use values. The result revealed that Podocarpus falcatus ranked first followed by Acacia abyssinica second and Olea europaea ~ 29 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies subsp. cuspidata third. Informant consensus was also used to test the agreement of people on medicinal values of top 15 medicinal plants cited by more than 9.62 % of the informants. Croton macrostachyus was ranked first with informant consensus of 28.85% of the informants followed by Allium sativum second (21.795%) and Cucumis ficifolius third (19.23%) of the informants. Informant consensus factor (ICF) values for 12 major plant use categories indicated that medicinal values ranked first with ICF value of 0.826 followed by charcoal making second (ICF = 0.822) and shade third (ICF= 0.805) in the study area. Major threats to medicinal plants Similar to elsewhere in Ethiopia, the vegetation of the study area is threatened by a range of factors. The major threats identified during the course of the study were agricultural intensification, high population pressure, charcoal making, firewood collection, grazing and demand of plant products for construction and tools. There are also warning signs of invasive alien species such as Parthinium hystophorus, Argemone mexicana and Lantana trifolia encroachment observed in the area although their distribution is very limited. Eucalyptus plantations are also almost replacing the indigenous trees and other natural vegetation around the town margins of Addisalem Town. The result of priority ranking to threats revealed that high population pressure ranked first thereby agricultural intensification second and construction and tools ranked third position. Conclusions The current study revealed that Tulu Korma and its surrounding environs are very rich in medicinal plant species and indigenous traditional ethnobotanical knowledge systems. It was stated that while traditions, customs, beliefs and cultural rights play crucial role in environmental conservation a comprehensive proactive policy framework is the best way to conserve indigenous knowledge that can help in the sustainable use, production and maintenance of plant biodiversity [14]. In case of Tulu Korma and its surrounding areas, despite the fact that there is better understanding of the local communities about vegetation conservation, there are also potential threats that need top priority for long-lasting and sustainable vegetation conservation of the area hence the medicinal plants as well. This will come to be true by integrating and implementing effective natural resource management policies in connection with community based conservation projects at its grass root level. This can be come to truth through understanding the need to build on the existing resources of indigenous medicinal plant communities by improving on their management sustaining the resources as well as further domestication of highly valuable medicinal plant taxa. The current study also revealed the need for screening, verifying and approval of potentially significant plant species of interest to treat specific health problems in the area thereby setting conservation priorities. Declaration of competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Author’ contributions The authors have made substantive intellectual contributions to this study in data collection, organization of the data, analysis, interpretation of results, preparation of the manuscript and proof reading. 5. Acknowledgments Zewdie Kassa gratefully acknowledges staff of the National Herbarium of Addis Ababa University and the main library circulation of Addis Ababa University (Keneddy Library), the library of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) for collaboration during the write up of the manuscript. Addis Ababa University is greatly acknowledged for financial and material support. The local people of Tulu Korma and surrounding areas, Ejere District administration and agricultural offices, workers of Tulu Korma Centre for indigenous Trees Propagation and Biodiversity development in Ethiopia for unreserved assistances and collaborations during data collection. 6. References 1. Albuqueque UP, Cunha LVFC, Lucena RFP, Alues RRN (eds). Methods and Techniques in ethnobiology and ethnoecology. Springer science + business media, New York, USA. 2014. 2. Alexiades MN. Selected guidelines for ethnobotanical research: A field manual. 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Appendices (Additional files) Appendix1: List of Medicinal Plants recorded from Tulu Korma and its surrounding areas and its description KEY: H-Herb, HBT-HABIT, Sh-Shrub, Pu-Parts used, UT-Used to treat, RA-Route of administration, T-Tree, L-Leaf, Br-Bark, F-Fresh, D-Dry, Ex-External, O-Oral, Na-Nasal, Er-Ear, B-Both, An-Animal, HuHumans, Fl-Flower, Fr-Fruit, WP-Whole plant, Res-Resin, R-Root, Se-Seed, Cl-Climber, St-Stem. CP= Condition of Preparation, Ys=Young shoot, UT-Used to treat, RA-Route of administration, TMC=Total number of medicinal citations, COLL.NO-Collection number (Voucher number). NB: All the local Names are in Afaan Oromoo Language SN Scientific Names/Family/Local Names HBT PU UT CP RA TMC Disease treated 1 Acacia abyssinica T L/Ys B F Ex 2 Snake blotting O/Ex Fabaceae Anthrax Laaftoo 2 3 4 Achranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Darguu Acmella caulirhiza Asteraceae Gutichaa Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae Qoricha michii H Wp An F/D O/Na/Er 1 Anthrax H Wp Hu F Ex 2 H/Sh Wp Hu Poisoning Eye disease Snake bite Mitch/Fever 5 Ajuga integerifolia H Wp Hu 6 Lamiaceae Armaguusaa Alchemilla pedata Rosaceae Gurra hantuutaa H Wp Hu 7 Allium sativum H Wp Hu 1 F O/Ex 2 BIDUU/RISAA Stomach ache F/D Ex 1 Wound O/Ex 34 Evil eye QURUMBAA Qullubbii adii Blotting Asthma Leeches 9 Aqueous extract of the plant is applied externally to the body Leaf is crushed together with that of J.schimperiana, C. macrostachyus, and S.abyssinica. The water solution of the ingridient is used to wash the body of the patient repeatedly untill the pain relieves. Leaf is smashed and put on the affected part of the body T L Hu F O 1 Snake bite Leaf is pounded and drunk. H Wp B F/D O 2 Diarrhea Leaf and flower are crushed together with leaf of Leucas martinicensis and given to cattle. ~ 32 ~ Coll. No. ZK038 ZK039 ZK047 ZK089 ZK002 Leaf extract together with that of Vernonia amygdalina is drunk. Malaria Alliaceae Allophylus abyssinicus Sapindaceae Sarara Amaranthus caudatus Amarantaceae Fresh leaf is pounded together with Cynodon dactylon and spited on the body. Concoction of young leaves together with Cynodon dactylon in water solution is taken orally as well as sprayed externally on the body of the patient. Leaf concoction together with Teclea nobilis, Vernonia amygdalina, Croton macrostachyus and Justicia schimperiana is given to cattle. Leaf is pounded and applied to the body. Leaf is chewed and spited into the affected eye. Leaf is chewed and Swallowed. Root bulb is added to that of Caparis tomentosa, Carisa edulis, and Ruta chalepensis, dried and pounded then smoked to the patient. Root bulb is chewed and swallowed. Root bulb is crushed together with seeds of Ricinus communis in the presence of spices and given to cattle. concoction with other spices is eaten or drunk as a soup. Root bulb is pounded together Ruta chalepensis, and Nigella sativa, mixed with honey and eaten each moring. Root is pounded together with Nicotiana tabacum, Ocimum lamiifolium, and Capsicum annum and given to cattle. Bulb is pounded and drunk as soup. Stomach ache 8 Preparation and Application ZK081 ZK003 ZK004 ZK007 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 10 Iyyaasuu Apodytes dimidiata Icacinaceae Calalaqaa T L B F O 1 cattle disease Parasites Leaf is crushed togetre with root of Thalictrum rhynchocarpum and Cucumis dispsaceus and drunk. Leaf is added to root of Clausena anisata, Allium sativum, and Ruta chalepensis and smoked to the patient. 11 Artemisia abyssinica Sh L/Fl Hu F/D Ex 2 Evil eye 12 Astraceae Aritaa Jaldeessaa Artemisia afra Asteraceae Aritaa faranjii Sh Wp Hu F/D O/Ex 3 Mitch/Fever 13 Asparagus africanus(Asparagaceae) Sh Wp B F/D O/Ex 9 Rabies 14 Asparagus racemosus(Asparagaceae) Sh Wp An 9 Diarrhea 15 Asparagus setaces(Asparagaceae) Sh Wp B 9 Snake bite 16 Bersama abyssinica Sh/T L B F/D O 3 18 19 20 21 Lolchisa Bidens pilosa Asteraceae Q/marzii Bothriocline schimper Asteraceae Q/dhayichaa Brassica carinata Brassicaceae Sagnii raafuu Brassica nigra Brassicaceae Macaafata Brucea antidysenterica Jaundice Poisoning Leaf is crushed and put on the affected part of the body. Mitch/Fever Aqueous extract of the plant is applied externally to the body and also internally through the nasal cavity. Pest control Ascariasis Melianthaceae 17 Root is pounded together with that of Phytolacca dodecandra and drunk by humans.Porridge of red teff is an antidote. Leaf is pounded together with Clematis simensis and Osyris quadripartita and given to cattle. Root is pounded together with that of J.schimperiana, R.communis, Calpurnia aurea, Senna obtusifolia(L), and Pterolobium stellatum and drunk. Dried leaf powder is applied with butter. Young leaf of Bersema abyssinica is put in the living hole of rodents so that over ussage of the shoot kills particularly rats. Young leaf of Bersema abyssinica is crushed and given to humans to expell intestinal parasites. Fresh or dried powder of the leaf applied with butter. Eczema Sariitii H L Hu F Ex 2 Sh Wp Hu F Ex/Na 1 H Se Hu D Ex 1 H Hu H Se Sh L/Fr Fire burn 1 O/Na B F/D O/Na/Ex 15 Anthrax Simaroubaceae Body warts Qabanyoo Enczema Stomach ache Gonorrhea Rabies ~ 33 ~ Decoction of the plant is drunk following sever headache and fever. The water solution is applied externally to the whole body. ZK243 ZK254 ZK008 ZK012 ZK114 ZK135 ZK021 ZK037 ZK013 Roasted seeds pounded and applied to the affected part of the body ZK014 Pounded seeds prepared into soup and used as anti nausa ZK018 Concoction of leaf from B.antidysentrica, Salix subserrata together with the root of Staphania abyssinica is drunk. Seed and leaf are crushed together homogenized in water and use as a washing agent. Dry seeds are pounded and applied with butter. Seeds and leaves are crushed together, mixed with water, decanted and drunk with honey. Leaf and seeds are crushed together, mixed with water, decanted and drunk. Dossage varies accordingly. Leaf of B.antidysentrica and Justicia schimperiana are crushed together and the water solution is drunk. Dossage varies ZK198 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 22 Buddlejia polystachya Buddlejaceae T L/Fl Hu F Ex/O 2 Biduu Qawwisa 23 Callistemon citrinus T L Hu F 1 Myrtaceae Bottle brush(Eng) 24 Calpurnia aurea Mitch/Fever Sh Wp/Fr B F O/Ex 10 Poisoning Fabaceae Evil eye Ceekaa Diarrhea Snake bite Leeches Hose disease Antrax Poisoning 25 26 27 Caparis tomentosa Cl/Sh Rb Hu D Ex 8 Evil eye Capparidaceae Tooth ache Arangama guracha DINGATAGNA Capsicum species H Fr B D/F O/Ex 3 Anthrax Solanaceae Thicks Barbaree Stomach ache Carisa spinarium Sh R Hu D Ex 12 ~ 34 ~ Evil eye according to age and sex. Leaf of B.polystachya together with leaf of Discopodium penninervuim and Rhmnus prinodes are crushed together and soaked in water then used as washing agent for the body of the patient. Concoction from leaf infusion is used as a washing agent for the body of the patient. Concoction of young leaves from C.aurea, Glycine wightii, Rhmnus prinoides, Croton macrostachyus, Ethulia gracilis and Mattenus species is applied on the wpound. Root of C.aurea together with that of Caparis tomentosa and bark of Schiffera abyssinica are dried together , pounded then smoked to the patient as fumigant against evil eye. Youg shoot together with root of Plantago lanceolata are pounded together, homogenized in water, decanted then drunk with honey. Leaf of C.aurea and Jasminum grandiflorum are crushed together and drunk. Young leaves of C.aurea, Croton macrostachyus, Vernonia amygdalina, Premna schimperi and Nicotiana tabacum are crushed together homogenized in water then administered through oral and nasal. Leaf of C.aurea, J.schimperiana and Asparagus species are crushed together and the ingridient is administered through left ear and left nose. The same as horse disease Bark of Calpurnia aurea and Cucumis ficifolius are dried and pounded together then the pouder is applied on the wound. Roo bark of Caparis tomentosa, Carisa edulis, Allium sativum and Ruta chalepensis seed are dried and pounded together then smoked to the patient. Bark of Caparis tomentosa together with leaf of Premna schimperi and Croton macrostachyus are crushed together and put on the affected tooth. Root of Caparis tomentosa together with leaves of Croton macrostachyus, Ricinus communis and Justicia schimperianaare mixed together and the ingridient is decanted and drunk. Powdered fruit of Capsicum species is added to concoction from Croton macrostachyus (L,Br), Brucea antidysentrica (L, Se), root of Rumex abyssinica, Cucumis ficifolius root then drunk for humans and it also administered through left ear and left nose in cattle. Powdered fruit is soaked in water and applied externally on the body of the affected animal. Concoction with spices suchas Zingeber officinale and Nigella sativa is drunk as soup as anti nousa. Root together with Caparis tomentosa in the presence of garlic are ZK137 ZK019 ZK009 ZK133 ZK022 ZK040 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 28 29 30 31 Apocynaceae Agamsa Caylusea abyssinica Resedaceae Centella asiatica Umbelliferae/Apiaceae Q/marzii Citrus limon Rutaceae Loomii Clausena anisata Gastritis dried together and smoked to the patient. Root of Carisa edulis and Caparis tomentosa are dried and pounded together and smoked to the patient. Leaf is boiled and eaten with roasted powdered barley seeds Poisonig and wound Fresh leaf is crushed and tied on the wound. 3 Hen disease Diarrhea Ring worm 1 Tumor Juice from the fruit is sequeezed into the mouth of the hen. Juice is drunk with pounded young leaf of Cordia africana The affected part of the body is wipped with lemon juice. Butterpaste of fresh stem is heated on fire and put on the swollen part of the tumor. Root is mixed with Allium sativum, Artemisia abyssinica and Ruta chalepensis leaves then dried then smoked to the patiet. Evil sprit H Wp Hu F O 2 Hb L Hu F Ex 10 Sh Fr B F EX/O Sh Wp Hu F Ex Evil eye Rutaceae Ulumaa 32 Clematis simensis Li L B F/D Ex/O 10 Diarrhea Ranunculaceae Jaundice Hida Fiitii Evil eye Rabies Tooth ache 33 Clerodendrum myricoides Sh Rt B F/D Ex/O 6 Rabies Lamiaceae Tumor Marasisaa Snake bite Poisoning 34 Coffea arabica Sh Se Hu D O 3 Bleeding Rubiaceae 35 Buna Cordia africana Boragnaceae T Fr/Br Hu F O 5 Crepis achyrophoroides Parasites Diarrhea Stomach ache Wadeessa 36 Head ache H R Hu F O 3 ~ 35 ~ Stomach ache Leaves of C.simensis, Osyris quadripartita and Asparagus species are mixed and dried together and the water solution is given to cattle. Dried powder of the above concoction for diarrhea is mixed with butter and pasted on the wound around nasal and face of the patient in humans. Root bark is mixed with Carisa edulis and Caparis tomentosa then the dried mixiture is smoked to the patient. Crushed leaf of C.simensis is mixed with latex of Tacazzea conferta and Euphorbia abyssinica and given to the affected animal with milk taking care of the dossage. Bark of Schefflera abyssinica and leaf of Clematis simensis are crushed together and put on the affected tooth. Root together that of Justicia schimperiana are crushed together and its water solution is poured into left ear and left noistrill of cattle Butter paste of fresh stem is heated on fire and put on the tumor. Leaf together with that of Medicago polymorpha are crushed together and the water solution is drunk. Leaf together with that of Indigofera arrecta are crushed together and tied on the wound. Roasted seed is crushed and drunk following cough and fever. Powdered seed is sprinkled on the bleeding part of the body following mechnical injury. Fruitis eaten to expell internal parasites in children. Bark is crushed, homogenized in water and drunk. Leaf of C.africana, Rumex nepalensis, Reuta chalepensis in the presence of garlic are crushed together homogenized in watersolution of salt and drunk. Root is chewed with salt and swallowed. ZK024 ZK245 ZK025 ZK010 ZK023 ZK094 ZK027 ZK028 ZK029 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 37 Asteraceae Q/ciniinnaa Croton macrostachyus Euphorbiaceae T WP B F/D O/Ex 45 Anthrax Poisoning Jaundice Bakaniisa Biduu QURUMBAA Stomachache STI in males Mitch/Fever Wound Leeches 38 Cucumis dispaceus Cucurbitaceae Buqee seexanaa Li Fr Hu F Ex. 2 Ringworm 39 Cucumis ficifolius Li R Hu F/D O/Ex 30 Stomachache Cucurbitaceae Anthrax Hidii hooloo Biduu QURUMBAA Rabies Worm infestation Toothache 40 41 Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae Buqee Cupressus lusitanica Cupressusaceae Li Fr/Se Hu T L Hu F Or 2 EX/O 3 Poisoning of foot(Xafaa) Stomachache BIduu Gaatira faranjii 42 Cyathula cylinderica(Amaranthaceae) H L B F Ex/O 3 ~ 36 ~ Anthrax The same as description given to Brucea antidysentrica The same as C alpurnia aurea. Dry bark is poudered mixed with latex from its young twings and applied to the wound. Leaves of Croton macrostachyus, Justicia shimperiana, Ajuga integrifolia and Staphania abyssinica are pounded together homogenized in water and used to bath the body of the patient. Leaf together with the leaf of Teclea nobilis in the presence of garlic are crushed together and given to cattle. Bark is crushed into powder, homogenized in water solution of salt and drunk. Dry bark is powdered and mixed with Guizotia abyssinica and drunk with salt. Leaf infusion is used to wipe the affected part of the body. Dry leaf is powdered and sprinkled on the wound. Leaves of together with leaves of Buddlejia polystachya and Verbascum sinaiticum are pounded together homogenized in water and given to cattle to expell leeches. Fresh fruit is roasted in fire and the jelly internal part is applied to the affected body. Root is pounded, homogenized in water, decanted then drunk with butter. The same as Brucea antidysentrica. Root of C.ficifolius together with bark of Osyris quadripartita and Pittosporum viridiflorum are crushed together, homogenized in water and drunk. Root is chewed and swallowed. Root together with that of Euphorbia dumalis are crushed together, homogenized in water decanted then drunk with honey. Concoction of the root with leaves of Teclea nobilis and Brucea antidysentrica is used as a washing agent for the affected body of animals. Root of Cucumis ficifolius is chewed and kept between tooth for few minutes. Root of Cucumis ficifolius is chewed and kept between toes for few minutes. Seeds eaten with empty stomach Young shoots together with that of Croton macrostachyus, Justicia schimperiana Asparagus species, Rumex nepalensis and Rhmnus prinoides are prepared through concoction by crushing and homogenized in water then used as washing agent for the body of the patient. Small dossage is also taken orally. Concoction of C.cylindrica, Teclea nobilis, Vernonia amygdalina, ZK011 ZK030 ZK031 ZK032 ZK035 ZK041 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 43 Cyathula uniculata (Amaranthaceae) H An 3 Poisoning Darguu 44 45 Cymbopogon caesius BIDUU H WP Hu F/D Ex/O 1 Stomachache Poaceae Malaria Xajisaara Thyphoide fever Cynodon dactylon H WP B F Ex/O 1 Snake poison Anthrax Poaceae Coqorsa 46 47 48 49 Cynoglossum amplifolium Boraginaceae Q/michii Cynoglossum coeruleum Boraginaceae Q/michii Cyphostema adenocaule Vitaceae Hidda dololaa Datura stramonuim ZK048 ZK054 L Hu F Ex/Na 2 Mitch/Fever H L Hu F Ex/Na 3 Mitch/Fever Leaf is smashed and the liquid applied to the body Leaf extract is taken through the nasal cavity ZK195 Li WP An F O 1 Horse diseae Pounded soaked in water and given to horse with NAQATTO ZK063 H R/Se B F/D Ex/o 2 Toothache Solanaceae Poisoning Manjii/Asangira Evil eye Dicrocephala integrifolia Asteraceae Q/marzii H L Hu F Ex 4 Poisoning 51 Discopodium penninervium Sh L/Fr Hu F O/Ex 4 BIDUU Gonorrhea Solanaceae Coongii Dodonea angustifolia Sapindaceae Ittacha ZK042 H 50 52 Croton macrostachyus and Justicia shimperiana leaves by crushing and soaking in water is orally taken by humans in small dossage but administered through left ear and left nose for horses. Leaf infusion together from Oteostegia integrifolia and Rhmnus prinoides is used as washing agent for the body of the patient then small dossage is drunk orally. Leaf is crushed between hands and the liquid exudate is applied to the wound. Leaf infusion together with Ruta chalepensis is mixed with garlic and drunk. Water soaked mixiture of C.citracus, Ruta chalepensis and Croton macrostachyus in the presence of garlic is consumed. The same as malaria. Fresh leaf is pounded together with that of Acacia abyssinica in water solution is taken orally as well as sprayed on the body of the patient. Fresh leaf is pounded together with that of Acacia abyssinica in water solution is taken orally as well as sprayed on the body of the patient. Leaf is smashed and the liquid applied to the body Leaf extract is taken through the nasal cavity Sh L Hu/An F Ex 2 ~ 37 ~ QURUMBAA Bone fracture Butter paste of the seed is soaked in boiling water and the steam is released to the affected teeth through a pipe. Leaf together with leaf of Carisa edulis, Calpurnia aurea, Guizotia scabra and Brucea antidysentrica are crushed together and tied on the wound. Root of Datura stramonium together with that of Carisa edulis are dried together crushed into fine then smoked to the patient. Fresh leaf is crushed and tied on the wound. Leaves together with leaves of Buddlejia polystacha and Rhmnus prinoides are crushed and soaked in water then used as a washing agent for the body of the patient. Leaf together with leaves of Brucea antidysentrica, Oteostegia integrifolia and root of Staphania abyssinca are crushed together, soaked in water, decanted and drunk with honey. The same as for Gonorrhea. Fresh leaf togetherwith splited stem of Arundo donax or Arundinaria alpiina is used to tie and assemble the broken bone to be kept at its original position until it revived. ZK057 ZK058 ZK082 ZK059 ZK244 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 53 54 55 56 Dovyalis abyssinica Flacourtiaceae Koshomii Dovyalis verrucosa Flacourtiaceae Mixmixaa Dregea schimperi Ascclepiadaceae Hidda goor'isaa Echinops kebericho Asteraceae Sh Fr Sh Hu F O Hu 3 2 58 59 60 61 62 63 Echnops papii Asteraceae Kosoruu daalattii/Qoree Shokolee Eleusine floccifolia Poaceae Cangeedara Embelia schimperi Myrsinaceae Haanquu Enset ventricosum Musaceae Warqee Erythrina brucei Fabaceae Waleensuu Ethulia gracilis Asteraceae Tamsaasa Eucalyptus globulus Fruit is eaten to expel intestinal parasites. Fruit is eaten to expel intestinal parasites. ZK132 ZK168 Li Br B F O/Ex 1 Rabies Bark is crushed homogenized in water and given to the affected animal. ZK111 Sh R B F/D O/Ex 3 Evil eye Headache The same as Carisa edulis and Caparis tomentosa. Dry root is smoked to the patient. Root is pounded together with leaf of Vernonia amygdalina and given to cattle as feed. The same as Eleusine floccifolia below Root is crushed, soaked in water, decanted then drunk with salt or honey. Root is mixed together with root of Staphania abyssinica, Solanum anguivi, Kalanchoe petitiana, and Echinops spinosus and tied on the body. ZK060 Parasites Qabarichoo 57 Parasites Sh R B D Ex 1 Erythroblastosis Stomachache H R B D Ex 1 Erythroblastosis Sh Fr Hu F O 2 Intestinal parasites H L/Rh An F O 3 Retained placenta Syphilis/Gonorrhea T R B F/D O/Na/Er 1 Sh L Hu F Ex 3 Poisoning T L Hu F Ex/O 2 Mitch/Fever Horse disease Mitch/Fever Myrtaceae Baargamoo 64 Euclea divinorum Ebenaceae Mi'eessaa Sh R B F Ex 1 65 Euphorbia abyssinica T Lt B F/D O/Ex 3 Eye disease Jaundice Euphorbiaceae BIDUU Adaamii Stomachache Intestinal parasites ~ 38 ~ Fruit is pounded, soaked in water, decanted and drunk empty stomach. Leaf and rhizome are pounded together and given to cattle. It also pumped into the reproductive organ of the female animal. Root together with root of Staphania abyssinica, Juniperus procera and Verbascum sinaiticum atre pounded together, soaked in water and administered taking care of dossage. Concoction of young leaves from C.aurea, Glycine wightii, Rhmnus prinoides, Croton macrostachyus, Ethulia gracilis and Mattenus species is applied on the wpound. Leaf infusion together with that of Oenanthe palutris is boiled and the steam is smoked to the patient under highely sealed clothes so that no air circulates under the cloth during steam treatment. Concoction from leaf infusion of E.globulus, Phycnostachyus abyssinica, Salvia nilotica, Leonotis raineriana, Leucas martinicensis, Ocimum lamiifolium and Oenanthe parustris mixiture is used as a washing agent for the body of the patient. Root is chewed and spited into the eye of cattle or on the affected prt of the body. Latex is mixed with powdered leaf of Clematis simensis and applied to the wound/affected part of the body/. Latex is mixed with flour of red Erogratis teff, baked then eaten with butter. The same as BIDUU. The same as BIDUU. ZK036 ZK026 ZK061 ZK062 ZK139 ZK064 ZK052 ZK045 ZK065 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 66 Ficus sur T Lt Hu F Ex 1 Ring worm Moraceae Control of frtility Haarbuu 67 68 Foeniculum vulgare Apiaceae Insilaalee Galineria saxifraga Rubiaceae H WP B F O/Ex 2 Stomachache Sh L Hu F/D Ex 3 Jaundice H R B F O/Ex 5 Retained placenta Buniitii 69 70 Girardinia bulosa Urticaceae Horse disease Doobii Tumor Glycine wightii Li L/Fr Hu F/D O/Ex 3 Poisoning Enczema Fabaceae Hidda hantuutaa 71 Sh L/Br An F O 3 Retained placenta 72 Grewia ferruginea Tiliaceae Dhoqonuu Guizotia scabra Asteraceae Adaa/Tuufoo H R Hu D Ex 8 Poisoning 73 Guizotia abyssinica H Se Hu D O 8 Stomachache Asteraceae Diarrhea Nuugii Gonorrhea Cough 74 Heracleum abyssinicum H R B F O 3 Stomachache Apiaceae QURUMBAA Ululee Diarrhea ~ 39 ~ The milky exudate is directly applied to the affected part of the body particularly head in children. Plant ectoparasite on Ficus sur is pounded soaked in water, decanted and drunk in small dossage by females. However, it is not recommended specially for individuals who have not yet predicted their family size since it totally leads to strility. Concoction from F.vulgare, Nigella sativa, Zingeber officinale, Ruta chalepensis in the presence of garlic is used as a good remedy when eaten or drunk as soup. Dry or fresh leaf together with that of Clematis simensis, Justicia schimperiana, Asparagus species, Osyris quadripartita and Ranunculus multifidus are powdered, mixed with butter and applied to the wound or affected part of the body. Root is pounded, homogenized in water and drunkwith saltfor animals and with honey for humans. Root together with root of Justicia schimperiana are crushed together and given to horses. Root is finely pounded then the solid part is tied on the tumorous body and the liquid part is drunk with salt. Concoction from the leaves of G.wightii Calpurnia aurea, Rhmnus prinoides young shoot, Croton macrostachyus young shoot, Ethulia gracilis young shoot, and Matenus species is applied on the affected part of the body. Flower of G.wightii, Linum usitatissimum and Medicago polymorpha are dried and powdered together and spoon full of the powder is homogenized in water and drunk. The powder is also sprinkled on the affected part of the body. Leaf and bark are crushed together and given to cattle. Root together with root and leaf of Carisa edulis and Calpurnia aurea are dried, crushed and made into powder then applied to the affected part of the body. Fried seeds are finly poundedand added as an ingridient to any concoction from medicinsl plsnts to treat stomachache, diarrhea and gonorrhea. Fried seeds are finly poundedand added as an ingridient to any concoction from medicinsl plsnts to treat stomachache, diarrhea and gonorrhea. Fried seeds are finly poundedand added as an ingridient to any concoction from medicinsl plsnts to treat stomachache, diarrhea and gonorrhea. Fried seeds are finly pounded boiled and runk with honey, salt or sugar as soup. Root is chewed and swallowed with salt. Root is pounded and given to cattle. Leaf is smashed fresh into fine powder mixed with butter and put on head for humans Root is pounded together with root of Thalictrum rhyncocarpum ZK104 ZK142 ZK066 ZK067 ZK216 ZK235 ZK151 ZK055 ZK117 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 75 76 77 Hygrophila shulli Acanthaceae Kachoo Hypericum quartinianum Hypericaceae Ulee foonii Impatiens rothii Balsamiaceae Burii H L Hu F Ex 5 Poisoning Wound Sh L B F O 1 Anthrax H R An F O 5 Retained Urine Tonsil QURUMBAA Stomach problems Diarrhea 78 Indigofera arrecta Fabaceae Q/marzii Sh L Hu F/D Ex 3 Poisoning 79 Jasminum grandiflorum Sh L B F Ex/O 2 Snake bite Eye disease Oleaceae Poisoning Qamaxee 80 Juniperus procera Cupressusaceae T L/R Hu F Ex/O 3 BIDUU Sh R/L/ B F/D Ex/O/Na 25 Rabies Gaatiraa habashaa 81 Justicia shimperiana Acanthaceae Dhumuugaa Cattle disease Bloating in cattle Snake bite Horse Diseae Evil sprit ~ 40 ~ and given to cattle. Leaf is crushed and tied on the affected part of the body. ZK046 The same as poisoning. Leaf together with leaf and seed of Croton macrostachyus and Brucea antidysentricaare crushed together homogenized in water and given to humans and cattle taking note of dossage. Root is pounded and given to cattle with salt. Young leaf is chewed and swallowed The same as for retained urine. The same as for QURUMBAA. Root together with root of Asparagus species and Loranthes species from Croton macrostachyus are pounded together and given to animals. Leaf of I.arrecta and Clerodendrum myricoides are crushed together and applied to the affected part of the body either fresh or in the form of dry powder with butter. Leaf of J.grandiflorum and Calpurnia aurea are pounded together homogenized in water and drunk immediately following snake bite. Leaf is chewed and spited into the eye of cattle. Fresh leaf is smashed between hands and tied on the affected part of the body. Young shoots together with that of Croton macrostachyus, Justicia schimperiana Asparagus species, Rumex nepalensis and Rhmnus prinoides are prepared through concoction by crushing and homogenized in water then used as washing agent for the body of the patient. Small dossage is also taken orally. Root together with roots of Clerodondrum myricoides, Staphania abyssinica and Tacazzea conferta are prepared by concoction and drunk with milk. Animals: The above concoction is administered through left ear and left noistril. Dogs: Powder from the concoction is mixed with red teff baked and given to them with milk. Humans: The concoction is homogenized with milky exudate from T.conferta and cow milk and drunk. The same as Croton macrostachyus. Leaf of J.schiperiana and Vernonia amygdalina are pounded together and given to cattle with salt. Roots of J.shimperiana and Racinus comunis together with leaves from Ximenia americana, Pterolobium stellatum, Senna obtusifolia and Calpurnia aurea are crushed together, homogenized in water and drunk. Leaf of J.schimperiana together with that of Calpurnia aurea and Asparagus species are pounded together and the water solution is administered through oral, left noistrill and left ear. Leaf infusion together withleaves of Eucalptus globulus, Tagetes ZK150 ZK068 ZK069 ZK051 ZK125 ZK043 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies QURUMBAA Dingatagyaa Poisoning(xafaa) Stomachache Jaundice Anthrax 82 Kalanchoe species H R Hu F/D Ex/O 5 Erythroblastosis Crassulaceae Stomachache Bosoqee Eye disease Wound 83 84 Leucas martinicensis Lamiaceae Bokkoluu Adii Linum usitatissimum Linaceae Sh L Hu F Ex/O/Na 16 Mitch/Fever H Se Hu D O/Ex 6 Constipation Stomach problems Eczema Talbaa 85 Lippia adoensis Sh L Hu F Ex/O 4 Cough Verbanaceae 86 87 Kusaayee Medicago polymorpha Ring worm H L Hu F/D O/Ex 3 Stomachache Eczema Fabaceae Snake bite Gosa siddisaa DINGATAGNYA Millittia ferruginea T Se B F/D Ex/O 9 Jaundice Fabaceae Leeches Birbirraa Fish poisoning ~ 41 ~ minuta and Ocimum lamiifolium are used to wash the body of the patient and small dossage is taken through oral and nasal. The same as cucumis ficifolius. The same as cucumis ficifolius. The same as Croton macrostachyus and Cucumis ficifolius. Root together with roots of Rumex nepalensisare chewed and swallowed with salt. Leaves together with leaves of Clematis simensis, Asparagus species, Osyris quadripartita, Galineria saxifraga and Rununculus multifidus are pounded together and applied to the affected part of the body with butter. Leaves together with that of Vernonia amygdalina, Racinus communis and root of Phytolacca dodecandra are pounded together, dried then the mixiture homogenized in water and drunk taking care of dossage for humans and animals. The root is mixed togetherwith root of Stephania abyssinica Solanum anguivi, Kalanchoe petitiana, and Echinops spinosus and tied on the body. Root is chewed and swallowed with salt. Root together with roots of Urera hypselodedron are pounded together and applied to the eye of animals. Root together with that of Plantago lanceolata are crushed together and applied to the wound. Fresh leaf is smashed between pulms and applied to the body. The liquid part is taken both orally and through nasal in small dossage. Fried seeds are pounded homogenized in water and drunk. Fried seeds are pounded homogenized in water and drunk. Concoction of seed and flower of Linum usitatissimum, Glycine wightii and Medicago polymorpha is used as a good remedy. The concoction is prepared in powder form and stored in dry container then spoonful is homogenized in in water and drunk. Externally, is also applied to the affected skin. Leaf is smashed between pulm and applied to the affected part of the body. Concoction from the Lippia adoensis and other spices is boiled and drunk as soup. The same as for cough. The same as Linum usitatissinum. The whole plant is pounded and the water solution is drunk taking care of the dossage. The same as snake bite. Seeds together with seeds of Croton macrostachyus are dried and pounded together and applied to the affected part of the body with butter. Seeds are sprinkled into water as water purification. Seeds are added to still water where there are abundant fishes for fishing. ZK177 ZK050 ZK217 ZK006 ZK020 ZK070 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 88 Myrsine african Myrsinaceae Qacama Sh L Hu F/D Ex 1 Control of Jigger flea Poisoning 89 Nicotiana tabacum H L/Se B F/D Ex/O 2 Snake bite Leeches Solanaceae Tamboo 90 Nigella sativa H Se B D O 3 Stomachache Ranunculaceae Abasuuda guraacha 91 Ocimum lamiifoluim Asthma Sh L Hu F Ex/N/O 22 Mitch/Fever Fever Lamiaceae Ancabbii 92 Hu Ocimum urtitcifolium 17 Lamiaceae 93 94 95 96 97 98 Ancabbii Oenanthe palustris Apiaceae Q/lagaa Olea europaea subspecies caspidata H L Hu F Ex 1 Fever/Mitch T/Sh L/Br/Wp/R Hu F O/Ex 3 Gonorrhea Oleaceae Wound Ejersa Tonsil Oreobanche minor Orobanchaceae Q/xannachaa Osyris quadripartita Santalaceae Waatoo Persicaria senegalensis Polygonaceae Q/honnee buutee, Q/arma loonii Phragmanthera macrosolen Loranthaceae H R Hu F Ex 3 Tumor Sh L B F/D O/Na/Er 4 Horse disease BIDUU H L An F O/Na 3 Heart failur Sh L An F O 3 Breast wound Horse disease ~ 42 ~ Pounded seeds are applied in powdered form. Leaf is crushed either fresh or dry and applied to the affected part of the body. Leaf is added to concoction from Calpurnia aurea, Xemenia americana and Jasminum grandiflorum as an ingridient to treat snake bite. Leaf together with garlic is pounded and given to calttle through oral and nasal to expel leech from the nasal cavity after which the dropped leech under the throat is mechanically removed. Seeds together with Ruta chalepensis and garlic are pounded together, mixed with honey and stored in sealed container for few days.The mixiture is eaten each morning. Seeds together with Zingeber officinalis and other spices are pounded together and eaten following pain. Fresh leaf is crushed between hands and the liquid part is taken as a sip through nostrills. Leaf infusion is from mixed O.lamiifoluim, Eucalyptus globulus, and Oenthe palustris is used to wash the body of the patient following steam treatment from the same plant material.Small dossage of the infusion is also drunk orally. Leaf infusion is from mixed O.urtitcifolium, Eucalyptus globulus, and Oenthe palustris is used to wash the body of the patient following steam treatment from the same plant material.Small dossage of the infusion is also drunk orally. The same as O.lamiifolium. Bark is pounded soaked in water and used as washing agent for the femal genital immediately before infant delivery. Fresh stem is roasted in fire and the foamy exudate is applied to the wound. Bark and leaf is crushed into fine powder, mixed with juice from fruit of Solanum marginatum and applied into the pharnyx. Root is heated on fire and put on the tumor. The same as Clematis simensis and Asparagus species. ZK098 ZK053 ZK071 ZK115 ZK033 ZK124 ZK127 ZK056 ZK096 The same as Cucumis ficifolius. Leaf is crushed and its water solution is given to cattle both through oral and nasal. Fresh lef is smashed and applied to wounded breast of cow The same as Loranthes species ZK072 ZK073 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Digaluu 99 Phytolacca dodecandra Sh R/Fr B F Ex F O/Ex BIDUU/RISAA 24 Rabies Phytolacaceae Anthrax Handoodee STI/Gonorrhea Ring worm 100 101 102 103 Pittosporum viridiflorum T/Sh Br/R Hu F O 3 Pittosporaceae BIDUU Soolee/Qarxammee Eczema Plantago lanceolata Plantaginaceae Qorxobbii Plectranthus cylindraceus Lamiaceae Dabasee Premina shimperi Lamiaceae H L/R Hu F Ex/O 8 105 Prunus africana Diarrhea Wound H WP Hu F Ex/O 5 Mitch/Fever Sh L B F Ex 4 Toothache Hyena bite Mitch/Fever Urgeessaa 104 Snake bite T Br B D Ex/O 5 Wound Rosaceae Worm infestation Gurraa/Gura'ee Horse disease Pterolobium stellatum Fabaceae Sh L Hu F O 1 Snake bite Sh L Hu F Ex/N 2 Evil sprit Arangama diimaa 106 107 108 Pycnostachyus abyssinica Lamiaceae Q/dhayichaa Ranunculus multifidus Ranunculaceae Q/sinbiraa Rhamnus prinoides Mitch/Fever H L Hu F/D Ex 22 Jaundice The same as Loranthes species. Root together with root of Asparagus species are pounded together and the water solution is drunk with milk according to age and sex. Porrdge from red teff is the best antidote. The same as Cucumis ficifolius. Root is pounded and its homogenous mixiture in water is drunk with salt. Fruit is pounded and and used as a washing powder to the affected body. Bark is crushed together with bark of Osyris quadripartita and root of Cucumis ficifolius and drunk taking care of dossage. Root together with roots of Osyris quadripartita and Cucumis ficifoluisare pounded together and drunk with honey. Leaf is dried, powdered and applied with butter. Root is pounded with leaf of Calpurnia aurea and drunk with honey. ZK074 ZK205 ZK015 Fresh leaf is smashed between hands and tied on the wound. Fresh leaf is crushed between hands and the liquid part is taken as a sip through nostrills. Leaf is chewed and kept between teeth. Leaf is crushed and tied on the wound. Fresh leaf is crushed between hands and the liquid part is taken as a sip through nostrills. Bark is dried, pounded and the powder is applied to the wound with butter. Powdered bark is sprinkled on the affected part of the body of animals. Bark is pounded homogenized in water and administered through left ear and left nostril of horses. Roots of J.shimperiana and Racinus comunis together with leaves from Ximenia americana, Pterolobium stellatum, Senna obtusifolia and Calpurnia aurea are crushed together, homogenized in water and drunk. Leaf infusion from P.abyssinicca, Ocimum lamiifolium, Leonotis raineriana and Oenthe palutris is used as a washing agent for the body of the patient. Leaf is smashed between pulms and taken through the noistril as a sip. Fresh leaf is crushed and tied on the affected part of the body. ZK274 ZK017 ZK075 ZK153 ZK076 ZK106 Dried powedr of the leaf is applied with butter to the wound. Sh/T L Hu F/D Ex/O 10 Poisoning Rhmnaceae BIDUU/RISAA Geeshoo Tonsil ~ 43 ~ The same as Croton macrostachyus. Leaf infusion from R.prinoides, Salix subserrata, Acacia species, Cucumis dispasaceus is used to wash the body of the patient. Young leaf together with that of Maytenus species is chewed and swallowed. ZK077 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 109 110 111 Ricinus communis Sh R/Se B F O 7 Euphorbiaceae Bloating in cattle Qobboo Snake bite Rosa xrichardii Rosaceae Tsigeredaa/Ililliy/Abaaboo Rumex abyssinicus Polygonaceae Sh R Hu F O 2 H R B F/D Ex/O 4 113 114 Rumex nepalensis QURUMBAA Stomachache Anthrax Ring worm BIDUU Maqmaqoo 112 Anthrax H R Hu F O/Ex 19 Stomachache Polygonaceae Abortion Shuultii BIDUU Sanke bite Jaundice Rumex nervosus Sh L/Fr B F/D O/Ex 3 Polygonaceae BIDUU Dhangagoo Hemorrhoid Ruta chalepensis H WP B F/D O/Ex 18 Evil eye Rutaceae Stomachache Xenaadama Anthrax Rectal/Vaginal cramp 115 Salvia nilotica Lamiaceae Q/michii H L Hu F Ex/O 19 Malaria Mitch/Fever 116 Salix subserrata Sh/T L B F O 5 Anthrax Rabies Salicaceae 117 Alaltuu Saturaja paradoxa Lamiaceae Duufaa loonii H L Hu F Ex/O 2 ~ 44 ~ BIDUU/RISAA Mitch/Fever Root is pounded and the liquid decant is drunk with honey. Seed together with seeds of Nigella sativa and garlic are pounded together and given to cattle. Roots of J.shimperiana and Racinus comunis together with leaves from Ximenia americana, Pterolobium stellatum, Senna obtusifolia and Calpurnia aurea are crushed together, homogenized in water and drunk. The same as Cucumis ficifolius. Root is chewed and swallowed. The same as Croton macrostachyus. Root is dried, powdered and applied with butter. Root together with that of Cucumis ficifolius are pounded together and and the liquid decant is drunk with honey and butter. Root is chewed and swallowed with salt. Root is pounded, soaked in water and the homogenous solution is decanted and stored in bottle and drunk. The same as Croton macrostachyus and Justicia schimperiana. Root is pounded and drunk with salt. The same as Croton macrostachyus. Leaf of R.nervosus, Loranthes species and Rhmnus prinoides are pounded together with roots of phytolacca dodecandra and Enset ventricosum then used as a washing agent for the body of the patient. Dry powdered leaf is applied with butter. Fresh leaf is smashed between hands and tied on the affected body. The same as Carisa edulis and Caparis tomentosa. Concoction from R.chalepensis, Nigella sativa, Zingeber officinalis, Foeniulum vulgare in the presence of garlicis consumed as a remedy against stomch problems. Root is pounded and the liquid decant is drunk with honey Leaf infusion is used for washing the affected oragn or body parts. The same as Allium sativum. Fresh leaf is crushed between hands and the liquid part is taken as a sip through nostrills. Leaf/root together with leaf of Brucea antidysentrica and root of Staphania abyssinica are pounded together and drunk taking care of dosage between humans and animals. Root of Ssubserrata togethwr with root of Pytolacca dodecandraare pounded together and the liquiddecant is drunk with milk. The same as Rhmnus prinoides. Fresh leaf is crushed between hands and the liquid part is taken as a sip through nostrills. ZK121 ZK078 ZK101 ZK001 ZK079 ZK080 ZK016 ZK005 ZK103 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 118 119 120 Saturaja abyssinica Lamiaceae Q/michii Scadoxus multiflorus Amaryllidaceae Arfaasee Schefflera abyssinica Araliaceae Harfattuu H WP Hu F Ex/O 10 Mitch/Fever H R Hu F Ex 1 Tumor Bulb is heated on fire and put on the affected body ZK084 T R/Br Hu D Ex 2 Evel eye Anthrax Toothache The same as Caparis tomentosa. The same as Justicia schimperiana and phytolacca dodecandra. Bark is chewed and kept between teeth. Leaf together with leaf of Carisa edulis are pounded together and the liquid decant is drunk wtith honey. Leaf together with leaf of Brucea antidysentrica, Justicia schimperiana, Staphania abyssinica and Rhmnus prinoides are pounded together and the liquid extract is used to wash the body of the patient. Leaf and flower are pounded together and given to cattle as fodder. Root is mixed together with root of Staphania abyssinica, Solanum anguivi, Kalanchoe petitiana, and Echinops spinosus and tied on the body Root is chewed and swallowed with salt or the liquid decant is drunk with honey. Leaf is pounded and homogenized in water then drunk with milk taking care of the dosage. Root is chewed and kept between teeth. Pounded leaf of Solunum denekense and Ocimum lamiifolium is mixed with juice from fruit of solanum species and put on the frontal part(forehead) for 6 to 7 minutes. Fruit juce is applied to the affected body with honey. Leaf is smashed between hands and and tied on the affected part of the body. ZK085 Snake bite 121 Solanacio gigas Sh/T L/Fr B F Ex/O 3 Diarrhea Asteraceae Diluu Arbaa 122 Solanum incanum BIDUU Sh R/Fr/L Hu F O/Ex 4 Erythroblastosis Solanaceae Stomachache Hiddii Rabies Toothache Tonsil Hemorrhoid 123 Sphaeraranthus sauveolens 124 Asteraceae Q/marzii Staphania abyssinica 125 H L Hu F Ex 6 Wound Li R/L B F Ex/O 17 Anthrax Menispermaceae Rabies Kalaala BIDUU DINGATAGNAA Jaundice BIDUU Tacazzea conferta Asclepiadaceae Li Lt B F Ex/O 3 Rabies Aanannoo 126 Poisoning Tagetes minuta Sh L Hu F Ex/O 4 Insect repellent Mitch/Fever Asteraceae Barifidee ~ 45 ~ Fresh leaf is crushed between hands and the liquid part is taken as a sip through nostrills. ZK083 ZK086 ZK162 ZK107 The same as for poisoning. The same as Brucea antidysentrica and Salix subserrata. Root is pounded together with root of Justicia schimperiana and drunk with honey. The same as Croton macrostachyus. Root is chewed and swaloowed with salt. Latex is directly applied to the affected body. The same as Clematis simensis and Bersama abyssinica. The latex is mixed with powder of red teff, baked and given to dogs. Fresh leaves together with leaves of Eucalyptus globulus are used to keep away insects particularly trailing ants to attack beehive or living rooms. The same as Eucalyptus globulus. ZK044 ZK141 ZK049 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 127 128 Teclea nobilis Sh/T L B F/D O/Na 7 Rutaceae Cattle disease Hadheesa Anthrax Thalictrum rhynchocarpum Ranunculaceae H R B F/D O 11 130 131 Thymus schimperi Lamiaceae Xoosanyii Trigonella foenum-graenum Fabaceae Abishii Urera hypselodendron Sh WP Hu F/D O 3 Cough H Se Hu D O 3 Eye disease HAJII(swelling in child's belly) Retained urine CL R/L B F O/Ex 3 Eye disease Urticaceae 132 133 Laanqisaa Urtica simensis Urticaceae Saamaa Verbascum sinaiticum Diarrhea Stomach problems BIDUU Siraabizuu 129 Horse disease H L Hu F O 5 Retained placenta Gastritis H L B F/D O/Ex 6 Horse disease Scrophulariaceae Rabies Gurra harree Cattle disease Poisoning 134 135 Verbena officinalis Verbanaceae Q/albaatii H Vernonia amygdalina T R L B B F F/D O O/Ex 6 8 Diarrhea Tonsil Anthrax Bloating in cattle Jaundice Leeches Asteraceae Ebicha ~ 46 ~ Concoction from dry leaves of T.nobilis, Juniperus procera, Withania sominifera, Oteostegia integrifolia, Verbascum siniaticum Senna obtusifolia, Loranthes species is administered through left ear and left noistril. Concoction from dry leaves of T.nobilis Justicia schimperiana, Croton macrostachyus, Ruta chalepensis, Calpurnia aurea, Thalictrum rhynchocarpum in the presence of garlic is mixed with ash and given to cattle each morning for three consequetive days. Leaf concoction , either dry od fresh, from Teclea nobilis, Vernonia amygdalina, Croton macrostachyus, Justicia schimperiana and Achyranthes aspera is homogenized in water and administered. Root is pounded and given to cattle. Root is pounded homogenized in water and drunk. Root is pounded, soaked in water, decanted and drunk with honey and butter. Whole plant is washed soaked in water and boiled then drunk with sugar. powdered seed is used to treat eaye disease. ZK250 ZK200 ZK183 ZK087 Cooked seeds are used in weeping the belly of the infant gently. Root is pounded and the jelly extract is given to cattle. Root together with root of Kalanchoe species are pounded together and applied to eye of animals. The same as retained urine. Cooked leaf is mixed with powder from fried seeds of barley and eaten. Dry concoction of leaves together with leaves of J.procera, Withania sominifera, Verbascum sinaiticum and Loranthes regularis is homogenized in water and given to horse. Leaf of V.sinaitticum, Phytolacca dodecandra and Stapgania abyssinica are pounded together and the decant is drunk with milk. Root together with that of Staphania abyssinica and leaf of Hypericum revvolutum are pounded together and given to cattle. Root together with leaf of Indigofera arrecta are pounded together nd applied to the affected part of the body. Decant from pounded root is drunk. ZK088 ZK090 ZK034 ZK091 Root is chewed and swallowed. Leaf together with leaf of Teclea nobilis, Croton macrostachyus, Justicia schimperiana and Achyranthes aspera are pounded together and and administered through left ear and left noisetril. The same as Justicia schimperiana. Fresh or dry leaf is pounded and applied with butter. Leaf together with leaves of Premna schimperi, Nicotiana ZK152 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Stomachache 136 137 138 Ximenia americana Sh Br B D/F O/Na/Er 1 Anthrax Olacaceae Evil eye Hudhaa Snake bite Zehneria scabra Cucurbitaceae Hidda adii/Daaymii Zingiber officinale Zingeberaceae Gijinbila Li H L Rh B B F F/D Ex O 18 5 ~ 47 ~ Poisoning Anthrax Stomachache Cough Bloatting in cattle tabacum, Calpurnia aurea and Croton macrostachyus are pounded together and given to cattle to expel leech. Leaves together with leaves of Ajuga integrifolia are pounded together, soaked in water, decanted and drunk with honey. Bark togetherwith Cucumis ficifolius, Acacia abyssinica and Cynodon dactylon are pounded together and applied. Roo bark togetherwith Carisa edulis, Allium sativum and Ruta chalepensis seed are dried and pounded together then smoked to the patient. Leaf together with leaf of Carisa edulis are pounded together and the liquid decant is drunk wtith honey. Leaf is crushed and applied. ZK092 ZK160 The same as poisoning. Rhzome is chewed and swallowed. Pounded rhzome is boiled and drunk as soup. Rhizome is pounded together with garlic and given to cattle. ZK093

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Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people in Tulu Korma and its Surrounding Areas of Ejere District, Western Shewa Zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people in Tulu Korma and its Surrounding Areas of Ejere District, Western Shewa Zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

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