Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management R.H. Groves (Convenor), J.R. Hosking, G.N. Batianoff, D.A. Cooke, I.D. Cowie, R.W. Johnson, G.J. Keighery, B.J. Lepschi, A.A. Mitchell, M. Moerkerk, R.P. Randall, A.C. Rozefelds, N.G. Walsh and B.M. Waterhouse D E PA RT M E N T O F AG R I C U LT U R E , FISHERIES AND FORESTRY Weed categories for natural and agricultural ecosystem management R.H. Groves1 (Convenor), J.R. Hosking2, G.N. Batianoff3, D.A. Cooke4, I.D. Cowie5, R.W. Johnson3, G.J. Keighery6, B.J. Lepschi7, A.A. Mitchell8, M. Moerkerk9, R.P. Randall10, A.C. Rozefelds11, N.G. Walsh12 and B.M. Waterhouse13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 CSIRO Plant Industry & CRC for Australian Weed Management, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 NSW Agriculture & CRC for Australian Weed Management, RMB 944, Tamworth, NSW 2340 Queensland Herbarium, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Qld 4066 Animal & Plant Control Commission, Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation, GPO Box 2834, Adelaide, SA 5001 NT Herbarium, Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries, GPO Box 990, Darwin, NT 0801 Department of Conservation & Land Management, PO Box 51, Wanneroo, WA 6065 Australian National Herbarium, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, AQIS & CRC for Australian Weed Management, c/- NT Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries, GPO Box 3000, Darwin, NT 0801 Victorian Institute for Dryland Agriculture, NRE & CRC for Australian Weed Management, Private Bag 260, Horsham, Vic. 3401 Department of Agriculture Western Australia & CRC for Australian Weed Management, Locked Bag No. 4, Bentley, WA 6983 Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, GPO Box 1164, Hobart, Tas. 7001. National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Vic. 3141 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, AQIS & CRC for Australian Weed Management, c/- Centre for Tropical Agriculture, PO Box 1054, Mareeba, Qld 4880 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management i © Commonwealth of Australia 2003 ISBN 0 642 47534 2 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth available from the Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Intellectual Property Branch, Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts, GPO Box 2154, Canberra ACT 2601 or at http://www.dcita.gov.au/cca. The Commonwealth of Australia acting through the Bureau of Rural Sciences has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and compilation of the information and data set out in this publication. Notwithstanding, the Bureau of Rural Sciences, its employees and advisers disclaim all liability, including liability for negligence, for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information or data set out in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law. Postal address: Bureau of Rural Sciences GPO Box 858 Canberra, ACT 2601 Copies available from: BRS Publication Sales GPO Box 858 Canberra ACT 2601 Ph: 1800 020 157 Fax: 02 6272 2330 Email: salesbrs@brs.gov.au Internet: http://www.affa.gov.au/brsweeds Preferred way to cite this publication: Groves, R.H. (Convenor), Hosking, J.R., Batianoff, G.N., Cooke, D.A., Cowie, I.D., Johnson, R.W., Keighery, G.J., Lepschi, B.J., Mitchell, A.A., Moerkerk, M., Randall, R.P., Rozefelds, A.C., Walsh N.G., and Waterhouse, B.M. (2003) Weed categories for natural and agricultural ecosystem management. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra. Front cover photo credits (from left to right) Asystasia gangetica ssp. micrantha (Graham Prichard), Acacia catechu (Colin Wilson), Chromolaena odorata (Colin Wilson), Cyperus teneristolon (John Hosking). Back cover photo credits (from left to right) Chromolaena odorata (Colin Wilson), Acacia catechu (Colin Wilson), Onopordum tauricum (Richard Groves). ii Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management F O R E W O R D Weeds are one of the major factors impacting on Australia’s biodiversity and agriculture. Weeds change the functioning of natural ecosystems, compete with and alter the habitat of native plants and animals and even threaten the survival of some species that are in low numbers. Weeds also impact negatively on agriculture by increasing costs either by interfering with crop growth or animal production or by acting as harbours for pests and diseases of agricultural plants. Introduced plants that have become naturalised in Australia now comprise about 10% of the total Australian flora. They include many plants that were introduced intentionally for agriculture and horticulture. Not all introduced and naturalised plants necessarily become invasive, although many do. This book aims to categorise the approximately 2700 non-native plant species that are known to be naturalised in Australia into groups of major or minor threats to natural ecosystems or agriculture. Some nonnative naturalised plant species present in Australia are known to be weedy overseas and may have similar effects here. Some of these are recommended as targets for eradication programs because eradication could be achieved at relatively low cost before they become invasive and spread widely. The categories of non-native naturalised plants highlighted in this book thus suggest opportunities for future containment and eradication programs. This categorisation of Australia’s naturalised flora will be a useful resource for those involved in weed management, and those involved in natural resource management more broadly. Dr Peter O’Brien Dr Rhondda Dickson Executive Director Bureau of Rural Sciences First Assistant Secretary Department of the Environment and Heritage Land, Water and Coasts Division Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management iii T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Foreword iii Summary 1 Introduction 2 Methods 4 Results 6 Discussion 11 Acknowledgments 14 Addendum 14 References 15 Appendix 1 Terms of reference from the Department of Environment and Heritage 16 Appendix 2 Terms of reference from the Bureau or Rural Sciences 17 Appendix 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia – natural ecosystems 18 Appendix 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia – agricultural ecosystems iv 106 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management S U M M A R Y The naturalised flora of Australia was compiled from vouchered specimens in State, Territory and national herbaria. It was found to consist of about 2700 species believed to be non-native, although some uncertainty remains about the introduced status of a small percentage of that total. Of this total, 798 species (about 30%) were considered a major problem and 1388 species (about 50%) a minor problem to managers of natural ecosystems. A total of 34 non-native species that are limited at present to one or a few populations in a defined geographic area is recommended for eradication from natural ecosystems. Those non-native species known to be having a direct impact on rare or threatened native plants numbered 49; most of these species are widely distributed across a number of States but 8 within this group with more limited distributions are suggested as further candidates for eradication from natural ecosystems. The majority (53%) of Australia’s naturalised non-native species were considered to pose little or no threat to agricultural ecosystems. Of the total of 1266 species that were considered a problem, 840 (about 65%) were categorised as a minor problem only, partly because they were not considered sufficiently important to warrant control at any location. Species that may act as harbours for diseases or insect pests, or that may be toxic at some stage of their life cycles, numbered 295. Sixteen naturalised non-native species were known to be subject currently to eradication attempts throughout their known Australian range because of their perceived impacts on agricultural ecosystems. A further 9 species are suggested as candidates for eradication from agricultural ecosystems. For nearly all the plant species considered, information on their dates of naturalisation, their likely rates of spread, or their likely economic impact was not available. These deficiencies in knowledge will need to be overcome before predictions of the probable negative impacts of weeds on Australian natural and agricultural ecosystems can be further refined. The work presented in this book was commissioned by the Department of Environment and Heritage and the Bureau of Rural Sciences in 2000 and 2001 respectively. The Cooperative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management convened a group of scientific experts on weeds and the Australian flora from all of the States and Territories of Australia to undertake the projects. This book represents a combination of the previously unpublished reports which resulted from these two projects. An addendum (page 14) briefly describes developments since the original reports were written. Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N A range of different categories and terms may be used to describe non-native plants, depending on what stage of the overall invasion process they are at, which in turn is determined largely by biological characteristics and introduction history. Naturalised non-native plant species may be defined as those that have been introduced, become established and that now reproduce naturally in the wild, without human intervention. This definition combines two of the current usages recognised recently by Richardson et al. (2000). Collectively, this category of the total number of plant species in Australia is termed the naturalised flora. Some categories of naturalised non-native plants already are well defined because they have legal standing; other categories are less well defined. The special category of ‘noxious weed’ is recognised throughout Australia, in that the category is enacted by legislation in each State or Territory for particular invasive plant species. Not all ‘noxious’ plants, however, are declared for every State or Territory. For instance, an invasive plant species of the wet Tropics may be declared ‘noxious’ in Queensland, the Northern Territory and for the northwest of Western Australia, but not in the temperate southern states in which the species’ chances of becoming invasive may be low or non-existent. Wherever it is enacted, a declaration of ‘noxiousness’ always implies the need for active management to reduce the impact of the particular plant species on human activities. Declaration of invasive plant species has a long history in the Australian States. Often in the past, however, noxious plants were widespread and already abundant in the landscape before they were declared and very little may have been done subsequently to reduce their populations (Moore 1971). Accordingly, recent emphases with regard to this category of naturalised plants have shifted to consider smaller scales of distribution (e.g. a catchment) and different sub-categories of ‘noxiousness’ on which land managers can be seen to act. To address goal 2 in the National Weeds Strategy (Anon. 1999) 20 invasive plant species, with mostly widespread distributions in Australia, were categorised and accepted as the Weeds of National Significance (WONS). The technical criteria behind this category are described in Virtue et al. (2002). Some other categories of naturalised non-native plants are less well defined; they include plant species that are categorised as introduced and/or adventive – terms that encompass plant species known to be native to a region or regions outside Australia. Such a category may also be termed variously alien or exotic. Of the total number of introduced species that have been detected only relatively recently in Australia (i.e. within the last 15 years or less), a small number (relative to the total) that are known already to have major negative impacts on natural or agricultural ecosystems outside Australia, are categorised as Recent Incursions. These plant species may receive special consideration nationally, that leads to the development of an appropriate management strategy such as eradication or containment. A category of naturalised non-native plant species that has been recognised only very recently is that of so-called ‘sleeper weeds’. This category has been defined as those non-native plants that have naturalised but are believed to have not yet reached their potential to form large and widespread populations in Australia (Groves 1999), despite being naturalised for some years. Like the category of Recent Incursions it is an attractive category for action because the cost of containment or of eradication expended now is much less than the relatively high future costs when the species has spread and reached its ecological limits (Williams 1997). Another term that has arisen relatively recently in Australia is that of ‘environmental weed’. This term refers to those naturalised non-native plant species that have invaded non-agricultural areas of natural vegetation and are presumed to impact negatively on native species diversity or ecosystem function. This category may also consist of plant species that are invasive beyond their native or indigenous range – a further complication and one that is becoming more significant as Australian 2 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management plants are used more widely in both horticulture and re-vegetation projects within Australia. Environmental weeds are distinguished from agricultural weeds by the ecosystem they impact in some way but it should be noted that the one plant species may be invasive in both natural and agricultural ecosystems in Australia. Whilst there exist different criteria for the definition and use of these terms for different categories of naturalised plant species that are non-native to Australia, the terminology used to describe the conservation status of native plant species is usually defined much more rigorously. Australia follows the IUCN criteria for the different categories of rarity (see, for example, Briggs and Leigh 1996). These criteria are included in the most recent database for threatened plants native to Australia – the Species PRofile And Threats database or “SPRAT” – maintained by the Department of Environment and Heritage. The SPRAT database lists endangered or vulnerable plant species for Australia (usually termed Rare Or Threatened Australian Plant, or ROTAP, species and now listed under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, 1999). The database identifies threats to these species, although the threat posed by naturalised species is usually a general one and the particular non-native species responsible for the threat only sometimes are identified. This book groups Australia’s total of about 2700 naturalised non-native plant species into categories; some of the above categories will not be discussed further, such as the WONS group. The first part of the book concerns the categorisation of the species comprising the naturalised flora based on their perceived negative impacts on the approximately 25,000 native plant species and especially on those that are listed as endangered or vulnerable. It will identify some naturalised non-native species (so-called environmental weeds) considered of greatest threat to native plant diversity in the short term that may still be amenable to early intervention. The second part of the book groups a slightly up-dated listing of naturalised non-native species into categories based on their perceived impacts on Australian agricultural ecosystems. This part of the book will identify a further number of species of agricultural weeds, including some in the ‘sleeper weed’ category, as candidates for early intervention leading to their containment or eradication from Australia. The work presented here was commissioned by the Department of Environment and Heritage and the Bureau of Rural Sciences in 2000 and 2001 respectively (see Appendices 1 and 2). The Cooperative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management convened a group of scientific experts on weeds and the Australian flora from all of the States and Territories of Australia to undertake the projects. This book represents a combination of the previously unpublished reports which resulted from these two projects. Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 3 M E T H O D S G E N E R A L A listing of all naturalised non-native plants in Australia (Hosking et al., in prep.) was made available as a database of about 2700 taxa. The total number of non-native naturalised species used to assess categories applicable to natural ecosystems was 2681, (see Appendix 3) at the time the first categorization was done in 2000. The categorisation of Australia’s non-native naturalised species for their potential agricultural impact was done one year subsequently and hence the total number of species was slightly increased (at 2732 taxa), as a result of continuing research and updating of nomenclature (see Appendix 4). A limited number of species are considered to be ‘native’ by some State herbaria but ‘introduced’ or ‘non-native’ by other State herbaria (see Table 1 and Appendix 3 for examples). From this national list, a separate database for each State or Territory was created. The only species to be considered throughout this book were ones for which a voucher specimen existed at a State, Territory or the National herbarium. Such a proviso means that all names used in this book can be checked should queries arise in the future. Species listed on each State database were then ranked in terms of an agreed set of categories appropriate to either natural or agricultural ecosystems, details of which are given in the next two sections respectively. The rankings were made by experts from each State or Territory and represent the best personal judgements available. In each case when assembling the national rating from the individual State and Territory ratings, the highest rating by any one State or Territory was used. The ratings for each species were then tabulated and the total scores for the number of species in each of the different categories added. The total number of species considered appropriate for containment and/or eradication was further reduced by asking each expert who made the initial rankings to choose the one or two species they considered most suitable for eradication from their State or Territory. Two national listings of these species were then compiled: one for naturalised species that pose a direct threat to natural ecosystems because of their perceived impact on endangered native plant species; and the other on the basis of the perceived potential of naturalised species to impact agricultural ecosystems in the future, should they ever spread further. Throughout the book, we shall refer to each taxon as a ‘species’, even though this usage does not always reflect its true taxonomic status. N AT U R A L E C O S Y S T E M S The agreed categories for assessing the status of naturalised non-native species in natural ecosystems were: Category Explanation 0 Reported as naturalised but only known naturalised population now removed or thought to be removed Uncertainty as to whether any plants exist Naturalised and may be a minor problem but not considered important enough to warrant control at any location Uncertainty as to whether a small number of plants remain Naturalised and known to be a minor problem warranting control at 3 or fewer locations within a State or Territory 0? 1 1? 2 4 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 3 4 5 ? Naturalised and known to be a minor problem warranting control at 4 or more locations within a State or Territory Naturalised and known to be a major problem at 3 or fewer locations within a State or Territory Naturalised and known to be a major problem at 4 or more locations within a State or Territory Information not available at present. Categorisations were carried out in 2000 for naturalised plants of natural ecosystems. Other attributes were used to further categorise the national listing (see Appendix 3). They were: Symbol Explanation C or c E or e N or n P H A S Ø Under active control throughout State (C) or in part of State (c) Eradication being attempted throughout State (E) or in part of State (e) Noxious and/or Declared throughout State (N) or in part of State (n) Proposed candidate for attempted containment or eradication Habitat-specific Agricultural and/or ruderal weed primarily; no known threat to native plants Potential to spread further Origin uncertain – possibly a native species according to some State herbaria. A G R I C U LT U R A L E C O S Y S T E M S Agricultural ecosystems were considered to be crops, pastures and horticultural enterprises such as nurseries and turf farms. Aquatic weeds (even those that may block irrigation channels or dams) were not included in this survey, nor were weeds of forestry. Species that have burrs on otherwise useful plants or those plants that rarely come into contact with stock also were not included. The agreed categories for assessing the status of naturalised non-native species in agricultural ecosystems were those as for natural ecosystems (see above) with the following additions: Category Explanation + Present in a State or Territory but not given a rating as an agricultural weed, either because it was not considered a problem or because it was not known to occur in agricultural areas at present. Symbol Explanation D I T X Harbour for diseases (potential or actual) Harbour for insects that cause problems to agriculture (such as fruit fly) Toxic (includes species that are toxic at times and useful at other times) Includes weeds that potentially will be a greater agricultural problem than the rating shown; this category includes weeds presently known only from natural ecosystems. These categorisations were carried out in 2001 (i.e., one year later than for those of natural ecosystems). Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 5 R E S U L T S TA X O N O M I C A S P E C T S The listing of all naturalised non-native plants for Australia is presented at Appendix 3, arranged alphabetically by genus and species. Alternate names are given where known. Of the 2681 species identified in Appendix 3, 34 were considered to be native by some State herbaria (Category Ø). Each of these problematic species is identified in Appendix 3 but they have also been listed (Table 1) to draw attention to the differences in taxonomic opinion. TA B L E 1 The 34 plant species in the Australian flora about which there is uncertainty with regard to whether the species is native or naturalised; all species listed below are considered to be native by at least one State herbarium and to be naturalised nonnative species by other herbaria. Genus Species Family Genus Species Family Acacia farnesiana Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Lysimachia vulgaris Primulaceae Adenanthera pavonina Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Lythrum hyssopifolia Lythraceae Aeschynomene aspera Fabaceae (Faboideae) Lythrum salicaria Lythraceae Aeschynomene indica Fabaceae (Faboideae) Mollugo verticillata Aizoaceae Albizzia lebbeck Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Oryza rufipogon Poaceae Bidens pilosa Asteraceae Paspalum distichum Poaceae Bromus arenarius Poaceae Paspalum scrobiculatum Poaceae Cenchrus caliculatus Poaceae Pennisetum alopecuroides Poaceae Chamaecrista nigricans Fabaceae (Caesalpinoideae) Persicaria lapathifolia Polygonaceae Corchorus aestuans Tiliaceae Phyla nodiflora Verbenaceae Corchorus capsularis Tiliaceae Pistia stratiotes Araceae Crotalaria retusa Fabaceae (Faboideae) Ruschia tumidula Aizoaceae Cyclocarpa stellaris Fabaceae (Faboideae) Russelia equisetiformis Scrophulariaceae Cyperus compressus Cyperaceae Salsola kali Chenopodiaceae Echinochloa colona Poaceae Sida pusilla Malvaceae Ipomoea nil Convolvulaceae Triumfetta rhomboidea Tiliaceae Isachne pulchella Poaceae Urena lobata Malvaceae Categorisation for natural ecosystems Full details on the total numbers of species in each category for natural ecosystems are presented for each species in Appendix 3. Of the total of 2681 naturalised non-native species listed (Appendix 3), only 29 (Category 0) are known to have been eradicated, or thought to have disappeared, in the wild in Australia (Table 2), with a further 2 species of uncertain status in this regard (Category 0?). About half the total number of naturalised non-native species were judged to be a minor problem in Australia at present (Categories 1, 1?, 2 and 3). Of the 798 species that were considered a major problem, about 60% were known to be a problem at three or fewer locations (Category 4). The naturalised status of only 15 species (0.5% of the total) was unknown (Category ?), although future information may reduce this already low number still further. 6 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management TA B L E 2 Number of naturalised non-native species in the Australian flora categorised in 2000 in terms of their different stages of naturalisation in natural ecosystems (see Methods for explanation of these categories). Category 0 0? 1 1? 2 3 4 5 ? No. species 29 2 431 18 676 712 465 333 15 The 731 species that were rated as primarily agricultural or ruderal weeds (Category A) were assumed to pose a lesser, or no known threat, to native plants (Table 3). A further 201 species were rated as habitat specific (Category H). In 2000, there were 437 species considered to be under active control (C or c category) or declared noxious in at least one State (Category N) or in part of a State (Category n). A total of 34 species were considered controllable or merited controlling, i.e. they belonged to Category P, and these individual species are recommended as candidates for attempted containment or eradication (Table 4). The collection of additional information could increase the number of species (presently 250 or c. 9% of the total) predicted to have potential to spread within or between States (Category S). TA B L E 3 Number of naturalised non-native species in the Australian flora categorised in 2000 in terms of their status as weeds of natural ecosystems, their ability to be controlled or eradicated, and their potential for further spread (see Methods for explanation of these categories). Category A H C,c,N,n P S No. species 731 201 437 34 250 Those species deemed appropriate for an attempt at containment or eradication are listed separately (Table 4), together with their distributions by State and/or Territory. TA B L E 4 The 34 naturalised non-native species in the Australian flora that are impacting on natural ecosystems for which a national containment or eradication program is recommended, together with their distribution by State or Territory (see Addendum, page 14). Genus Species Subspecies (ssp.) or Varieties (var.). Distribution Genus Acacia catechu var. sundra NT Lachenalia reflexa WA Acacia karroo Qld, NSW, SA, WA Nassella charuana Vic. Annona reticulata Q, NT? Oenanthe pimpinelloides Vic., SA Asystasia gangetica ssp. micrantha NSW Ornithogalum longibracteatum NSW, Vic., WA Bassia scoparia weedy form Tas., WA Orobanche ramosa SA Centaurea eriophora SA Panicum racemosum Vic. Centaurea maculosa NSW Pelargonium alchemilloides WA Chromolaena odorata less weedy form Qld Piptochaetium montevidense Vic. Chromolaena odorata weedy form Qld Reseda phyteuma Vic., SA Crataegus azarolus SA Retama raetam SA, WA Cyperus teneristolon NSW Schoenoplectus californicus NSW Dittrichia viscosa WA Senecio glastifolius NSW, WA Gliricidia sepium WA Stachys sylvatica Vic. Iva axillaris Vic, SA Succowia balearica WA Jarava plumosa SA Thunbergia laurifolia Qld Juncus subnodulosus SA, NSW? Tipuana tipu Qld Koelreuteria elegans Qld Trianoptiles solitaria Vic. State and Territory abbreviations: ssp. robustior ssp. elegans Species Subspecies (ssp.) or Varieties (var.). Distribution NT = Northern Territory, Qld = Queensland, NSW = New South Wales, Tas. = Tasmania, WA = Western Australia, Vic. = Victoria, SA = South Australia. Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 7 Categorisation for impacts on Rare Or Threatened Australian Plant (ROTAP) species A total of 49 naturalised non-native species were known to be having a direct impact on those native species rated as ‘rare’ or ‘threatened’ in the Australian flora (Table 5). They belong to a wide range of plant families. Many other naturalised non-native plants may also be having an impact on native plant and/or animal species but the effects were either not known to the authors or were considered to be indirect. TA B L E 5 The 49 naturalised non-native species in the Australian flora having a direct impact on ANZECC-rated rare or threatened native plant species, together with their distribution by State or Territory. Genus Species Subspecies (ssp.) or Varieties (var.). Distribution Genus Species Anagallis arvensis red & blue fl’d forms All (not NT) Juncus capitatus Asparagus asparagoides All (not NT) Avena barbata All (not Qld, NT) Subspecies (ssp.) or Varieties (var.). Distribution All (not Qld, NT) Lantana camara All (not Tas.) Lophopyrum elongatum (?ponticum) All (not Qld, NT, WA?) Moraea flaccida All (not Qld, NT) Babiana angustifolia NSW, Vic., SA, WA Brassica tournefortii All (NT) Briza maxima All (NT) Moraea lewisiae Vic. ,WA All (not NT) Moraea miniata NSW, Vic., SA, WA Myosotis sylvatica All (not Qld, NT) Briza minor Cakile edentula Cakile maritima ssp. maritima All (not Qld, NT) Carpobrotus edulis x C. virescens WA only Nassella leucotricha Vic. only All (not Vic, Tas) Nassella neesiana NSW, Vic., SA Cenchrus All (not NT) ciliaris Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera All (not Qld, NT) Nassella trichotoma NSW, Vic., Tas. Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata Qld, NSW, Vic Parentucellia viscosa All (not Qld, NT) Qld, NSW, SA,WA Phalaris aquatica Polygala myrtifolia var. myrtifolia in V All (not Qld, NT) Qld only Populus nigra ‘italica’ All (not Qld, NT) NSW, Vic., SA, WA Romulea rosea var. communis WA only All (not NT) Cinnamonum camphora Cirsium vulgare Coffea arabica Cytisus scoparius All (not NT) All (not NT) ssp. scoparius Dipogon lignosus All (not NT) Rubus anglocandicansø Erodium botrys All (not Qld, NT?) Sisymbrium erysimoides All (not Tas, NT?) Freesia hybrid* All (not NT) Sparaxis bulbifera Fumaria capreolata All (not Tas., NT) All (not Qld, NT) Tradescantia fluminensis All (not WA, NT) Watsonia marginata Watsonia meriana var. bulbillifera All (not NT) Watsonia meriana var. meriana SA,WA Watsonia versfeldii var. alba V, Tas., WA Gladiolus caryophyllaceus WA only Hygrophila costata Qld, NSW Hyparrhenia hirta All (not Tas, NT) Isolepis hystrix All (not Qld, Tas., NT) Isolepis prolifera NSW, Vic., WA * Sometimes referred to as Freesia alba x F. leichtlinii State and Territory abbreviations: 8 Vic., SA, WA ø Formerly R. procerus in the R. fruiticosus agg. NT = Northern Territory, Qld = Queensland, NSW = New South Wales, Tas. = Tasmania, WA = Western Australia, Vic. = Victoria, SA = South Australia. Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Categorisation for agricultural ecosystems Of the 1267 naturalised non-native species identified as a problem to Australian agriculture, about two thirds were considered to be of only minor importance at present (total of Categories 1, 2 and 3) (Table 6). Of the 426 species that were considered a major problem to agricultural enterprises, about 18% were known to be a problem at three or fewer locations (Category 4). TA B L E 6 Number of naturalised non-native species in the Australian flora categorised in 2001 in terms of their different stages of naturalisation in agricultural ecosystems (see Methods for explanation of categories). Category + 0 0? 1 2 3 4 5 No. species 1444 6 15 353 133 355 64 362 In 2001 there were 429 species considered to be under active control (C or c category) or declared noxious in at least one State (Category N) or in part of a State (Category n) (Table 7 and Appendix 4). Eradication was being attempted throughout a State (Category E) or in part of a State (Category e) for 156 species. Species known to act as harbours for disease agents or insect pests numbered 31, and 264 species were identified as being toxic. Species proposed for control or eradication (Category P) numbered only 8 (see Table 8). Although virtually all species have the potential to spread further, 224 species were considered to have potential to spread considerably (Category S). A further category (X) comprised 108 species that are unlikely to have a greater agricultural impact than the suggested rating and includes species that at present are known only from natural ecosystems (Table 7). TA B L E 7 Number of naturalised non-native species in the Australian flora categorised in 2001 in terms of their status as weeds of agricultural ecosystems, their ability to be controlled or eradicated and their potential for further spread (see Methods for explanation of categories). Species that may harbour diseases (actual or potential) or insect pests or are known to be toxic at some stage of their life cycles are also given. Category C,C,N,n E,e D,I T,T? P S X No. species 429 156 31 264 8 224 108 Some of the species being eradicated throughout their Australian range at present or recommended as suitable for an attempt at their containment or eradication nationally are listed in Table 8, together with their distribution by State or Territory. Of the 16 species identified as currently subject to an eradication program, Bassia (Kochia) scoparia, Centaurea maculosa, Jarava plumosa (syn. Stipa papposa) and Orobanche loricata may already have been eradicated, although monitoring for all four species should continue for several more years to validate this apparent result. Programs for the remaining 12 species continue. Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 9 TA B L E 8 The 27 naturalised non-native species in the Australian flora that are impacting agricultural ecosystems for which a national or State containment or eradication program is being implemented or is recommended (based on information available in 2001), together with their distribution by State or Territory. Genus Species Subspecies (ssp.) or Varieties (var.). Distribution gangetica Bassia (Kochia) scoparia ssp. micrantha Species Subspecies (ssp.) or Varieties (var.). Distribution Nassella charruana Vic. NSW Orobanche loricata Tas WA Orobanche ramosa SA For eradication or being eradicated at present Asystasia Genus Centaurea maculosa ACT Recommended for eradication Chromolaena odorata Qld Aeschynomene paniculata Qld Cleome rutidosperma NT Brillantaisia lamium Qld Clidemia hirta Qld Carthamus leucocaulos WA Equisetum arvense NSW Crupina vulgaris SA Equisetum hyemale NSW, Vic., Tas, WA Cyperus teneristolon NSW Hieracium aurantiacum Tas, Vic. Equisetum ramosissimum NSW Hieracium murorum NSW Hieracium pilosella Tas Onopordum tauricum Vic. Jarava plumosa SA Recommended for containment Limnocharis flava Qld Elephantopus mollis Qld, NSW Mikania micrantha Qld Praxelis clematidea Qld State and Territory abbreviations: 10 NT = Northern Territory, Qld = Queensland, NSW = New South Wales, Tas. = Tasmania, WA = Western Australia, Vic. = Victoria, SA = South Australia, ACT = Australian Capital Territory. Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management D I S C U S S I O N S P E C I E S T H AT A R E P O S S I B LY N AT I V E It is recognised widely that some cosmopolitan species in the Australian flora may be considered ‘native’ by some and ‘introduced’ by others. Kloot (1984) discussed the role of long-distance dispersal in influencing the introduced elements of the flora of southern Australia. He concluded that there were about 100 species that were believed, at least by earlier botanists, to have arrived in Australia from elsewhere by long-distance dispersal at a time that pre-dates European settlement (1788). These 100 or so species thus could be interpreted as either ‘native’ or ‘introduced’, depending on the time and means of introduction. Furthermore, some plant species in what Kloot called his ‘alien acquired’ category may have a variant in Australia that is native and other variants that may have been introduced. Such taxonomic variation is especially true of naturalised species, such as Tribulus terrestris, where it is believed that a non-native variant or genotype occurs in southern Australia but that the variant or genotype common in central and northern Australia may be native (Squires 1969, Morrison and Scott 1996a, 1996b, Scott and Morrison 1996). It thus should come as no surprise that we identified a group of 34 species (Table 1), albeit a relatively small number of species, about which there is still some disagreement as to whether they are naturalised or native. This situation is highlighted by the example of one species listed in Table 1, viz. Pistia stratiotes, that is a noxious weed in all Australian States (where its control is obligatory) but the same species is considered native to the Northern Territory (Gillett et al. 1989). Only further research at an international level may resolve such uncertainties and seeming anomalies. I M PA C T S O N N AT U R A L E C O S Y S T E M S This present categorisation of the naturalised non-native flora of Australia attempts to reduce the approximately 10% of the total Australian flora to smaller groups, and thereby draw attention to species which may be candidates for active management, leading in some cases to their eradication. Previous attempts, such as the increasingly-cumbersome system of State declarations of some nonnative species as noxious, have focused management primarily on already-widespread species that have a predominantly agricultural impact. More recently, the recognition of twenty weeds of national significance has focussed management by community groups on a group of mostly already widespread ‘environmental weeds’ as well as agricultural weeds. Most previous declarations of ‘noxiousness’ have failed in the past, however, to direct management activity to those species that may not yet be distributed widely or are not yet having a major impact on production agriculture. Many such species are still only locally distributed and amenable to containment, if not eradication. Of the approximately 2700 species judged by us to be naturalised and non-native, we identified 34 species (Table 4) where we believe a containment or eradication program is feasible and justified ecologically in terms of their impacts on native plant species or natural ecosystems. We suggest that at least one species per State or Territory be targeted for eradication from natural ecosystems as a matter of urgency. For instance, Succowia balearica in Western Australia is an ideal candidate for early eradication before it becomes a major weed of the botanically-diverse natural vegetation on the Swan Coastal Plain (Keighery 1996). In the national compilation of each State categorisation, we encountered several methodological problems to do with interpretation of categories, especially those relating to prediction of spread (Category S in Table 3). Sometimes species were known to be present in a State from personal observation but if that knowledge was not backed up by voucher specimens deposited in herbaria, we rejected it as a record in the national database, on which these categorisations are based. Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 11 A previous consideration of the naturalised non-native flora of Australia in terms of impacts on natural ecosystems (Humphries et al. 1991) concluded that whilst major weed problems in northern and central Australia usually arose because of invasions of single dominant species (e.g. Cryptostegia grandiflora, Mimosa pigra, Tamarix aphylla), those in southern Australia comprised groups of species. Many areas of natural vegetation in southern Australia have been invaded by many different non-native species with diverse life-forms and dispersal mechanisms. Management of such invaded vegetation based on a single-species approach usually results in one weed being replaced by another. An approach to research and management based on single species is implicit in the approach taken in the present short-term study, but it may not be effective for natural ecosystems in the longer term unless it is strengthened further by re-vegetation programs that use competitive but non-invasive native species. I M PA C T O N N AT I V E R A R E O R T H R E AT E N E D A U S T R A L I A N P L A N T ( R O TA P ) S P E C I E S – A S P E C I A L C A S E Leigh and Briggs (1992) showed that four native plant species had become extinct because of presumed competition from weeds. A further 12 native species were endangered currently by the presence of non-native species, but 57 (13%) of the total of 441 rare or threatened native plant species were at risk in the future because of weed competition. Of the latter group, Groves and Willis (1999) highlighted two examples of a direct impact of naturalised non-native species on native plant diversity. The first related to the orchid Pterostylis arenicola endangered in South Australia by dense cover of the invasive South African species Asparagus asparagoides (Sorensen and Jusaitis 1995). In this example, the non-native plant was shown to have a direct negative impact on orchid rosette numbers. The second example is that of a small shrub Pimelea spicata, once widespread in southeastern New South Wales but now confined mostly to small fragments of Cumberland Plain woodland – itself an endangered community. In this example, the non-native plant is again A. asparagoides that shades the small shrubs of P. spicata in winter and competes with them for water and soil nutrients. The results of these two studies provide useful material on which to base management actions. They both concern one non-native species on our list of 49 that is impacting directly on rare or threatened native plant species. Research programs on some of the other 48 nonnative plant species listed in Table 5 are urgently required. There are undoubtedly other rare and endangered species being impacted either directly or generally by naturalised plant species than the 49 identified in this study (for instance, see Halford 1998 and Anon. 2000 for southeastern Queensland). I M PA C T S O N A G R I C U LT U R A L E C O S Y S T E M S About half (53%) of the total naturalised non-native flora was considered to pose little or no risk to agricultural ecosystems, either because the species were not considered a problem in any State or Territory or else they were not known to occur in agricultural ecosystems at present (Table 6). Of the 1266 species considered to pose a problem to agricultural ecosystems, about 65% of them were categorised as only a minor problem at present, sometimes because they were not considered important enough to warrant control at any location. Such a rating may well change with changed patterns in agriculture, however. For instance, the silver grasses (Vulpia spp.) switched in the 1970s from being regarded as minor weeds to those having major impacts on agriculture in southern Australia. Most of the species identified as major problems were known to occur at four or more locations – a fact that makes their eradication or containment all the more difficult. Only 64 species that were categorised as ‘major’ problems occurred at three or fewer locations in a particular State or Territory (Table 6). For instances where such species are known only from one State or Territory within the Australian region, a strong case could be made for increased management effort. Examples of such candidate species for eradication or containment are listed in Table 8, as a basis for further examination and possible future funding programs. 12 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Our analysis of the naturalised non-native flora of Australia has highlighted 156 cases where eradication attempts are being made either throughout a State or in part of a State (Table 7). More needs to be known about the success of these efforts and the range of methods used, especially as they relate to the area covered by each population, the number of populations and the length of the post-eradication monitoring period. Recent results from California (Rejmanek 2000) indicate that the eradication of non-native plants from infestations smaller than one hectare in area is almost always possible, but that it is unlikely that infestations larger than 100 ha can ever be eradicated, given a realistic level of resources. Groves and Panetta (2002) assembled case histories for a limited number of past and current weed eradication programs in Australia, but more case histories will be needed before useful generalisations can be formulated. In this book we have highlighted 16 naturalised non-native species where nationally or State-coordinated eradication programs are being practised already; a further 9 are suggested as being highly appropriate and timely (Table 8). One impact of naturalised plants that is often overlooked in discussions on weed impact is the role that such species may play as harbours for diseases or insect pests. Together with those plants that are toxic to animals or humans, they numbered 295 species (Table 7). Most had a wide distribution, however, and their eradication was usually considered to be not feasible. This aspect of impact on agricultural ecosystems encompasses some naturalised plants that are usually considered to impact on natural ecosystems, such as Cotoneaster spp., but which may also impact horticultural industries because they can act as alternate hosts for pathogens (such as fireblight in the case of Cotoneaster). F U RT H E R I N F O R M AT I O N N E E D S Whether for natural or agricultural ecosystems, spread rates for only a few naturalised plants are known and this paucity of information made it difficult to categorise the naturalised flora according to rate of spread, despite this attribute being related to invasive ability. The database used for these analyses did not include dates of naturalisation and this deficiency precluded consideration of the incidence of ‘sleeper weeds’ in the naturalised flora. Incorporation of dates of first collection (and perhaps number of sites) as a very approximate surrogate for the date of naturalisation into the database would enhance its usefulness in this regard, as would further research on which naturalised species may be usefully considered as ‘sleepers’ among both environmental and agricultural weeds. Given, however, the observed contribution of changed management regimes to increased impacts of agricultural weeds (see our earlier Vulpia example), the process of identification of ‘sleepers’ in an agricultural context may differ from that used to identify this category of naturalised species in natural ecosystems. Finally, even for long-naturalised plants in agricultural ecosystems, let alone those primarily invasive in natural ecosystems, information on their likely economic impacts was rarely available. The main attribute of a plant species recently naturalised in Australia that seems to drive an eradication program is its known occurrence as a major weed outside Australia. An enhanced methodology for determining the likely economic impact of a recently naturalised species will need to be developed before prediction of the impact of such species on Australian natural and agricultural ecosystems can be further improved. Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 13 A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S We acknowledge the assistance of staff of many herbaria in the preparation by John Hosking of the database on all naturalised plants in Australia. We also thank Cathy Miller, Peter Moore, Kim Navin (CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra) and David Cunningham (BRS) for help with the preparation of the Appendices; and Alan Maguire (NSW Agriculture, Tamworth), John Weiss (KTRI, Frankston) and Mark Boersma (DPIWE, Devonport) for information on noxious plants in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania respectively. Information on noxious plants for Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory was obtained from the Weeds Australia web site at http://www.weeds.org.au/. Information on certain species for eradication was taken from a forthcoming publication by Geoff Sainty and others; we thank the authors for their permission to use their material in this way. David Cunningham, Dane Panetta and Peter Williams provided useful comments on a final draft of this book for which we are grateful. We thank Gerry Maynes and Robert Moore (DEH) and Mary Bomford (BRS) for initiating and guiding the two consultancies. A D D E N D U M As of May 2003, the number of plant species in the naturalised non-native flora of Australia totalled 2810 – an increase on the totals presented in the earlier analyses, arising from continuing update of nomenclature and results of field surveys. The information contained in each original report may not necessarily reflect present knowledge or taxonomic usage. One species for adding to the list of species that could be eradicated from Australia (because it is likely to have a significant impact on natural ecosystems and it does not seem to be completely out of control at present) is Passiflora tarminiana (listed in the Appendices as P. mollissima commonly known as Banana passionfruit). This species is an important environmental weed in New Zealand and has been observed recently becoming so at sites in Victoria and New South Wales. The taxon Koelreuteria elegans ssp. elegans is listed in Table 4 as a possible species for containment or eradication. This species, now also naturalised in New South Wales, should more correctly be referred to as K. formosana (or K. elegans ssp. formosana). It is a popular ornamental plant and the species is likely to be more widely naturalised than current herbarium records suggest. Based on the process referred to in Appendix 1 and addressed in Appendix 3, the Department of the Environment and Heritage has established a national environmental alert list. The list currently contains 28 species, and detailed information covering their description and management is being prepared for distribution. The information presented in this book has also been used to inform Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry projects on agricultural sleeper weeds. 14 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management R E F E R E N C E S Anonymous (2000). Species management manual, Vols 2 & 3. Forest Flora and Fauna Conservation Section, Resource Sciences Centre, Department of Natural Resources, Brisbane. Anonymous (Revised 1999). The National Weeds Strategy: A strategic approach to weed problems of national significance. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. Briggs, J.D. and Leigh, J.H. (1996). Rare or threatened Australian plants. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. Gillett, J.D., Dunlop, C.R. and Miller, I.L. (1989). Occurrence, origin, weed status and control of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) in the Northern Territory. Plant Protection Quarterly 3: 144-148. Groves, R.H. (1999). Sleeper weeds. In: Papers & Proceedings of the 12th Australian Weeds Conference, Hobart, September 1999, eds A.C. Bishop, M. Boersma & C.D. Barnes, pp. 632-636. Tasmanian Weed Society Inc., Devonport. Groves, R.H. and Panetta, F.D. (2002). Some general principles for weed eradication programs. In: Papers & Proceedings of the 13th Australian Weeds Conference, Perth, September, 2002, eds H. Spafford Jacob, J. Dodd and J.H. Moore, pp. 307-310. Plant Protection Society of WA Inc., Perth. Groves, R.H. and Willis, A.J. (1999). Environmental weeds and loss of native plant biodiversity: some Australian examples. Australian Journal of Environmental Management 6: 164-171. Halford, D. (1998). Survey of the threatened plant species in south east Queensland biogeographical region. Department of Environment, Regional Forests Assessments (Queensland CRA/RFA Steering Committee), Department of Natural Resources, Brisbane. Hosking, J.R. et al. (in prep.). The naturalised flora of Australia. Humphries, S.E., Groves, R.H. and Mitchell, D.S. (1991). Plant invasions: A status review and management directions. Kowari 2: 1-134. Keighery, G.J. (1996). Succowia balearica (Brassicaceae): A new and potentially serious weed in Western Australia. Nuytsia 11: 139-140. Kloot, P.M. (1984). The introduced elements of the flora of southern Australia. Journal of Biogeography 11: 63-78. Leigh, J.H. and Briggs, J.D. (1992). Threatened Australian plants: Overview and case studies. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra. Moore, R.M. (1971). Weeds and weed control in Australia. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 37: 181-191. Morrison, S.M. and Scott, J.K. (1996a). Variation in populations of Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae) 2: Chromosome numbers. Australian Journal of Botany 44: 191-199. Morrison, S.M. and Scott, J.K. (1996b). Variation in populations of Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae). 3. Isozyme analysis. Australian Journal of Botany 44: 201-212. Rejmanek M. (2000). Invasive plants: approaches and predictions. Austral Ecology 25: 497-500. Richardson, D.M., Pysek, P., Rejmanek, M., Barbour, M.G., Panetta, F.D. and West, C.J. (2000). Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6: 93-107. Scott, J.K. and Morrison, S.M. (1996). Variation in populations of Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae). 1. Burr morphology. Australian Journal of Botany 44: 175-190. Sorensen, B. and Jusaitis, M. (1995). The impact of bridal creeper on an endangered orchid. In: Weeds of Conservation Concern, eds D. Cooke and J. Choate, pp. 27-31. Department of Environment and Natural Resources & Animal and Plant Control Commission, South Australia, Adelaide. Squires, V.R. (1969). Distribution and polymorphism of Tribulus terrestris sens. lat. in Australia. Victorian Naturalist 86: 1-7. Virtue, J.G., Groves, R.H. and Panetta, F.D. (2002). Towards a system to determine the national significance of weeds in Australia. In: Weed Risk Analysis, eds R.H. Groves, F.D. Panetta and J.G. Virtue, pp. 124-150. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. Williams, P.A. (1997). Ecology and management of invasive weeds. Conservation Sciences Publication No. 7. Department of Conservation, Wellington. Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 15 A P P E N D I X APPENDIX Terms of Reference DEH 1 1 TERMS OF REFERENCE FROM THE D E PA RT M E N T O F T H E E N V I R O N M E N T A N D H E R I TA G E The Invasive Species Section of the Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage contracted the Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Australian Weed Management Systems to: 1. 2. 3. Organise a peer-group review by weed experts from all States and Territories to consider current knowledge about naturalised non-native plants and to group them into broad-band categories based on: a. their impact on native species, in particular nationally-listed endangered or vulnerable species; b. their effect on ecosystem function; c. their current and potential distribution; and d. their invasive ability and rate of spread. Identify those naturalised non-native plants that are in the early stages of establishment and range expansion and for which early intervention could lead to their containment or eradication. Prepare a summary report of the recommended categories for naturalised non-native plants and list priorities for those species considered of greatest threat but still amenable to early intervention. These Terms of Reference were met in the form of a progress report to the Department of the Environment and Heritage submitted by the CRC for Australian Weed Management on May 15, 2000 and a final report on June 30, 2000. 16 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management A P P E N D I X APPENDIX 2 TERMS OF REFERENCE FROM THE BUREAU OF RURAL SCIENCES Terms of Reference BRS The Bureau of Rural Sciences, within the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry, contracted the Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Australian Weed Management to: 1. 2. 3. 4. Organise a peer-group review by weed experts from all States and Territories to consider current knowledge about the 2681 naturalised non-native plant species in Australia and sort them into broad-band categories (categorised as major, minor or no risk) based on: a. their impact or potential impact on profitability and sustainability of primary industries and the natural resource base; b. their current and potential distribution; c. their invasive ability and rate of spread. For naturalised plants categorised as high risk, identify the primary industries most at risk from further spread. For naturalised plants categorised as high risk, identify those that are limited to one or a few populations in the early stages of establishment and range expansion and for which early intervention could lead to their containment or eradication. Prepare a summary report of the recommended categories for naturalised non-native plant species and list priorities for those species considered of greatest threat to primary industries and the natural resource base but still amenable to early intervention. These Terms of Reference were met in the form of a progress report to the Bureau of Rural Sciences submitted by the CRC for Australian Weed Management on March 15, 2001 and a final report on October 31, 2001. Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 17 2 Abelia x grandiflora Abelmoschus manihot ssp. manihot Abelmoschus manihot ssp. tetraphyllus Abutilon grandifolium Abutilon A national listing of the naturalised non-native flora of Australia arranged alphabetically by genus then species. National categories of these 2681 species in the Australian flora are listed according to their impact, weed status, ability to be controlled and their potential for further spread in natural ecosystems. Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating hybrid between Abelia chinensis and Abelia uniflora Caprifoliaceae 1 Hibiscus manihot Malvaceae 3 Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Malvaceae 2 Sida grandifolia Malvaceae 2 theophrasti Abutilon avicennae Malvaceae 3 Acacia angustissima Mimosa angustissima Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 Acacia boliviana Acacia angustissima Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 2 Acacia catechu Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 2 Acacia farnesiana Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 5 Acacia karroo Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 4 Acacia nilotica Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 5 Acacia sinuata Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 2 Acalypha australis Euphorbiaceae 3 Acalypha wilkesiana Euphorbiaceae 2 Acanthocereus tetragonus Cactaceae 5 Y Acanthospermum australe Asteraceae 2 Y Acanthospermum hispidum Asteraceae 4 Y Acanthus mollis Acanthaceae 2 Acer negundo Aceraceae 4 Acer pseudoplatanus Aceraceae 4 Acetosa sagittata Rumex sagittatus Polygonaceae 3 Acetosa vesicaria Rumex vesicarius Polygonaceae 5 Rumex acetosella Polygonaceae 4 Asteraceae 4 var. sundra Mimosa farnesiana ssp. indica Acacia arabica var. indica Acanthocereus pentagonus Acetosella vulgaris Achillea distans Achillea millefolium Asteraceae 5 Achillea tomentosa Asteraceae 1 ssp. tanacetifolia APPENDIX Subspecies or variety 3 Species Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus 3 N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 18 A P P E N D I X Controlled or Noxious Potential to control Y (WA) Y (WA) Qld, WA Y (NT, WA) Y Y Y (Qld) Y (Qld, NSW, WA) Y WA Y (Qld, NT, WA) Y (WA) Y Y Y (NSW) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Achnatherum Achnatherum Acroceras Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating brachychaetum Stipa brachychaeta Poaceae 2 caudatum Stipa caudata Poaceae 5 macrum Poaceae 1 Acroptilon repens Asteraceae 5 Adenanthera pavonina Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 Adonis microcarpa Ranunculaceae Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Aegopodium podagraria Aeonium arboreum also Aeonium haworthii? Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Y Y (NSW, Vic, SA, WA) 3 Y Y (SA) 2 Y Apiaceae 4 Y Crassulaceae 3 Crassulaceae 2 WA Y 19 castello-paivae Aeonium haworthii Crassulaceae 2 Aerva javanica Amaranthaceae 5 Aeschynomene americana var. americana Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Aeschynomene americana var. glandulosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Aeschynomene aspera Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Aeschynomene brasiliana Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Aeschynomene brevifolia Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Aeschynomene indica Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Aeschynomene micrantha Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Aeschynomene villosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Aesculus hippocastanum Hippocastanaceae 1 Afrocarpus falcata Podocarpaceae 1 Y Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis Amaryllidaceae 3 Y Agapanthus praecox ssp. praecox Amaryllidaceae 1 Agathosma crenulata Rutaceae 1 Agave americana cv. Marginata Agavaceae 2 Agave americana var. americana Agavaceae 3 Agave americana var. expansa Agavaceae 2 Agave americana var. picta Agave attenuata Agave sisalana Agave vivipara var. vivapara Agapanthus orientalis Potential to control Y (Vic, SA) Aeonium Aeschynomene biflora, Hedysarum brasilianum Controlled or Noxious Agavaceae 2 Agavaceae 2 Agavaceae 4 Agavaceae 4 Y Y Y Y (WA) Y Y (Qld) APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS ligustrina Ageratina riparia Ageratum conyzoides Ageratum Family Australian rating Eupatorium adenophorum Asteraceae 5 Asteraceae 1? Eupatorium riparium Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed APPENDIX adenophora Ageratina Alternate names and notes 3 Ageratina Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 20 Genus Controlled or Noxious Y (Qld, NSW) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Asteraceae 5 Y (Qld, NSW) ssp. conyzoides in NSW Eupatorium conyzoides, Carelia conyzoides Asteraceae 5 Y (Qld) houstonianum Asteraceae 5 Agrimonia eupatoria Rosaceae 2 Y Agrostemma githago Caryophyllaceae 2 Y Agrostis capillaris var. aristata Poaceae 4 Agrostis capillaris var. capillaris Poaceae 5 Agrostis gigantea Poaceae 4 Agrostis stolonifera Poaceae 4 Ailanthus altissima Simaroubaceae 5 Aira caryophyllea Poaceae 4 Aira cupaniana Aira elegantissima Aira Aira Y (Qld) Y Poaceae 4 Poaceae 4 praecox Poaceae 4 provincialis Poaceae 2 Y Ajuga iva Lamiaceae 1 Y Ajuga reptans Lamiaceae 4 Albizzia lebbeck Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 Albuca canadensis Hyacinthaceae 3 Aira elegans (nom. illeg.) Y Alcea rosea Althaea rosea Malvaceae 2 Alhagi maurorum Alhagi camelorum, Alhagi pseudalhagi Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Alisma lanceolata Alismataceae 4 Allamanda blanchetii Apocynaceae 1 Allamanda cathartica Apocynaceae 3 Alliaria petiolata Brassicaceae 4 Allium ampeloprasum Alliaceae 1 Y Allium neapolitanum Alliaceae 1 Y Allium oleraceum Alliaceae 1 Y Allium paniculatum Alliaceae 1 Allium roseum Alliaceae 1 Allium scrodoprasum Alliaceae 1 ssp. paniculatum ssp. rotundatum Y (Qld, NSW, Vic) Y (NSW, Vic, WA) Y Y Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Allium scrodoprasum ssp. scrodoprasum Alliaceae 1 Allium triquetrum Alliaceae 5 Allium vineale Alliaceae 3 Alnus cordata Betulaceae 2 Aloe arborescens Aloaceae 2 Y Aloe cameronii Aloaceae 1 Y Aloe ciliaris Aloaceae 1 Aloe maculata Aloaceae 2 Y Aloe parvibracteata Aloaceae 1 Y Aloe saponaria Aloaceae 2 Alopecurus aequalis Poaceae 3 Y Y Alopecurus geniculatus Poaceae 3 Y Y Alopecurus myosuroides Poaceae 3 Poaceae 3 Verbenaceae 1? Alstroemeriaceae 4 Alstroemeriaceae 4 Amaranthaceae 2 Amaranthaceae 3 Amaranthaceae 3 Alopecurus pratensis Aloysia citrodora Alstroemeria aurea Alternate names and notes Aloe saponaria var. ficksburgensis var. saponaria Aloysia triphylla Alstroemeria pulchella misapplied Family Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Y 21 psittacina bettzickiana Alternanthera dentata Alternanthera ficoidea Alternanthera philoxeroides Amaranthaceae 5 Y (Qld, NSW, Vic, WA) Y Alternanthera pungens Amaranthaceae 5 Y (NSW, SA, NT) Y Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae 2 Alysicarpus bupleurifolius Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Alysicarpus ovalifolius Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Alysicarpus vaginalis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Alyssum alyssoides Brassicaceae 1 Alyssum linifolium Brassicaceae 3 Amaranthus albus Amaranthaceae 3 Amaranthus blitum Amaranthaceae 2 Amaranthus lividus Y (Tas, SA) Y Alternanthera Alternanthera tenella, Alternanthera paronychioides Controlled or Noxious Y (Vic, Tas, SA) Y Alstroemeria 'Rubiginosa' in Qld, cv. Rubra in NT Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed WA, NT Y Y Y (SA) Y Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS cruentus Amaranthus paniculatus, Amaranthus hybridus ssp. cruentus Family Australian rating Amaranthaceae 2 Amaranthaceae 2 Amaranthaceae 3 Amaranthaceae 2 Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed APPENDIX caudatus Amaranthus Alternate names and notes 3 Amaranthus Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 22 Genus Controlled or Noxious Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Amaranthus deflexus Amaranthus graecizans Amaranthus hybridus Amaranthaceae 5 Y Amaranthus muricatus Amaranthaceae 3 Y Amaranthus powellii Amaranthaceae 4 Y Amaranthus quitensis Amaranthaceae 5 Y Amaranthus retroflexus Amaranthaceae 5 Y Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae 5 Y Amaranthus tricolor Amaranthaceae 3 Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae 5 Y Amaryllis belladonna Amaryllidaceae 2 Y Ambrosia artemisiifolia Asteraceae 5 Y Ambrosia confertiflora Asteraceae 3 Y Ambrosia psilostachya Asteraceae 5 Y Y (Qld, Vic, SA) Ambrosia tenuifolia Asteraceae 5 Y Y (NSW, SA) Ammannia auriculata Lythraceae 3 Ammi majus Apiaceae 3 Ammi visnaga Apiaceae 1 Ammophila arenaria Poaceae 5 ssp. silvestris Amaranthus silvestris Ambrosia elatior var. artemisiifolia Y Y (Qld) Y Y Y Amsinckia calycina Amsinckia complex?, Amsinckia hispida Boraginaceae 3 Y Y (Vic, SA, WA) Amsinckia intermedia Amsinckia complex? Boraginaceae 3 Y Y (Vic, WA) Amsinckia lycopsoides Amsinckia complex? Boraginaceae 3 Y Y (Vic, SA, WA) Amsinckia menziesii Boraginaceae 2 Y Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae 3 Anacyclus radiatus Asteraceae 0 Anagallis arvensis Primulaceae 4 Anagallis minima Primulaceae 3 Anagallis parviflora Primulaceae 2 Anagallis pumila Primulaceae 2 Anagyris foetida Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 red & blue flowered forms Y Y Y Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Ananas Anchusa Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating comosus Bromeliaceae 1 arvensis Boraginaceae 3 Anchusa capensis Boraginaceae 2 Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae 4 Qld, WA Andropogon distachyos Poaceae 4 NSW, Vic, Tas, SA Andropogon gayanus Poaceae 5 Andropogon virginicus Poaceae 5 Y Anetheum graveolens Apiaceae 1 Y Angelonia salicariifolia Scrophulariaceae 2 Annona glabra Annonaceae 4 Annona reticulata Annonaceae 2 Annona squamosa Annonaceae 2 Anoda cristata Malvaceae 3 Sida cristata Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Potential to control Y Y Y (Qld) Y Y 23 Anomatheca laxa Iridaceae 2 Anredera cordifolia Basellaceae 5 Anthemis arvensis Asteraceae 2 Anthemis cotula Asteraceae 4 Anthemis tinctoria Asteraceae 2 Anthoxanthum aristatum Poaceae 2 Y Anthoxanthum odoratum Poaceae 4 Y Anthriscus caucalis Apiaceae 3 Y Anthyllis barba-jovis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Antigonon leptopus Polygonaceae 3 Aphanes arvensis Rosaceae 3 Aphanes microcarpa Rosaceae 3 Apium graveolens Apiaceae 2 Aponogeton distachyos Aponogetonaceae 4 Y Aptenia cordifolia Aizoaceae 3 Y Aquilegia vulgaris Ranunculaceae 2 Arabidopsis thaliana Brassicaceae 4 Arachis hypogea Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Araujia sericifera Asclepiadaceae 5 Araujia hortorum Controlled or Noxious Y (Qld, NSW) Y Y (Tas) Y Y Y (Qld, NSW) APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Family Australian rating unedo Ericaceae 2 lappa Asteraceae 3 Arctium minus Asteraceae 4 Arctotheca calendula Asteraceae 5 Arctotheca populifolia Asteraceae 3 Arctotheca prostrata Asteraceae 3 Arctotis stoechadifolia Asteraceae 3 Ardisia crenata Myrsinaceae 1 Ardisia crispa Myrsinaceae 3 Ardisia solanacea Myrsinaceae 3 Arenaria leptoclados Caryophyllaceae 3 Arenaria serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Caryophyllaceae 2 Argemone ochroleuca ssp. ochroleuca Papaveraceae 5 Argemone subfusiformis Argemone mexicana in Qld Papaveraceae 5 Argyranthemum foeniculaceum Argyranthemum frutescens ssp. foeniculaceum, Chrysanthemum anethifolium Asteraceae 3 Argyranthemum frutescens Argyranthemum frutescens ssp. frutescens, Chrysanthemum frutescens Asteraceae 3 Convolvulus nervosus Bladhia crenata ssp. frutescens in Qld Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y Y (Vic) Y Y Y Y (WA, NT) WA, NT Argyreia nervosa Convolvulaceae 2 Arisarum vulgare Araceae 1 Aristea ecklonii Iridaceae 2 Aristolochia elegans Aristolochiaceae 5 Aristolochia odoratissima Aristolochiaceae 1 Aristolochia ringens Aristolochiaceae 0 Arrhenatherum elatius var. bulbosum Poaceae 4 Y Arrhenatherum elatius var. elatius Poaceae 3 Y Artemisia absinthium Asteraceae 1 Artemisia arborescens Artemisia ludoviciana Artemisia scoparia Artemisia thuscala Artemisia vulgaris ssp. ludoviciana, Artemisia vulgaris var. ludoviciana Artemisia canariensis Asteraceae 3 Asteraceae 0 Asteraceae 1 Asteraceae ? APPENDIX Arctium Alternate names and notes 3 Arbutus Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 24 Genus Y (Qld) Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Potential to spread Artemisia verlotiorum Asteraceae 5 Arum italicum Araceae 2 Aruncus dioicus Malaceae 1 Arundo donax var. donax Poaceae 5 Arundo donax var. versicolor Poaceae 1 Asclepias curassavica Asclepiadaceae 4 Asparagus africanus Protasparagus africanus Asparagaceae 5 Asparagus asparagoides Myrsiphyllum asparagoides, Asparagus medeoloides Asparagaceae 5 Asparagus declinatus Myrsiphyllum declinatum, Asparagus crispus Asparagaceae 4 WA Y (SA) Asparagus densiflorus also cv. Sprengeri in Qld, Protasparagus densiflorus, Protasparagus aethiopicus Asparagaceae 5 NT Y (Qld, NSW) Asparagus officinalis Asparagus plumosus Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Y (Qld, NSW) Asparagus Asparagus Asperula Asphodelus Y Controlled or Noxious Potential to control Y (Qld) Y (Qld, NSW) Y WA, NT Y (Qld) Y Asparagaceae 4 Protasparagus plumosus, Asparagus setaceus Asparagaceae 5 NT scandens Myrsiphyllum scandens Asparagaceae 5 SA, WA virgatus Protasparagus virgatus Asparagaceae 2 WA, NT arvensis Rubiaceae 1 fistulosus Asphodelaceae 5 Asphodelus sp. Asphodelaceae ? Aster novi-belgii Asteraceae 3 Aster subulatus Asteraceae 4 Symphyotrichum subulatum Considered to be native by some state herbaria Y (Qld, NSW, Vic, Tas, SA) Y Y (NSW, Vic, Tas, SA, NT) Tas, SA Asterolinon linum-stellatum Primulaceae 2 Astragalus ?prolixus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Astragalus hamosus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Astragalus sesameus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Asystasia gangetica ssp. gangetica complex of species Acanthaceae 3 WA Asystasia gangetica ssp. micrantha Asystasia intrusa, Asystasia coromandeliana var. micrantha Acanthaceae 4 Qld, WA, NT Atriplex hortensis Chenopodiaceae 2 Atriplex patula Chenopodiaceae 4 Y Y 25 APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Atriplex prostrata Chenopodiaceae 5 Avellinia michelii Poaceae 3 Avena barbata Poaceae 5 Avena fatua Poaceae 2 x Avena sativa Avena fatua Poaceae 5 Avena sativa Poaceae 4 Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana Poaceae 5 Avena sterilis ssp. sterilis Poaceae 3 Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Y Y Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management strigosa Poaceae 2 Axonopus compressus Poaceae 4 Y Axonopus fissifolius Axonopus affinis Poaceae 5 Y Azadirachta indica Melia indica Meliaceae 2 Babiana angustifolia Babiana disticha, Babiana stricta Iridaceae 5 Tas Babiana nana Iridaceae 4 NSW, Vic, Tas, SA tubulosa Iridaceae 1 Baccharis halimifolia var. tubiflora Asteraceae 5 Bacopa caroliniana Scrophulariaceae 2 Bacopa procumbens Scrophulariaceae 4 Baeometra uniflora Colchicaceae 2 Ballota nigra Lamiaceae 2 Bambusa balcooa Poaceae 2 Bambusa vulgaris Poaceae 2 Barbarea intermedia Brassicaceae 4 Barbarea verna Brassicaceae 4 Barleria cristata Acanthaceae 1 Barleria lupulina Acanthaceae 2 Barleria prionitis Acanthaceae 3 Barleria strigosa Acanthaceae 1 Bartsia trixago Basella alba Bassia hyssopifolia ssp. foetida Bellardia trixago Salsola hyssopifolia Scrophulariaceae 3 Basellaceae 2 Chenopodiaceae 2 Controlled or Noxious Y Avena Babiana APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 3 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 26 Genus Y Y (Qld, NSW) Y NSW, Tas, SA Y WA Y (NT) Y Y Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Bassia scoparia ornamental form Kochia scoparia Chenopodiaceae 1 Bassia scoparia weedy form Kochia scoparia Chenopodiaceae 3 Batrachium trichophyllum Ranunculaceae 3 Bauhinia monandra Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 2 Bauhinia variegata Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 1 Belamcanda chinensis Iridaceae 1 Bellis perennis Asteraceae 4 Benincasa hispida Berberis aristata Berberis Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed NSW, Vic, SA 27 1 4 Y darwinii Berberidaceae 4 Y Berberis vulgaris Berberidaceae 2 Berkheya rigida Asteraceae 3 Berula erecta Apiaceae 3 Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima Chenopodiaceae 4 Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris Chenopodiaceae 2 Betula nigra Betulaceae 1 Betula pendula Betulaceae 2 Betula pubescens Betulaceae ? Bidens bipinnata Asteraceae 3 Bidens pilosa Asteraceae 4 Bidens subalternans Asteraceae 3 Bidens tripartita Asteraceae 3 Bifora testiculata Apiaceae 1 Y Bixa orellana Bixaceae 2 Y Blackstonia perfoliata Gentianaceae 2 Blechnum occidentale Blechnaceae 2 Boehmeria nivea Urticaceae 1 Borago officinalis Boraginaceae 2 Bothriochloa bladhii Poaceae 3 Y Bothriochloa insculpta Poaceae 3 Y Bothriochloa pertusa Poaceae 4 Bougainvillea glabra Nyctaginaceae 2 var. pilosa & var. radiata in Qld ssp. glabra Y (Tas, WA) Y Y Cucurbitaceae Betula rubra Potential to control Y Berberidaceae Berberis lycium misidentified Controlled or Noxious NSW Y (Tas, WA) Y Y Y Y (Qld) Y (SA) Y APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Brachiaria advena Urochloa advena Poaceae 3 Brachiaria brizantha Urochloa brizantha Poaceae 1 Brachiaria decumbens Urochloa decumbens Poaceae 4 Y Brachiaria eruciformis Poaceae 3 Y Brachiaria fasciculata Poaceae 3 Y Brachiaria humidicola Poaceae 3 Brachiaria mutica Urochloa mutica Poaceae 5 Brachiaria texana Urochloa texana Poaceae 3 Y Brachypodium distachyon Poaceae 3 Y Brassica barrelieri Brassicaceae 2 Brassica elongata Brassicaceae 1 Y Brassica fruticulosa Brassicaceae 3 Y Brassica nigra Brassicaceae 4 Y Brassica oleracea Brassicaceae 2 Y Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis Brassicaceae 2 Y Brassica rapa ssp. oleifolia Brassicaceae 1 Brassica rapa ssp. rapa Brassicaceae 2 Brassica rapa ssp. sylvestris Brassicaceae 4 Brassica tournefortii Brassicaceae 5 Brassica x juncea Brassicaceae 3 Y Brassica x napus Brassicaceae 2 Y Brillantaisia lamium Acanthaceae 3 var. reticulata ssp. oxyrrhina Urochloa fasciculata var. reticulata Brassica oxyrrhina Brassica chinensis Leucorhaphis lamium Y Y maxima Poaceae 5 Y minor Poaceae 5 Y Briza subaristata Poaceae 2 Bromus alopecuros Poaceae 3 Bromus arenarius Bromus brevis Bromus catharticus Bromus cebadilla Bromus diandrus Bromus hordeaceus Bromus willdenowii misapplied, Bromus unioloides Kunth includes Bromus rigidus ssp. hordeaceus 3 Poaceae 3 Poaceae 4 Poaceae 2 Poaceae 5 Poaceae 4 Y (Qld) Y Briza Poaceae Controlled or Noxious Y Briza Bromus japonicus misapplied APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 3 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 28 Genus Y Y Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Bromus hordeaceus Bromus hordeaceus Bromus inermis Bromus lanceolatus Bromus lithobius Bromus lithobius Bromus madritensis Bromus racemosus Bromus Alternate names and notes Family ssp. molliformis Bromus molliformis Poaceae 3 ssp. pseudothominei not in Australia?; Bromus x pseudothominei Poaceae 2 Bromus coloratus recorded but not naturalised in WA Poaceae 3 not in Australia? Poaceae 3 Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y Poaceae ? Poaceae 3 (var. ciliatus in Tas) Poaceae 3 (ssp. commutatus in Vic) Poaceae 3 rubens Poaceae 3 Bromus secalinus Poaceae 2 Bromus sterilis Poaceae 4 Y Bromus tectorum Poaceae 3 Y Browallia americana Solanaceae 2 Brugmansia X candida Solanaceae 1 Bryophyllum beauverdii Crassulaceae 2 Bryophyllum daigremontianum Crassulaceae 5 Bryophyllum daigremontianum Kalanchoe daigremontiana Crassulaceae 3 Bryophyllum delagoense Bryophyllum tubiflorum, Kalanchoe delagoensis, Kalanchoe tubiflora Crassulaceae 5 Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Crassulaceae 2 Bryophyllum pinnatum Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae 4 WA Y (Qld, NSW) Bryophyllum proliferum Kalanchoe prolifera, Bryophyllum calycinum Crassulaceae 3 WA Y (Qld) Buddleja australis Buddleja brasiliensis, Buddleja stachyoides Buddlejaceae 1 Buddleja davidii Buddlejaceae 3 Buddleja dysophylla Chilianthus dysophyllus Buddlejaceae 3 Buddleja lindleyana Adenoplea lindleyana Buddlejaceae 1 Buddleja madagascariensis Buddlejaceae 3 Buglossoides arvensis Bulbinella floribunda 29 Bulbostylis striatella Bunchosia glandulifera x Bromus cedabilla Australian rating Bromus fonkii (Datura candida), Brugmansia aurea x Brugmansia versicolor x Bryophyllum delagoense Bulbinella robusta, Bulbinella setosa Malpighia glandulifera Boraginaceae 3 Asphodelaceae 0 Cyperaceae 3 Malpighiaceae 0 Y Y WA Y (Qld, NSW) Y Y (Qld) Y (Qld, NSW) Y WA Y (Qld) Y Y Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Family Australian rating lancifolium Apiaceae 2 rotundifolium Apiaceae 2 Bupleurum semicompositum Apiaceae 4 Cabomba caroliniana Cabombaceae 5 SA, WA Caesalpinia decapetala Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 4 WA Caesalpinia gilliesii Poinciana gilliesii Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 3 Cajanus cajan Cajanus bicolor Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Cakile edentula Brassicaceae 4 Y Y Cakile maritima Brassicaceae 5 Y Y Calamagrostis epigejos Poaceae 2 Calamintha nepeta Lamiaceae 1 Calandrinia menziesii Portulacaceae 4 Calceolaria tripartita Scrophulariaceae 2 Calendula arvensis Asteraceae 4 Calendula officinalis Asteraceae 3 Calendula palaestina Asteraceae 1? Calepina irregularis Brassicaceae 1 Calibrachoa parviflora Solanaceae 3 WA Calicotome spinosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 NSW, Tas, SA, WA Calliandra surinamensis Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 2 Callisia fragrans Commelinaceae 4 Callisia repens Commelinaceae 2 Callitriche hamulata Callitrichaceae 3 Callitriche stagnalis Callitrichaceae 4 Calluna vulgaris Ericaceae 2 NSW, Vic Calopogonium mucunoides Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 WA Calotropis gigantea Asclepiadaceae 3 Calotropis procera Calyptocarpus vialis Calystegia Camelina Camelina ssp. maritima Petunia parviflora Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Potential to control Y Y Y (Qld, NSW, NT) Y (Qld, NSW) Y Y Y Y Y Y (Vic) Y Y (Qld) Y Y Y Asclepiadaceae 5 Asteraceae 3 Y silvatica Convolvulaceae 3 Y alyssum Brassicaceae 4 Y sativa Brassicaceae 2 Y Synedrella vialis APPENDIX Bupleurum Alternate names and notes 3 Bupleurum Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 30 Genus Y (WA, NT) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Family Australian rating Camellia Campanula sinensis Theaceae 1 rapunculoides Campanulaceae Campsis radicans 2 Campsis x tagliabuana?; Tecoma radicans, Bignonia radicans Bignoniaceae 1 Campsis x tagliabuana Campsis grandiflora x Campsis radicans, Tecoma tagliabuana Bignoniaceae 1 Canavalia ensiformis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Canna indica Cannaceae 2 Canna x generalis hybrid between Canna indica and others Cannaceae 2 Y Canna x orchiodes hybrid between Canna indica and others Cannaceae 2 Y Cannabis sativa Cannabaceae 2 Capsella bursa-pastoris Brassicaceae 4 Y Capsicum annuum Solanaceae 3 Y var. glabriusculum Alternate names and notes Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Y (Qld, NSW) frutescens Solanaceae 3 Y Cardamine corymbosa Brassicaceae 2 Y Cardamine flexuosa Brassicaceae 3 Y Cardamine hirsuta Brassicaceae 5 Y Cardaria draba Brassicaceae 5 Y Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sapindaceae 5 Cardiospermum halicacabum var. halicacabum Sapindaceae 3 NT Cardiospermum halicacabum var. microcarpum Sapindaceae 5 WA, NT Carduus acanthoides Asteraceae 0 Carduus nutans Asteraceae Y (NSW, Vic, Tas, SA, WA) Y (Qld, NSW) Y (Qld) Y Y (Qld) 5 Y Y (NSW, Tas, WA) 31 Carduus pycnocephalus Asteraceae 5 Y Y (Vic, Tas) Carduus tenuiflorus Asteraceae 5 Y Y (Vic, Tas) Carduus thoermeri Asteraceae 3 Y Carex albula Cyperaceae 2 Carex arenaria Cyperaceae 2 Carex buxbaumii Cyperaceae 2 Carex demissa Cyperaceae 4 Carex disticha Cyperaceae 2 Carex divisa Cyperaceae 4 Carex divulsa Cyperaceae 3 ssp. buxbaumii ssp. divulsa Potential to control Y (Qld) Capsicum ssp. nutans Controlled or Noxious Y (Tas) APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Carex flacca Cyperaceae 4 Carex flagellifera Cyperaceae 4 Carex lepidocarpa Cyperaceae 3 Carex ovalis Cyperaceae 4 Carex pilulifera Cyperaceae 3 Carex punctata Cyperaceae 2 Carex scoparia Cyperaceae 2 Carex testacea Cyperaceae 2 Carica papaya Cariceaeae 1 Carpanthea pomeridiana Aizoaceae 1 Carpesium cernuum Asteraceae 2 Carpobrotus aequilaterus Carpobrotus aequilaterus Carpobrotus edulis Carpobrotus Papaya carica x Sarcozona bicarinata Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Y (Tas) Aizoaceae 1 4 Aizoaceae 1 edulis Aizoaceae 5 Carrichtera annua Brassicaceae 5 Carthamus dentatus Asteraceae 2 Y Carthamus glaucus Asteraceae 3 Y Carthamus lanatus Asteraceae 5 Y Carthamus leucocaulos Asteraceae 2 Carthamus tinctorius Asteraceae 3 Caryota mitis Arecaceae 2 Casimiroa edulis Rutaceae 2 Cassia fistula Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 3 Cassia grandis Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 1 Castilla elastica Moraceae 1 Castilleja attenuata Scrophulariaceae 2 x Carpobrotus virescens Carthocarpus grandis Castilleja exserta Scrophulariaceae 0 Catapodium marinum ssp. exserta Desmazeria marina Poaceae 4 Catapodium rigidum Desmazeria rigida Poaceae 4 Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae 4 Cedronella canariensis Lamiaceae 4 Controlled or Noxious Y Aizoaceae Carpobrotus chilense APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 3 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 32 Genus Y Y Y NSW, Vic, SA Y (Qld, NSW, Vic, Tas, WA, NT) Y (WA) Y WA, NT Y (NT) Y Y? Y Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Celosia Celtis Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating argentea Amaranthaceae 3 australis Ulmaceae 3 Celtis occidentalis Ulmaceae 3 Celtis sinensis Ulmaceae 5 Cenchrus biflorus Poaceae 3 Cenchrus brownii Poaceae 3 Cenchrus caliculatus Poaceae 3 Cenchrus ciliaris Poaceae 5 Cenchrus echinatus Poaceae 5 Cenchrus incertus Poaceae 5 Y (NSW, SA) Cenchrus longispinus Poaceae 5 Y (NSW, Vic, SA) Cenchrus pennisetiformis Poaceae 4 Cenchrus setiger Cenchrus setigerus in SA Poaceae 4 Centaurea aspera Centaurea sp. A in NSW Asteraceae 1 Centaurea calcitrapa Asteraceae 5 Centaurea cineraria Asteraceae 1 Centaurea cyanus Asteraceae 2 Centaurea eriophora Asteraceae 1 Centaurea jacea Asteraceae 2 Centaurea maculosa Asteraceae 2 Centaurea melitensis Asteraceae Centaurea nigra Centaurea nigrescens Centaurea Centaurea Centaurea cyanoides in WA Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y Y (Qld) Potential to control Y WA Y Y (WA, NT) Y Y Y Y (Qld) Y Y (NT) Y Y (NSW, Vic) Y 33 Y (SA) Y Y Y (ACT) Y 4 Y Y (NSW) Asteraceae 3 Y Y (Vic) Asteraceae 0 paniculata Asteraceae 4 Y Y (Vic) solstitialis Asteraceae 5 Y Y (Vic) Centaurium erythraea Gentianaceae 4 Centaurium maritimum Gentianaceae 2 Centaurium pulchellum Gentianaceae 2 Centaurium tenuiflorum Gentianaceae 4 Centranthus macrosiphon Valerianaceae 3 Centranthus ruber Valerianaceae 4 Centaurea sp. B in NSW ssp. nigrescens ssp. ruber NSW, Vic, WA Y Y NSW, Vic, SA, WA APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS punctatum ssp. punctatum Centrosema pascuorum Centrosema Centrosema Family Australian rating Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Asteraceae 3 Bradburya pascuorum, Bradburya virginiana form pascuorum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 plumieri Clitoria plumieri Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 pubescens Bradburya pubescens Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 Cerastium balearicum Cerastium semidecandrum misapplied Caryophyllaceae 3 Cerastium comatum Caryophyllaceae 1 Cerastium diffusum Caryophyllaceae 3 Cerastium glomeratum Caryophyllaceae 4 Cerastium pumilum Caryophyllaceae 2 Cerastium semidecandrum Caryophyllaceae 2 Cerastium vulgare Caryophyllaceae 4 misidentified as Cerastium fontanum ssp. trivalve & Cerastium holosteoides & Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare Ceratonia siliqua Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 2 Cercis siliquastrum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 0 Cestrum aurantiacum Solanaceae 3 Cestrum elegans Solanaceae 2 Cestrum nocturnum Solanaceae 2 Cestrum parqui Solanaceae 5 Chamaecrista nigricans Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 2 Chamaecrista rotundifolia Chamaecytisus palmensis Chamaemelum nobile Chamaesyce hirta Euphorbia hirta Chamaesyce hyssopifolia Chamaesyce Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Potential to control WA, NT Y Y (Qld, NSW, Vic) Y Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Asteraceae 3 Euphorbiaceae 4 Y Euphorbia hyssopifolia, Euphorbia brasiliensis, Chamaesyce brasiliensis Euphorbiaceae 4 Y maculata Chamaesyce supina, Euphorbia maculata, Euphorbia thymifolia previously in Qld Euphorbiaceae 3 Chamaesyce nutans Euphorbia nutans Euphorbiaceae 3 Chamaesyce prostrata Euphorbia chamaesyce, E. prostrata Euphorbiaceae 5 Chasmanthe bicolor Iridaceae 1 Chamaecytisus prolifer ssp. prolifer var. palmensis, Cytisus palmensis, Cytisus prolifer var. palmensis, C. proliferus APPENDIX Centratherum Alternate names and notes 3 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 34 Genus WA Y Y WA Y Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Chasmanthe floribunda Iridaceae 4 Chenopodium album Chenopodiaceae 5 Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodiaceae 3 Chenopodium detestans Chenopodiaceae 1 Chenopodium glaucum Chenopodium var. ambrosiodes to var. anthelminicum (& intermediates) ssp. glaucum Family Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed 4 macrospermum Chenopodiaceae 2 Chenopodium multifidum Chenopodiaceae 3 Y Chenopodium murale Chenopodiaceae 4 Y Chenopodium opulifolium Chenopodiaceae 1 Chenopodium vulvaria Chenopodiaceae 2 Y Chloris barbata Poaceae 4 Y Chloris ciliata Poaceae 1 Chloris gayana Poaceae 4 Y Chloris pilosa Poaceae 1 Y Chloris virgata Poaceae 5 Y Chlorophytum comosum Anthericaceae 3 Y Choisya ternata Rutaceae 1? Chondrilla juncea Asteraceae 5 Chonemorpha fragrans Apocynaceae 1 Brassicaceae 2 Asteraceae 4 NSW?, WA, NT Asteraceae 2 WA, NT Euphorbiaceae 2 Anthericum comosum Chorispora tenella Chromolaena odorata (less weedy form) Chromolaena odorata (weedy form) Chrozophora tinctoria Eupatorium odoratum Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Asteraceae 5 Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata Asteraceae 5 coronarium Asteraceae 2 Chrysanthemum segetum Asteraceae 2 Chrysocoma coma-aurea Asteraceae 0 Cicendia filiformis Gentianaceae 4 Cicendia quadrangularis Gentianaceae 3 Cicer arietinum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Chrysanthemum Potential to control Y Chenopodiaceae Chloris inflata Controlled or Noxious Y (Qld) Y Y (Vic, Tas, SA, WA) Y? Y Y (Qld, WA) Y Y (Qld, WA) Y Y Y WA Y Y (NSW, Vic, SA, WA) Y Y (Qld, NSW, Vic) Tas 35 APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating endivia Asteraceae 1 intybus Asteraceae 3 Cineraria lyratiformis Asteraceae 2 Cinnamonum camphora Lauraceae 5 Cirsium arvense Asteraceae 5 Cirsium vulgare Asteraceae 5 Cissus rotundifolia Vitaceae 1 Cistus incanus Cistaceae 2 Cineraria lyrata ssp. creticus Cistus creticus Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Y Vic, SA, WA Y Y Y (NSW) Y Y (Qld, NSW) Y Y (NSW, Vic, Tas, SA, WA) Y Y (Vic, SA) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management monspeliensis Cistaceae 4 psilosepalus Cistaceae 4 Citharexylum fruticosum Verbenaceae 2 Citrullus colocynthis Cucurbitaceae 3 Y Citrullus lanatus Cucurbitaceae 3 Y Citrus x limon Rutaceae 2 Y Claytonia perfoliata Portulacaceae 3 Clematis flammula Ranunculaceae 2 NSW, Tas, WA Clematis vitalba Ranunculaceae 4 NSW, WA Cleome aculeata Capparaceae 3 Y Cleome gynandra Capparaceae 3 Y Cleome hassleriana Capparaceae 3 Cleome monophylla Capparaceae 1 Clerodendrum chinense Verbenaceae 1 Clerodendrum heterophyllum Verbenaceae 2 Clerodendrum paniculatum Verbenaceae 1 Clerodendrum schweinfurthii Verbenaceae 1 Clerodendrum thompsoniae Verbenaceae 1 Clinopodium vulgare Lamiaceae 2 Clitoria laurifolia Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 ssp. flammula form baueri var. bakeri Clitoria cajanifolia form glabrior, Martiusia laurifolia, Neurocarpum laurifolium, Ternatea laurifolia Y (Tas) Y Cistus (depends on who you follow) Citrus x limonia, Citrus limonia Controlled or Noxious Y Cistus var. lanatus APPENDIX Cichorium Alternate names and notes 3 Cichorium Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 36 Genus Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Clitoria ternatea Cnicus benedictus Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Ternatea ternatea Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Asteraceae 1 Rosenbergia scandens Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Y Y Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Cobaea scandens Cobaeaceae 2 Cocos nucifera Arecaceae 2 Codiaeum variegatum Euphorbiaceae 2 Coffea arabica Rubiaceae 4 Coix gigantea Poaceae 1 Coix lacryma-jobi Poaceae 2 Colchicum autumnale Colchicaceae 1? Coleonema pulchellum Rutaceae 1 Y Collomia grandiflora Polemoniaceae 3 Y Colocasia esculenta Araceae 4 Y Combretum paniculatum Combretaceae 2 Commelina africana Commelinaceae 2 Commelina benghalensis Commelinaceae 3 Conium maculatum Apiaceae 5 Conringia orientalis Consolida ajacis Convolvulus arvensis Conyza aegyptiaca Conyza bilbaoana Conyza bonariensis Conyza canadensis Conyza leucantha Coix lacryma-jobi var. gigantea Collomia linearis misapplied in Tas, Navarretia grandiflora var. esculenta in WA Consolida ambigua Conyza lineariloba var. canadensis Brassicaceae 3 Ranunculaceae 1 Convolvulaceae 5 Asteraceae 2 Asteraceae 3 Asteraceae 4 Asteraceae 3 Asteraceae 2 Conyza parva Conyza canadensis var. pusilla Asteraceae 4 Conyza primulifolia Conyza primulaefolia, Conyza chilensis, Asteraceae Conyza scabiosifolia, Conyza scabiosaefolia, Erigeron chilensis 2 Conyza sumatrensis Conyza albida Asteraceae 4 Coprosma baueri Rubiaceae 1 Coprosma repens Rubiaceae 5 Coprosma robusta Rubiaceae 4 Controlled or Noxious Y NSW, WA Y Y Y Y (Qld) Y Y (NSW, Vic, Tas) Y Y Y (Vic, SA, WA) Y Y Y Potential to control 37 APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Family Australian rating aestuans Tiliaceae 2 Y capsularis Tiliaceae 1 Y Corchorus olitorius Tiliaceae 3 Corchorus pentandra Tiliaceae 3 Corchorus trilocularis Tiliaceae 3 Cordyline australis Agavaceae 2 Coreopsis lanceolata Asteraceae 3 Coriandrum sativum Apiaceae 2 Cornus capitata Cornaceae 2 Coronopus didymus Brassicaceae 4 Coronopus integrifolius Brassicaceae 2 Coronopus squamatus Brassicaceae 2 Corrigiola litoralis Caryophyllaceae 2 Cortaderia jubata Poaceae 5 Cortaderia richardii Poaceae 5 Y (Tas) Cortaderia selloana Y (NSW, Vic, Tas) Cosmos bipinnatus var. lanceolata and var. Coreopsis grandiflora misapplied in WA villosa used in Qld but not other States Poaceae 5 Bidens formosa Asteraceae 3 Cosmos caudatus Bidens caudatus Asteraceae 3 Cotoneaster divaricatus Probably same as Cotoneaster simonsii in SA & Tas Malaceae 2 Cotoneaster franchetii Cotoneaster mairei Malaceae 5 Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Cotoneaster serotinus Malaceae 5 Cotoneaster horizontalis Malaceae 3 Cotoneaster lacteus Malaceae 3 Cotoneaster microphyllus Malaceae 2 Cotoneaster pannosus Malaceae 5 Cotoneaster rotundifolius Malaceae 2 Cotoneaster simonsii Malaceae 2 Cotula bipinnata Asteraceae 3 Cotula coronopifolia Asteraceae 3 Cotula turbinata Asteraceae 2 form serotinus Cenia turbinata Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed APPENDIX Corchorus Alternate names and notes 3 Corchorus Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 38 Genus Controlled or Noxious Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SA, WA Y (NSW, Vic, Tas) Y (NSW) Y (Qld) Y (NSW) Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Cotyledon orbiculata Cotyledon orbiculata var. oblonga Crassulaceae 3 var. orbiculata Crassulaceae Crambe hispanica Brassicaceae 3 1 Crassocephalum crepidioides Asteraceae 4 Crassula alata Crassulaceae 3 Crassulaceae 2 Crassulaceae 2 var. alata Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Potential to control Y Y WA Y Crassula ciliata Crassula ericoides Crassula glomerata Crassulaceae 4 Crassula multicava ssp. multicava Crassulaceae 3 Crassula muscosa var. muscosa Crassulaceae 2 Crassula natans var. minus Crassulaceae 3 Crassula sarmentosa var. sarmentosa Crassulaceae 2 Crassula spathulata Crassulaceae 2 Crassula tetragona Crassulaceae 3 Crassula thunbergiana Crassulaceae 2 Crataegus azarolus Malaceae 2 Y (SA) Malaceae 5 Y (Qld, Vic, SA) Crataegus azarolus var. sinaica, Crataegus Malaceae monogyna x Crataegus azarolus 2 Crataegus monogyna Crataegus x sinaica Crepis capillaris var. ericoides ssp. robusta Crepis setosa in other States? Y Asteraceae 4 Y Asteraceae 1 Y Asteraceae 3 Y Crepis dioscoridis Crepis foetida Crepis pusilla Asteraceae 1 Y Crepis setosa Asteraceae 3 Y Crepis vesicaria Asteraceae 3 Amaryllidaceae 1 Iridaceae 5 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 ssp. vulgaris in NSW, ssp. foetida in SA & Vic ssp. haenseleri Crinum moorei (?powellii) Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora Crotalaria agatiflora Crotalaria alata Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Crotalaria distans Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Y Crotalaria goreënsis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 Y Crocosmia aurea x Crocosmia pottsii ssp. agatiflora in NSW & Vic Y (NSW) 39 APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS incana ssp. incana Crotalaria incana ssp. purpurascens Crotalaria juncea Crotalaria laburnifolia Crotalaria lanceolata lunata Crotalaria micans Crotalaria ochrolecua Crotalaria pallida Crotalaria purpurascens ssp. lanceolata Crotalaria anagyroides var. obovata in Qld & NSW Crotalaria obovata Family Australian rating Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Y Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Y Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Y Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Y Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Y Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Y Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Crotalaria retusa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Crotalaria semperflorens Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Crotalaria senegalensis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Crotalaria spectabilis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Crotalaria virgulata ssp. grantiana Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Crotalaria virgulata ssp. virgulata Crotalaria Croton Crotalaria uncinella var. senegalensis Crotalaria grantiana Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed APPENDIX grahamiana Crotalaria Alternate names and notes 3 Crotalaria Crotalaria Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 40 Genus Controlled or Noxious Y Y Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 zanzibarica Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 capitatus Euphorbiaceae 2 Y Croton glandulosus Euphorbiaceae 1 Y Crupina vulgaris Asteraceae 1 Y Crypsis schoenoides Poaceae 1 Cryptostegia grandiflora Asclepiadaceae 2 Y (WA) Cryptostegia madagascariensis var. glaberrima Asclepiadaceae 2 Y (WA, NT) Cryptostegia madagascariensis var. madagascariensis Asclepiadaceae 1 Cucumis anguria var. anguria Cucurbitaceae 3 Y Cucumis dipsaceus Cucurbitaceae 2 Y Cucumis melo Cucurbitaceae 3 Y Cucumis metuliferus Cucurbitaceae 2 Y Cucumis myriocarpus Cucurbitaceae 3 Y Cucumis zeyheri Cucurbitaceae 2 ssp. agrestis ssp. myriocarpus in Qld, ssp. leptodermis in Vic. & NSW Y (WA) Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Cucurbito pepo var. maxima Family Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Cucurbita maxima Cucurbitaceae 2 Y Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae 1 Y Cuphea carthagenensis Lythraceae 3 Cuphea hyssopifolia Lythraceae 1 Cupressus macrocarpa Cupressaceae 2 Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae 1 Cuscuta campestris Convolvulaceae 5 Cuscuta epithymum Convolvulaceae 3 Cuscuta planiflora Convolvulaceae 4 Cuscuta racemosa Convolvulaceae 2 Cuscuta suaveolens Convolvulaceae Cyanella hyacinthoides Cyclocarpa stellaris Cycloloma atriplicifolium Cyclospermum leptophyllum Cydonia Controlled or Noxious Y Y Y (NSW, Vic, SA, WA) Y (Vic, SA) NSW, Tas Y (Vic, SA) 4 WA Y (Vic, SA) Tecophilaeaceae 4 Qld Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Chenopodiaceae 1 Y Apiaceae 4 Y oblonga Rosaceae 1 Cymbalaria muralis Scrophulariaceae 4 Cymbopogon citratus Poaceae 1 Cymbopogon martinii Poaceae 1 Cynara cardunculus Asteraceae 3 Y Cynara scolymus Asteraceae 3 Y Cynodon aethiopicus Poaceae 2 Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon Poaceae 4 Cynodon incompletus var. incompletus Poaceae 3 Y Cynodon nlemfuensis var. nlemfuensis Poaceae 3 Y Cynodon nlemfuensis var. robustus Poaceae 1 Aeschynomene stellaris Apium leptophyllum 41 Cynodon transvaalensis Poaceae 2 Cynoglosum creticum Boraginaceae 2 Cynosurus cristatus Poaceae 3 Cynosurus echinatus Poaceae 4 Cyperus aggregatus Cyperaceae 3 Cyperus albostriatus Cyperaceae 2 Potential to control Y (Vic) Y Y Y (Vic, Tas, SA) Y Vic, Tas, SA, WA APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS aromaticus Cyperus Family Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y Y (Qld) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Cyperaceae 2 Cyperaceae 5 brevifolius Cyperaceae 4 Cyperus compressus Cyperaceae 4 Cyperus congestus Cyperaceae 3 Cyperus dubius Cyperaceae 2 Cyperus eragrostis Cyperaceae 5 Cyperus esculentus Cyperaceae 3 Cyperus flavescens Cyperaceae 3 Cyperus hamulosus Cyperaceae 2 Cyperus involucratus Cyperus alternifolius ssp. flabelliformis Cyperaceae 4 Cyperus metzii Kyllinga squamulata Cyperaceae 3 Y Cyperus papyrus Cyperaceae 3 Y Cyperus prolifer Cyperaceae 1 Cyperus reflexus Cyperaceae 2 Cyperus rigens Cyperaceae 2 Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae 5 Y Cyperus sesquiflorus Cyperaceae 3 Y Cyperus tenellus Cyperaceae 4 Cyperus teneristolon Cyperaceae 2 Cyperus tenuiflorus Cyperus longus ssp. tenuiflorus Cyperaceae 2 Cyperus tuberosus Cyperus platystachys Cyperaceae 3 Kyllinga aromatica Cyperus aequalis Cyperus oostachyus Kyllinga odorata WA, NT Potential to control Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y (Qld) Qld, Vic, SA, WA Y (SA) Y Cyperus vorsteri Cyperaceae 2 Cyrtococcum deltoideum Poaceae 1 Cyrtomium falcatum Drypteridaceae 2 Cytisus multiflorus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Cytisus scoparius Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 Dactylis glomerata Poaceae 4 Y Dactyloctenium aegyptium Poaceae 3 Y Dactyloctenium australe Poaceae 3 Y Dactyloctenium giganteum Poaceae 1 Y ssp. scoparius APPENDIX arenarius Cyperus Alternate names and notes 3 Cyperus Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 42 Genus Y NSW, Tas, WA Y Y (NSW, Vic, Tas, SA) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Amerimnon sissoo Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Dalbergia sissoo Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Datura ferox Solanaceae 5 Y Y (Qld, Vic, SA, WA, NT) Datura inoxia Solanaceae 3 Y Y (Vic, WA) Datura leichhardtii Solanaceae 3 Datura metel Solanaceae 2 Y Y (Qld, WA) Datura stramonium Solanaceae 5 Y Y (Qld, Vic, SA, WA) Datura wrightii Solanaceae 3 Y Y (WA) Daucus carota Apiaceae 2 Y Delairea odorata Asteraceae 5 Senecio mikanioides, Senecio scandens, Senecio scandens Delonix regia Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 4 Descurainia sophia Brassicaceae 2 Desmanthus virgatus Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 Desmodium heterophyllum Hedysarum heterophyllum, Meibomia heterophylla Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Desmodium incanum Desmodium canum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Desmodium intortum Meibomia intorta Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Desmodium scorpiurus Meibomia scorpiurus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Desmodium strigillosum Desmodium tortuosum Desmodium Desmodium Y (WA) Y (NSW) Y Y NSW, WA Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Desmodium annuum, Desmodium purpureum, Meibomia purpurea, Meibomia tortuosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 triflorum Meibomia triflora, Sagotia triflora Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Qld, WA uncinatum different to Desmodium intortum according to Les Pedley (BRI) Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 WA 43 Dianthus armeria Caryophyllaceae 3 Dianthus barbatus Caryophyllaceae 1 Dianthus plumarius Caryophyllaceae 2 Dichanthium annulatum Andropogon annulatus Poaceae 3 Dichanthium aristatum Andropogon aristatus Poaceae 3 Dichanthium caricosum Andropogon caricosus Poaceae 2 Dichondra micrantha Convolvulaceae 1 Y (Qld) Y Y (Qld) Y Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS cinerea ssp. malesiana Family Australian rating Commelinaceae 2 Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 2 Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management pendulum Iridaceae 1 Dierema pulcherrimum Iridaceae 1 Dietes iridioides Iridaceae 2 Dietes robinsoniana Iridaceae 1 Digitalis purpurea Scrophulariaceae 4 Digitaria aequiglumis Poaceae 3 Digitaria ciliaris Poaceae 5 Digitaria didactyla Poaceae 5 Digitaria eriantha ssp. eranthia Poaceae 1 Y Digitaria eriantha ssp. pentzii Poaceae 3 Y Digitaria insularis Poaceae 1 Digitaria ischaemum Poaceae 3 Y Digitaria sanguinalis Poaceae 5 Y Digitaria ternata Poaceae 2 Digitaria violascens Poaceae 3 Y Dimorphotheca pluvialis Asteraceae 2 Y Dimorphotheca sinuata Asteraceae 1 Dinebra retroflexa Poaceae 2 Diodia teres Rubiaceae 3 Dioscorea alata Dioscoreaceae 3 Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscoreaceae 3 Diplazium esculentum exotic form Athyriaceae 2 Diplotaxis muralis Brassicaceae 3 Diplotaxis tenuifolia Dipogon lignosus Dipsacus fullonum Disa bracteata Dischisma arenarium Dischisma capitatum Dittrichia graveolens Eruca sylvestris ssp. fullonum Brassicaceae 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 Dipsacus sativus in SA Dipsacaceae 4 Monadenia bracteata Orchidaceae 3 Scrophulariaceae 2 Dischisma capitata in WA Scrophulariaceae 2 Asteraceae 3 Controlled or Noxious Y Dierama Andropogon insularis APPENDIX thyrsiflora Dichrostachys Alternate names and notes 3 Dichorisandra Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 44 Genus Y Y NT Y Y Y Y (Vic) Y Y (Vic, SA) Y Y (Vic) Y Y (Qld, Vic) Y NSW, Tas Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Dittrichia Family Australian rating Potential to spread viscosa Asteraceae 4 NSW, Vic, Tas, SA Dorotheanthus bellidiformis Aizoaceae 1 Dovyalis caffra Flacourtiaceae 3 Draba nemorosa Brassicaceae 2 Dracocephalum moldavica Lamiaceae 0 Drosanthemum candens Aizoaceae 2 Duchesnea indica Rosaceae 3 Duranta erecta Ecballium elaterium Echinochloa colona Echinochloa crus-galli Echinochloa crus-pavonis Echinochloa esculenta Echinochloa frumentacea Echinochloa muricata Echinochloa oryzoides Echinochloa polystachya Echinochloa pyramidalis Echinops sphaerocephalus Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Duranta repens, Duranta plumieri Panicum colonum Echinochloa utilis var. microstachya Echinochloa microstachya cv. Amity Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y Y (Qld) Y Verbenaceae 4 Cucurbitaceae 3 Y (Qld) Poaceae 4 Poaceae 5 Y Poaceae 3 Y Poaceae 2 Y Poaceae 3 Y Poaceae 3 Y Poaceae 3 Poaceae 4 Poaceae 1 Asteraceae 1 Y Y NT 45 Echinopsis oxygona Echinopsis multiplex Cactaceae 1 Echinospartum horridum Genista horrida Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Echium candicans Echium fastuosum hort. Boraginaceae 2 Echium italicum Boraginaceae 1 Echium plantagineum Boraginaceae 5 Echium simplex Boraginaceae 2 Echium vulgare Boraginaceae 4 Eclipta sp. Asteraceae 3 Egeria densa Hydrocharitaceae 4 SA Ehrharta brevifolia Poaceae 4 NSW, Vic, SA Ehrharta calycina Poaceae 5 Ehrharta erecta Poaceae 4 Potential to control Y Y Y Y Vic, SA, WA Y (Vic) Y Y (NSW, Vic, Tas, SA, WA) Y Y (NSW, Vic, Tas) Y Y (Tas, WA) Y (Vic) APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating longiflora Poaceae 5 pusilla Poaceae 1 var. maxima Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y (Vic) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Ehrharta villosa Poaceae 4 Eichhornia crassipes Pontederiaceae 5 Y Eleocharis minuta Cyperaceae 4 Y Eleocharis pachycarpa Cyperaceae 2 Y Eleocharis parodii Cyperaceae 2 Y Elephantopus mollis Elephantopus tomentosus, Elephantopus carolinianus var. mollis Asteraceae 4 Y Eleusine indica Cynosurus indicus Poaceae 4 Y Eleusine tristachya Eleusine coracana, Eleusine indica var. brachystachya Poaceae 3 Y Eleutheranthera ruderalis Asteraceae 3 Elodea canadensis Hydrocharitaceae 5 Elymus farctus Poaceae 3 Elymus pungens Elytrigia pungens, Agropyron pungens Poaceae 2 Elymus repens Elytrigia repens, Agropyron repens Poaceae 3 Y Emex australis Polygonaceae 3 Y Emex spinosa Polygonaceae 4 Emilia sonchifolia var. javanica Asteraceae 3 Emilia sonchifolia var. sonchifolia Epidendrum ibaguense Epilobium Epilobium ssp. boreali-atlanticus APPENDIX Ehrharta Alternate names and notes 3 Ehrharta Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 46 Genus Y (Qld, NSW, Vic, SA, WA, NT) Y Y (Qld) Y WA Y Y (Tas, SA) Y Y (all states) Y (WA) Y Asteraceae 3 Y Orchidaceae 1 Y ciliatum Onagraceae 4 Y hirsutum Onagraceae 3 Y Epilobium obscurum Onagraceae 2 Epilobium rotundifolium Onagraceae 2 Epilobium tetragonum Onagraceae 1 Epiphyllum hookeri Cactaceae 1 Equisetum arvense Equisetaceae 4 Equisetum hyemale Equisetaceae 2 Y (NSW, Tas, WA) Equisetum ramosissimum Equisetaceae 2 Y (NSW, WA) Epidendrum x obrienianum ssp. tetragonum Epiphyllum phyllanthus var. hookeri, Epiphyllum strictum Equisetum hyaemale, Equisetum hiemale Y Y (NSW, WA) Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Eragrostis tenella Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed 47 Eragrostis amabilis Poaceae 3 Eragrostis atrovirens Poaceae 2 Y Eragrostis bahiensis Poaceae 2 Y Eragrostis barrelieri Poaceae 4 Eragrostis cilianensis Poaceae 4 Eragrostis curvula Poaceae 5 Eragrostis mexicana Poaceae 3 Y Eragrostis minor Poaceae 2 Y Eragrostis paniciformis Poaceae 2 Y Eragrostis pilosa Poaceae 4 Y Eragrostis subsecunda Poaceae 1 Eragrostis superba Poaceae 1 Eragrostis tef Poaceae 3 Y Eragrostis tenuifolia Poaceae 3 Y Erechtites valerianifolia Asteraceae 3 Eremocarpus setiger Euphorbiaceae 2 Erica andromedaeflora Ericaceae 2 Erica arborea Ericaceae 2 Erica baccans Ericaceae 4 Erica caffra Ericaceae 2 Erica glandulosa Ericaceae 2 Erica lusitanica Ericaceae 5 Erica quadrangularis Ericaceae 2 Erica scoparia Ericaceae 5 Erica x willmorei Ericaceae 2 Erigeron karvinskianus Asteraceae 1 Eriobotrya japonica Malaceae 2 Eriocephalus africanus Asteraceae 1 Eriochloa meyerana Poaceae 2 Erodium aureum Geraniaceae 3 Erodium botrys Geraniaceae 5 Eragrostis mexicana ssp. mexicana & ssp. virescens Eremocarpos setigerus Controlled or Noxious Y Y (NSW, Vic, Tas, SA) Y WA Y Y Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Erodium brachycarpum Geraniaceae 3 Erodium cicutarium Geraniaceae 4 Erodium malacoides Geraniaceae 3 Erodium moschatum Geraniaceae 3 Erophila verna ssp. praecox Brassicaceae 4 Erophila verna ssp. verna Brassicaceae 4 Eruca sativa Brassicaceae 3 Eryngium campestre Apiaceae 3 Eryngium maritimum Apiaceae 3 Eryngium pandanifolium Apiaceae 3 Erysimum cheiri Brassicaceae 1 Erysimum repandum Brassicaceae 1 Erythrina acanthocarpa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Escalloniaceae 1 Erythrina crista-galli Erythrina x sykesii Escallonia bifida Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa Cheiranthus cheiri Corallodendron crista-galli Escallonia montevidensis, Escallonia floribunda var. montevidensis Eschscholzia californica Papaveraceae 3 Ethulia conyzoides Asteraceae 2 Euchiton audax Asteraceae 1 Euclidium syriacum Brassicaceae 1 Eugenia uniflora Myrtaceae 3 Eupatorium serotinum Asteraceae 2 Euphorbia characias Euphorbiaceae ? Euphorbia cyathophora Euphorbiaceae 5 Euphorbiaceae 2 Euphorbia cyparissias Euphorbia davidii Euphorbia dendroides Euphorbia depauperata Euphorbia exigua Euphorbia Euphorbia Gnaphalium audax ssp. wulfenii Euphorbia heterophylla var. cyathophora, Poinsettia cyathophora Euporbia dentata misapplied in Qld Euphorbiaceae 5 Euphorbiaceae 1 Euphorbiaceae 1 Euphorbiaceae 2 falcata Euphorbiaceae 2 helioscopia Euphorbiaceae 3 var. pubescens Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 3 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 48 Genus Controlled or Noxious Y Y Y Y (NSW) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y (Qld) Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Euphorbia Euphorbia Euphorbia Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating heterophylla Poinsettia heterophylla Euphorbiaceae 4 Y (Qld) lathyris Euphorbia lathyrus Euphorbiaceae 4 Y (Tas) marginata Euphorbiaceae 1 Euphorbia milii Euphorbiaceae 1 Euphorbia paralias Euphorbiaceae 5 Euphorbia peplus Euphorbiaceae 4 Euphorbia platyphyllos Euphorbiaceae 2 Euphorbia segetalis Euphorbiaceae 1 Euphorbia terracina Euphorbiaceae 5 Euphorbia tirucalli Euphorbiaceae 1 Euryops abrotanifolius Asteraceae 4 Euryops chrysanthemoides Asteraceae 2 Y Y Gamolepis chrysanthemoides, Steirodiscus chrysanthemoides Eustachys distichophylla Poaceae 3 Evax pygmaea Filago pygmaea Asteraceae 1 Evolvulus nummularius Volvulopsis nummularium, Convolvulus nummularius Convolvulaceae 3 Facelis retusa Asteraceae 3 Fagopyrum esculentum Polygonaceae 1 Fallopia convolvulus Polygonaceae 3 Fallopia japonica Polygonaceae 2 Reynoutria japonica Fedia graciliflora Valerianaceae 1 Felicia petiolata Asteraceae 1 Ferraria crispa Ferula communis Festuca arundinacea ssp. crispa Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Y Y Y (SA, WA) Y Y Y Iridaceae 4 1 Y Festuca elatior ssp. arundinacea, Festuca elatior Poaceae 4 Y nigrescens Festuca rubra ssp. fallax Poaceae 4 Festuca pratensis Festuca elatior ssp. pratensis Poaceae 3 Festuca rubra Poaceae 4 Ficaria verna Ranunculaceae 2 Ficus benghalensis Moraceae 2 Ficus carica Moraceae 4 Controlled or Noxious Y Apiaceae Festuca ssp. rubra Potential to spread NSW, Tas Y Potential to control 49 APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating pumila Moraceae 2 pyramidata Asteraceae 2 Fimbristylis albovirides Cyperaceae ? Fimbristylis annua Cyperaceae 1 Flacourtia indica Flacourtiaceae 3 Flacourtia jangomas Flacourtiaceae 3 Flemingia macrophylla Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Florestina tripteris Asteraceae 4 Foeniculum vulgare Apiaceae 5 Frankenia pulverulenta Frankeniaceae 2 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Fraxinus angustifolia Fraxinus excelsior Freesia hybrid Froelichia Froelichia Fimbristylis baldwiniana ssp. angustifolia Fraxinus rotundifolia ssp. rotundifolia Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y Y (Vic, Tas) WA, NT Oleaceae 3 Oleaceae 2 Iridaceae 5 floridana Amaranthaceae 3 gracilis Amaranthaceae 2 Fuchsia magellanica Onagraceae 3 Fumaria bastardii Fumariaceae 4 Fumaria capreolata Fumariaceae 4 Fumaria densiflora Fumariaceae 4 Fumaria indica Fumariaceae 3 Fumaria muralis ssp. boraei Fumariaceae 1 Fumaria muralis ssp. muralis Fumariaceae 4 Fumaria officinalis ssp. officinalis Fumariaceae 3 Fumaria officinalis ssp. wirtgenii Fumariaceae 3 Y Fumaria parviflora var. parviflora in the NT & Vic Fumariaceae 3 Y Furcraea foetida Agavaceae 3 Furcraea selloa Agavaceae 2 Gaillardia aristata Asteraceae 1 Gaillardia pulchella var. picta Asteraceae 2 Y Gaillardia pulchella var. pulchella Asteraceae 0 Y Gaillardia x grandiflora Asteraceae 1 Y Galenia pubescens Aizoaceae 5 Y Freesia alba x Freesia leichtlinii var. pubescens APPENDIX Filago Alternate names and notes 3 Ficus Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 50 Genus Y Y Y Y Y (NSW) Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Galenia secunda Aizoaceae 2 Galinsoga parviflora Asteraceae 5 Y Galium aparine Rubiaceae 3 Y Y (SA, WA) Galium divaricatum Rubiaceae 3 Galium murale Rubiaceae 4 Galium palustre Rubiaceae 2 Galium tricornutum includes Galium spurium ssp. ibicinum Rubiaceae 3 Y Y (SA, WA) Gamochaeta americana Gnaphalium americanum, Gamochaeta spicata Asteraceae 2 Y Gamochaeta antillarum Gnaphalium antillarum Asteraceae 2 Y Gamochaeta calviceps Gamochaeta subfalcata in Qld Asteraceae 3 Gamochaeta pensylvanica Gnaphalium pensylvanicum Asteraceae 3 Gamochaeta spicata Gnaphalium coarctatum, Gnaphalium spicatum, Gnaphalium coarctatum; Gnaphalium purpureum misapplied Asteraceae 4 51 Gastridium phleoides Poaceae 3 Gastridium ventricosum Poaceae 4 Gaudinia fragilis Poaceae 4 Gaura lindheimeri Onagraceae 2 Gaura parviflora Onagraceae 3 Gazania linearis Asteraceae 3 Gazania rigens Asteraceae 3 Geissorhiza aspera Iridaceae 2 Gelsemium sempervirens Loganiaceae 1 Genista canariensis (prob. monspessulana) Cytisus canariensis, Teline canariensis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Genista linifolia Teline linifolia, Cytisus linifolius Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 Genista monspessulana Teline monspessulana Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 Genista sp. Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1? Genista stenopetala Genista maderensis misapplied, Teline stenopetala, Cytisus stenopetalus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Genista tinctoria Genista depressa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Genista monspessulana x Genista sp. Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y (Vic) WA Y (NSW, Vic, Tas, SA) Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Geranium dissectum Geranium molle var. aequale? Geranium molle ssp. molle Geraniaceae 4 Geranium purpureum ssp. purpureum in NSW Geraniaceae 2 Geranium robertianum Geraniaceae 2 Geranium rotundifolium Geraniaceae 3 Geranium sanguineum Geraniaceae 1 Geranium sibiricum Geraniaceae 1 Geranium yeoi Geraniaceae 1 Gilia tricolor Polemoniaceae 1 Gladiolus alatus Iridaceae 1 Gladiolus angustus Iridaceae 4 Gladiolus cardinalis Iridaceae 1 Gladiolus carneus Iridaceae 2 Gladiolus caryophyllaceus Iridaceae 5 Gladiolus communis Iridaceae 2 Gladiolus floribundus Iridaceae 1 Gladiolus gueinzii Iridaceae 3 Gladiolus tristis Iridaceae 5 Gladiolus undulatus Iridaceae 5 Gladiolus x gandavensis Glaucium corniculatum Papaveraceae 3 Y Glaucium flavum Papaveraceae 4 Y Glechoma hederacea Lamiaceae 1? Gleditsia triacanthos Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 5 Gliricidia sepium Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Qld, NT Gloriosa superba Colchicaceae 5 WA Glyceria declinata Poaceae 4 Glyceria fluitans Poaceae 4 Glyceria maxima Poaceae 5 Glyceria plicata Poaceae 2 Glycine max Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Geranium rubescens nom. illeg. ssp. byzantinus Australian rating Geraniaceae 3 Geraniaceae 1 Gladiolus dalenii x Gladiolus oppositiflorus Iridaceae Nepeta glechoma Potential to spread NSW, Vic, Tas, SA Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed APPENDIX Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Species Geranium palmatum misapplied Family 3 Alternate names and notes Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Subspecies or variety N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 52 Genus Controlled or Noxious Potential to control Y Y 2 Y (Qld) Y Y Y (Qld, NSW) Y (Tas) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating 3 Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Glycyrrhiza glabra Fabaceae (Faboideae) Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae 2 Gmelina elliptica Verbenaceae 2 Gnaphalium polycaulon Asteraceae 3 Y Y Gmelina asiatica misapplied? Gnidia squarrosa Thymelaeaceae 1 Gomphocarpus cancellatus Asclepias cancellata, Asclepias rotundifolia Asclepiadaceae 3 Gomphocarpus fruticosus Asclepias fruticosus Asclepiadaceae 4 Gomphocarpus physocarpus Asclepias physocarpa Asclepiadaceae 4 Gomphrena celosioides Amaranthaceae 5 Gomphrena globosa Amaranthaceae 2 Gorteria personata Asteraceae 4 Gossypium barbadense Hibiscus bardensis Malvaceae 2 Gossypium hirsutum Gossypium mexicanum Malvaceae 2 Gossypium thurberi Thurberia thespesioides, Thespesia thurberi Malvaceae 2 Grammatotheca bergiana Lobelia bergiana Graptopetalum paraguayense Grewia asiatica Grindelia camporum Guilleminea densa ssp. paraguayense var. australis Illecebrum densum, Brayulinea densa Lobeliaceae 3 Crassulaceae 1 Tiliaceae 3 Asteraceae 2 Amaranthaceae 3 Y (Qld) Y (WA) Y (Qld) Y NSW, Vic, SA Y Y Vic, SA, WA 53 Guizotia abyssinica Asteraceae 2 Gymnocoronis spilanthoides Asteraceae 4 Gypsophila paniculata Caryophyllaceae 1? Gypsophila tubulosa Haematoxylum campechianum Hainardia cylindrica Harrisia martinii Harrisia regelii Eriocereus regelii, Eriocereus ?bonplandii Cactaceae 1 NSW, WA Harrisia tortuosa Eriocereus tortuosus Cactaceae 3 WA Harungana madagascariensis Haronga madagascariensis Clusiaceae 2 Hebe elliptica Scrophulariaceae 2 Hebe parviflora Scrophulariaceae 1? Hebe speciosa Hebenstretia dentata Gypsophila australis Eriocereus martinii Veronica speciosa Caryophyllaceae 3 Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 2 Poaceae 4 Cactaceae 5 Scrophulariaceae 1? Selaginaceae 3 Controlled or Noxious Y Y Y (Qld, NSW) Y Y WA Y (Qld, NSW) Y Y (Qld) Y (Qld, NSW) Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Hedera helix Araliaceae 5 Hedychium coronarium Zingiberaceae 2 Hedychium gardnerianum Hedypnois cretica Hedysarum Potential to spread Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Zingiberaceae 2 Asteraceae 4 coronarium Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Heimia salicifolia Lythraceae 2 Helenium amarum Asteraceae 1 Helianthus annuus Asteraceae 3 Helianthus argophyllus Asteraceae 3 Helianthus ciliaris Asteraceae 3 Helianthus debilis Asteraceae 2 Helianthus tuberosus Asteraceae 3 Heliophila pusilla Brassicaceae 3 NSW, Vic, SA Heliotropium amplexicaule Boraginaceae 5 WA Heliotropium curassavicum Boraginaceae 3 Heliotropium europaeum Boraginaceae 5 Heliotropium indicum Boraginaceae 3 Heliotropium supinum Helminthotheca echioides Hemigraphis Hedypnois rhagadioloides ssp. cretica Boraginaceae 3 Asteraceae 3 reptans Acanthaceae 2 Hemizonia pungens Asteraceae 3 Heracleum mantegazzianum Apiaceae 2 Iridaceae 2 Caryophyllaceae 3 Iridaceae 5 Asteraceae 2 Herbertia lahue Herniaria cinerea Hesperantha falcata Picris echioides Herniaria hirsuta Heterotheca grandiflora Hevea brasiliensis Siphonia brasiliensis Euphorbiaceae 1 Hibiscus mutabilis Abelmoschus mutabilis, Ketmia mutabilis Malvaceae 1 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae 1 Hibiscus sabdariffa Malvaceae 3 Hibiscus trionum var. trionum Trionum trionum Malvaceae 3 Hieracium aurantiacum ssp. carpathicola closest ssp. for Vic material Asteraceae 2 Hippobroma longiflora Laurentia longiflora Campanulaceae 1 Sabdariffa rubra Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 3 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 54 Genus Controlled or Noxious Y Y Y Y Y Y Y (NSW) Y Y (WA) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y NSW, SA Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Hiptage benghalensis var. benghalensis Hiptage mandablota, Banisteria benghalensis Malpighiaceae Hirschfeldia incana Brassicaceae 4 Holcus lanatus Poaceae 4 Holcus mollis Poaceae 3 Holcus setiger Poaceae 3 Holcus setosus Poaceae 2 Homoglossum watsonianum Iridaceae 2 Hordeum glaucum Critesion murinum ssp. glaucum, Hordeum Poaceae murinum ssp. glaucum 4 Hordeum hystrix Hordeum geniculatum?, Critesion hystrix, Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum Poaceae 3 Y 2 Y Hordeum leporinum Critesion murinum ssp. leporinum Poaceae 5 Y Hordeum marinum Critesion marinum = Hordeum marinum ssp. marinum Poaceae 4 Y Hordeum murinum Critesion murinum = Hordeum murinum ssp. murinum Poaceae 4 Critesion secalinum Hordeum secalinum Poaceae 2 Y Hordeum vulgare ssp. distichon Poaceae 3 Y Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare Poaceae 3 Y Hovenia dulcis Rhamnaceae 2 Hoya serpens Asclepiadaceae 0 Humulus lupulus Cannabaceae 2 Hura crepitans Euphorbiaceae 2 Hyacinthoides hispanica Hyacinthaceae 2 Hyacinthoides non-scripta Hyacinthaceae 1 Hydrocleys nymphoides Limnocharitaceae 3 Hydrocotyle bonariensis Apiaceae 3 Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Hygrophila costata Apiaceae Y Tas, SA, WA Y Y (Qld) Y 4 NSW, Vic, SA Hygrophila brasiliensis, Hygrophila guianensis, Acanthaceae Hygrophila rivularis, Ruellia rivularis, etc. 5 WA, NT 55 Hygrophila triflora Acanthaceae 2 Hylocereus undatus Cactaceae 3 WA Hymenachne amplexicaulis Poaceae 5 WA Hymenocallis caribaea Amaryllidaceae 1 cv. Olive Controlled or Noxious Y Y Y (WA) Y Y Y (Qld) Y Y (Qld) Y Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Hymenolobus procumbens Brassicaceae 4 Hyoscyamus albus Solanaceae 2 Hyoscyamus niger Solanaceae 1 Hyparrhenia hirta Poaceae 5 Hyparrhenia rufa ssp. altissima Poaceae 3 Y Hyparrhenia rufa ssp. rufa Poaceae 4 Y Hypecoum pendulum Fumariaceae 1 Y Hypericum androsaemum Clusiaceae 5 Hypericum augustinii Clusiaceae 2 Hypericum bellum Hypericum calycinum Hypericum elodes Hypericum Hypericum Hypericum hypericoides Hypericum perforatum Hypericum Hypericum Hypericum x inodorum Hyparrhenia altissima ssp. bellum Clusiaceae 1 Clusiaceae 4 Clusiaceae 3 grandifolium Clusiaceae 4 humifusum Clusiaceae 2 Ascyrum hypericoides Clusiaceae 2 var. angustifolium and probably other varieties Clusiaceae 5 tetrapterum Clusiaceae 4 triquetrifolium Clusiaceae 0 Hypericum hircinum x Hypericum androsaemum, Hypericum elatum Clusiaceae 0 Elodes palustris, Hypericum palustre, Hypericum helodes Hypericum x moserianum Hypericum calycinum x Hypericum patulum Clusiaceae 2 Hypochaeris glabra Hypochoeris glabra Asteraceae 4 Hypochaeris microcephala var. albiflora Hypochoeris microcephala var. albiflora Asteraceae 3 Hypochaeris microcephala var. microcephala Hypochoeris microcephala var. microcephala Asteraceae 3 Hypochaeris radicata Hypoestes ?phyllostachya Hypochoeris radicata Hypoestes antennifera Asteraceae 4 Acanthaceae 2 Acanthaceae 2 Hypoestes aristata Hypolepis dicksonioides Dennstaedtiaceae 1 Hyptis capitata Lamiaceae 3 Hyptis pectinata Lamiaceae 2 Hyptis spicigera Lamiaceae 2 Nepeta pectinata NT APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 3 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 56 Genus Controlled or Noxious Y Y (Vic) Y Y Y (Qld, NSW, Vic, Tas, WA) Y Y (Vic) WA Y Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Hyptis suaveolens Iberis crenata Ibicella lutea Ilex aquifolium Illecebrum verticillatum Impatiens walleriana Indigofera Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Ballota suaveolens Lamiaceae 5 Brassicaceae 1 Martynia lutea, Proboscidea lutea Australian rating Martyniaceae 3 Aquifoliuaceae 5 Caryophyllaceae 2 Balsaminaceae 3 circinella Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Indigofera decora Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Indigofera glandulosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Indigofera oblongifolia Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Indigofera spicata Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Indigofera suffruticosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Indigofera tinctoria Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Ipheion uniflorum Alliaceae 2 Ipomoea alba Convolvulaceae 4 Ipomoea batatas Convolvulaceae 1 Ipomoea cairica Ipomoea carnea Ipomoea Impatiens balsamina misapplied? Calonyction album, Ipomoea bona-nox 57 Convolvulaceae 5 ssp. not indicated in SA Convolvulaceae 2 hederacea Ipomoea nil (different to Ipomoea nil according to RWJ (BRI)) Convolvulaceae 2 Ipomoea hederifolia Quamoclit coccinea var. hederifolia Convolvulaceae 4 Ipomoea indica Convolvulaceae 5 Ipomoea nil Convolvulaceae 3 Ipomoea ochracea Convolvulaceae 1 Ipomoea pandurata Convolvulaceae 1 Ipomoea pes-tigridis Convolvulus pestigridis, Ipomoea capitellata Convolvulaceae 3 Ipomoea purpurea Ipomoea congesta Convolvulaceae 5 Ipomoea quamoclit Quamoclit pennata Convolvulaceae 3 Ipomoea triloba Batatas triloba, Convolvulus triloba Convolvulaceae 3 Iris foetidissima Iridaceae 2 Iris orientalis Iridaceae 2 Iris pseudacorus Iridaceae 5 ssp. fistulosa Convolvulus nil (different to Ipomoea hederacea according to RWJ (BRI) Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y (NT) Y (NSW, Vic) Y Y Y (Qld) Y Y (NSW) Y (Qld, NSW) Y Y NSW, Tas, SA, WA Y Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating unguicularis Iridaceae 1 x germanica Iridaceae Iris 3 xiphium Iridaceae 1 Isachne pulchella Poaceae 2 Ischaemum afrum Poaceae 2 Isolepis hystrix Cyperaceae 3 Isolepis marginata Cyperaceae 3 Isolepis prolifera Cyperaceae 4 Isolepis sepulcralis Cyperaceae 3 Cyperaceae 4 Asteraceae 4 Scirpus hystrix Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Isolepis setacea Iva axillaris Scirpus setaceus Ixia flexuosa Iridaceae 2 Ixia hybrid/cultivar Iridaceae 2 Ixia longituba Iridaceae 2 Ixia maculata Iridaceae 3 Ixia paniculata Iridaceae 2 Ixia polystachya Iridaceae 2 Ixia viridiflora Iridaceae 1 Jacaranda mimosifolia Jarava plumosa Jasminum ssp. robustior Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed APPENDIX Iris Alternate names and notes 3 Iris Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 58 Genus Controlled or Noxious Potential to control Y (Vic) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y NSW, SA, WA Y Y Y (Qld) Vic Y E Bignoniaceae 3 Poaceae 1 mesneyi Oleaceae 2 Y Jasminum polyanthum Oleaceae 2 Y Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae 4 Y (WA, NT) Jatropha gossypiifolia Euphorbiaceae 5 Y (Qld, WA, NT) Jatropha podagrica Euphorbiaceae 1 Juncus acuminatus Juncaceae 2 Juncus acutiflorus Juncaceae 4 Juncus acutus Juncaceae 5 Y Juncus articulatus Juncaceae 5 Y Juncus bufonius (in part) Juncaceae 5 Juncus bulbosus Juncaceae 3 Y Juncus canadensis Juncaceae 2 Y Stipa papposa ssp. acutus Y (Vic) Y Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Juncus Juncus Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating capensis Juncaceae 3 capillaceus Juncaceae 3 Juncus capitatus Juncaceae 3 Juncus cognatus Juncaceae 3 Juncus conglomeratus Juncaceae 3 Juncus effusus Juncaceae 5 Y Juncus fontanesii ssp. fontanesii Juncaceae 2 Y Juncus gerardii ssp. gerardii Juncaceae 2 Juncus imbricatus Juncaceae 3 Juncus indescriptus Juncaceae 2 Juncus inflexus Juncaceae 2 Juncus microcephalus Juncaceae 3 Juncus oxycarpus Juncaceae 2 Juncus squarrosus Juncaceae 4 Juncus subnodulosus Juncaceae 1 Juncus tenuis Juncaceae 3 Juniperus virginiana Cupressaceae 1 Justicia betonica Acanthaceae 2 Kaempferia ?galanga Kalanchoe lateritia Kalanchoe sexangulare Kickxia commutata Kickxia elatine Kickxia Juncus nodosus misapplied Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Y Y Y Y (Vic) Vic, Tas Y 1 Crassulaceae 1 Crassulaceae 1 ssp. graeca Scrophulariaceae 3 Y ssp. crinita Scrophulariaceae 3 Y elatine ssp. elatine Scrophulariaceae 2 Kickxia spuria ssp. integrifolia Scrophulariaceae 3 Y Kniphofia uvaria Asphodelaceae 2 Y Koeleria macrantha Koelreuteria elegans Lablab purpureus Lachenalia aloides Kalanchoe longiflora var. coccinea Koeleria cristata ssp. elegans Dolichos lablab, Dolichos purpureus, Lablab niger, Lablab vulgaris Poaceae 2 Sapindaceae 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Hyacinthaceae 3 Potential to control Y Zingiberaceae var. lateritia Controlled or Noxious Y NSW, NT, WA Y (Qld) NSW, Vic, Tas Y 59 APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Family Australian rating Potential to spread bulbifera Hyacinthaceae 3 NSW, Vic, Tas Lachenalia mutabilis Hyacinthaceae 3 NSW, Vic, Tas, SA Lachenalia reflexa Hyacinthaceae 3 NSW, Vic, Tas, SA Lactuca saligna Asteraceae 3 Lactuca sativa Asteraceae ? Lactuca serriola Asteraceae 3 Lagarosiphon major Hydrocharitaceae 2 Lagenaria siceraria Cucurbitaceae 1 Lagunaria patersonii Lagurus ovatus Lamarckia aurea Lamium amplexicaule var. amplexicaule in Vic Lamium galeobdolon form argentatum Lamiaceae 2 ssp. patersonii Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Y Y Vic, SA, WA Y Y (NSW, Tas, WA) Malvaceae 2 4 Poaceae 3 Y Lamiaceae 3 Y purpureum Lamiaceae 2 Lampranthus glaucus Aizoaceae 4 Lampranthus multiradiatus Aizoaceae 3 Lampranthus tegens Aizoaceae 3 Lantana camara Verbenaceae 5 Verbenaceae 5 Asteraceae 3 Y Y (Qld, NSW, Vic, NT) Lantana montevidensis Lapsana communis Lasiospermum bipinnatum Asteraceae 2 Lathyrus angulatus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Y Lathyrus latifolius Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Y Lathyrus nissolia Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Lathyrus odoratus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Y Lathyrus sativus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Y Lathyrus sphaericus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Lathyrus tingitanus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Lavandula angustifolia Lamiaceae 1 ssp. communis in NSW & Vic Lathyrus sylvestris ssp. latifolius Controlled or Noxious Potential to control Y Poaceae Lamium APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 3 Lachenalia Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 60 Genus WA Y (Qld) Y Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Lavandula Lavandula Subspecies or variety 61 Family Australian rating dentata Lamiaceae 1 multifida Lamiaceae 1 Lavandula stoechas Lamiaceae 4 Lavatera trimestris Malvaceae 1 Leersia oryzoides Poaceae 4 Lemna minor Lemnaceae 2 Leonotis leonurus Phlomis leonurus Lamiaceae 3 Leonotis nepetifolia Phlomis nepetifolia Lamiaceae 4 Leontodon taraxacoides Leontodon saxatilis Asteraceae 3 Leonurus indicus Leucas lavandulifolia Lamiaceae 1 Leonurus sibiricus Lamiaceae 2 Lepidium africanum Brassicaceae 4 Lepidium bonariense Brassicaceae 4 Y Lepidium campestre Brassicaceae 4 Y Lepidium heterophyllum Brassicaceae 2 Lepidium latifolium Brassicaceae 5 Lepidium perfoliatum Brassicaceae 2 Lepidium sativum Brassicaceae 2 Y Lepidium strictum Brassicaceae 3 Y Lepidium virginicum Brassicaceae 3 Y Leptochloa dubia Poaceae 2 Y Leptochloa fusca ssp. uninervia Diplachne uninervia, Leptochloa uninervia Poaceae 3 Y Leptochloa panicea ssp. brachiata Leptochloa mucronata misapplied, Leptochloa filiformis misapplied Poaceae 3 Y Lespedeza striata Kummerowia striata Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 5 Leucaena leucocephala ssp. leucocephala Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 4 Leucanthemum maximum Asteraceae 3 Leucanthemum vulgare Asteraceae 5 Leucas cephalotes Lamiaceae 2 Leucas decemdentata Lamiaceae 4 Leucas linifolia Leucas lavandulifolia Lamiaceae 3 Leucas martinicensis Clinopodium martinicense Lamiaceae 2 ssp. taraxacoides Alternate names and notes Lepidium pubescens misapplied Phlomis cephalotes, Leucas capitata Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y (Vic) Y Y NT Y (NT) Y Y WA Y Y Y (Qld) Y (Vic) WA, NT Y Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Leucas zeylanica Lamiaceae 3 Y Leucojum aestivum Amaryllidaceae 2 Y Leycesteria formosa Caprifoliaceae 5 Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae 5 Ligustrum sinense Oleaceae 5 WA Ligustrum vulgare Oleaceae 5 Tas Lilaea scilloides Lilaeaceae 3 Lilium formosanum Liliaceae 4 Limonium binervosum Plumbaginaceae 1 Limonium companyonis Plumbaginaceae 2 Limonium hyblaeum Plumbaginaceae 4 Limonium lobatum Plumbaginaceae 4 Limonium myrianthum Plumbaginaceae 1 Limonium otolepis Plumbaginaceae 2 Limonium sinuatum Plumbaginaceae 3 Linaria arvensis Linaria dalmatica Linaria Statice myriantha Tas, SA, WA Y (Qld, NSW) Y Scrophulariaceae 3 3 Y incarnata Scrophulariaceae 2 Y Linaria maroccana Scrophulariaceae 1 Linaria nigricans Scrophulariaceae 2 Linaria pelisseriana Scrophulariaceae 3 Linaria sp. Scrophulariaceae 1 Linaria vulgaris Scrophulariaceae 3 Lindernia crustacea Scrophulariaceae 1 Linum bienne Linaceae 4 Linum catharticum Linaceae 3 Linum strictum Linaceae 1 Linum trigynum Linaceae 4 Linum usitatissimum Linaceae 4 Lippia alba Verbenaceae 2 Lithospermum officinale Boraginaceae 2 Lobelia erinus Lobeliaceae 1 Lobelia laxiflora Lobeliaceae 1 ssp. strictum Linum gallicum var. alba Tupa laxiflora Controlled or Noxious Y (Qld, NSW) Scrophulariaceae Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 3 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 62 Genus Y Y Y (NSW) Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Lobularia maritima Logfia gallica Lolium Lolium Lolium perenne Lolium Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed 63 Brassicaceae 4 Asteraceae 3 loliaceum Poaceae 4 multiflorum Poaceae 4 Y var. cristatum Poaceae 2 Y perenne var. perenne Poaceae 4 Y Lolium perenne x Lolium rigidum Poaceae 2 Y Lolium remotum Poaceae 3 Lolium rigidum Poaceae 5 Lolium temulentum var. arvense Lolium temulentum form arvense Poaceae 3 Lolium temulentum var. temulentum Lolium temulentum form temulentum Poaceae 3 Lolium x hubbardii Lolium multiflorum x Lolium rigidum Poaceae 3 Lolium x hybridum Lolium multiflorum x Lolium perenne Poaceae 3 Lonicera fragrantissima Caprifolium fragrantissimum Caprifoliaceae 2 Lonicera japonica Caprifoliaceae 5 Lonicera periclymenum Caprifoliaceae 2 Lonicera x americana Lophopyrum elongatum (?ponticum) (misapplied names include Thinopyrum elongatum, Agropyron elongatum, Elymus elongatus, Elytrigia elongata) Lophospermum erubescens Asarina erubescens, Maurandya erubescensScrophulariaceae Lotononis bainesii Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Lotus angustissimus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Lotus corniculatus var. corniculatus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Lotus corniculatus var. tenuifolius Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Lotus creticus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Lotus preslii Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Lotus suaveolens Lotus subbiflorus misapplied Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Lotus tetragonolobus Tetragonolus purpurea Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Lotus uliginosus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Ludwigia longifolia Onagraceae 1 Ludwigia palustris Onagraceae 3 Filago gallica Lolium perenne ssp. remotum, Lolium temulentum ssp. remotum Lotus tenuis, Lotus hirsutus, Lotus tenuifolius Jussiaea longifolia Caprifoliaceae 1 Poaceae 5 Controlled or Noxious Y Y Tas Y (Qld) Y 2 Tas, SA, WA Y Y Y Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Ludwigia peploides ssp. montevidensis Onagraceae 3 Ludwigia peruviana Onagraceae 5 Lunaria annua Brassicaceae 2 Lupinus albus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Lupinus angustifolius Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Lupinus arboreus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Lupinus varius auct. mult. Family Australian rating Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Lupinus cosentinii Lupinus luteus Lupinus pilosus Lupinus varius ssp. orientalis, Lupinus hirsutus (nom. rej.) Lupinus 'Russell hybrid' Lupinus polyphyllus, Lupinus incana in NSW Fabaceae (Faboideae) Luzula campestris Juncaceae 4 Luzula congesta Juncaceae 4 Luzula multiflora Juncaceae 4 Lychnis chalcedonica Silene chalcedonica Caryophyllaceae 1 Lychnis coronaria Silene coronaria Caryophyllaceae 2 Lycium afrum Solanaceae 2 Lycium barbarum Solanaceae 3 Lycium ferocissimum Solanaceae 5 Lycopersicon esculentum Lygodium japonicum Lysimachia Lysimachia Lysimachia vulgaris var. davurica Primulaceae 2 Lysimachia vulgaris var. vulgaris Primulaceae 1 Lythrum hyssopifolia Lythraceae 3 Lythrum junceum Lythraceae 3 Lythrum salicaria Lythraceae 3 Macfadyena unguis-cati Bignoniaceae 5 Maclura pomifera Moraceae 2 Macroptilium atropurpureum Fabaceae (Faboideae) Macroptilium lathyroides Fabaceae (Faboideae) var. cerasifrome in NT Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y WA Y Y (NSW) Y Y NSW 4 Lycopersicon lycopersicum Solanaceae 2 sometimes placed in Schizaeaceae Lygodiaceae 1 japonica Primulaceae 2 nummularia Primulaceae 4 Phaseolus atropurpureus Potential to spread APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 3 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 64 Genus Y Y (Qld, NSW, Vic, NT) Y Y Y WA, NT Y Y (Qld, NSW) 5 Y Y (Qld) 3 Y Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Macrotyloma axillare Madia sativa Mahonia Mahonia Malachra capitata Malachra fasciata Malcolmia africana Malephora lutea Malus domestica Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Dolichos axillare Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Asteraceae 1 aquifolium Berberidaceae 2 leschenaultii Berberidaceae 4 Sida capitata Malvaceae 2 Malachra alceifolia var. fasciata Malvaceae 3 Brassicaceae 1 Aizoaceae 1 Malaceae 3 var. lineariloba Carpobrotus sp. in Plants of western NSW (info. from H. Toelken at AD) Malus sylvestris Malaceae 1 Malva assurgentiflora Lavatera assurgentiflora Malvaceae 1? Malva dendromorpha Lavatera arborea Malvaceae 5 Malva linnaei Lavatera cretica Malvaceae 3 Malva moschata Malvaceae 2 Malva neglecta Malvaceae 3 Malva nicaeensis Malvaceae 3 Malva parviflora Malvaceae 4 Malva sylvestris Malvaceae 3 Malva verticillata Malvastrum americanicum Malvastrum Malva sylvestris var. mauritiana & var. sylvestris Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Potential to control Y (Qld) Y Y NSW, Vic, WA Y 65 Malvaceae 2 Malva americana, Malvastrum spicatum Malvaceae 5 coromandelianum Malva coromandeliana, Malvastrum tricuspidatum Malvaceae 3 Y Malvella leprosa Malva leprosa, Sida leprosa, Sida hederacea Malvaceae 2 Y Mandevilla laxa Apocynaceae 3 Y Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae 3 Y Manihot esculenta Euphorbiaceae 1 Manihot glaziovii Euphorbiaceae 1 Manihot grahamii misidentified as Manihot flabellifolia misapplied in NSW Euphorbiaceae 3 Mantisalca salmantica Centaurea salmantica Asteraceae 2 Marrubium vulgare Lamiaceae 5 Martynia annua Martyniaceae 5 var. stellatum (in Q) Controlled or Noxious Y Y (Vic) Y Y (NSW, Vic, SA, WA) Y (WA, NT) APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating matricariodes Chamomilla suaveolens, Matricaria discoidea Asteraceae 3 Matricaria perforata Tripleurospermum inodorum, Tripleurospermum perforata Asteraceae 3 Matricaria recutita Chamomilla recutita Asteraceae 1 Matthiola incana Brassicaceae 2 Matthiola longipetala Maurandya barclaiana ssp. bicornis Asarina barclaiana Brassicaceae 3 Scrophulariaceae 2 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Medicago arabica Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Medicago arborea Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Medicago ciliaris Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Medicago intertexta Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Medicago laciniata Medicago littoralis Medicago Medicago var. laciniata Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 lupulina Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 minima Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Medicago orbicularis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Medicago polymorpha Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Medicago praecox Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Medicago rugosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Medicago sativa ssp. caerulea Medicago caerulea Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Medicago sativa ssp. falcata Medicago falcata, Medicago borealis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Medicago scutellata Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Medicago tornata Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Medicago truncatula Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Melanoselinum decipiens Apiaceae 1 Melianthus comosus Melianthaceae 3 Melianthus major Melianthaceae 3 Melica ciliata Melilotus albus Medicago striata (why common in SA & listed for Tas & WA in Flora of SA & not elsewhere?) three varieties recognised but appear to be artificial Medicago italica Melilotus alba Poaceae 1? Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 3 Matricaria Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 66 Genus Controlled or Noxious Y Qld, Vic, SA, WA Y Y Y Y (SA) Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Melilotus indicus Melilotus officinalis Subspecies or variety Melilotus siculus Melinis minutiflora Melinis repens ssp. repens Melissa officinalis ssp. officinalais Melochia pyramidata Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Melilotus indica Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Melilotus messanensis Rhynchelytrum repens Mentha dumetorum var. natalensis Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed 2 5 Y Poaceae 4 Y Lamiaceae 3 Sterculiaceae 3 Lamiaceae 1 Lamiaceae 2 Lamiaceae 4 Lamiaceae 3 aquatica longifolia Mentha pulegium Mentha spicata Mentha x piperita var. citrata Lamiaceae 2 Mentha x piperita var. piperita Lamiaceae 2 Mentha x rotundifolia Lamiaceae 2 Mercurialis annua Merremia aegyptia Ipomoea aegyptia Merremia Y Y Y 67 4 Convolvulaceae 3 dissecta Opercularia dissecta, Ipomoea dissecta, Convolvulaceae Ipomoea sinuata, Convolvulus dissectus (not synonymn of M. tuberosa (RBJ at BRI)) 3 Y Merremia quinquefolia Ipomoea quinquefolia Convolvulaceae 3 Y Merremia tuberosa Operculina tuberosa, Ipomoea tuberosa (not synonym of M. dissecta in Aust. RWJ (BRI)) Convolvulaceae 2 Mesembryanthemum aitonis Aizoaceae 4 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Aizoaceae 5 Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Aizoaceae 4 Mibora minima Poaceae 1 Micrococca mercurialis Claoxylon mercuriale, Tragia mercurialis Euphorbiaceae 2 Micropterum papulosum Micropterum papillosum (incorrect name) Aizoaceae 4 Mikania micrantha Willoughbya micrantha Asteraceae 1 Mimosa diplotricha Mimosa pigra Mimosa invisa Y (Qld) Y Euphorbiaceae var. diplotricha Controlled or Noxious Y Poaceae Mentha Mentha x suaveolens in WA, Mentha longifolia x Mentha suaveolens Considered to be native by some state herbaria Fabaceae (Faboideae) Mentha Mentha viridis Potential to spread Qld NSW, WA, NT Y (Qld) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 WA, NT Y (Qld, WA) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 5 Qld, WA Y (NT, WA) Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS pudica Mimosa pudica Mimosa Family Australian rating var. hispida Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 Y (NT, WA) var. setosa Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 2 Y (WA) pudica var. tetrandra Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 Mimosa pudica var. unijuga Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 Mimulus guttatus Scrophulariaceae 2 Mimulus moschatus Scrophulariaceae 4 Minuartia mediterranea Mirabilis jalapa Miscanthus sinensis var. sinensis Miscanthus sinensis var. zebrinus Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Misopates orontium Mitracarpus hirtus Modiola caroliniana Moenchia erecta Molineriella minuta Mimulus luteus misapplied Minuartia hybrida 3 Y Miscanthus sinensis 'Zebrinus' Poaceae 2 Y Antirrhinum orontium Scrophulariaceae 3 Y Rubiaceae 3 Malvaceae 3 Y Caryophyllaceae 4 Y Poaceae 3 Periballia minuta Aizoaceae 3 Lamiaceae 3 Chenopodiaceae 2 Montanoa Monopsis simplex, Monopsis monantha Lobeliaceae 3 bipinnatifida Asteraceae 1 Montanoa hibiscifolia Asteraceae 3 Moraea aristata Iridaceae 1 Potential to control Y (NT, WA) A Y Y Moraea bellendenii Iridaceae 1 Moraea collina Homeria collina Iridaceae 3 Moraea flaccida Homeria flaccida Iridaceae 5 Moraea fugacissima Galaxia fugacissima Iridaceae 2 Moraea fugax Iridaceae 4 NSW, Vic Moraea lewisiae Hexaglottis lewisiae Iridaceae 4 NSW, SA Moraea miniata Homeria miniata Iridaceae 5 Moraea ochroleuca Homeria ochroleuca Iridaceae 5 Moraea pavonia Iridaceae 1 Moraea setifolia Iridaceae 4 Moraea vegeta Iridaceae 4 Gynandriris setifolia Controlled or Noxious Y (WA) Y Poaceae Malva caroliana, Modiola multifida var. depressa in SA Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed 3 verticillata spathulata Habitat specific 2 laevis debilis Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Nyctaginaceae Moluccella Monopsis Considered to be native by some state herbaria Caryophyllaceae Mollugo Monolepis Potential to spread APPENDIX Mimosa Alternate names and notes 3 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 68 Genus Vic, WA Y (NSW) Y Y (NSW, Vic, Tas, WA) Y Y Y NSW, Vic Y Y (NSW, Vic, SA, WA) Y Y (NSW, WA) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Moringa pterygosperma Moringaceae 1 Morus alba Moraceae 3 Mucuna pruriens Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Muehlenbeckia complexa Polygonaceae 1 Muntingia calabura Tiliaceae 2 Muraltia heisteria Polygalaceae 2 Murdannia nudiflora Commelinaceae 3 Murraya koenigii Rutaceae 1 Murraya paniculata cv. Exotica Rutaceae 4 Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana Musaceae 1 Musa acuminata Musaceae 1 Muscari armeniacum Hyacinthaceae 2 Muscari comosum Hyacinthaceae 1 Myagrum perfoliatum Brassicaceae 2 Myosotis arvensis Boraginaceae 2 Myosotis discolor Boraginaceae 4 Myosotis laxa Myosotis var. utilis ssp. caespitosa Mucuna utilis Murraya exotica, Camunium exoticum, Chalcas exotica Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Potential to control Y (Qld) WA, NT Y Y Y Y 69 Boraginaceae 3 scorpioides Boraginaceae 3 Myosotis sylvatica Boraginaceae 3 Myosurus minimus Ranunculaceae 2 Myriophyllum aquaticum Haloragaceae 5 Myrtus communis Myrtaceae 1 Nandina domestica Berberidaceae/Nandinaceae 2 Narcissus jonquilla Amaryllidaceae 1 Narcissus papyraceus Amaryllidaceae 1 Narcissus pseudonarcissus Amaryllidaceae 2 Y Narcissus tazetta Amaryllidaceae 2 Y Narcissus x medioluteus Amaryllidaceae 1 Nardus stricta Poaceae 3 Nassella charruana Poaceae 4 Nassella hyalina Poaceae 3 Nassella leucotricha Poaceae 5 (var. australis) Controlled or Noxious Y (SA) Y Y Y Y (Qld, Tas, WA) Y NSW, SA, WA Y Y (Vic) Y (Vic) Y Y (Vic) Y APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Family Australian rating megapotamia Poaceae 1 neesiana Poaceae 5 Qld, Tas, WA Y Nassella trichotoma Poaceae 5 SA, WA Y Nasturtium microphyllum Rorippa microphylla Brassicaceae 5 Y Nasturtium officinale Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Brassicaceae 5 Y Navarretia squarrosa Polemoniaceae 4 Neatostema apulum Boraginaceae 2 Nemesia strumosa Scrophulariaceae 2 Neolamarckia cadamba Anthocephalus chinensis, Anthocephalus cadamba, Nauclea cadamba Rubiaceae 2 Neonotonia wightii Glycine javanica, Notonia wightii Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 Nepeta cataria Lamiaceae 2 Nerine filifolia Amaryllidaceae 1 Y Nerium oleander Apocynaceae 2 Y Neslia paniculata Brassicaceae 2 Y Nicandra physalodes Solanaceae 3 Nicotiana glauca Solanaceae 3 Nicotiana tabacum Solanaceae 2 Y Nierembergia hippomanica Solanaceae 2 Y Nigella damascena Ranunculaceae 1 Y Noltea africana Rhamnaceae 1 Nonea lutea Nothoscordum gracile Notobasis syriaca Nuttallanthus canadensis Nymphaea alba Nymphaea caerulea Nymphaea mexicana Nymphaea Nothoscordum borbonicum, Nothoscordum inodorum Linaria canadensis var. canadensis Boraginaceae 2 Alliaceae 3 Asteraceae 0 Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Y (NSW, Vic) Y (NSW, Vic) Y WA, NT Y Y Y Y 2 Nymphaeaceae 2 Y Nymphaeaceae 3 Y Nymphaeaceae 3 Y odorata Nymphaeaceae 2 Ochna serrulata Ochnaceae 4 WA Ocimum americanum Lamiaceae 4 WA, NT Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae 5 var. americanum Nymphaea capensis Ocimum canum Controlled or Noxious Y Scrophulariaceae ssp. zanzibarensis Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed APPENDIX Nassella Alternate names and notes 3 Nassella Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 70 Genus Y (Qld) Y Y Y (Qld, NSW) Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Ocimum tenuiflorum Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae 5 Ocimum x citriodorum Ocimum basilicum x Ocimum americanum; Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum var. anisatum 2 Odontonema tubaeforme Acanthaceae Oenanthe pimpinelloides Apiaceae 3 Oenothera acaulis Onagraceae 0 Oenothera affinis Onagraceae 3 Oenothera drummondii Onagraceae 3 ssp. drummondii glazioviana Onagraceae 4 Oenothera indecora ssp. bonariensis Onagraceae 3 Oenothera indecora ssp. bonariensis x Oenothera stricta Onagraceae 2 Oenothera laciniata ssp. laciniata Onagraceae 2 Oenothera longiflora Onagraceae 2 Oenothera mollissima Onagraceae 2 Oenothera rosea Onagraceae 3 Oenothera speciosa Onagraceae 3 Oenothera stricta Oenothera tetraptera Onagraceae 3 Onagraceae 2 Oenothera triloba Onagraceae 1 Oldenlandia corymbosa var. caespitosa Hedyotis corymbosa var. caespitosa Rubiaceae 3 Oldenlandia corymbosa var. corymbosa Hedyotis corymbosa var. corymbosa Rubiaceae 3 Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata Olea europaea ssp. africana, Olea africana, Oleaceae Olea cuspidata Olea europaea ssp. europea Oleaceae 5 Oncosiphon piluliferum Pentzia globifera Asteraceae 2 Oncosiphon suffruticosum Pentzia suffruticosa Asteraceae 3 Onobrychis viciifolia Onobrychis sativa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 5 Ononis alopecuroides Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Ononis repens Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Ononis spinosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Onopordum acanthium Asteraceae 5 Onopordum acaulon Asteraceae 5 ssp. acanthium in Vic Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Potential to control Y Y Y (SA) Y 1 Oenothera ssp. stricta Potential to spread NSW, Tas, WA Y Y Y Y WA Y (NSW) Y (SA) Y (SA) Y WA Y Y (NSW, Vic, Tas) Y Y (NSW, Vic, WA) 71 APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Onopordum illyricum ssp. illyricum in Vic Onopordum tauricum Opuntia aurantiaca Opuntia cylindrica Opuntia dejecta Opuntia dillenii Opuntia elatior Opuntia bergeriana Cactaceae 4 WA Y (Qld, NSW, SA, NT) Opuntia engelmannii Opuntia lindheimeri var. lindheimeri, Opuntia phaeacantha var. discata, Opuntia discata, Opuntia microcarpa Cactaceae 2 NSW Y (SA, WA, NT) Opuntia ficus-indica Cactaceae 3 Opuntia humifusa Opuntia compressa Cactaceae 5 SA, WA Y (NSW) Opuntia imbricata Cylindropuntia imbricata Cactaceae 5 WA Y (Qld, NSW, SA, NT) Opuntia leptocaulis Cylindropuntia leptocaulis Cactaceae 1 Qld, NSW, WA, NT Y (SA) Opuntia leucotricha Cactaceae 2 Opuntia linguiformis Opuntia microdasys Opuntia lindheimeri var. linguiformis Opuntia monacantha Opuntia vulgaris Opuntia paraguayensis Opuntia polyacantha Opuntia puberula Opuntia robusta Opuntia schickendantzii Opuntia Opuntia Opuntia stricta Opuntia stricta Opuntia Opuntia Opuntia Potential to spread WA Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific APPENDIX Subspecies or variety Opuntia stricta var. dillenii Australian rating 3 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Species Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica Family Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Alternate names and notes N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 72 Genus Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y Y (NSW, Vic) Asteraceae 5 Asteraceae 2 Cactaceae 5 Cactaceae 3 Y Y (Qld, NSW, SA) Cactaceae 1 Y Y (Qld) Cactaceae 4 Y Y (Qld) Cactaceae 1 Cactaceae 3 Cactaceae 5 Opuntia bonaerensis, Opuntia bonariensis Cactaceae 5 Y SA, WA, NT Y (Qld, NSW) Y (SA) WA Y (NSW, SA) Y (Qld, NSW, Vic) WA Y (NSW, SA) Cactaceae 1? Cactaceae 3 WA Y (NSW, SA) Cactaceae 4 WA Y (NSW, Vic, SA) Cactaceae 2 spinosior Cactaceae 2 SA, WA, NT streptacantha Cactaceae 1 SA, WA, NT Y (Qld, NSW) Cactaceae 4 Vic, SA, WA Y (NSW) Cactaceae 5 subulata Cactaceae 2 sulphurea Cactaceae 1 tomentosa Cactaceae 5 Opuntia lubrica in Telford (1984), Opuntia tenuispina in Harden (1990), Opuntia decumbens Austrocylindropuntia schickendantzii x Opuntia dillenii Opuntia inermis Potential to control Y (SA) Y Y (NSW) Y (Qld, NSW, Vic, SA, WA, NT) Y (SA) Y WA Y (Qld) Y (Qld, NSW, SA) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Opuntia tunicata Orbea variegata Origanum vulgare Lamiaceae 1 Ornithogalum arabicum Hyacinthaceae 2 Ornithogalum longibracteatum Hyacinthaceae 4 Ornithogalum pyramidale Hyacinthaceae 0 Ornithogalum pyrenaicum Hyacinthaceae 1? Ornithogalum thyrsoides Hyacinthaceae 2 Ornithogalum umbellatum Hyacinthaceae 3 Ornithopus compressus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Ornithopus perpusillus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Ornithopus pinnatus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Ornithopus sativus Orobanche loricata Orobanche Orobanche Stapelia variegata ssp. sativus Family Australian rating Potential to spread Cactaceae 1 WA Asclepiadaceae 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Scrophulariaceae 1 minor Scrophulariaceae 4 ramosa Scrophulariaceae 1 Oryza rufipogon Poaceae 3 Oryza sativa Poaceae 2 Osteospermum calendulaceum Asteraceae 2 Osteospermum clandestinum Asteraceae 4 Osteospermum ecklonis Asteraceae 2 Osteospermum fruticosum Asteraceae 2 Osteospermum muricatum Asteraceae ? Oxalis articulata Oxalidaceae 4 Oxalis bifurca Oxalidaceae 2 Oxalis bowieana Oxalidaceae 2 Oxalis brasiliensis Oxalidaceae 2 Oxalis caprina Oxalidaceae 2 Oxalis compressa Oxalidaceae 2 Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae 4 (possible name - species with W. Barker at AD) Dimorphotheca ecklonis ssp. corniculata in Vic; synonyms in NSW are var. repens & var. microphylla Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Potential to control Y (NSW, SA) Y SA Y NSW, Vic, Tas, WA Y Y (SA,) Y Y (SA,WA) Y Y Y Y (Tas) Y 73 APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Oxalis debilis var. corymbosa Oxalidaceae 3 Oxalis depressa Oxalidaceae 2 Oxalis flava Oxalidaceae 2 Oxalis glabra Oxalidaceae 2 Oxalis hirta Oxalidaceae 2 Oxalis incarnata Oxalidaceae 3 Y Y (Tas) Oxalis latifolia Oxalis obtusa Oxalidaceae 3 Y Y (Tas) Oxalidaceae 2 Oxalis perdicaria Oxalis pes-caprae Oxalidaceae 1 Oxalidaceae 5 Oxalis polyphylla Oxalidaceae 1 Oxalis purpurea Oxypetalum coeruleum Oxalidaceae 5 Asclepiadaceae 3 Pachyrhizus Palafoxia erosus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 rosea Asteraceae 3 Pallenis spinosa Asteraceae 2 Pancratium maritimum Amaryllidaceae 1 Panicum antidotale Poaceae 2 Panicum bisulcatum Poaceae 1 Panicum bulbosum Poaceae 2 Panicum capillare var. capillare Poaceae 3 Panicum capillare var. occidentale Poaceae 3 Y Panicum coloratum var. colaratum Poaceae 3 Y Panicum coloratum var. makarikariense Poaceae 3 Y Panicum gilvum Poaceae 3 Y Panicum hillmanii Poaceae 4 Panicum maximum cv. Embu Poaceae 1 Panicum maximum cv. Hamil Poaceae 4 Panicum maximum var. coloratum Poaceae 3 Panicum maximum var. maximum Urochloa maximum in WA Poaceae 5 Y (Qld) Panicum maximum var. trichoglume Urochloa maxima var. trichoglume in SA Poaceae 5 Y (Qld) Panicum miliaceum Poaceae 4 Panicum novemnerve Poaceae 1 Oxalis violacea Oxalis mallobolba var. pentaphylla Tweedia coerulea Panicum capillare var. brevifolium Family Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 3 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 74 Genus Y Y (Vic, Tas, SA) Y (Tas) Y Y Y Y (NSW) Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Potential to spread NSW, SA, WA Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Panicum racemosum Poaceae 1 Panicum repens Poaceae 5 Panicum schinzii Poaceae 3 Papaver aculeatum Papaveraceae 3 Papaver argemome Papaveraceae 4 Y Papaver dubium Papaveraceae 4 Y Papaver hybridum Papaveraceae 3 Papaver rhoeas Papaveraceae 3 Papaver somniferum ssp. setigerum Papaveraceae 3 Papaver somniferum ssp. somniferum Papaveraceae 3 Parapholis incurva Poaceae 4 Y Parapholis strigosa Poaceae 3 Y Parentucellia latifolia Scrophulariaceae 4 Parentucellia viscosa Scrophulariaceae 4 Parietaria judaica Urticaceae 3 Parkinsonia aculeata Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 5 Parmentiera edulis Y Controlled or Noxious Potential to control Y (Vic) Y Y Y Y Y Y (NSW) Y (Qld, NSW, SA, WA, NT) 75 Parmentiera aculeata Bignoniaceae 1 Parmentiera cereifera Bignoniaceae 1 Paronychia argentea Caryophyllaceae 1 Paronychia brasiliana Caryophyllaceae 3 Paronychia franciscana Caryophyllaceae 3 Parthenium hysterophorus Asteraceae 5 Parthenocissus quinquefolia Vitaceae 2 Y Paspalum conjugatum Poaceae 3 Y? Paspalum dilatatum Poaceae 4 Paspalum distichum Poaceae 4 Paspalum exaltatum Poaceae 2 Paspalum fasciculatum Poaceae 1 Paspalum nicorae Poaceae 3 Paspalum notatum Poaceae 5 Paspalum paniculatum Poaceae 3 Paspalum plicatulum Poaceae 3 SA, NT, WA Y Y (Qld, NSW, NT) Y Y Y WA Y Y (Qld) APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y (NSW) Paspalum quadrifarium Poaceae 3 Y Paspalum regnellii Poaceae 2 Y Poaceae 3 Poaceae 3 Y Y Paspalum scrobiculatum Paspalum setaceum Paspalum urvillei Poaceae 4 Paspalum virgatum Poaceae 1 Poaceae 3 Passifloraceae 1 var. ciliatifolium Paspalum ciliatifolium Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management wettsteinii Passiflora bangii Passiflora caerulea Passifloraceae 2 Passiflora coccinea Passifloraceae 1 Y Passiflora edulis Passifloraceae 3 Y Passiflora filamentosa Passifloraceae 2 Passiflora foetida var. foetida Passifloraceae 5 Passiflora foetida var. gossypifolia Passifloraceae 3 Passiflora foetida var. riparia Passifloraceae 3 Passiflora laurifolia Passifloraceae 2 Passiflora mollissima Passifloraceae 3 Passiflora morifolia Passifloraceae 1 Passiflora quadrangularis Passifloraceae 2 Passiflora sanguinolenta Passifloraceae 2 Passiflora suberosa Passifloraceae 5 Passiflora subpeltata Passifloraceae 4 Pastinaca sativa Apiaceae 3 Pavonia coccinea Pavonia hastata Pedilanthus tithymaloides Peganum harmala Pelargonium var. hispida in NSW & WA? ssp. sativa in NSW Y Y (Qld) Y (Qld) Y Malvaceae 1 Malvaceae 3 Tithymalus smallii, Pedilanthus smallii Euphorbiaceae 2 Zygophyllaceae 4 WA alchemilloides Geraniaceae 4 NSW, Vic, Tas, SA Pelargonium capitatum Geraniaceae 5 SA Pelargonium fragrans Geraniaceae 1 Pelargonium quercifolium Geraniaceae 2 Y Pelargonium x asperum Geraniaceae 3 Y Geranium quercifolium Y (Qld) Y (Qld) Lassa hastata, Malache hastata ssp. smallii Potential to control Y Paspalum Passiflora violacea APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 3 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 76 Genus Y Y (SA) Y Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Y Y Controlled or Noxious x domesticum viridis Peniocereus serpentinus Cactaceae 3 Pennisetum alopecuroides Poaceae 3 Pennisetum clandestinum Poaceae 4 Pennisetum glaucum Poaceae 3 Pennisetum macrourum Poaceae 3 Pennisetum pedicellatum ssp. pedicellatum Poaceae 3 Y Pennisetum pedicellatum ssp. unispiculum Poaceae 5 Y Pennisetum polystachion ssp. polystachion in NT Poaceae 5 Y (NT) Pennisetum purpureum Poaceae 4 Y (Qld) Pennisetum setaceum Poaceae 4 Y (Qld) Pennisetum thunbergii Poaceae 1 Pennisetum villosum Poaceae 4 Pentaglottis sempervirens Boraginaceae 4 Pentaschistis airoides Poaceae 3 Pentaschistis pallida Poaceae 2 Pentaschistis thunbergii Poaceae 2 Pentzia incana Asteraceae 2 Peperomia pellucida Piperaceae 3 Pereskia aculeata Cactaceae 4 Persea americana Lauraceae 2 Persicaria capitata Polygonaceae 2 Persicaria filiformis Polygonaceae 1 Persicaria lapathifolia Polygonum lapithifolium Polygonaceae 3 Persicaria maculosa Polygonum maculosum Polygonaceae 4 Asteraceae 2 ssp. airoides in Vic Pentaschistis thunbergii misapplied in SA Polygonum capitatum 2 Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Pellaea Nyctocereus serpentinus 2 Adiantaceae Considered to be native by some state herbaria Pelargonium var. viridis Geraniaceae Potential to spread 77 Petasites fragrans Petrorhagia dubia Petrorhagia dubia Petrorhagia nanteuilli Caryophyllaceae 3 Petroselinum crispum Apiaceae 2 Petunia axillaris Solanaceae 3 Phacelia tanacetifolia Hydrophyllaceae 4 x Petrorhagia nanteuilii Petrorhagia velutina x Petrorhagia nanteuilii Caryophyllaceae Petrorhagia velutina Caryophyllaceae Y WA Y Y Y (Vic, Tas, SA) WA, NT Y Y (Qld, NSW, Tas) WA Y Y Y 1 4 Y Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS angusta Phalaris aquatica Phalaris aquatica Phalaris arundinacea var. arundinacea Phalaris arundinacea var. picta Phalaris x Phalaris arundinacea Family Australian rating Poaceae 2 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Poaceae 1 Poaceae 5 Poaceae 4 Poaceae 2 canariensis Poaceae 4 Phalaris coerulescens Poaceae 2 Phalaris lemmonii Poaceae 0 Phalaris minor Poaceae 4 Phalaris paradoxa Poaceae 5 Phaseolus lunatus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Phillyrea latifolia Oleaceae 2 Phleum arenarium Poaceae 2 Phleum pratense Poaceae 4 Phleum subulatum Poaceae 1 Phoenix ?roebelenii Arecaceae 1 Phoenix canariensis Arecaceae 3 Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae 4 Phoenix sylvestris Arecaceae ? Pholiurus pannonicus Poaceae 1 Phormium tenax Phormiaceae/Agavaceae 2 Photinia glabra Crataegus glabra Malaceae 1 Photinia serratifolia Crataegus serratifolia Malaceae 3 Phyla canescens Phyla nodiflora Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthus debilis Phyllanthus emblica Phalaris arundinacea ‘ Variegata’ var. nodiflora Phyllanthus niruri var. amarus Diasperus emblica, Emblica officinalis Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Y Y Y Y 5 Verbenaceae 3 Euphorbiaceae 5 Y Euphorbiaceae 3 Y Euphorbiaceae 2 tenellus Euphorbiaceae 4 Phyllopodium cordatum Polycarena caudata, Polycarena heterophylla (misapplied) Scrophulariaceae 3 Phyllopodium rarifolia Polycarena leipoldtii, Polycarena rarifolia Scrophulariaceae 2 Phyllostachys aurea Poaceae 3 Controlled or Noxious Y Verbenaceae Phyllanthus APPENDIX Phalaris Alternate names and notes 3 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 78 Genus Y? Y (Qld, NSW) Y WA, NT Y (NSW) Y Y (Qld, NSW) Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Phyllostachys Phyllostachys Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating bambusoides Poaceae 3 Y (Qld) nigra Poaceae 3 Y (Qld, NSW) Physalis alkekengi Solanaceae 1 Physalis ixocarpa Solanaceae 3 Physalis lanceifolia Solanaceae 3 Physalis micrantha Solanaceae 1 Physalis peruviana Solanaceae 4 Physalis philadelphica Solanaceae 2 Physalis pubescens Solanaceae 1 Physalis virginiana Solanaceae 5 Physalis viscosa Solanaceae 5 Phytolacca americana Phytolaccaceae 2 Phytolacca dioica Phytolaccaceae 3 Phytolacca octandra Phytolaccaceae 4 Picea abies Pinaceae 1 Picnomon acarna Asteraceae 3 Pilea microphylla Urticaceae 3 Pinus brutia Pinaceae 1 Pinus canariensis Pinaceae 1 Pinus caribaea Pinaceae 4 Pinus contorta Pinaceae 2 Pinus elliottii Pinaceae 4 Pinus halepensis Pinaceae 3 Physalis angulata misapplied in Qld Cirsium acarna var. corsicana Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Potential to control Y Y WA Y Y Y (NSW, Vic) Y Y (Vic) Y? Y? Y (Qld) Y (SA) 79 Pinus nigra Pinaceae 2 Pinus palustris Pinaceae 1 Pinus pinaster Pinaceae 5 Pinus pinea Pinaceae 2 Pinus radiata Pinaceae 5 Pinus taeda Pinaceae 2 Piptatherum miliaceum Poaceae 4 Piptochaetium montevidense Poaceae 2 NSW, SA, WA Pistacia chinensis Anacardiaceae 3 Vic, Tas, SA, WA Y Y Y (Vic) Y Y APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Araceae 5 sativum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Pithecoctenium cynanchoides Bignoniaceae 3 Pittosporum crassifolium Pittosporaceae 3 Pittosporum eugenioides Pittosporaceae 2 Pityrogramma calomelanos var. austroamericana Adiantaceae 2 Pityrogramma calomelanos var. calomelanos Adiantaceae 2 Plagiobothrys canescens Boraginaceae 3 Plantago albicans Plantaginaceae 1 Plantago australis Plantaginaceae 2 Plantago bellardii Plantaginaceae 3 Plantago coronopus ssp. commutata Plantaginaceae 3 Y Plantago coronopus ssp. coronopus Plantaginaceae 3 Y Plantago cretica Plantaginaceae 2 Plantago lanceolata Plantaginaceae 4 Plantaginaceae 4 major myosuros Plantago scabra Plantanus x acerifolia Platycapons spicatus Plectranthus amboinicus Plectranthus ssp. myosuros Australian rating Plantaginaceae 3 Plantago arenaria, Plantago indica Plantaginaceae 3 Platanus occidentalis x Platanus orientalis Plantanaceae 1 Fumariaceae 1? Lamiaceae 2 caninus Lamiaceae 1 Plectranthus ciliatus Lamiaceae 2 Plectranthus ecklonii Lamiaceae 3 Plectranthus neochilus Coleus neochilus Lamiaceae 1 Plectranthus ornatus Coleus comosus Lamiaceae 1 Plectranthus verticillatus Lamiaceae 2 Plumbago auriculata Plumbaginaceae 1? Poa annua Poaceae 4 Poa bulbosa var. bulbosa Poaceae 3 Poa bulbosa var. vivipara Poaceae 2 Poa compressa Poaceae 4 ssp. spicata Coleus amboinicus, Coleus aromaticus Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Y Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Y APPENDIX stratiotes Pisum var. lanceolata & var. dubia in SA Family 3 Pistia Plantago Alternate names and notes Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Species Plantago Subspecies or variety N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 80 Genus Controlled or Noxious Y (Qld, NSW, WA) Y Y Y Y Y Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Poa infirma Poaceae 4 Poa pratensis Poaceae 4 Poa trivialis ssp. sylvicola Poaceae 2 Poa trivialis ssp. trivialis Poaceae 4 Podalyria sericea Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Polycarpon tetraphyllum Caryophyllaceae 5 Polygala chinensis Polygalaceae 1 Polygala duartena Polygalaceae 1 Polygala monspeliaca Polygalaceae 2 Polygala myrtifolia Polygalaceae 5 Polygala paniculata Polygalaceae 3 Polygala virgata Polygalaceae 2 Polygala vulgaris Polygalaceae 3 Y Polygonum arenastrum Polygonaceae 4 Y Polygonum aviculare Polygonaceae 5 Y Polygonum patulum Polygonaceae 3 Y Polypogon chilensis Poaceae 1 Polypogon maritimus Polypogon monspeliensis Polypogon viridis Pontederia cordata Populus aff. yunanensis Populus alba Populus nigra Populus tremula Populus x canadensis Populus x canescens Portulaca grandiflora Portulaca Potamogeton Polygala glomerata, Polygala densiflora? var. myrtifolia in Vic var. subspathaceus Y Y 81 Poaceae 4 Poaceae 4 Poaceae 3 Pontederiaceae 2 Salicaceae 2 Salicaceae 3 Salicaceae 4 Salicaceae 2 Populus deltoides x Populus nigra Salicaceae 2 Populus alba x Populus tremula Salicaceae ? Portulacaceae 1 pilosa Portulacaceae 4 acutifolius Potamogetonaceae 1 Y Potamogeton praelongus Potamogetonaceae 3 Y Potentilla anglica Rosaceae 2 Potentilla anserina Rosaceae 3 Agrostis viridis var. cordata ‘italica’ ssp. anserina in NSW Controlled or Noxious Y Y Y Y (Vic) Y Y Y Y Y Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Potentilla recta Rosaceae 3 Potentilla reptans Rosaceae 3 Potentilla supina Praxelis clematidea Proboscidea louisianica ssp. fragrans Proboscidea louisianica ssp. louisianica Prosopis glandulosa Prosopis Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 3 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 82 Genus Controlled or Noxious Y Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Rosaceae 1 Eupatorium catarium, Eupatorium clematideum (nom. illeg.) Asteraceae 4 Proboscidea fragrans, Martynia fragrans Martyniaceae 2 Martyniaceae 3 var. glandulosa Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 5 NSW, NT Y (Qld, NSW, WA) glandulosa x Prosopis velutina Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 5 NT Y (Qld, WA) Prosopis juliflora var. juliflora Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 5 NSW, NT Y (Qld, SA, WA) Prosopis pallida Prosopis limensis Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 5 NSW Y (Qld, WA, NT) Prosopis velutina Prosopis flexuosa misapplied Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 4 WA Y (Qld, NSW, Vic) Prunella laciniata Lamiaceae 2 Prunella vulgaris Lamiaceae 4 Prunus cerasifera Amygdalaceae 3 Prunus cerasus Amygdalaceae 3 Prunus domestica ssp. domestica Amygdalaceae 2 Prunus domestica ssp. insititia Prunus Prunus insititia WA, NT Y Y Y (WA) Y (NSW, Vic, WA) Amygdalaceae 2 dulcis Amygdalaceae 2 Prunus laurocerasus Amygdalaceae 3 Prunus lusitanica Amygdalaceae 3 Y Prunus mahaleb Amygdalaceae 1 Y Prunus munsoniana Amygdalaceae 3 Prunus persica var. nucipersica Amygdalaceae 3 Prunus persica var. persica Prunus Prunus persica var. nectarina Amygdalaceae 3 salicina Amygdalaceae 1 Prunus serotina Amygdalaceae 1 Prunus spinosa Amygdalaceae 4 Pseudelephantopus spicatus Pseudofumaria alba Pseudotsuga menziesii Psidium cattleianum Psidium guajava ssp. alba Corydalis lutea misapplied var. littorale Psidium littorale Asteraceae 3 Fumariaceae 2 Pinaceae 2 Myrtaceae 2 Myrtaceae 5 Y (Qld) Y Y Y? WA Y (Qld) Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Psidium guineense Psilocaulon granulicaule Psilurus Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Psilocaulon tenue Family Australian rating Myrtaceae 2 Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific 83 Aizoaceae 4 incurvus Poaceae 3 Psoralea pinnata Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Pteridium aquilinum Dennstaedtiaceae 1 Pteris cretica Pteridaceae 1 Pteris semipinnata Pteridaceae 2 Puccinellia ciliata Poaceae 3 Puccinellia distans Poaceae 3 Y Puccinellia fasciculata Poaceae 3 Y Pueraria lobata Dolcihos lobatus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Pueraria phaseoloides Dolichos phaseoloides Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Punica granatum Punicaceae 2 Pupalia lappacea Amaranthaceae 4 Pyracantha angustifolia Malaceae 5 Pyracantha crenulata Mespilus crenulata, Crataegus crenulata Malaceae 5 Pyracantha fortuneana Photinia fortuneana Malaceae 4 Pyracantha koidzumii Cotoneaster koidzumii, Cotoneaster formosa, Cotoneaster taitoensis Malaceae 2 Pyracantha rogersiana Malaceae 5 Pyrostegia venusta Bignoniaceae 3 Pyrus communis Rosaceae 1 Quercus ilex Fagaceae 1 Quercus palustris Fagaceae 1 Quercus robur Fagaceae 2 Quisqualis indica Combretaceae 1 Ranunculus acris Ranunculaceae 2 Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculaceae 1 Ranunculus flammmula Ranunculaceae 2 Ranunculus muricatus Ranunculaceae 3 Ranunculus ophioglossifolius Ranunculaceae 3 Ranunculus parviflorus Ranunculaceae 3 Ranunculus repens Ranunculaceae 4 ssp. flammula Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y Y Qld Y (Qld) Y (Qld) Y SA Y Y Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS scleratus Ranunculus Family Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Ranunculaceae 3 Ranunculaceae 3 trilobus Ranunculaceae 3 Y Raphanus maritimus Brassicaceae 2 Y Raphanus raphanistrum Brassicaceae 5 Y Raphanus sativus Brassicaceae 2 Y Rapistrum rugosum Brassicaceae 5 Rauvolfia tetraphylla Apocynaceae 3 Reichardia tingitana Asteraceae 3 Reseda alba Resedaceae 2 Reseda lutea Resedaceae 4 Reseda luteola Resedaceae 4 Reseda odorata Resedaceae 1 Reseda phyteuma Resedaceae 1 Retama monosperma Lygos monosperma, Genista monosperma Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Retama raetam Lygos raetam, Genista raetam, Genista monosperma misapplied Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Reynoutria japonica Polygonum cuspidatum Polygonaceae 2 Y Reynoutria sachalinensis Polygonum sachalinense Polygonaceae 2 Y Rhamnus alaternus Rhamnaceae 5 Rhaphiolepis indica Malaceae 2 3 ssp. scleratus Crataegus indica WA Y Controlled or Noxious Potential to control Y (SA) Y (NSW) Y Y Y Y Y (Tas, SA) Y (Vic, Tas) Y NSW, Vic, Tas, WA Y Y (SA) NSW, Vic, Tas Y Y Y (Qld) Ribes sanguineum Grossulariaceae Ribes uva-crispa Grossulariaceae 2 Richardia brasiliensis Rubiaceae 4 Y Richardia humistrata Rubiaceae 3 Y Richardia scabra Rubiaceae 3 Y Richardia stellaris Rubiaceae 3 Y Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae 4 Rivina humilis Phytolaccaceae 5 Robinia pseudoacacia Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 Roemeria hybrida Papaveraceae 1 Roldana petasitis Asteraceae 2 Senecio petasitis APPENDIX sardous Ranunculus Alternate names and notes 3 Ranunculus Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 84 Genus Y (NSW, NT) Y (Qld) Y Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Romneya coulteri Romneya trichocalyx Romulea flava Romulea minutiflora Romulea obscura Romulea rosea var. australis Romulea rosea var. communis Rorippa palustris Rorippa sylvestris Rosa bracteata Alternate names and notes Romneya coulteri var. trichocalyx var. minor ssp. sylvestris Rosa canina Rosa chinensis x Rosa moschata Rosa chinensis x Rosa multiflora Rosa chinensis Rosa Rosa Family Australian rating Papaveraceae 1 Papaveraceae 1 Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Iridaceae 4 Iridaceae 3 Iridaceae 2 Iridaceae 5 Iridaceae 5 Brassicaceae 3 Y Brassicaceae 2 Y Rosaceae 3 Rosaceae 4 (manetti rose) Rosaceae 1 Rosaceae 1 Rosa chinensis var. manettii, Rosa sinica Rosaceae 1 laevigata Rosaceae 2 roxburghii Rosaceae 2 Rosa rubiginosa Rosaceae 5 Rosa wichuraina Rosaceae 1 Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y Y (SA) Y Y (NSW, Vic, SA) 85 Rosmarinus officinalis Lamiaceae 1 Rostraria cristata Lophochloa cristata, Trisetaria cristata Poaceae 3 Rostraria pumila Lophochloa pumila Poaceae 3 Rotala rotundifolia Lythraceae 2 Rubus aff. armeniacus Rosaceae 5 Rubus aff. mucronulatus Rosaceae 4 Rubus aff. polyanthemos Rosaceae 5 NSW, Vic, SA, WA Y (Tas) Rubus aff. polyanthemos x R. armeniacus Rosaceae 5 NSW, Vic, SA, WA Y (Tas) Rubus alceifolius Rubus bellobatus Rubus chloocladus Rubus discolor, Rubus procerus possibly hybrid with R. erythrops Rubus sp. aff. selmeri used in WA, Rubus velox misapplied Y Y Y Y (NSW, Vic, Tas, SA, WA) Y (SA) Rosaceae 4 Rosaceae 4 Vic, SA Y Y (Qld, NSW, Tas) Rosaceae 4 Tas, SA, WA Y (NSW, Vic) Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 3 Rubus Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 86 Genus Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Family Australian rating Potential to spread Controlled or Noxious cissburiensis Rosaceae 5 NSW, Tas, SA, WA Y (Vic) Rubus diversus Rosaceae 4 NSW, Vic, Tas, WA Y (SA) Rubus echinatus Rosaceae 4 NSW, SA, WA Rubus ellipticus Rosaceae 2 Rubus erythrops Rubus rosaceus, Rubus koehleri Rosaceae 5 Rubus idaeus Rubus loganobaccus, Rubus ursinus Rosaceae 2 Rubus laciniatus ssp. laciniatus Rubus laciniatus ssp. selmeri Rubus leightonii Rubus leucostachys Rubus loganobaccus Rubus Potential to control Y (Vic, Tas) NSW, WA Y (Vic, Tas, SA) Rosaceae 4 WA Y (NSW, Vic, Tas, SA) Rubus selmeri Rosaceae 4 NSW, Tas, SA, WA Y (Vic) includes Rubus radula Rosaceae 5 Vic, Tas, SA, WA Y (NSW) Rosaceae 5 Tas, WA Y (NSW, Vic, SA) Rubus ursinus in NSW Rosaceae 1 mucronulatus Rosaceae 4 NSW, Vic, Tas, WA Y (SA) Rubus phaeocarpus Rosaceae 4 NSW, Vic, Tas, WA Y (SA) Rubus pheonicolasius Rosaceae 0 Rubus polyanthemus Rosaceae 5 Tas, SA, WA Y (NSW, Vic) Rubus pyramidalis misapplied Rosaceae 4 Vic, Tas, SA, WA Y (NSW) Rubus roribaccus Rosaceae 1 Rubus rubritinctus Rosaceae 4 NSW, Vic, WA Rubus ulmifolius Rosaceae 2 NSW, Vic, Tas, WA Y (SA) Rubus ulmifolius Rosaceae 5 Tas Y (NSW, Vic, SA, WA) SA, WA var. anoplothrysus Rubus vestitus Rosaceae 5 Ruellia aff. malacosperma between Ruellia malacosperma & Ruellia brittoniana Acanthaceae 4 Ruellia squarrosa Dipteracanthus squarrosa Acanthaceae 1 Y (Tas, SA) Y (NSW, Vic, Tas) Y Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Ruellia Rumex Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating tuberosa Acanthaceae 5 bucephalophorus Polygonaceae 1 Rumex conglomeratus Polygonaceae 4 Rumex crispus Polygonaceae 4 Rumex frutescens Polygonaceae 1 Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y Y (Tas) 87 Rumex obtusifolius ssp. obtusifolius Polygonaceae 3 Rumex pulcher ssp. divaricatus Polygonaceae 1 Rumex pulcher ssp. pulcher Polygonaceae 4 Rumex x pratensis Polygonaceae 2 Ruppia maritima Ruppiaceae 3 Ruschia tumidula Aizoaceae 1 Y Russelia equisetiformis Scrophulariaceae 1 Y Ruta graveolens Rutaceae 1 Sabal palmetto Arecaceae 2 Saccharum officinarum Poaceae 2 Sagina apetala Caryophyllaceae 4 Sagina maritima Caryophyllaceae 4 Sagina procumbens Caryophyllaceae 4 Sagittaria engelmanniana ssp. brevirostrata Alismataceae 0 Y Sagittaria montevidensis ssp. calycina Alismataceae 3 Y Sagittaria montevidensis ssp. montevidensis Alismataceae 3 Y Sagittaria platyphylla Alismataceae 5 Y Y (WA) Salix alba var. alba Salicaceae 2 Y Y (NSW) Salix alba var. vitellina Salix alba x Salix matsudana Salix babylonica Salix cinerea Salix cinerea Salix discolor Salix fragilis var. fragilis Salicaceae 5 Y Y (NSW) Salix fragilis var. fragilis X Salix nigra Salicaceae 5 Y Y (NSW) Salix fragilis var. furcata Salix humboltiana var. pyramidalis Sagittaria calycina Sagittaria graminea Y Salicaceae 3 Y Y (NSW) Salicaceae 3 Y Y (NSW) Salicaceae 5 Y ssp. cinerea Salicaceae 5 Y Y (NSW, Vic) ssp. oleifolia Salicaceae 2 Y Y (Vic) Salicaceae 1 New Zealand hybrid willow Salix chilensis ‘ Fastigiata’ in Vic. Salicaceae 4 Y Salicaceae 2 Y Y (NSW) Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS matsudana cv. Tortuosa Salix myricoides Salix Salix Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Alternate names and notes Family Salicaceae 2 Y Y (NSW) Salix glaucophylloides Salicaceae 4 Y Y (NSW) nigra Salicaceae 5 Y Y (NSW) purpurea Salicaceae 5 Y Y (NSW) Salix viminalis Salicaceae 5 Y Y (NSW) Salix x calodendron Possibly Salix caprea x Salix atrocinerea x Salix viminalis Salicaceae 2 Y Salix x pendulina Salix babylonica x Salix fragilis var. fragilis Salicaceae 4 Y Y (NSW) Salix x reichardtii Salix caprea x Salix cinerea ssp. oleifolia Salicaceae 4 Y Y (Vic) Salix x rubens Salix albens var. vitellina x Salix fragilis var. fragilis Salicaceae 5 Y Y (NSW) Salix x sepulcralis var. chrysocoma Salix alba var. vitellina x Salix babylonica, Salix matsudana x chrysochoma in NSW Salicaceae 5 Y Y (NSW) Salix x sepulcralis var. sepulcralis Salix alba var. alba x Salix babylonica Salicaceae 4 Y Y (NSW) Salix x sericans Salicaceae 1 Y Y (NSW) Salpichroa origanifolia Solanaceae 3 Salsola tragus Chenopodiaceae 5 Salvia aethiopis Lamiaceae 1 Salvia aurea Lamiaceae 4 Salvia coccinea Lamiaceae 4 Y Salvia leucantha Lamiaceae 2 Y Salvia misella Lamiaceae 3 Y Salvia reflexa Lamiaceae 5 Y Salvia verbenaca Lamiaceae 4 Salvinia molesta Salviniaceae 5 Samanea saman Sambucus canadensis Sambucaceae 2 Sambucus nigra Sambucaceae 3 Samolus valerandii Primulaceae 3 Sanchezia parvibracteata Acanthaceae 2 Sanguisorba minor ssp. magnolii Rosaceae ? Sanguisorba minor ssp. muricata Rosaceae 4 Sansevieria trifasciata Dracaenaceae/Agavaceae 3 s. lat. Salsola kali Salvia riparia variable sp.; var. verbenaca & var. vernalis in Vic Pithecellobium saman, Enterolobium saman Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed APPENDIX Salix Australian rating 3 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 88 Genus Controlled or Noxious Potential to control Y (Vic, Tas) Y Y Y Y (NSW, WA) Y (NSW, Vic, WA, NT) 2 Y Y Y (Qld) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Saponaria Saponaria Subspecies or variety Family Australian rating calabrica Caryophyllaceae 0 officinalis Caryophyllaceae 3 Saritaea magnifica Bignoniaceae 1 Scabiosa atropurpurea Dipsacaceae 3 Scandix pecten-veneris Apiaceae 4 Schinus molle Anacardiaceae 5 Schinus terebinthifolius Anacardiaceae 5 Schismus arabicus Poaceae 3 Schismus barbatus Poaceae 3 Schizostylis coccinea Iridaceae 2 Schkuhria pinnata Schoenoplectus Schoenoplectus var. areira Alternate names and notes Schinus areira, Schinus molle var. abrotanoides Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y Y WA, NT Y Qld Y Y Y (Qld) 89 Asteraceae 5 californicus Cyperaceae 4 erectus Cyperaceae 3 Schoenoplectus lineolatus Cyperaceae 1 Schotia brachypetala Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 1 Scilla hyancinthoides Hyacinthaceae 1 Scilla peruviana Hyacinthaceae 2 Scirpus pendulus Cyperaceae 0 Scleranthus annuus Caryophyllaceae 2 Sclerochloa dura Poaceae 3 Y Scolymus hispanicus Asteraceae 3 Y Y (Vic) Scolymus maculatus Asteraceae 3 Y Y (NSW) Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae 4 Scorpiurus muricatus var. subvillosus Scorpiurus subvillosus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Scorzonera lacinata var. calcitrapifolia Podospermum resedifolium Asteraceae 3 Y Scorzonera lacinata var. lacinata Asteraceae 2 Y Scrophularia auriculata Scrophulariaceae 3 Scrophularia nodosa Scrophulariaceae 2 Scutellaria racemosa Lamiaceae 2 Secale cereale Poaceae 3 Sechium edule Cucurbitaceae 2 Securigera varia Sedum acre Scrophularia aquatica Coronilla varia Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Crassulaceae 4 Potential to control Y Y Y NT Y Y Y Y APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Family Australian rating album Crassulaceae 1 caespitosum Crassulaceae 2 Sedum forsterianum Crassulaceae 2 Sedum praealtum Sedum dendroideum ssp. praealtum Crassulaceae 4 Sedum rupestre Sedum reflexum Crassulaceae 3 Sedum sediforme Crassulaceae 2 Sedum sexangulare Crassulaceae 2 Selaginella ?biformis Selaginellaceae ? Selaginella kraussiana Selaginellaceae 3 Selaginella plana Selaginellaceae 2 Selaginella umbrosa Selaginellaceae 2 Selaginella willdenovii Selaginellaceae 2 Selago corymbosa Selaginaceae 2 Y Selago thunbergii Selaginaceae 2 Y Selenicereus macdonaldiae Cactaceae 1 Senecio angulatus Asteraceae 2 Senecio crassiflorus Asteraceae 1 Senecio elegans Asteraceae 5 Senecio glastifolius Asteraceae 4 Senecio jacobaea Asteraceae 5 Senecio madagascariensis Asteraceae 5 WA Senecio pterophorus Asteraceae 5 WA Senecio tamoides Asteraceae 3 Y Senecio vulgaris Asteraceae 4 Y Senna alata Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 5 Senna corymbosa Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 2 Senna didymobotrya Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 2 Senna hirsuta Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 3 Senna multiglandulosa Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 2 Senna obtusifolia Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 5 Senna occidentalis Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 4 Y (NT) Senna pendula Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 4 Y (Qld, NSW) Senna septemtrionalis Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 4 ssp. praealtum Lycopodium planum var. glabrata Senna x floribunda misapplied Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed APPENDIX Sedum Alternate names and notes 3 Sedum Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 90 Genus Controlled or Noxious Potential to control Y Y Y Vic, Tas, SA Y Y Y (NSW, Vic, Tas, WA) Y Y (Qld, NSW) Y (Vic) Y (WA, NT) Y WA Y (Qld, NT) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Senna siamea Senna tora Sequoia Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Cassia siamea Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 2 Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 3 sempervirens Taxodiaceae 1 Serjania exarata Sapindaceae 1 Sesamum indicum Pedaliaceae 3 Setaria barbata Poaceae 1 Setaria gracilis var. gracilis Poaceae 3 Setaria gracilis var. pauciseta Poaceae 3 Setaria incrassata Poaceae 2 Setaria italica Poaceae 3 Setaria palmifolia Poaceae 3 Setaria parviflora Poaceae 3 Setaria poiretiana Poaceae 2 Setaria pumila ssp. pallidefusca Poaceae 3 Setaria pumila ssp. pumila Poaceae 3 Setaria sphacelata var. sericea Poaceae 4 Y Setaria sphacelata var. splendida Poaceae 3 Y Setaria verticillata Poaceae 4 Setaria viridis Poaceae 3 Severina buxifolia Rutaceae 2 Sherardia arvensis Rubiaceae 4 Y (Qld, WA) Y Y Y (NSW) Y 91 Sida acuta ssp. carpinifolia (in WA) Sida carpinifolia var. acuta Malvaceae 5 Y Sida atherophora ssp. atherophora Malvaceae 3 Y Sida atherophora ssp. magnifica Malvaceae 3 Y Sida cordifolia Malvaceae 4 Sida pusilla Malvaceae 2 Sida rhombifolia Malvaceae 4 WA Sida rohlenae ssp. occidentalis Malvaceae 2 Qld Sida rohlenae ssp. rohlenae Sida spinosa Sida subcordata Sieglingia decumbens Sida magnifica, Sida dallachyi, Sida cordifolia var. mutica Sida parvifolia Malvinda spinosa Danthonia decumbens Y (NT) Malvaceae ? Qld 4 WA, NT 2 Poaceae 4 Y (WA, NT) Y Malvaceae Malvaceae Controlled or Noxious Y (NT) Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Species Australian rating orientalis Asteraceae 3 apetala Caryophyllaceae 3 Sigesbeckia Silene Silene armeria Silene atocioides Silene Silene Silene dioica Silene gallica var. gallica Silene gallica var. quinquevulnera Caryophyllaceae 4 Silene latifolia Caryophyllaceae 4 Silene longicaulis Caryophyllaceae 3 Silene noctiflora Caryophyllaceae 1 Silene nocturna Caryophyllaceae 3 Silene pendula Caryophyllaceae 1? Silene pseudo-atocion Caryophyllaceae 1 Silene tridentata Caryophyllaceae 1 Silene uniflora ssp. uniflora Caryophyllaceae 1 Silene vulgaris ssp. vulgaris Caryophyllaceae 4 Silybum marianum Asteraceae 5 Y Sinapis alba Brassicaceae 3 Y Sinapis arvensis Brassicaceae 5 Y Sindora supa Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 1 Sisymbrium altissimum Brassicaceae 2 Sisymbrium erysimoides Brassicaceae 3 Sisymbrium irio Brassicaceae 5 Y Sisymbrium officinale Brassicaceae 5 Y Sisymbrium orientale Brassicaceae 5 Y Sisymbrium runcinatum Brassicaceae 2 Sisymbrium thellungii Brassicaceae 2 Sisyrinchium iridifolium Iridaceae 4 Sisyrinchium sp. Iridaceae 2 Caryophyllaceae 1 Caryophyllaceae 1 conica Caryophyllaceae 2 dichotoma Caryophyllaceae 2 Caryophyllaceae 1 Caryophyllaceae 4 Silene shafta misapplied Silene pratensis, Silene alba G. Carr has specimen, P. Hussey spec. – possibly not the same species Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed APPENDIX Family 3 Alternate names and notes Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Subspecies or variety N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 92 Genus Controlled or Noxious Y Y Y (SA) Y Y Y (Vic, Tas, WA) Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Sisyrinchium sp. A Solanum abutiloides Solanum americanum Solanum betaceum Solanum Solanum Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Sisyrinchium exile in WA Iridaceae 3 Solanaceae 1 ssp. nodiflorum (in Qld) Solanaceae 4 Solanaceae 3 capsicoides Solanaceae 3 chenopodioides Solanaceae 3 Solanum dimidiatum Solanaceae 1 Solanum dulcamara Solanaceae 3 Solanum elaeagnifolium Solanaceae 5 Solanum erianthum Solanaceae 4 Solanum ferox Solanaceae ? Solanum furcatum Solanum hispidum Solanum jasminoides Solanum linnaeanum Solanum marginatum Solanum mauritianum Solanum nigrum Solanum physalifolium Solanum Solanum Solanum Solanum Solanum sarrachoides Solanum Solanum Cyphomandra betacea Solanum douglasii sensu J. H. Willis Solanum hermannii Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Y WA Solanaceae 3 Solanaceae 4 WA Y Solanaceae 4 WA Solanaceae 4 Y (Vic, WA) Solanaceae 3 Y (Tas) Y 93 5 Y Solanaceae 5 Y Solanum sarrachioides misapplied, Solanum nitidibaccatum Solanaceae 3 pseudocapsicum Solanum capsicastrum Solanaceae 4 radicans Solanum palitans Solanaceae 4 retroflexum Solanaceae 1 rostratum Solanaceae 3 Solanaceae 1 seaforthianum Solanaceae 5 sisymbriifolium Solanaceae 3 Solanum torvum Solanaceae 4 Solanum triflorum Solanaceae 3 Solanum villosum Solanaceae 1 Soleirolia soleirolii Urticaceae 3 Y Solidago canadensis Asteraceae 3 Y var. scabra Solidago altissima Y (NSW, Vic, SA, WA) Y Solanaceae correctly applied name Potential to control Y very variable species var. nitidibaccatum Controlled or Noxious Y (Qld) Qld, Vic, SA, Tas Y (NSW, Vic) WA Y (Qld) WA Y (Qld) Y Y (Tas) APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Potential to spread sessilis Asteraceae 3 WA Asteraceae 3 Y Soliva Sonchus stolonifera Asteraceae 3 Y arvensis Asteraceae 1 Sonchus asper Sonchus asper ssp. asper Asteraceae 4 ssp. glaucescens Asteraceae 3 Sonchus Sonchus oleraceus Asteraceae 4 tenerrimus Asteraceae Sorbus aucuparia 4 Malaceae 2 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Sorbus domestica Sorghum arundinaceum Sorghum bicolor Sorghum brevicarinatum Soliva pterosperma Pyrus aucuparia ssp. bicolor Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Malaceae 2 Y Poaceae 3 Y Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor Poaceae 2 Y Poaceae 1 Sorghum halepense Poaceae 5 Y Sorghum miliaceum Sorghum halepense according to GRIN Poaceae 3 Y Sorghum x almum Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor x Sorghum halepense Poaceae 3 Y Sorghum x drummondii Sorghum bicolor ssp. drummondii, Sorghum sudanense, Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum arundinaceum Poaceae 2 Sparaxis bulbifera Iridaceae 5 Sparaxis grandiflora Iridaceae 4 Sparaxis pillansii Sparganium erectum Spartina anglica Spartina x townsendii Spartium junceum Spathodea campanulata Bignoniaceae 3 Spergula arvensis Caryophyllaceae 3 Y Spergula pentandra Caryophyllaceae 3 Y Spergularia bocconii Caryophyllaceae 3 Spergularia diandra Caryophyllaceae 3 Spergularia levis Caryophyllaceae 2 Sparaxis tricolor misapplied Spartina alterniflora x Spartina maritima Spergula levis Controlled or Noxious Y Sorghum bicolor ssp. arundinaceum ssp. stoloniferum in Qld APPENDIX anthemifolia Soliva Alternate names and notes 3 Soliva Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 94 Genus Y Y (Qld, NSW) Y (NSW) Y Iridaceae 3 Sparganiaceae 2 Y Poaceae 5 Y Poaceae 3 Y Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Y (SA) Y (Qld) Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Spergularia media Caryophyllaceae 4 Spergularia rubra Caryophyllaceae 4 Spergularia villosa Spergularia sp. 2, Spergula villosa Caryophyllaceae 2 Sphagneticola trilobata Wedelia trilobata Asteraceae 5 Spiloxene capensis Hypoxidaceae 2 Spiraea cantoniensis Malaceae 1 Spiraea prunifolia Malaceae 1 cv. Plena Spiraea prunifolia var. plena Spiraea x billardii Sporobolus africanus Sporobolus coromandelianus Sporobolus fertilis Sporobolus indicus var. major Sporobolus jacquemontii Sporobolus pyramidalis var. jacquemontii Sporobolus natalensis Sporobolus pyramidalis Stachys Potential to spread NT Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y Y Y (Qld) 95 Malaceae 1 Poaceae 5 Y Poaceae 3 Y Poaceae 5 Y Y (NSW) Poaceae 4 Y Y (Qld) Poaceae 5 Y Y (Qld) Poaceae 5 Y Y (Qld, NSW) arvensis Lamiaceae 4 Y Stachys byzantina Lamiaceae 1 Stachys germanica Lamiaceae 1 Stachys palustris Lamiaceae 2 Stachys sylvatica Lamiaceae 2 NSW, Tas, SA, WA Stachytarpheta australis Stachytarpheta cayennensis misapplied Verbenaceae 3 WA Y (NT) Stachytarpheta cayennensis Stachytarpheta urticifolia Verbenaceae 4 WA Y (NT) Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Verbenaceae 5 WA Y (NT) Stachytarpheta mutabilis Verbenaceae 3 WA Y (NT) Stachytarpheta x adulterina Verbenaceae 1 Stachytarpheta x trimenii Verbenaceae 1 Stellaria graminea Caryophyllaceae 2 Stellaria media Caryophyllaceae 4 Stellaria pallida Caryophyllaceae 3 Stenotaphrum secundatum Poaceae 3 Stephanophysum longifolium Acanthaceae 1 Sternbergia lutea Amaryllidaceae 1 Sporobolus indicus var. capensis, Sporobolus capensis Sporobolus pyramidalis var. pyramidalis Ruellia brevifolia, Ruellia graecizans Y Potential to control Y Y APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS guianensis Stylosanthes guianensis Stylosanthes hamata Stylosanthes humilis Stylosanthes var. intermedia Family Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Asteraceae 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Y Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Y Y Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 3 Y scabra Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Y Stylosanthes viscosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Suaeda aegyptyaca Chenopodiaceae 2 Y Suaeda baccifera Chenopodiaceae 3 Y Suaeda linifolia Chenopodiaceae 2 Y Suaeda maritima Chenopodiaceae 2 Succowia balearica Brassicaceae 1 Sutherlandia frutescens Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Syagrus romanzoffiana Arecaceae 1 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Caprifoliaceae 1 Symphytum officinale Boraginaceae 4 Symphytum x uplandicum Symphytum asperum x Symphytum officinale Boraginaceae 2 Synadenium grantii Euphorbiaceae 1 Synedrella nodiflora Asteraceae 4 Synedrellopsis grisebachii Asteraceae 2 Syngonium podophyllum Araceae 1 Synnotia villosa Iridaceae 2 Syringa vulgaris Oleaceae 1 Syzygium cumini Eugenia cumini Myrtaceae 3 Syzygium jambos Eugenia jambos Myrtaceae 2 Taeniatherum caput-medusae Poaceae 1 Tagetes minuta Asteraceae 4 Y Talinum paniculatum Portulacaceae 4 Y Tamarindus indica Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 3 Tamarix aphylla Tamaricaceae 5 Tamarix indica Tamaricaceae 2 Tamarix ramosissima Tamaricaceae 4 ssp. maritima Tamarix pentandra Controlled or Noxious Potential to control Y (WA) Y Y Fabaceae (Faboideae) Stylosanthes mucronata auct. non Willd. APPENDIX eupatoria Stylosanthes Alternate names and notes 3 Stevia Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 96 Genus Y NSW, Vic, Tas, SA Y Y (Qld, NT) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Tanacetum Tanacetum Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes 97 Family Australian rating boreale Asteraceae 1 parthenium Asteraceae 3 Y Tanacetum vulgare Asteraceae 5 Y Taraxacum bracteatum Asteraceae 2 Y Taraxacum kok-saghyz Asteraceae 2 Taraxacum officinale Asteraceae 4 Taraxacum pseudo-calocephalum Asteraceae 1 Taraxacum Sect. Celtica Asteraceae 2 Taraxacum Sect. Erythrosperma Asteraceae 3 Taraxacum Sect. Hamata Asteraceae 3 Taraxacum Sect. Ruderalia Asteraceae 3 Taraxacum species 1 Asteraceae 1 Taraxacum species group 1 Asteraceae 1 Tecoma alata Tecomaria alata, Tecoma guarume, Bignonia guarume Bignoniaceae 1 Tecoma capensis Tecomaria capensis Bignoniaceae 3 Tecoma stans Tecomaria stans Bignoniaceae 4 Teesdalia nudicaulis Brassicaceae 4 Tephrosia candida Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Tephrosia elegans Cracca elegans Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Tephrosia glomeruliflora Cracca glomeruliflora Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Tephrosia grandiflora Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Tephrosia inandensis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Tephrosia nana Cracca nana Fabaceae (Faboideae) 0? Tephrosia noctiflora Cracca noctiflora Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Tephrosia tinctoria Cracca tinctoria Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Tephrosia vogelii Cracca vogelii Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Teramnus labialis Glycine labialis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Tetragonia decumbens Tetragonia nigrescens misapplied in NSW Aizoaceae 5 Tetragonia microptera Aizoaceae 1 Tetragonia nigrescens Aizoaceae 0 Tetrapanax papyrifer Araliaceae 3 var. microptera (name was misapplied in NSW, is it misapplied in WA?) Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y Y (Qld) Y Y Y (SA) Y Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 3 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 98 Genus Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious Y Y (NT) Y? Y Y (Qld) Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Teucrium scorodonia Lamiaceae 2 Themeda quadrivalvis Poaceae 5 Thevetia peruviana Cascabela thevetia Apocynaceae 4 Thinopyrum distichum Agropyron distichum Poaceae 4 Thinopyrum junceiforme Agropyron junceiforme, Thinopyrum junceum Poaceae 3 Thlaspi arvense Brassicaceae 2 Thunbergia alata Acanthaceae 5 WA, NT Y Y (Qld) Thunbergia grandiflora Acanthaceae 5 WA, NT Y Y (Qld) Thunbergia laurifolia Acanthaceae 4 WA, NT Y Y (Qld) Y Thymelaea passerina Thymelaeaceae 1 Thymus vulgaris Lamiaceae 1 Tillandsia usneoides Bromeliaceae 1 Tipuana tipu Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 WA, NT Y (Qld) Y Tithonia diversifolia Asteraceae 5 WA Tithonia rotundifolia Asteraceae 3 includes Tolpis umbellata Y Y (WA) Y Y Y Tolpis barbata Asteraceae 4 Y Tordylium apulum Apiaceae 1 Y Torilis arvensis Apiaceae 2 Torilis nodosa Apiaceae 4 Y Toxicodendron succedaneum Anacardiaceae 4 Y Trachelium caeruleum Campanulaceae 1 Trachyandra divaricata Asphodelaceae 5 Trachystemon orientalis Boraginaceae 4 Tradescantia fluminensis Tradescantia albiflora Commelinaceae 5 Tradescantia spathacea Rhoeo spathacea, Tradescantia discolor Commelinaceae 2 Tradescantia zebrina Tradescantia pendula, Zebrina pendula Commelinaceae 3 Tragopogon dubius Asteraceae 3 Tragopogon hybridus Asteraceae 1 Asteraceae 4 Euphorbiaceae 4 Tragopogon porrifolius Triadica sebifera Trianoptiles solitaria Cyperaceae 4 Trianthema portulacastrum Aizoaceae 4 Sapium sebiferum, Croton sebiferum Y (Qld) Y WA Y Y (NSW) Y (Qld, NSW) Y Y Y NSW, Tas, SA, WA Y (Vic) Y Y Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Tribolium Tribolium Subspecies or variety 99 Family Australian rating acutiflorum Poaceae 3 echinatum Poaceae 1 Tribolium obliterum Poaceae 3 Tribolium uniolae Poaceae 4 Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae Tridax procumbens Asteraceae Trifolium alexandrinum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Trifolium ambiguum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Trifolium angustifolium var. angustifolium Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 Trifolium arvense var. arvense Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Trifolium burchellianum ssp. burchellianum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Trifolium campestre var. campestre Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Trifolium cernuum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Trifolium cherleri Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Trifolium dubium Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Trifolium fragiferum var. fragiferum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Trifolium fragiferum var. pulchellum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 0? Trifolium globosum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Trifolium glomeratum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Trifolium hirtum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Trifolium hybridum var. hybridum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Trifolium incarnatum var. incarnatum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Trifolium lappaceum var. lappaceum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Trifolium ligusticum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 0 Trifolium medium Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Trifolium michelianum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Trifolium micranthum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Trifolium microdon Fabaceae (Faboideae) 0 Trifolium ornithopodioides Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Trifolium pilulare Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Trifolium pratense mostly var. sativum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Trifolium repens var. repens in Qld & Vic Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Trifolium resupinatum var. majus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 var. serotinum in Qld Alternate names and notes Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Controlled or Noxious 5 Y Y (Qld, Vic, SA, NT) 5 Y Y Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS resupinatum var. resupinatum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Trifolium rubens Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Trifolium scabrum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Trifolium spumosum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 squamosum Trifolium stellatum Trifolium striatum Trifolium subterraneum Trifolium suffocatum Trifolium tomentosum Trifolium var. stellatum many cultivars & forms var. tomentosum Family Australian rating Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 uniflorum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Trifolium vesiculosum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Trigonella monspeliaca Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Triodanis perfoliata Campanulaceae 1 Triphysaria pusilla Scrophulariaceae 0 Trisetum flavescens Poaceae 3 Tristemma mauritianum Melastomataceae 2 Triticum aestivum Poaceae 2 Tritonia crocata Iridaceae 2 Tritonia lineata Iridaceae 3 Tritonia squalida Iridaceae 1 Triumfetta pentandra Tiliaceae 3 Triumfetta pilosa Tiliaceae 2 Triumfetta rhomboidea Tiliaceae 3 Tropaeolum majus Tulbaghia violacea Turbina corymbosa hybrid between Tropaeolum ferreyrae & Tropaeolaceae Tropaeolum minor (native of Ecuador & Peru) Ipomoea corymbosa, Convolvulus corymbosus, Rivea corymbosa Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific 1? Convolvulaceae 4 2 Turnera ulmifolia Turneraceae Turritis glabra Brassicaceae 2 Typha latifolia Typhaceae 5 Ulex europaeus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 Controlled or Noxious Y Y Y Y WA Y Y 3 Alliaceae Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed APPENDIX Trifolium Trifolium Alternate names and notes 3 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 100 Genus Y WA, NT Y Y Y Y (Tas) Y (Qld, NSW, Vic, Tas, SA, WA) Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Ulmus procera Ulmus x hollandica Uniola Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes var. hollandica (in Tas) Family Australian rating Ulmaceae 2 Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed 101 Ulmaceae 2 paniculata Poaceae 0 Urena lobata Malvaceae 5 Urochloa mosambicensis Poaceae 4 Urochloa oligotricha Poaceae 1 Urochloa panicoides var. panicoides Poaceae 3 Urochloa panicoides var. pubescens Poaceae 2 Urospermum dalechampii Asteraceae 3 Urospermum picroides Asteraceae 4 Ursinia anthemoides Asteraceae 4 Ursinia chrysanthemoides Asteraceae 2 Ursinia speciosa Asteraceae 1 Urtica dioica Urticaceae 1 Urtica urens Urticaceae 4 Utricularia gibba Lentibulariaceae 2 Vaccaria hispanica Caryophyllaceae 3 Y Valerianella discoidea Valerianaceae 1 Y Valerianella eroicarpa Valerianaceae 3 Valerianella locusta Valerianaceae 2 Valerianella muricata Valerianaceae 1 Valerianella rimosa Valerianaceae 2 Vellereophyton dealbatum Asteraceae 4 Verbascum blattaria Scrophulariaceae 3 Verbascum creticum Scrophulariaceae 2 Verbascum sinuatum Scrophulariaceae 2 Verbascum thapsus Verbascum virgatum Verbena aristigera Verbena Verbena Verbena Arctotis anthemoides Vaccaria pyramidata ssp. thapsus Y Y Y NSW, Vic, SA Y Y Y Y Y Y Scrophulariaceae 4 Scrophulariaceae 4 Verbenaceae 4 WA bonariensis Verbenaceae 3 NT caracasana Verbenaceae 3 WA hispida Verbenaceae 3 WA Verbena tenuisecta, Glandularia aristigera in the USA Controlled or Noxious Y (Vic) Y Y Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Potential to spread incompta Verbenaceae 3 WA litoralis Verbenaceae 4 WA Verbena officinalis Verbenaceae 3 WA Verbena quadrangularis Verbenaceae 3 WA Verbena rigida Verbenaceae 5 WA Verbena supina Verbenaceae 3 Qld, WA Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Verbena urticifolia Verbena x brasiliensis Verbesina encelioides Vernicia Veronica Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Y Verbenaceae 1 Verbenaceae 2 Asteraceae 4 fordii Euphorbiaceae 2 anagallis-aquatica Scrophulariaceae 3 Veronica arvensis Scrophulariaceae 4 Veronica catenata Scrophulariaceae 2 Veronica hederifolia Scrophulariaceae 3 Veronica officinalis Scrophulariaceae 2 Veronica peregrina Scrophulariaceae 3 Y Veronica persica Scrophulariaceae 4 Y Veronica scutellata Scrophulariaceae 3 Veronica serpyllifolia Scrophulariaceae 4 Viburnum tinus Caprifoliaceae 3 Vicia benghalensis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Vicia cracca Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Vicia disperma Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Vicia hirsuta Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Y Vicia monantha ssp. monantha Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Y Vicia monantha ssp. triflora Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Y Vicia sativa ssp. cordata Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Y Vicia sativa ssp. nigra Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Y Vicia sativa ssp. sativa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Y Vicia tetrasperma Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Y Vicia villosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Y hybrid between Verbena quadrangularis & V. littoralis ssp. encelioides in Vic & NSW ssp. eriocarpa Vicia villosa ssp. monantha Vicia sativa ssp. angustifolia Qld, WA Y Y WA Y Y Y Y APPENDIX Verbena Alternate names and notes 3 Verbena Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 102 Genus Controlled or Noxious Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Vicia villosa Vicia villosa Vicia Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating ssp. microphylla Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 ssp. pseudocracca Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 villosa ssp. varia Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Vicia villosa ssp. villosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Vigna adenantha Phaseolus adenanthus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Y 103 Vigna hosei Dolichos hosei Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Vigna mungo Phaseolus mungo Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Vigna radiata var. radiata Phaseolus radiatus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Vigna radiata var. setulosa Phaseolus setulosus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Vigna trilobata Dolichos trilobatus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Vigna umbellata Dolichos umbellatus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica Phaseolus cylindrica Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Vigna unguiculata ssp. dekindtiana Vigna dekindtiana Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata Dolichos unguiculatus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Vinca major Apocynaceae 5 Vinca minor Apocynaceae 4 Viola arvensis Violaceae 3 Viola odorata Violaceae 3 Viola riviniana Violaceae 2 Y Vulpia bromoides Poaceae 5 Y Vulpia ciliata Poaceae 3 Vulpia fasciculata Vulpia muralis Vulpia myuros form megalura Vulpia myuros form myuros Wachendorfia paniculata Wahlenbergia capensis Campanulaceae 3 Washingtonia filifera Arecaceae 4 Washingtonia robusta Arecaceae 4 Watsonia aletroides Iridaceae 2 Watsonia borbonica Iridaceae 5 Watsonia marginata Iridaceae 4 includes Vulpia membranacea in WA Vulpia megalura Watsonia sp. A in Cooke, D.A. (1986) Fl. Australia 46: 42. Poaceae 3 Poaceae 5 Poaceae 4 Poaceae 5 Haemodoraceae 0 Controlled or Noxious Y Y Y Y Y Potential to control APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS meriana var. bulbillifera Watsonia meriana var. meriana Watsonia versfeldii var. alba Wedelia glauca Wigandia urens var. caracasana Family Australian rating Iridaceae 5 Y Watsonia sp. B in Cooke, D.A. (1986) Fl. Australia 46: 42. Iridaceae 4 Y Iridaceae 4 Asteraceae 4 Wigandia caracasana Hydrophyllaceae 2 Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed APPENDIX Watsonia Alternate names and notes 3 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 104 Genus Controlled or Noxious Y (Vic, SA) Y WA Y Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Wigandia urens Hydrolea urens Hydrophyllaceae 1 Wisteria sinensis Glycine sinensis Fabaceae (Faboideae) ? Withania somnifera Solanaceae 2 x Agropogon littoralis Agrostis stolonifera x Polypogon monspieliensis, Polypogon littoralis Poaceae 4 Xanthium ambrosioides Asteraceae 4 Vic, SA, WA Y Y (NSW) Xanthium cavanillesii Part of Xanthium strumarium; Xanthium strumarium ssp. cavanillesii, Xanthium strumarium var. cavanillesii Asteraceae 5 Vic, SA, WA Y Y (NSW) Xanthium italicum Part of Xanthium strumarium, Xanthium strumarium ssp. italicum Asteraceae 5 Vic, SA, WA Y Y (NSW) Xanthium occidentale Part of Xanthium strumarium, Xanthium strumarium strumarium ssp. italicum, Xanthium pungens Asteraceae 5 Y Y (Qld, NSW, Vic, SA, WA) Xanthium orientale Xanthium californicum, Part of Xanthium strumarium, Xanthium strumarium ssp. strumarium x ssp. italicum Asteraceae 5 Y Y (NSW, Vic, SA) Xanthium spinosum Asteraceae 5 Y Y (Qld, NSW, Vic, Tas, SA, WA, NT) Yucca aloifolia Agavaceae 3 Y Yucca filamentosa Agavaceae 1 Y Yucca gloriosa Agavaceae 1 Zaluzianskya divaricata Scrophulariaceae 3 Zantedeschia aethiopica Araceae 5 Poaceae 1 Poaceae 1 Zea mays Zea mexicana Zephyranthes candida Zephyranthes drummondii Zea mays ssp. mexicana Cooperia pedunculata in USA Amaryllidaceae 3 Amaryllidaceae 2 WA Y Y (WA) Y Potential to control Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Potential to spread Considered to be native by some state herbaria Impact on ANZECC Rare & Threatened Plant Species Habitat specific Primarily agricultural or ruderal weed Zephyranthes grandiflora Amaryllidaceae 2 Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae 1 Zingiber zerumbet Zingiberaceae 1 Zinnia elegans Asteraceae 3 Y Zinnia peruviana Asteraceae 3 Y Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae 5 Zinnia violacea Controlled or Noxious Y (Qld, WA, NT) Potential to control 105 APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia N AT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Abelia x grandiflora Abelmoschus manihot ssp. manihot Abelmoschus manihot ssp. tetraphyllus Abies sp. Abutilon grandifolium A national listing of the naturalised non-native flora of Australia arranged alphabetically by genus then species. National categories of these 2732 species in the Australian flora are listed according to their impact, weed status, ability to be controlled and their potential for further spread in agricultural ecosystems. Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating hybrid between Abelia chinensis and Abelia uniflora Caprifoliaceae + Hibiscus manihot Malvaceae + + Malvaceae + + Pinaceae + Sida grandifolia Malvaceae + Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating + Abutilon avicennae Malvaceae 2 Mimosa angustissima Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + + Acacia boliviana Acacia angustissima Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + + Acacia catechu Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 2XS Acacia farnesiana Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 5 Acacia karroo Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) +XS Acacia nilotica Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 5S 5nceS Acacia sinuata Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + + Acalypha australis Euphorbiaceae + + Acalypha wilkesiana Euphorbiaceae + + Acanthocereus tetragonus Cactaceae 2 2 Acanthospermum australe Asteraceae + + + Acanthospermum hispidum Asteraceae 5 4 4 Acanthus mollis Acanthaceae + + Acer negundo Aceraceae + Acer palmatum Aceraceae + Acer pseudoplatanus Aceraceae + + + Acetosa sagittata Rumex sagittatus Polygonaceae 5 + +nc + Acetosa vesicaria Rumex vesicarius Polygonaceae 5 1 1 Acetosella vulgaris Rumex acetosella Polygonaceae 5 1 5 Acanthocereus pentagonus NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 2 + theophrasti Acacia arabica var. indica WA rating + + angustissima Mimosa farnesiana SA rating + Acacia var. sundra Tas rating + Abutilon ssp. indica APPENDIX Subspecies or variety 4 Species Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus 4 A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 106 A P P E N D I X + 2 + 2 2XNCES 3 + 5c +XNCES 0?XS 0XPCSe 0? 5NCES + + + + + + + 5NC T 5 T (oxalate & nitrate) + + + 5 + + 5 + 5c 1 5c 4 5c T (oxalate?) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Achillea distans ssp. tanacetifolia Achillea millefolium Achillea tomentosa Achnatherum brachychaetum Achnatherum caudatum Acroceras Acroptilon Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Asteraceae + + + + + Asteraceae 1 1 1 1 1 Asteraceae + Stipa brachychaeta Poaceae 1 Stipa caudata Poaceae 4 4XS macrum Poaceae + + repens Asteraceae 5 4 Adenanthera pavonina Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + + (native) Adonis microcarpa Ranunculaceae 5 1 Aegle marmelos Rutaceae + + Aegopodium podagraria Apiaceae + Aeonium arboreum Crassulaceae + Aeonium castello-paivae Crassulaceae + Aeonium haworthii Crassulaceae + Aerva javanica Amaranthaceae 5 2 Aeschynomene americana var. americana Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Aeschynomene americana var. glandulosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Aeschynomene aspera Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Aeschynomene brasiliana Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Aeschynomene brevifolia Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 1 Aeschynomene indica Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2XS 2XS Aeschynomene micrantha Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Aeschynomene villosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 + Aesculus hippocastanum Hippocastanaceae + also Aeonium haworthii? Aeschynomene biflora, Hedysarum brasilianum + Amaryllidaceae + Amaryllidaceae + Rutaceae 0? NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + + T 4NC 0?N T 2nc 3 + + + 1 4XS 5nc 5nce 1 5 + + 2XNCES + (native) 0X T + + + + 1 + + 3 5 + + (native) + 2 + + (native) + 3 + 107 Afrocarpus falcata Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis Agapanthus praecox ssp. praecox Agathosma crenulata Agave americana cv. Marginata Agavaceae + + Agave americana var. americana Agavaceae 3 1 Agave americana var. expansa Agavaceae + + Agave americana var. picta Agavaceae + Agapanthus orientalis Podocarpaceae Qld rating + + + 0? 3 3 + + + + T APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating attenuata Agavaceae 2 sisalana Agavaceae 2 2 Agavaceae 2 2 Asteraceae 3 3NC Asteraceae + Asteraceae 3 2NC 3nce Asteraceae 4 4 3 4 3 var. vivapara Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating + + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management vivipara Ageratina adenophora Ageratina ligustrina Ageratina riparia Ageratum conyzoides Ageratum houstonianum Asteraceae 4 Agrimonia eupatoria Rosaceae + Agrostemma githago Caryophyllaceae 1 + 1 1 1 Agrostis capillaris var. aristata Poaceae 3 1 1 + 1 3c Agrostis capillaris var. capillaris Poaceae 3 3 3 + 2 3c Agrostis gigantea Poaceae 3 + 3 1 + 2 Agrostis stolonifera Poaceae 3 + 2 1 + Ailanthus altissima Simaroubaceae 3 + 3nce 3nc Aira caryophyllea Poaceae 2 1 1 1 Aira cupaniana Poaceae 1 1 Aira elegantissima Poaceae 1 Aira praecox Poaceae Aira provincialis Poaceae Ajuga iva Lamiaceae + Ajuga reptans Lamiaceae + Albizzia lebbeck Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + Albuca canadensis Hyacinthaceae + Malvaceae + + 5XS 2XnceS 5NCES + 2XncS 5 1 + + Eupatorium riparium ssp. conyzoides in NSW Eupatorium conyzoides, Carelia conyzoides Aira elegans (nom. illeg.) Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 2 Agave Eupatorium adenophorum APPENDIX Agave Alternate names and notes 4 Agave Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 108 Genus 3nce 0? + T + T? 3 + + 1 1 1 1 + 1 + 1 + + + T 3c 3c + + 2 + 1 + 1 + T + + + + + + (native) + Alcea rosea Althaea rosea Alhagi maurorum Alhagi camelorum, Alhagi pseudalhagi Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Alisma lanceolata Alismataceae 5 Allamanda blanchetii Apocynaceae + + Allamanda cathartica Apocynaceae + + Alliaria petiolata Brassicaceae + Allium ampeloprasum Alliaceae + + + Allium neapolitanum Alliaceae + + + T? + + + + + + + T? Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Allium oleraceum Allium paniculatum Allium roseum Allium scrodoprasum Allium scrodoprasum Allium Allium Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Alliaceae + Alliaceae + Alliaceae + + ssp. rotundatum Alliaceae + + ssp. scrodoprasum Alliaceae + triquetrum Alliaceae 5 vineale Alliaceae 5 Alnus cordata Betulaceae + Alnus glutinosa Betulaceae + Aloe ?saponaria Aloe Aloe Aloe ciliaris Aloe maculata Aloe ssp. paniculatum var. ficksbergensis Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating + + 2 5 5nce +XNC 4NC 5 T? + + + + + T + + + 1 5c + Aloaceae + + Aloaceae + + Aloaceae + Aloaceae + + parvibracteata Aloaceae + + Alopecurus aequalis Poaceae 1 1 1 Alopecurus geniculatus Poaceae 5 + 1 1 Alopecurus myosuroides Poaceae 5 + 1 Alopecurus pratensis Poaceae 5 Aloysia citrodora Alstroemeria aurea Alstroemeria pulchella misapplied + + 1 1 + + + 1X 5c + 1 5c + 109 Alstroemeria psittacina Alternanthera dentata Alternanthera ficoidea Alternanthera philoxeroides Amaranthaceae 5S +XNCES (turf) 5NCeS (turf) 1XNCES Alternanthera pungens Amaranthaceae 5 3 Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae + + Alysicarpus bupleurifolius Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Alysicarpus ovalifolius Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + ‘Rubiginosa’ in Qld, cv. Rubra in NT + 3XNC cameronii + Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 5nc arborescens Alstroemeriaceae NT rating 3 + Verbenaceae WA rating + 1 + Aloysia triphylla SA rating + said to be part of Aloe maculata Aloaceae (not according to Paul Forster (BRI)) Aloe saponaria var. saponaria Tas rating Alstroemeriaceae + + Amaranthaceae 3 3 Alternanthera tenella, Alternanthera Amaranthaceae paronychioides, Alternanthera bettzickiana misapplied 3 3 + + 3 3nce +nce + 1?NCE 1XNCS 5NC 3NC T APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Qld rating + Alysicarpus vaginalis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Alyssum alyssoides Brassicaceae 1 Alyssum linifolium Brassicaceae 1 Amaranthus albus Amaranthaceae 5 Amaranthus lividus NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating + 3 APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 110 Genus Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 1 1 1 1 + 1 + 2 5c Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Amaranthus blitum Amaranthaceae + Amaranthus caudatus Amaranthaceae + + + + Amaranthus cruentus Amaranthus paniculatus, Amaranthaceae Amaranthus hybridus ssp. cruentus 2 1 2 + 2 T Amaranthus deflexus Amaranthaceae 2 2 Amaranthus graecizans Amaranthaceae 2 + Amaranthus hybridus Amaranthaceae 5 4 5 2 T Amaranthus muricatus Amaranthaceae 2 Amaranthus powellii Amaranthaceae 5 Amaranthus quitensis Amaranthaceae 5 Amaranthus retroflexus Amaranthaceae 5 Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae 5 2 T Amaranthus tricolor Amaranthaceae 3 Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae 5 Amaryllis belladonna Amaryllidaceae + ssp. silvestris Amaranthus silvestris 4 + 2 2 5 5 2 2 5c 5 5 2 5 5 5 5 + 3 4 5 2 2 5 3 + + + + + 4S 4ncS 3S 3S 2S 3S Ambrosia psilostachya Asteraceae 5S 2NCS Ambrosia tenuifolia Asteraceae 3S Ammannia auriculata Lythraceae 3 + Ammi majus Apiaceae 5 2 Ammi visnaga Apiaceae + Poaceae + Amsinckia Anacardium Anacyclus 2 T 4 Asteraceae Amsinckia 2 2 Asteraceae Amsinckia 2 2 artemisiifolia arenaria + 2 confertiflora calycina 1 1 Ambrosia Amsinckia + 5 Ambrosia Ammophila Ambrosia elatior var. artemisiifolia + + 2 T T 3cS 5nceS 5NCES 2ncS 3nceS +S 2ncS 3 1 3cS + + 1 3 5 T + T + + + + + Amsinckia complex?, Amsinckia hispida Boraginaceae 5 1 5 5nc 2 4NC 0NC intermedia Amsinckia complex? Boraginaceae 5 2 5 5nc lycopsoides Amsinckia complex? Boraginaceae 5 1 5 5nc 4NC 0NC menziesii Boraginaceae + occidentale Anacardiaceae 4 radiatus Asteraceae 0 2 T T T +nc T 4 0 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes 111 Family Australian rating Anagallis arvensis red & blue flowered forms Anagallis Primulaceae 5 minima Primulaceae 1 Anagallis parviflora Primulaceae + + Anagallis pumila Primulaceae + + Anagyris foetida Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae + Anchusa arvensis Boraginaceae 1 Anchusa capensis Boraginaceae 1 Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae 2 Andropogon distachyos Poaceae + Andropogon gayanus Poaceae 3XS 3XS Andropogon virginicus Poaceae 3 + Anethum graveolens Apiaceae 1 Angelonia salicariifolia Scrophulariaceae + + Annona glabra Annonaceae +XS +XNCS Annona reticulata Annonaceae 3 + Annona squamosa Annonaceae + + Anoda cristata Malvaceae 4 4 3 Anomatheca laxa Iridaceae + + + Anredera cordifolia Basellaceae 2 2 +nc + 2 + Anthemis arvensis Asteraceae 2 2 + + + Anthemis cotula Asteraceae 5 5 5 4NC Anthemis tinctoria Asteraceae + Anthoxanthum aristatum Poaceae + Anthoxanthum odoratum Poaceae 3 Anthriscus caucalis Apiaceae + Anthyllis barba-jovis Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Antigonon leptopus Polygonaceae + Aphanes arvensis Rosaceae 1 1 1 Aphanes microcarpa Rosaceae 1 1 1 Apium graveolens Apiaceae 1 1 1 Aponogeton distachyos Aponogetonaceae + + + Sida cristata Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating 3 3 3 + 1 SA rating WA rating NT rating + 1 5c 1 + Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) T + + + 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 2 + + 3 + 1 + 1 1 3 1X + + T + 3 Taints milk & meat 1 + T? + + + 3 3 + + + + 1 + + 1 + 1 1 1 + + + T + APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Aptenia cordifolia Aquilegia vulgaris Arabidopsis thaliana Brassicaceae + + Arachis hypogea Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Araujia sericifera Asclepiadaceae 1X + Arbutus unedo Ericaceae + Arctium lappa Asteraceae 2 0X Arctium minus Asteraceae 1 1 Arctotheca calendula Asteraceae 5 Arctotheca populifolia Asteraceae + Arctotheca prostrata Asteraceae + Arctotis stoechadifolia Asteraceae + Ardisia crenata Myrsinaceae + Araujia hortorum Bladhia crenata Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Aizoaceae 1 1 1 Ranunculaceae + Tas rating SA rating WA rating 1 + 1 + NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + + + + +nc + + + 3 + 1X T + 2 + 5 5 5 3 5 + + + + + + + + 1 + 2 5nc 3 T + + + + + Ardisia crispa Myrsinaceae + + Ardisia solanacea Myrsinaceae + + Caryophyllaceae 3 1 Caryophyllaceae 1 Arenaria leptoclados Arenaria serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Argemone ochroleuca ssp. ochroleuca Papaveraceae 5 Argemone subfusiformis Argemone mexicana in Qld Papaveraceae 4 Argyranthemum foeniculaceum Argyranthemum frutescens ssp. foeniculaceum, Chrysanthemum anethifolium Asteraceae + Argyranthemum frutescens Argyranthemum frutescens ssp. frutescens, Chrysanthemum frutescens Asteraceae 2 + Convolvulus nervosus + ssp. frutescens in Qld Vic rating APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 112 Genus 3 1 1 + 1 + 5 3 1 + 4 3 Argyreia nervosa Convolvulaceae + Arisarum vulgare Araceae + Aristea ecklonii Iridaceae + Aristolochia elegans Aristolochiaceae + + Aristolochia odoratissima Aristolochiaceae + + (no record at BRI) Aristolochia ringens Aristolochiaceae + + Arrhenatherum elatius var. bulbosum Poaceae 3 + Arrhenatherum elatius var. elatius Poaceae 1 1 Artemisia arborescens Asteraceae + + 5NC T T + + + 2c + + + + 3 T? 3 + 2 + + + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Artemisia ludoviciana Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Artemisia vulgaris ssp. ludoviciana, Artemisia vulgaris var. ludoviciana Asteraceae + Asteraceae + Asteraceae ? Qld rating NSW rating Tas rating scoparia Artemisia thuscala Artemisia verlotiorum Asteraceae + Arum italicum Araceae Aruncus dioicus Malaceae Arundo donax var. donax Poaceae 3 Arundo donax var. versicolor Poaceae + Asclepias curassavica Asclepiadaceae 3 Asparagus africanus Protasparagus africanus Asparagaceae Asparagus asparagoides Myrsiphyllum asparagoides, Asparagus medeoloides Asparagaceae Asparagus declinatus Myrsiphyllum declinatum, Asparagus crispus Asparagaceae + Asparagus densiflorus also cv. Sprengeri in Qld, Protasparagus densiflorus, Protasparagus aethiopicus Asparagaceae + + +nc Asparagus officinalis Asparagus plumosus Asparagus Asparagus + + + + + + 1 + 3nce + + + 5S + 5nc (orchards) 5 (orchards) +XNCS + + Asparagaceae 3 + 3 3 Asparagaceae + + +nc + scandens Myrsiphyllum scandens Asparagaceae + + + + virgatus Protasparagus virgatus Asparagaceae + 3nc 3NEC + Asphodelaceae 5 Asphodelus sp. Asphodelaceae 0? Aster novi-belgii Asteraceae + Aster subulatus Asteraceae 3 Asterolinon linum-stellatum Primulaceae 1 Astragalus ?prolixus Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Astragalus hamosus Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 113 Astragalus sesameus Asystasia gangetica Symphyotrichum subulatum ssp. gangetica complex of species Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Acanthaceae 3 + 3 + + + 3 T +XS + + + + + T + 3 T + Protasparagus plumosus, Asparagus setaceus Rubiaceae T + + arvensis Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + + 2 fistulosus NT rating ? + Asphodelus WA rating + + Asperula SA rating + Artemisia Artemisia canariensis Vic rating + + + + 1 3nc 3n 5 2NC 1 3c 3 1 + T 0? 2 + + 3 1 + + + + + + + + + 3 APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating Asystasia gangetica ssp. micrantha Asystasia intrusa, Asystasia coromandeliana var. micrantha Acanthaceae 1XPS Atriplex hortensis Chenopodiaceae 1 Atriplex patula Chenopodiaceae 1 + Atriplex prostrata Chenopodiaceae Avellinia michelii Poaceae Avena barbata Poaceae 5 Avena fatua Poaceae 2 2 Avena fatua Poaceae 5 Avena sativa Poaceae Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana Poaceae Avena sterilis ssp. sterilis Poaceae Avena strigosa Poaceae Axonopus compressus Poaceae 5 5 (turf) 3 (turf) Axonopus fissifolius Axonopus affinis Poaceae 4 4 (turf) 3 (turf) 3 1 + Azadirachta indica Melia indica Meliaceae 5 2X Babiana angustifolia Babiana disticha, Babiana stricta auct. non Iridaceae + + + + + Babiana nana Iridaceae + Babiana tubulosa Iridaceae + Baccharis halimifolia Asteraceae 3 Bacopa caroliniana Scrophulariaceae + Bacopa monnieri Scrophulariaceae + + Bacopa procumbens Scrophulariaceae 2 2 Colchicaceae + Lamiaceae 1 APPENDIX Alternate names and notes NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + T 1XPS + + 1 1 + 1 2 2 + 2 1 + 1 + 1 + 3 3 + 5 5c 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 1 1 1 + 1 3 5 5 5 1 1 1 5c 1 + 1 1 + + + T (nitrate) 1 3c 5 (turf) 5 + + 3nc 3nce + T + Baeometra uniflora Ballota nigra Bambusa balcooa Poaceae + + Bambusa vulgaris Poaceae + + Barbarea intermedia Brassicaceae + Barbarea verna Brassicaceae 1 Barleria cristata Acanthaceae + Barleria lupulina Acanthaceae + Barleria prionitis Acanthaceae + ssp. foetida Vic rating 4 Subspecies or variety var. tubiflora NSW rating Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Species x Avena sativa Qld rating A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 114 Genus + + + 1 + + T + + + + + 1 + + + +NCE Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating Acanthaceae + + Scrophulariaceae 3 1 2 1 1 3 Basellaceae + + 115 Barleria strigosa Bartsia trixago Basella alba Bassia hyssopifolia Salsola hyssopifolia Chenopodiaceae + Bassia scoparia ornamental form Kochia scoparia Chenopodiaceae + Bassia scoparia weedy form Kochia scoparia Chenopodiaceae 0XES Batrachium trichophyllum Ranunculaceae + Bauhinia monandra Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + + Bauhinia variegata Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + + Belamcanda chinensis Iridaceae + + Bellis perennis Asteraceae + Benincasa hispida Cucurbitaceae + Berberis aristata Berberidaceae + + Berberis darwinii Berberidaceae + + Berberis thunbergii Berberidaceae + + Berberis vulgaris Berberidaceae + + Berkheya rigida Asteraceae 4XS Berula erecta Apiaceae 2 Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima Chenopodiaceae + Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris Chenopodiaceae + Betula nigra Betulaceae + Betula pendula Betulaceae + Betula pubescens Betulaceae + Bidens bipinnata Asteraceae 3 + 1 Bidens pilosa Asteraceae 4 4 3 Bidens subalternans Asteraceae 3 + 3 Bidens tripartita Asteraceae 1 Bifora testiculata Apiaceae 5 Bixa orellana Bixaceae + Blackstonia perfoliata Gentianaceae 1 Blainvillea acmella Asteraceae + Blainvillea gayana Asteraceae 2S 2CES Blechnum occidentale Blechnaceae + + Bellardia trixago Berberis lycium misidentified Betula rubra var. pilosa & var. radiata in Qld NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) T? + + T 0XCENS + + + 0XNCES T + + + + + D 4 1 2 + + + 0XCENS + 1 3XncS 2 + T + + + + + 1 1 1 3c 3 3c 3 1 5 5 + 1 + + APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Qld rating + Boehmeria nivea Urticaceae + Borago officinalis Boraginaceae 1 Bothriochloa bladhii Poaceae + + Bothriochloa insculpta Poaceae + + Bothriochloa pertusa Poaceae + + Bougainvillea glabra Nyctaginaceae + + ssp. glabra NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating + + + 1 + + NT rating + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management advena Urochloa advena Poaceae 3 Brachiaria brizantha Urochloa brizantha Poaceae + + Brachiaria decumbens Urochloa decumbens Poaceae 3 + 3 Brachiaria eruciformis Poaceae 5 5 1 Brachiaria fasciculata Poaceae 4 2 4 Brachiaria humidicola Poaceae 2 2 Brachiaria mutica Urochloa mutica Poaceae 5S 4XS (sugarcane) Brachiaria ramosa Urochloa ramosa Poaceae + + Brachiaria texana Urochloa texana Poaceae + + Brachypodium distachyon Poaceae 1 Brassica barrelieri Brassicaceae + Brassica elongata Brassicaceae 1 Brassica fruticulosa Brassicaceae 1 1 1 1 Brassica nigra Brassicaceae 5 1 1 1 Brassica oleracea Brassicaceae 3 1 1 Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis Brassicaceae + Brassica rapa ssp. oleifolia Brassicaceae 1 Brassica rapa ssp. rapa Brassicaceae 5 Brassica rapa ssp. sylvestris Brassicaceae 5 1 3 3 5 1 Brassica tournefortii Brassicaceae 5 5 3 3 3 3 5c 1 Brassica x juncea Brassicaceae 5 2 3 5 2 5c 1 3 3 1 Brassica x napus Brillantaisia lamium ssp. oxyrrhina Urochloa fasciculata var. reticulata Brassica oxyrrhina Brassica chinensis Leucorhaphis lamium Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) T Brachiaria var. reticulata APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 116 Genus 3 + 3S T (photosensitization) 3S + 5S 0 + + 1 + 1 + + 1 1 1 + 1 5 1 3 T 1 T + 1 1 Brassicaceae 5 1 Acanthaceae 3XS 3XcS 5c 5c Briza maxima Poaceae 3 1 1 1 + 1 3c Briza minor Poaceae 3 1 1 1 + 1 3c Briza subaristata Poaceae + + T T + T Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Family Australian rating Qld rating Bromus Bromus alopecuros Poaceae + + brevis Poaceae + Bromus catharticus Poaceae 5 Bromus cebadilla Bromus diandrus Poaceae + Poaceae Bromus hordeaceus ssp. hordeaceus Poaceae Bromus hordeaceus ssp. molliformis Bromus molliformis Poaceae 5 Bromus hordeaceus ssp. pseudothominei not in Australia?; Bromus x pseudothominei Poaceae + Bromus inermis Bromus coloratus recorded but not naturalised in WA Poaceae + not in Australia? Poaceae 3 3 Poaceae + + Bromus lanceolatus Bromus lithobius Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Bromus willdenowii misapplied, Bromus unioloides Kunth includes Bromus rigidus x Bromus cedabilla Bromus fonkii NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating + + + + 3 3 3 + + + 5 1 3 3 5 1 1 3 + SA rating WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + 3 5c + 3 5c 3 1 5c 1 5c + + 117 Bromus lithobius Poaceae 1 Bromus madritensis (var. ciliatus in Tas) Poaceae 3 Bromus racemosus (ssp. commutatus in Vic) Poaceae + Bromus rubens Poaceae 5 Bromus secalinus Poaceae + Bromus sterilis Poaceae 1 + 1 Bromus tectorum Poaceae + + + Browallia americana Solanaceae + + Brugmansia X candida (Datura candida), Brugmansia aurea Solanaceae x Brugmansia versicolor + + Bryophyllum beauverdii Crassulaceae + + Bryophyllum daigremontianum x Bryophyllum delagoense Crassulaceae 5S 5ncS Bryophyllum daigremontianum Kalanchoe daigremontiana Crassulaceae 2 2 Bryophyllum delagoense Bryophyllum tubiflorum, Kalanchoe delagoensis, Kalanchoe tubiflora Crassulaceae 5S 5ncS Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Crassulaceae 2 2 Bryophyllum pinnatum Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae 3 3 3nc Bryophyllum proliferum Kalanchoe prolifera, Bryophyllum calycinum Crassulaceae 2 2 + Buddleja asiatica Buddlejaceae + 1 1 1 + 1 3 + + + 1 3 1 + 1 3c 1 5c 1 + + 0? 0? T T 5nceS T T 5nceS + T T + APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Qld rating Buddleja australis Buddleja davidii Buddleja dysophylla Chilianthus dysophyllus Buddleja lindleyana Adenoplea lindleyana Buddleja Buglossoides Bulbinella floribunda Buddleja brasiliensis, Buddleja stachyoides Buddlejaceae + + Buddlejaceae + + Buddlejaceae + Buddlejaceae + + madagascariensis Buddlejaceae + + + arvensis Boraginaceae 5 2 5 Bulbostylis striatella Bulbinella robusta, Bulbinella setosa Asphodelaceae Malpighia glandulifera NSW rating + Tas rating SA rating + + + + 5 Cyperaceae + NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 1 + + 1 5 T 2 T + + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management glandulifera Malpighiaceae + Bupleurum lancifolium Apiaceae 1X Bupleurum rotundifolium Apiaceae + Bupleurum semicompositum Apiaceae 1 Cabomba caroliniana Cabombaceae + +NC +nc Caesalpinia decapetala Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + + +nce Caesalpinia gilliesii Poinciana gilliesii Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + + + Cajanus cajan Cajanus bicolor Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + Cakile edentula Brassicaceae + + Cakile maritima Brassicaceae + + + 1X + + 1 + + 0NCE + + + + + + + + + + + + Calamagrostis epigejos Poaceae 0XS Calamintha nepeta Lamiaceae + Calandrinia menziesii Portulacaceae 3 Calceolaria tripartita Scrophulariaceae + + Calendula arvensis Asteraceae 3 1 3 2 1 1 Calendula officinalis Asteraceae 1 + 1 + + Calendula palaestina Asteraceae + + Calepina irregularis Brassicaceae 1 Calibrachoa parviflora Solanaceae 1 Petunia parviflora WA rating + + Bunchosia ssp. maritima Vic rating APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 118 Genus 0XS + + 3 + + + + 1 1 Calicotome spinosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Calliandra surinamensis Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + + 3nc Callisia fragrans Commelinaceae + + Callisia repens Commelinaceae + + Callitriche hamulata Callitrichaceae + + + + + + T Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating + + Callitriche stagnalis Callitrichaceae + Calluna vulgaris Ericaceae + Calopogonium mucunoides Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 4 Calotropis gigantea Asclepiadaceae + + Calotropis procera Asclepiadaceae 5S 2S Calyptocarpus vialis Asteraceae 2 2 Calystegia silvatica Convolvulaceae + + Camelina alyssum Brassicaceae 1 + Camelina sativa Brassicaceae 1 Camellia sinensis Theaceae + Synedrella vialis Tas rating SA rating WA rating + + + NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + + + + + + T 3ncS 5ncS T? + + 1 + 1 + + 119 Campanula rapunculoides Campanulaceae + Campsis radicans Campsis x tagliabuana?; Tecoma radicans, Bignonia radicans Bignoniaceae 1XS Campsis x tagliabuana Campsis grandiflora x Campsis radicans, Tecoma tagliabuana Bignoniaceae + Canavalia ensiformis Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Canna indica Cannaceae + + Canna x generalis hybrid between Canna indica and others Cannaceae + + Canna x orchiodes hybrid between Canna indica and others Cannaceae + + Cannabis sativa Cannabaceae +S +S +S Capsella bursa-pastoris Brassicaceae 3 3 3 Capsicum annuum Solanaceae + + + Capsicum frutescens Solanaceae + + + Cardamine corymbosa Brassicaceae 2XS Cardamine flexuosa Brassicaceae 5 5 (nursery) 5 (nurseries) 5 (nurseries) 1 Cardamine hirsuta Brassicaceae 5 5 (nursery) 5 (nurseries) 5 (nurseries) 5 (nurseries) 1 5 (nursery) 3 (nursery) Cardaria draba Brassicaceae 5 2 5nc 4NC Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sapindaceae + + +nc + Cardiospermum halicacabum var. halicacabum Sapindaceae + + + + Cardiospermum halicacabum var. microcarpum Sapindaceae + + Carduus acanthoides Carduus nutans Carduus pycnocephalus var. glabriusculum ssp. nutans Asteraceae 0? Asteraceae 5XS Asteraceae 5 + + 1XS T? + + + + + 0?S +S 1 3 3 3 + 2XS (nurseries) 5nce 5NC T 1 T 1 1 T 0? 1 5nceS 2XNCES 5NCES 2 0NC 5 5nc 5NC 1 5 T APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Carduus tenuiflorus Asteraceae Carduus thoermeri Asteraceae Carex albula Cyperaceae + Carex arenaria Cyperaceae + + Carex buxbaumii Cyperaceae + + Carex demissa Cyperaceae + Carex disticha Cyperaceae + + Carex divisa Cyperaceae 3 3 + Carex divulsa Cyperaceae 1 1 + + ssp. buxbaumii ssp. divulsa Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating 5 1 5 5nc 5NC 2 5 2 2 + + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Carex flacca Cyperaceae + Carex flagellifera Cyperaceae + Carex lepidocarpa Cyperaceae + Carex ovalis Cyperaceae + Carex pendula Cyperaceae 1 Carex pilulifera Cyperaceae + Carex punctata Cyperaceae + Carex scoparia Cyperaceae + Carex testacea Cyperaceae + Carica papaya Cariceaeae + Carpanthea pomeridiana Aizoaceae + Carpesium cernuum Asteraceae + Carpobrotus aequilaterus Aizoaceae + Carpobrotus aequilaterus Aizoaceae 1 Carpobrotus edulis Aizoaceae + Carpobrotus edulis Aizoaceae 3 Carrichtera annua Brassicaceae 5 Carthamus dentatus Asteraceae 1 Carthamus glaucus Asteraceae 2 Carthamus lanatus Asteraceae 5 Carthamus leucocaulos Asteraceae 4 Carthamus tinctorius Asteraceae 1 Caryota mitis Arecaceae 4 Casimiroa edulis Rutaceae + Papaya carica x Sarcozona bicarinata Carpobrotus chilense x Carpobrotus virescens NT rating + + + +NC + + + + 1 + + + + +NC + + + + + + 1 + + 1 + + + 1 + + 1 3 3 3 1 1 5 3 + 1 5nc 3NC 2 3NC 5nc 5nc 1 5 3 4nc 1 + + + 1 + 1 4 + Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) T +NC + APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 120 Genus Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Cassia fistula Cassia grandis Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Carthocarpus grandis Family Australian rating Qld rating Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 2 + Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + + + NSW rating Vic rating Castilla elastica Moraceae + Castilleja attenuata Scrophulariaceae + + Castilleja exserta Scrophulariaceae + + Catapodium marinum Desmazeria marina Poaceae + Catapodium rigidum Desmazeria rigida Poaceae 2 ssp. exserta 1 SA rating + + + + 2 + + + WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 2 2 T + 3 T 1 3 3+ 5 + 1 121 Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae 3 Cedronella canariensis Lamiaceae + Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae 3 Celtis australis Ulmaceae + Celtis occidentalis Ulmaceae + + + Celtis sinensis Ulmaceae + + + Cenchrus biflorus Poaceae 5 + Cenchrus brownii Poaceae 5 + Cenchrus caliculatus Poaceae 1 1 1 (native) Cenchrus ciliaris Poaceae 3XS 2 1 Cenchrus echinatus Poaceae 5 4 3 Cenchrus incertus Poaceae 5 2 5nce 4 4 3+ Cenchrus longispinus Poaceae 5 1 5nce 5nce 5NC 3 2 Cenchrus pennisetiformis Poaceae 1 1 1 1 Cenchrus setiger Poaceae 5 1 1 + 3+ 5 Centaurea ?iberica Asteraceae + Centaurea aspera Asteraceae 1 Centaurea calcitrapa Asteraceae 5 Centaurea cineraria Asteraceae + Centaurea cyanus Asteraceae + Centaurea eriophora Asteraceae 1 Centaurea jacea Asteraceae + Centaurea maculosa Asteraceae +XES Centaurea melitensis Centaurea nigra Centaurea nigrescens Cenchrus setigerus in SA Centaurea sp. A in NSW Centaurea cyanoides in WA Centaurea sp. B in NSW ssp. nigrescens 2 Tas rating + + + 5 2XS 3 3 3c 5NC T (oxalate) + + 2 5nceS 1 5nceS + 2 + T + + + + 1 + + +XNCES Asteraceae 3 2 3 3 + 2 Asteraceae 4XS 1 0XNCES 4XNCES +X?S + Asteraceae + + T? + APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating paniculata Asteraceae + + scabiosa Asteraceae + + Centaurea solstitialis Asteraceae 5 2 5nce 3nc + 2 5 Centaurium erythraea Gentianaceae 3 1 1 1 + 1 3 Centaurium maritimum Gentianaceae 1 1 1 + Centaurium pulchellum Gentianaceae 3 1 1 3c Centaurium spicatum Gentianaceae 1 1 1 1 + 1 + Centaurium tenuiflorum Gentianaceae 1 + 1 1 + 1 + + + + 1 + + + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management macrosiphon Valerianaceae + Centranthus ruber ssp. ruber Valerianaceae 1 Centratherum punctatum ssp. punctatum Asteraceae + + Centrosema pascuorum Bradburya pascuorum, Bradburya virginiana form pascuorum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 + Centrosema plumieri Clitoria plumieri Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Centrosema pubescens Bradburya pubescens Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Cerastium balearicum Cerastium semidecandrum misapplied Caryophyllaceae 1 Cerastium comatum Caryophyllaceae 1 Cerastium diffusum Caryophyllaceae 1 Cerastium glomeratum Caryophyllaceae 5 Cerastium pumilum Caryophyllaceae 1 1 Cerastium semidecandrum Caryophyllaceae 1 1 + Cerastium vulgare misidentified as Cerastium fontanum Caryophyllaceae ssp. trivalve & Cerastium holosteoides & Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare 3 1 1 1 3 Ceratonia siliqua + +? + Cercis siliquastrum Cereus uruguayensis Cereus peruvianus misapplied, same as Cereus hildmannianus?, Cereus hildmannianus ssp. WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + Centranthus Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) SA rating APPENDIX Centaurea Alternate names and notes 4 Centaurea Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 122 Genus T + (native) 2 3 4 + 1 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 3c 1 + 3 1 1 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 0? Cactaceae + + 3 5 3 1 1 + + 0? Cestrum aurantiacum Solanaceae + + + Cestrum elegans Solanaceae + + + Cestrum nocturnum Solanaceae + Cestrum parqui Solanaceae 5S 3ncS Chamaecrista nigricans Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + + T + + 5nceS 5nceS + T + + (native) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Chamaecrista rotundifolia Chamaecytisus palmensis Chamaemelum nobile Chamaesyce hirta Euphorbia hirta Chamaesyce Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + + + + + + 3 Chamaecytisus prolifer ssp. prolifer Fabaceae (Faboideae) var. palmensis, Cytisus palmensis, Cytisus prolifer var. palmensis, C. proliferus Asteraceae 1 Euphorbiaceae 3 2 hyssopifolia Euphorbia hyssopifolia, Euphorbia Euphorbiaceae brasiliensis, Chamaesyce brasiliensis 2 2 Chamaesyce maculata Chamaesyce supina, Euphorbia maculata, Euphorbia thymifolia previously in Qld? Euphorbiaceae 5 5 (nursery) 3 (nursery) Chamaesyce nutans Euphorbia nutans Euphorbiaceae 1 Chamaesyce ophthalmica Euphorbia ophthalmica Euphorbiaceae 3 3 (turf) 3 (turf) Chamaesyce prostrata Euphorbia chamaesyce, E. prostrata Euphorbiaceae 5 5 (nursery) 3 (nursery) Chasmanthe bicolor Iridaceae + Chasmanthe floribunda Iridaceae + Chenopodiaceae 5 Chenopodiaceae 3 Chenopodiaceae + Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating + + + + 1 + + + 3 (nursery) 1 + 0? + + + 4 5 5 5 2 3 1 123 Chenopodium detestans Chenopodium glaucum Chenopodiaceae 1 1 Chenopodium macrospermum Chenopodiaceae + + Chenopodium multifidum Chenopodiaceae 1 1 1 1 Chenopodium murale Chenopodiaceae 5 2 3 5 Chenopodium opulifolium Chenopodiaceae 1 Chenopodium vulvaria Chenopodiaceae 1 Chloris barbata Poaceae 3 2 Chloris ciliata Poaceae + + Chloris gayana Poaceae 3 3 1 3 Chloris pilosa Poaceae 3 Chloris virgata Poaceae 3 3 3 3 Anthericaceae + Rutaceae 0? comosum Choisya ternata Anthericum comosum T? 3 (turf) 3 (turf) album Chlorophytum 3 1 ambrosioides Chloris inflata + + Chenopodium ssp. glaucum Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + Chenopodium var. ambrosiodes to var. anthelm inicum (& intermediates) NT rating + T + 3 5 1 3 1 T T? + 1 1 + + 5 1 + 2 3 1 3 3 2 + 3 2 + 3 T? (taints milk) 1 + 1 1 1 3 + 0? APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating juncea Asteraceae 5S 1 5 5nce +NCE 5NC 5NCES fragrans Apocynaceae + + 1 + + + 0NC Chorispora tenella Chromolaena odorata less weedy form Chromolaena odorata weedy form Chromolaena squalida Chrozophora tinctoria Eupatorium odoratum Brassicaceae 4 Asteraceae +ES +NCES Asteraceae 4XES 4XNCES Asteraceae +ES +NCES NT rating APPENDIX Chonemorpha Alternate names and notes 4 Chondrilla Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 124 Genus Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 4 Euphorbiaceae 5 + 5 Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Asteraceae + +nce +nce Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata +nce +nce Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Asteraceae + Chrysanthemum coronarium Asteraceae 3 Chrysanthemum segetum Asteraceae + Chrysocoma coma-aurea Asteraceae + Cicendia filiformis Gentianaceae + + + Cicendia quadrangularis Gentianaceae + + + Cicer arietinum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Cichorium endivia Asteraceae + Cichorium intybus Asteraceae 3 Cineraria lyratiformis Asteraceae 2 Cinnamomum camphora Lauraceae 3 Cirsium arvense Asteraceae 5 Cirsium vulgare Asteraceae 5 3 Cissus rotundifolia Vitaceae + + Cistus incanus Cistaceae + + Cistus monspeliensis Cistaceae + + Cistus psilosepalus Cistaceae + + + Citharexylum fruticosum Verbenaceae + + Citrullus colocynthis Cucurbitaceae 3 1 1 3 1 3 3 T? Citrullus lanatus Cucurbitaceae 5 4 3 3 1 5 3NC T? Citrus x limon Rutaceae + + + Claytonia perfoliata Portulacaceae + + + Clematis flammula Ranunculaceae + + Clematis vitalba Ranunculaceae + + Cineraria lyrata ssp. creticus Cistus creticus var. lanatus Citrus x limonia, Citrus limonia (depends on who you follow) ssp. flammula +NCE T + + 3c + + + + + + + 1 + 3 + + + 3nce 5nce 5NC 5 5nc 5NC 1 3 Taints milk? 0? + T? 0?N 5nc 4 5c 2nc + 3nc + + + T Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Cleome Cleome Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating aculeata Capparaceae 3 3 gynandra Capparaceae 2 2 Cleome hassleriana Capparaceae 2 2 + Cleome monophylla Capparaceae + + + Cleome rutidosperma Capparaceae +XES Clerodendrum chinense Verbenaceae + + Clerodendrum heterophyllum Verbenaceae + + Clerodendrum paniculatum Verbenaceae + + Clerodendrum schweinfurthii Verbenaceae + + Clerodendrum thompsoniae Verbenaceae + + Clidemia hirta Melastomataceae 2XES 2XNCES Clinopodium vulgare Lamiaceae + Clitoria laurifolia Clitoria cajanifolia form glabrior, Martiusia laurifolia, Neurocarpum laurifolium, Ternatea laurifolia Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Clitoria ternatea Ternatea ternatea Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 2 Cnicus benedictus Asteraceae + + form baueri var. bakeri Rosenbergia scandens Vic rating scandens Cobaeaceae + nucifera Arecaceae + Codiaeum variegatum Euphorbiaceae + + Coffea arabica Rubiaceae + + WA rating NT rating + 2 Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 0 + 3 T + + + 125 Coix gigantea Poaceae + + Coix lacryma-jobi Poaceae + + Colchicum autumnale Colchicaceae + Coleonema pulchellum Rutaceae + Collomia grandiflora Polemoniaceae 1 Colocasia esculenta Araceae + + Combretum paniculatum Combretaceae + + Commelina africana Commelinaceae + Commelina benghalensis Commelinaceae 4 4 1 Conium maculatum Apiaceae 3 2NCE 3nce 3nc Conringia orientalis Brassicaceae 1 1 + + var. esculenta in WA SA rating + Cocos Collomia linearis misapplied in Tas, Navarretia grandiflora Tas rating +XNCES Cobaea Coix lacryma-jobi var. gigantea NSW rating + + + + 1 + + + + T + + 3NC 3 + T 1 APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Consolida ajacis Convolvulus arvensis Conyza aegyptiaca Vic rating Tas rating Consolida ambigua Ranunculaceae + Convolvulaceae 5 5 5 5nc 5 Asteraceae + + Conyza Conyza bilbaoana Asteraceae 1 bonariensis Asteraceae 5 4 + + 3 3 1 Conyza canadensis Asteraceae 4 1 5c 4 3 1 1 1 + Conyza leucantha Conyza parva Conyza canadensis var. pusilla Asteraceae Asteraceae 2 2 + 3 2 Conyza primulifolia Conyza primulaefolia, Conyza chilensis, Asteraceae Conyza scabiosifolia, Conyza scabiosaefolia, Erigeron chilensis 3 + 2 2 + + + Conyza sumatrensis Conyza albida Coprosma baueri Asteraceae 3 2 3 3 1 1 + Rubiaceae + + Coprosma Coprosma repens Rubiaceae + + + + + + robusta Rubiaceae + + + Corchorus aestuans Tiliaceae 5 Corchorus capsularis Tiliaceae 5 Corchorus olitorius Tiliaceae 5 3 Corchorus trilocularis Tiliaceae 4 4 Cordia sinensis Boraginaceae + + Agavaceae + Asteraceae + + + + + Conyza lineariloba var. canadensis Qld rating + SA rating WA rating + + T 4nc 5nc T australis Coreopsis lanceolata Coriandrum sativum Apiaceae + Cornus capitata Cornaceae + Coronopus didymus Brassicaceae 4 4 Coronopus integrifolius Brassicaceae + + Coronopus squamatus Brassicaceae Corrigiola litoralis Caryophyllaceae Cortaderia jubata Poaceae + Cortaderia richardii Poaceae + Cortaderia selloana Poaceae + 3 + + 5 3 5 + 4 + + + + 1 1 + 3 3 1 1 + + + + +nce + +NC +nce + +NC +NC + 5 + + + Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + + 3 NT rating 1 + Cordyline var. lanceolata and var. Coreopsis grandiflora villosa used in Qld but misapplied in WA not other States NSW rating APPENDIX Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 126 Genus + T (too much grain) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Cosmos Cosmos Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating bipinnatus Bidens formosa Asteraceae + + + caudatus Bidens caudatus Asteraceae + + Cotoneaster divaricatus probably same as Cotoneaster simonsii in SA & Tas Malaceae + Cotoneaster franchetii Cotoneaster mairei Malaceae + + + + Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Cotoneaster serotinus Malaceae + +nc + + Cotoneaster horizontalis Malaceae + + + Cotoneaster lacteus Malaceae + Cotoneaster microphyllus Malaceae + + Cotoneaster pannosus Malaceae + +nc Cotoneaster rotundifolius Malaceae + + Cotoneaster simonsii Malaceae + Cotula bipinnata Asteraceae 1 Cotula coronopifolia Cotula turbinata Cotyledon orbiculata Cotyledon orbiculata Crambe form serotinus Vic rating Tas rating SA rating + D D + + + + + + 1 + 1 Crassulaceae + + + + Crassulaceae + + + + hispanica Brassicaceae + Crassocephalum crepidioides Asteraceae 3 Crassula alata Crassulaceae + Crassulaceae + Crassulaceae + Crassula glomerata Crassulaceae + Crassula multicava ssp. multicava Crassulaceae + Crassula muscosa var. muscosa Crassulaceae + Crassula natans var. minus Crassulaceae + Crassula sarmentosa var. sarmentosa Crassulaceae + Crassula spathulata Crassulaceae + Crassula tetragona Crassulaceae + Crassula thunbergiana Crassulaceae 5 Crataegus azarolus Malaceae + Crataegus monogyna Malaceae 5 ssp. robusta D D 1 var. orbiculata var. ericoides + D var. oblonga ciliata D D +XS ericoides + + 1 Crassula 1 + D + 5S Crassula Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) D Asteraceae var. alata NT rating + Asteraceae Cenia turbinata WA rating + + + + 5S (turf) + + 3X 3 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 5c + 5 5nc 5 + D + D 127 APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating x sinaica Crataegus azarolus var. sinaica, Crataegus monogyna x Crataegus azarolus Malaceae + Crepis capillaris Crepis dioscoridis Asteraceae 3 Crepis setosa in other States? Asteraceae + Crepis foetida Asteraceae 1 Crepis Crepis pusilla Asteraceae 1 setosa Asteraceae 1 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Crepis vesicaria Crinum moorei (?powellii) Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora Crotalaria agatiflora Crotalaria Crotalaria ssp. vulgaris in NSW, ssp. foetida in SA & Vic ssp. haenseleri Asteraceae 1 Amaryllidaceae + Crocosmia aurea x Crocosmia pottsii Iridaceae Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating + + 3 + 1 + 1 + +nc + + + alata Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + distans Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Crotalaria goreënsis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 4 1 Crotalaria grahamiana Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + Crotalaria incana ssp. incana Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 3 Crotalaria incana ssp. purpurascens Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 3 Crotalaria juncea Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + Crotalaria laburnifolia Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Crotalaria lanceolata Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + Crotalaria lunata Crotalaria semperflorens misapplied Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + Crotalaria micans Crotalaria anagyroides Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Crotalaria ochrolecua Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Crotalaria pallida Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 Crotalaria senegalensis Crotalaria uncinella var. senegalensis Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Crotalaria spectabilis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 2 Crotalaria virgulata ssp. grantiana Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Crotalaria virgulata ssp. virgulata Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + Crotalaria zanzibarica Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 2 + Croton capitatus Euphorbiaceae + Croton glandulosus Euphorbiaceae +S Crotalaria grantiana + 1 Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) D 3c 1 + + 1 + + + var. obovata in Qld & NSW Crotalaria obovata NT rating + 1 + ssp. lanceolata WA rating 1 + Crotalaria purpurascens SA rating + Fabaceae (Faboideae) ssp. agatiflora in NSW & Vic Tas rating APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 4 Crataegus Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 128 Genus + + + + + 1 1 + +S + + 5 T 2 T? T? + T? 3 T T Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) T Crupina vulgaris Asteraceae + Crypsis schoenoides Poaceae + Cryptostegia grandiflora Asclepiadaceae 5S 5nc 4XNCES +XNCS Cryptostegia madagascariensis var. glaberrima Asclepiadaceae 4XS + 0XNCES 4XNCES Cryptostegia madagascariensis var. madagascariensis Asclepiadaceae 3 Cucumis anguria Cucurbitaceae 4 4 + Cucumis dipsaceus Cucurbitaceae + + + Cucumis melo Cucurbitaceae 2 2 + Cucumis metuliferus Cucurbitaceae 4 4 + Cucumis myriocarpus Cucurbitaceae 5 2 3 Cucumis zeyheri Cucurbitaceae + var. anguria ssp. agrestis ssp. myriocarpus in Qld, ssp. leptodermis in Vic. & NSW Cucurbita pepo var. maxima + + 3NCE 5 129 maxima Cucurbitaceae 3 + Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae 1 + Cuphea carthagenensis Lythraceae 3 + Cuphea hyssopifolia Lythraceae + + Cupressus arizonica Cupressaceae + + Cupressus macrocarpa Cupressaceae + Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae + + Cuscuta campestris Convolvulaceae 5S 2S 5nceS 5nceS Cuscuta epithymum Convolvulaceae + + + +nce Cuscuta planiflora Convolvulaceae +XS Cuscuta racemosa Convolvulaceae + Cuscuta suaveolens Convolvulaceae 3XS Cyanella hyacinthoides Tecophilaeaceae + Cycloloma atriplicifolium Chenopodiaceae + Cyclospermum leptophyllum Apiaceae 4 Cydonia oblonga Rosaceae + Cymbalaria muralis Scrophulariaceae + Cymbopogon citratus Poaceae + + Cymbopogon martinii Poaceae + + Cynara cardunculus Asteraceae 5S 2 Apium leptophyllum 1 5 3 T + Cucurbita Cupressus glabra, Cupressus arizonica var. glabra + + 3 T + + T 4NCS 5NCeS 1 3 + + +NC +XnceS 0? + +XS + T +nce 3XS +nce +NC +XS + + 4 + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 5nceS 3XNCES 5nc 5NC T APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Cynara scolymus Asteraceae + Cynodon aethiopicus Poaceae 4 4 Cynodon incompletus var. incompletus Poaceae + + Cynodon nlemfuensis var. nlemfuensis Poaceae 4 4 Cynodon nlemfuensis var. robustus Poaceae + + Cynodon transvaalensis Poaceae + Cynoglosum creticum Boraginaceae + + Cynosurus cristatus Poaceae 2 1 + + 2 + Cynosurus echinatus Poaceae 3 + 1 + + 3 3c Cyperus aggregatus Cyperaceae 3 1 3 Cyperus albostriatus Cyperaceae + + + Cyperus arenarius Cyperaceae 1 Cyperus aromaticus Cyperaceae 4XS 4XNCS Cyperus brevifolius Cyperaceae 5 5 (turf) 5 (turf) Cyperus compressus Cyperaceae 3 + + Cyperus congestus Cyperaceae + + Cyperus dubius Cyperaceae + + Cyperus eragrostis Cyperaceae 3 + Cyperus esculentus Cyperaceae 4 4 Cyperus flavescens Cyperaceae 3 + + Cyperus hamulosus Cyperaceae 1 Cyperus involucratus Cyperus alternifolius ssp. flabelliformis Cyperaceae + + Cyperus metzii Kyllinga squamulata Cyperaceae + + Cyperus papyrus Cyperaceae + + Cyperus prolifer Cyperaceae + + Cyperus reflexus Cyperaceae 1 + Cyperus rigens Cyperaceae + + Cyperus rotundus Cyperus sesquiflorus Cyperus Cyperus Kyllinga aromatica Cyperus aequalis Cyperus oostachyus + WA rating T (cyanide) 3 T (cyanide) T (cyanide) + + + 1 5 1 5c 3 3c 3 + + + + 3 3 + + + 3 + 1 + 1 + + + 3 1 + + 5 5 5 Cyperaceae 5 5 (turf) 5 (turf) sphacelatus Cyperaceae + + tenellus Cyperaceae 1 1 Cyperus teneristolon Cyperaceae +XS +XS Cyperus tenuiflorus Cyperaceae + Cyperus longus ssp. tenuiflorus Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + + Cyperaceae Kyllinga odorata NT rating APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 130 Genus + 1 5 4N 3c 5 3 1 + 1 + + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Cyperus tuberosus Cyperus vorsteri Cyrtococcum Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating Cyperus platystachys Cyperaceae + + Cyperaceae + deltoideum Poaceae + + Cyrtomium falcatum Drypteridaceae + + Cytisus multiflorus Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Cytisus scoparius Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5S 3XnceS 3XncS 5NCS + + Dactylis glomerata Poaceae 3 + + 1 + 1 3 Dactyloctenium aegyptium Poaceae 3 2 1 Dactyloctenium australe Poaceae + + + Dactyloctenium giganteum Poaceae + + Dalbergia sissoo Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 + Datura ferox Solanaceae 5 5NC 5 3nce Datura inoxia Solanaceae 3 3NC + 3nce Datura leichhardtii Solanaceae 3 3 + Datura metel Solanaceae 3 2 + Datura stramonium Solanaceae 5 5NC 5 5nce Datura wrightii Solanaceae 3 2NC + 3 + 3nc Daucus carota Apiaceae 2 1 2 2 + 2nc 1 T Delairea odorata Asteraceae 2 +nc + 2 + + T ssp. scoparius Amerimnon sissoo Senecio mikanioides, Senecio scandens, Senecio scandens Delonix regia Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + Descurainia sophia Brassicaceae 1 NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating + + + NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + + + + + + 1 T 3 3 T + 5nce +NC +NC 2 3nc 3NCE 2 3nc 3nc + 3nc 3nc T 2 3nc T + + T T T 2nc + T + 1 131 Desmanthus virgatus Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 + Desmodium heterophyllum Hedysarum heterophyllum, Meibomia heterophylla Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + 3 Desmodium incanum Desmodium canum Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Desmodium intortum Meibomia intorta Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Desmodium scorpiurus Meibomia scorpiurus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 + Desmodium strigillosum Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Desmodium tortuosum Desmodium annuum, Desmodium purpureum, Meibomia purpurea, Meibomia tortuosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 2 3 5 Desmodium triflorum Meibomia triflora, Sagotia triflora Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 + (native) + 3 + 3 APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating uncinatum different to Desmodium intortum according to Les Pedley (BRI). Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 2 + Deutzia Dianthus scabra Hydrangeaceae + + armeria Caryophyllaceae + + Dianthus barbatus Caryophyllaceae + + Dianthus plumarius Caryophyllaceae + Dichanthium annulatum Andropogon annulatus Poaceae + + Dichanthium aristatum Andropogon aristatus Poaceae + + Dichanthium caricosum Andropogon caricosus Poaceae + + Dichondra micrantha Convolvulaceae + Dichorisandra thyrsiflora Commelinaceae + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management ssp. malesiana Tas rating + + + SA rating WA rating NT rating + + Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + + + + + Dichrostachys cinerea Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 Dierama pendulum Iridaceae + + Dierema pulcherrimum Iridaceae + + Dietes grandiflora Iridaceae + Dietes iridioides Iridaceae + Dietes robinsoniana Iridaceae + Digitalis purpurea Scrophulariaceae 1 1 Digitaria aequiglumis Poaceae 1 1 Digitaria ciliaris Poaceae 5S 5 Digitaria didactyla Poaceae 2 2 Digitaria eriantha ssp. eriantha Poaceae + + Digitaria eriantha ssp. pentzii Poaceae + + Digitaria insularis Poaceae + + Digitaria ischaemum Poaceae 1 Digitaria sanguinalis Poaceae 5 Digitaria ternata Poaceae 1 Digitaria violascens Poaceae 1 1 1 Dimorphotheca pluvialis Asteraceae 1 1 + Dimorphotheca sinuata Asteraceae 1 Dinebra retroflexa Poaceae 4 Diodia teres Rubiaceae + Dioscorea alata Dioscoreaceae + Andropogon insularis Vic rating APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 4 Desmodium Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 132 Genus + 3 + + + + + + + 5 1 + T 1 5 1 1 + 1XS 5 + 1 + 5 5 1 T 1 3 1 5c 1 1 + + 1 1 1 4 + + 0 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Diplazium Diplotaxis Diplotaxis tenuifolia Family Australian rating Qld rating esculentum Athyriaceae + + muralis Brassicaceae Brassicaceae Dipogon lignosus Dipsacus fullonum Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Eruca sylvestris ssp. fullonum NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating 5 3 5 2 2 3 T 5 3 5nc 2 4nc 3 T? (also taints meat and milk) + Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Dipsacus sativus in SA Dipsacaceae 5 Monadenia bracteata Orchidaceae + Scrophulariaceae 1 Disa bracteata Dischisma arenarium Dischisma capitatum Dischisma capitata in WA Scrophulariaceae 1 Dittrichia graveolens Inula graveolens Asteraceae 5 Dittrichia viscosa Asteraceae + Dorotheanthus bellidiformis Aizoaceae + Dorycnium rectum Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Dovyalis caffra Flacourtiaceae + Draba nemorosa Brassicaceae + Dracocephalum moldavica Lamiaceae + Drosanthemum candens Aizoaceae + Duchesnea indica Rosaceae + Duranta erecta Dyschoriste depressa Ecballium elaterium Echinochloa colona Echinochloa Echinochloa Echinochloa esculenta Echinochloa frumentacea Echinochloa muricata Echinochloa oryzoides Echinochloa polystachya Echinochloa Echinops Duranta repens, Duranta plumieri + + + + + 1 5nce 3 0? + 1 3 5nc + + + + + 4 4 + Acanthaceae + + + + 1 3 3 3 (native) 3 crus-galli Poaceae 5 5 5 5 crus-pavonis Poaceae 3 1 3 Poaceae 3 + + + + Poaceae + + + + + Poaceae 3 1 1 Poaceae + + Poaceae 2 pyramidalis Poaceae 3 + sphaerocephalus Asteraceae + + 133 oxygona Echinopsis multiplex Cactaceae + Echinospartum horridum Genista horrida Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Dermatitis in stock + Verbenaceae Echinopsis 2 + 5 cv. Amity 5 + 3 Echinochloa microstachya + 3 + 5 var. microstachya 1 + Poaceae Echinochloa utilis + + Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + Cucurbitaceae Panicum colonum + 1 NT rating 0?NC 5 2 + + 3c 5 4 3 5 1 + + T 3 T 1 + 3 + + 2 + 3 + + APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family candicans Echium italicum Echium Echium Echium fastuosum hort. Boraginaceae + Boraginaceae 1 plantagineum Boraginaceae 5 simplex Boraginaceae + Echium vulgare Boraginaceae 5 Eclipta sp. Asteraceae + Egeria densa Hydrocharitaceae + Ehrharta brevifolia Poaceae + Ehrharta calycina Poaceae 3 Ehrharta erecta Poaceae 1 Ehrharta longiflora Poaceae 3 Ehrharta pusilla Poaceae + Ehrharta villosa Poaceae 2 var. maxima Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating + + 5nc 5NC 1nce 3 5nce SA rating WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 5nc 3NCE T 1 5nc + 5nce 2nc 3NC 1 T + + + + +NC +NC + 1 + 2 3 + 1 1 + 1 + + 1 1 + 2 3 + + + 2 + + +NCE +NCE 5 + + Eichhornia crassipes Pontederiaceae + +nc +nce +NCE Eleocharis minuta Cyperaceae + + + + Eleocharis pachycarpa Cyperaceae + Eleocharis parodii Cyperaceae 2 Elephantopus mollis Elephantopus tomentosus, Asteraceae Elephantopus carolinianus var. mollis Eleusine indica Cynosurus indicus Poaceae 5 5 3 2 2 3 Eleusine tristachya Eleusine coracana, Eleusine indica var. brachystachya Poaceae 3 1 3 3 1 + Eleutheranthera ruderalis Asteraceae 3 + Elodea canadensis Hydrocharitaceae + + + + 3 4XS + 2 4XNCES 1XS T (cyanide) 3 +NC + 3 3 4 5c 3NCE 4nc 5nc + 2ncS Elymus pungens Elytrigia pungens, Agropyron pungens Poaceae + Elymus repens Elytrigia repens, Agropyron repens Poaceae 5 Emex australis Polygonaceae 5 5nce 5nce 5nce Emex spinosa Polygonaceae 2S 2S 1XS 1XS Emilia sonchifolia var. javanica Asteraceae 3 2 + Emilia sonchifolia var. sonchifolia Epidendrum ibaguense + Epilobium Epilobium 5nc 3 2 + Orchidaceae + + + + ciliatum Onagraceae 5 4 (nursery) 5 (nurseries) 5 (nursery) 5 (nurseries) 1 hirsutum Onagraceae + + 1 T (oxalate?) T (oxalate?) 3 Asteraceae Epidendrum x obrienianum APPENDIX Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Alternate names and notes 4 Echium Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 134 Genus 3 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Epilobium Epilobium Epilobium tetragonum Epiphyllum hookeri Equisetum arvense Equisetum hyemale Equisetum ramosissimum Eragrostis amabilis Eragrostis Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating obscurum Onagraceae + + rotundifolium Onagraceae + + Onagraceae + Cactaceae + Equisetaceae +XES +XNCES Equisetaceae +XS +XNCES Equisetaceae +XES Poaceae + + atrovirens Poaceae + + Eragrostis bahiensis Poaceae + + Eragrostis barrelieri Poaceae 2 Eragrostis cilianensis Poaceae 5 5 5 5 3 2 5 5 Eragrostis curvula Poaceae 5S 4XS 5nceS 5nceS 2XNCS 3NC 5S +S Eragrostis mexicana Poaceae 3 1 3 + 2 1 2 Eragrostis minor Poaceae 3 1 1 + 1 + 3 Eragrostis paniciformis Poaceae + + Eragrostis pilosa Poaceae 3 1 3 1 + 3 Eragrostis subsecunda Poaceae + + Eragrostis superba Poaceae 1 + Eragrostis tef Poaceae 3 1 3 Eragrostis tenuifolia Poaceae 5 5 (turf) 3 Erechtites valerianifolia Asteraceae 2 2 + Eremocarpus setiger Euphorbiaceae 3XS ssp. tetragonum Epiphyllum phyllanthus var. hookeri, Epiphyllum strictum Equisetum hyaemale, Equisetum hiemale Eragrostis tenella Eragrostis mexicana ssp. mexicana & ssp. virescens Eremocarpos setigerus Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + + +XS 0XNCES +XNCES + 2 + 1 + 1 + + + + + + + 135 andromedaeflora Ericaceae + arborea Ericaceae + Erica baccans Ericaceae + Erica caffra Ericaceae + Erica glandulosa Ericaceae + + Erica lusitanica Ericaceae 1 + Erica melanthera Ericaceae + + 3 + 1XS Erica + T + + 1XS Erica + 1XS 3 3XS T? + + + 1 + + + APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Family Australian rating Qld rating quadrangularis Ericaceae + scoparia Ericaceae + Erica x willmorei Ericaceae + Erigeron karvinskianus Asteraceae + Eriobotrya japonica Malaceae + Eriocephalus africanus Asteraceae + Eriochloa meyerana Poaceae + + Erodium aureum Geraniaceae 1 1 Erodium botrys Geraniaceae 5 Erodium brachycarpum Geraniaceae 1 Erodium cicutarium Geraniaceae 5 Erodium malacoides Geraniaceae 1 Erodium moschatum Geraniaceae 5 Erophila verna ssp. praecox Brassicaceae Erophila verna ssp. verna Eruca sativa Eryngium Eryngium NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating + + + + + + + + 1 + 1 3+ 3 1 + 2 5 5 5 + 1 1 1 1 5 5 1 1 + 1 + 1 Brassicaceae 1 + 1 + 1 Brassicaceae 1 1 + + campestre Apiaceae 1 maritimum Apiaceae + + Apiaceae + + Brassicaceae + Brassicaceae 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Escalloniaceae + + Erysimum repandum Erythrina crista-galli Erythrina x sykesii Escallonia bifida Cheiranthus cheiri Corallodendron crista-galli Escallonia montevidensis, Escallonia floribunda var. montevidensis Eschscholzia californica Papaveraceae 1 Ethulia conyzoides Asteraceae + Euchiton audax Asteraceae 1 Euclidium syriacum Gnaphalium audax Brassicaceae 1 Eugenia uniflora Myrtaceae + Euonymus sp. Celastraceae + 1 1 3 2 + pandanifolium DIT? + 3 cheiri + + + Erysimum Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + 5 Eryngium NT rating + 3 Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa WA rating APPENDIX Erica Alternate names and notes 4 Erica Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 136 Genus 1 1 T (photosens. & staggers) 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 1 +nc 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 1 + + 1 T? Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Eupatorium serotinum Euphorbia characias Euphorbia cyathophora Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating Asteraceae + + Euphorbiaceae + Euphorbia heterophylla var. Euphorbiaceae cyathophora, Poinsettia cyathophora 3 Euphorbiaceae + Euphorbiaceae 5 Euphorbiaceae + Euphorbiaceae + ssp. wulfenii NSW rating 1 2XS 5S cyparissias Euphorbia davidii Euphorbia dendroides Euphorbia depauperata Euphorbia exigua Euphorbiaceae 1 Euphorbia falcata Euphorbiaceae + Euphorbia helioscopia Euphorbiaceae 3S 1 Euphorbia heterophylla Poinsettia heterophylla Euphorbiaceae 4 4nc Euphorbia lathyris Euphorbia lathyrus Euphorbiaceae 3 1 3 Euphorbia marginata Euphorbiaceae + + + Euphorbia milii Euphorbiaceae + + Euphorbia paralias Euphorbiaceae 3 Euphorbia peplus Euphorbiaceae 5 Euphorbia platyphyllos Euphorbiaceae + Euphorbia segetalis Euphorbiaceae + Euphorbia terracina Euphorbiaceae 5 Euphorbia tirucalli Euphorbiaceae + Euryops abrotanifolius Asteraceae + Euryops chrysanthemoides Asteraceae + var. pubescens Gamolepis chrysanthemoides, Steirodiscus chrysanthemoides Eustachys distichophylla Poaceae + Evax pygmaea Filago pygmaea Asteraceae + Evolvulus nummularius Volvulopsis nummularium, Convolvulus nummularius Convolvulaceae 1 + SA rating WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + 3 T? + + + + T + + + 3 3S 1 + 3 3 1 1 T 1 1 3NC 1 3 T + T + T? + + + + 3 3 5 + 2 + T 1 T? + + 3 5 + + T 3nc 5 T + T + + + + + + + + + + + 137 Facelis retusa Asteraceae + + + Fagopyrum esculentum Polygonaceae + + + Fallopia convolvulus Polygonaceae 5 5 5 Fallopia japonica Polygonaceae + Fedia graciliflora Valerianaceae 1 Reynoutria japonica Tas rating + 2 Euphorbia Euporbia dentata misapplied in Qld Vic rating 5 5 + + 2 1 + T (photosensitization) 3c T? 1 APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS crispa Ferula communis Festuca arundinacea ssp. crispa Festuca elatior ssp. arundinacea, Festuca elatior Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Asteraceae + + Iridaceae 3 + Apiaceae + Poaceae 3 1 + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management nigrescens Festuca rubra ssp. fallax Poaceae + + Festuca pratensis Festuca elatior ssp. pratensis Poaceae + + Festuca rubra Poaceae 1 + Ficaria verna Ranunculaceae + Ficus benghalensis Moraceae + Ficus carica Moraceae + Ficus pumila Moraceae + Filago pyramidata Asteraceae 1 Fimbristylis albovirides Cyperaceae 3 Fimbristylis annua Cyperaceae + + Fimbristylis baldwiniana + + Flacourtiaceae + + Flemingia macrophylla Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Florestina tripteris Asteraceae 2XS 2XS Foeniculum vulgare Apiaceae 3 1 Frankenia pulverulenta Frankeniaceae + Fraxinus ornus Freesia hybrid Froelichia 3 + Oleaceae + Oleaceae + Iridaceae 3 + floridana Amaranthaceae 2 2 Froelichia gracilis Amaranthaceae + + Fuchsia magellanica Onagraceae + Fumaria bastardii Fumariaceae 3 Fumaria capreolata Fumariaceae 5 Fumaria densiflora Fumariaceae Fumaria indica Fumariaceae Fumaria muralis Fumariaceae 2 ssp. boraei 3 Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 2 3 + T (wirh fungus) + + 1 + + + + + + T + Fraxinus rotundifolia ssp. rotundifolia Oleaceae Freesia alba x Freesia leichtlinii + NT rating 1 3 Flacourtiaceae ssp. angustifolia + + indica angustifolia 1 + + jangomas excelsior WA rating + Flacourtia Fraxinus SA rating + Flacourtia Fraxinus Tas rating + Festuca ssp. rubra Vic rating APPENDIX petiolata Ferraria Alternate names and notes 4 Felicia Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 138 Genus + 3nc 3NC 2 3c + + + + + Tainting + + + + + + 3 + + + + + 1 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 1 3 5 1 1 + 1 5 3 + 3 3 3 3c + 2 + + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Fumaria muralis Fumaria officinalis ssp. muralis Fumariaceae 5 1 3 5 ssp. officinalis Fumariaceae 2 2 2 Fumaria officinalis ssp. wirtgenii Fumariaceae + Fumaria parviflora var. parviflora in the NT & Vic Fumariaceae 3 2 + Furcraea foetida Furcraea selloa Agavaceae + + + Agavaceae + + Gaillardia aristata Asteraceae + Gaillardia pulchella Gaillardia pulchella var. picta Asteraceae + + var. pulchella Asteraceae + + Asteraceae + var. pubescens Aizoaceae 3 Tas rating SA rating WA rating 5 2 5c + 2 NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + 3 1 + + + + + Gaillardia x grandiflora Galenia pubescens + Galenia secunda Aizoaceae 2 Galinsoga parviflora Asteraceae 5S 4 5 3 + + Galium aparine Rubiaceae 5 1 5 5 5 3 0?NC Galium divaricatum Rubiaceae 1 1 1 + 1 + Galium murale Rubiaceae 1 1 1 + 1 + Galium palustre Rubiaceae + Galium tricornutum includes Galium spurium ssp. ibicinum Rubiaceae 5 1 5nc 0NC Gamochaeta americana Gnaphalium americanum, Gamochaeta spicata Asteraceae 2 2 Gamochaeta antillarum Gnaphalium antillarum Asteraceae + + Gamochaeta calviceps Gamochaeta subfalcata in Qld Asteraceae 3 1 3 1 + Gamochaeta pensylvanica Gnaphalium pensylvanicum Asteraceae 4 4 + 1 Gamochaeta spicata Gnaphalium coarctatum, Gnaphalium Asteraceae spicatum, Gnaphalium coarctatum; Gnaphalium purpureum misapplied 5 2 5 (turf) 5 (turf) 3 1 + 1 1 1 + 1 3nce 3 + 3 + 2 2 1XS T + 5 5 3 3 139 Gastridium phleoides Poaceae 1 Gastridium ventricosum Poaceae + Gaudinia fragilis Poaceae + Gaura lindheimeri Onagraceae + + + Gaura parviflora Onagraceae 3 3 + Gazania linearis Asteraceae 3 + + + + + 3 + + APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating rigens Asteraceae 1 1 + 1 + + aspera Iridaceae + Loganiaceae + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Gelsemium sempervirens Genista canariensis (probably monspessulana) Cytisus canariensis, Teline canariensis Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Genista linifolia Teline linifolia, Cytisus linifolius Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Genista monspessulana Teline monspessulana Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3S Genista sp. Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Genista stenopetala Genista maderensis misapplied, Fabaceae (Faboideae) Teline stenopetala, Cytisus stenopetalus 1 Genista tinctoria Genista depressa Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Geranium dissectum Geraniaceae Geranium molle var. aequale? Geraniaceae Geranium molle ssp. molle Geraniaceae 3 Geranium purpureum ssp. purpureum in NSW Geraniaceae + + Geranium robertianum Geraniaceae + + Geranium rotundifolium Geraniaceae + Geranium sanguineum Geraniaceae + Geranium sibiricum Geraniaceae + Geranium yeoi Geraniaceae + Gilia tricolor Polemoniaceae + Gladiolus alatus Iridaceae + Gladiolus angustus Iridaceae + Gladiolus cardinalis Iridaceae + Gladiolus carneus Iridaceae + Gladiolus caryophyllaceus Iridaceae 3 Gladiolus communis Iridaceae + + Gladiolus dalenii Iridaceae + + Genista monspessulana x Genista sp. Geranium palmatum misapplied Geranium rubescens nom. illeg. ssp. byzantinus Gladiolus natalensis + + + + + +S 3nceS +S +S 3nceS 3ncS 3NCS +S 1S +S + 1 3c + 3 1S 3 + 1 + + floribundus Iridaceae + Gladiolus gueinzii Iridaceae + Gladiolus tristis Iridaceae + Gladiolus undulatus Iridaceae + + + 1S Gladiolus WA rating + 1 3 + 3 3 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + NT rating APPENDIX Geissorhiza Alternate names and notes 4 Gazania Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 140 Genus Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Gladiolus dalenii x Gladiolus oppositiflorus Iridaceae Australian rating Qld rating Gladiolus x gandavensis + + Glaucium corniculatum Papaveraceae 2 1 Glaucium flavum Papaveraceae 1 Glechoma hederacea Lamiaceae 0? Gleditsia triacanthos Nepeta glechoma Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 5S Gliricidia sepium Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1S Gloriosa superba Colchicaceae + Glyceria declinata Poaceae + Glyceria fluitans Poaceae + Glyceria maxima Poaceae 3 Glyceria plicata Poaceae + Glycine max Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Glycyrrhiza glabra Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae 5 Gmelina asiatica Verbenaceae +E +NCE Gmelina elliptica Verbenaceae 2 2 1 Gmelina asiatica misapplied? NSW rating 1 1 1 1 + + 1 1 + 3 + Gomphocarpus cancellatus Asclepias cancellata, Asclepias rotundifolia Asclepiadaceae + Gomphocarpus fruticosus Asclepias fruticosa Asclepiadaceae 3 1 3 Gomphocarpus physocarpus Asclepias physocarpa Asclepiadaceae 3+ 3 3 Gomphrena celosioides Amaranthaceae 3 3 3 Gomphrena globosa Amaranthaceae + +? + Gorteria personata Gossypium barbadense + Gossypium Gossypium 141 + Malvaceae + + hirsutum Gossypium mexicanum Malvaceae + + thurberi Thurberia thespesioides, Thespesia thurberi Malvaceae + Lobelia bergiana Lobeliaceae + Crassulaceae + + Tiliaceae + + Asteraceae + asiatica var. australis T 1XS T 1S T T + + 3NC + + + 1 + + T (spring growth) 1 + 1 + Asteraceae camporum 2 3 + Hibiscus bardensis Grindelia 1XS 5 Thymelaeaceae Grewia Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + Asteraceae ssp. paraguayense 1 NT rating + polycaulon bergiana + WA rating +nce squarrosa paraguayense SA rating 5S Gnidia Graptopetalum Tas rating 0? 2XNCES Gnaphalium Grammatotheca Vic rating 1 + + T + 3NC T + 3+ T + 3 T + T (too much seed) + + + + + + APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS NSW rating Guilleminea densa Guizotia abyssinica Asteraceae + + + + + + Gymnocoronis spilanthoides Gypsophila paniculata Asteraceae + +NCE +NCE Caryophyllaceae 1 Gypsophila tubulosa Caryophyllaceae 1 1 1 1 + Haematoxylum campechianum 1 + Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + + Hainardia cylindrica Harrisia martinii Eriocereus martinii Poaceae 1 1 1 + 1 + Cactaceae 5S 5ncS Harrisia pomanensis Harrisia regelii Harrisia bonplandii, Eriocereus bonplandii Cactaceae + +nc Eriocereus regelii, Eriocereus bonplandii? Cactaceae + Harrisia +nc tortuosa Eriocereus tortuosus Cactaceae 2 2nc Harungana madagascariensis Haronga madagascariensis Clusiaceae +X?S? +X?S? Hebe elliptica Scrophulariaceae + Hebe parviflora Scrophulariaceae + + Hebe speciosa Scrophulariaceae + + Hebenstretia dentata Selaginaceae + Hedera helix Araliaceae + Hedychium coronarium Zingiberaceae + gardnerianum cretica Hedysarum coronarium Heimia Helenium Family Illecebrum densum, Brayulinea densa Amaranthaceae Gypsophila australis Veronica speciosa Zingiberaceae Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating + + NT rating APPENDIX Qld rating Hedypnois Alternate names and notes 4 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Australian rating Hedychium Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 142 Genus Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + 1 1 3XNcS 2Nc + + + + + + X 3 (turf) 2 2 + T + + + + 3 1 3 (turf) Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + salicifolia Lythraceae + + amarum Asteraceae + + Helianthus annuus Asteraceae 3 2 Helianthus argophyllus Asteraceae + + Helianthus ciliaris Asteraceae + + Helianthus debilis Asteraceae + + Helianthus tuberosus Asteraceae 1 Heliophila pusilla Brassicaceae + Heliotropium amplexicaule Boraginaceae 5 3 5nce 1 3 Heliotropium curassavicum Boraginaceae 3 1 1 1 1 3 T Heliotropium europaeum Boraginaceae 5 1 5 5 4 4nc T Heliotropium indicum Boraginaceae 2 + Hedypnois rhagadioloides ssp. cretica Asteraceae + 1 + T + 3 + 3 1 I + + + 1 T + T 1 2 T Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Heliotropium supinum Helminthotheca echioides Hemigraphis Hemizonia Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Boraginaceae 3 1 1 3 Asteraceae 5 1 2 5 reptans Acanthaceae 5 pungens Asteraceae 2 Heracleum mantegazzianum Apiaceae 0XS Herbertia lahue Iridaceae + + Herniaria cinerea Caryophyllaceae 1 + Hesperantha falcata Iridaceae + Heterotheca grandiflora Asteraceae 1 Hevea brasiliensis Siphonia brasiliensis + + Hibiscus mutabilis Abelmoschus mutabilis, Ketmia mutabilis Malvaceae + + Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Hibiscus sabdariffa Hibiscus trionum Hieracium Hieracium Hieracium pilosella Hippeastrum puniceum Hippobroma longiflora Hiptage benghalensis Picris echioides Herniaria hirsuta Euphorbiaceae + + + + + var. trionum Trionum trionum Malvaceae 5 5 aurantiacum ssp. carpathicola (closest ssp. for Vic material) murorum sp. group 1S NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 1 1 + 3 T? 2 + 0XS Malvaceae +X?S WA rating 5 Malvaceae Asteraceae SA rating 2 Sabdariffa rubra Asteraceae Tas rating 1 1 + + + 1 + 5 3 + +XS 1S + + + +X?NCES Asteraceae 4XES hybrid Hippeastrum equestre hybrid Amaryllidaceae + Laurentia longiflora Campanulaceae + + var. benghalensis Hiptage mandablota, Banisteria benghalensis Malpighiaceae + + 4XNCES + 143 Hirschfeldia incana Brassicaceae 5 1 3 5 2 2n 1 Holcus lanatus Poaceae 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 Holcus mollis Poaceae 1XS 1 1XS + Holcus setiger Poaceae + Holcus setosus Poaceae 5 Homoglossum watsonianum Iridaceae + + + Hordeum glaucum Critesion murinum ssp. glaucum, Hordeum murinum ssp. glaucum Poaceae 5 2 5 5 5 5 3c Hordeum hystrix Hordeum geniculatum (correct name?), Poaceae Critesion hystrix, Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum 5 1 3 5 5 2 + Hordeum leporinum Critesion murinum ssp. leporinum 5 5 5 5 5 3 Poaceae 0 T + 5 (grass-seed crops) + + + T APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating marinum Critesion marinum = Hordeum marinum ssp. marinum Poaceae 5 Hordeum murinum Critesion murinum = Hordeum murinum ssp. murinum Poaceae 5? Critesion secalinum Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating 3 5 5 2 3+ NT rating APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 4 Hordeum Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 144 Genus Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 5? Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Hordeum secalinum Poaceae 5 Hordeum vulgare ssp. distichon Poaceae + + + + + + Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare Poaceae 5 + + + + + 5c (in following crop) T (with fungus) Hovenia dulcis Rhamnaceae + + + Hoya serpens Asclepiadaceae + + Humulus lupulus Cannabaceae 1 + + 1 T Hura crepitans Euphorbiaceae + Hyacinthoides hispanica Hyacinthaceae + Hyacinthoides non-scripta Hyacinthaceae + Hydrocleys nymphoides Limnocharitaceae + + Hydrocotyle bonariensis Apiaceae + + Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Apiaceae 0 Hygrophila costata Acanthaceae + + Hygrophila brasiliensis, Hygrophila guianensis, Hygrophila rivularis, Ruellia rivularis, etc. 5 + 0 + + + + + + + triflora Acanthaceae 1 + undatus Cactaceae + + Hymenachne amplexicaulis Poaceae 5S 5S Hymenocallis caribaea Amaryllidaceae + Hymenolobus procumbens Brassicaceae 1 Hyoscyamus albus Solanaceae + Hyoscyamus niger Solanaceae + Hyparrhenia hirta Poaceae 5S 1S 5S Hyparrhenia rufa ssp. altissima Poaceae 3 1 3 Hyparrhenia rufa ssp. rufa Poaceae 2 2 Hypecoum pendulum Fumariaceae 4 Hypericum androsaemum Clusiaceae 3 + Hypericum bellum Clusiaceae + + Hypericum calycinum Clusiaceae + ssp. bellum + 0NC Hylocereus Hyparrhenia altissima + + Hygrophila cv. Olive T (with fungus) 1 + 5 + + + 1 + + + +? 3XS +XS 4 1 3nc 2 + + T +XS Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Hypericum elodes Elodes palustris, Hypericum palustre, Hypericum helodes Clusiaceae + Hypericum Hypericum grandifolium Clusiaceae + humifusum Clusiaceae + Hypericum hypericoides Clusiaceae + Hypericum patulum Hypericum perforatum Clusiaceae + Clusiaceae 5S Hypericum Hypericum tetrapterum Clusiaceae triquetrifolium Clusiaceae Hypericum x inodorum Hypericum hircinum x Hypericum androsaemum, Hypericum elatum Hypericum x moserianum Hypochaeris glabra Hypochaeris microcephala var. albiflora Hypochaeris microcephala var. microcephala Hypochoeris microcephala var. microcephala Asteraceae Hypochoeris radicata Asteraceae 5 3 3 Acanthaceae + + + + + + + Hypochaeris radicata Hypoestes ?phyllostachya Subspecies or variety Tas rating SA rating WA rating 5nce 3NCS + 5nc 1S 1nceS 2S + +NCE Clusiaceae + + Hypericum calycinum x Hypericum patulum Clusiaceae + Hypochoeris glabra Asteraceae 5 1 3 3 5c + Hypochoeris microcephala var. albiflora Asteraceae 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 + Ascyrum hypericoides var. angustifolium and probably other varieties Hypoestes antennifera Qld rating + + 2 Acanthaceae + Dennstaedtiaceae + Hyptis capitata Lamiaceae 3 3 Hyptis pectinata Lamiaceae 3XS 3XS Hyptis spicigera Lamiaceae 3 Hyptis suaveolens Lamiaceae 5 Iberis crenata Brassicaceae 1 lutea Martyniaceae 3 aquifolium Martynia lutea, Proboscidea lutea Aquifoliuaceae + Illecebrum verticillatum Caryophyllaceae + Impatiens balfourii Balsaminaceae + Impatiens balsamina misapplied? 5nceS T + aristata Ilex Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + dicksonioides Ibicella NT rating + Hypolepis Ballota suaveolens Vic rating + Hypoestes Nepeta pectinata NSW rating 5 3 5 3 T + 1nc 3 4 2 5NC 1 2 3nce 3nce + + + + + + 145 Impatiens walleriana Balsaminaceae + + Indigofera circinella Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Indigofera decora Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + + APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Qld rating glandulosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) oblongifolia Fabaceae (Faboideae) Indigofera spicata Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Indigofera suffruticosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Indigofera tinctoria Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 + Ipheion uniflorum Alliaceae + Ipomoea alba Ipomoea batatas Ipomoea cairica Ipomoea carnea Ipomoea NSW rating WA rating NT rating 2 2 2 + + + + Convolvulaceae + + SA rating + + + + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Convolvulaceae 2 2 Convolvulaceae + + hederacea Ipomoea nil (different to Ipomoea nil according to RWJ (BRI)) Convolvulaceae + + Ipomoea hederifolia Quamoclit coccinea var. hederifolia Convolvulaceae 5 5 3 Ipomoea indica Convolvulaceae 3 3 3nc Ipomoea nil Convolvulus nil (different to Ipomoea Convolvulaceae hederacea according to RWJ (BRI) + + Ipomoea ochracea Convolvulaceae + + Ipomoea pandurata Convolvulaceae + Ipomoea pes-tigridis Convolvulus pestigridis, Ipomoea capitellata Convolvulaceae + + Ipomoea purpurea Ipomoea congesta Convolvulaceae 4 4 3 Ipomoea quamoclit Quamoclit pennata Convolvulaceae 5 5 3 Ipomoea triloba Batatas triloba, Convolvulus triloba Convolvulaceae 5 3 + + + + + + + + T + + 2 + 3 5 Iris foetidissima Iridaceae + Iris orientalis Iridaceae + Iris pseudacorus Iridaceae + + Iris spuria Iridaceae + + Iris unguicularis Iridaceae + Iris x germanica Iridaceae + Iris xiphium Iridaceae + Ischaemum afrum Isolepis hystrix + Isolepis Isolepis + + + + + + + + + Poaceae + + Cyperaceae 5 + 5 marginata Cyperaceae 5 + 5 + prolifera Cyperaceae + 1 + + Scirpus hystrix Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 3 ssp. not indicated in SA ssp. fistulosa Tas rating T + Calonyction album, Ipomoea bona-nox Convolvulaceae Vic rating APPENDIX Indigofera Alternate names and notes 4 Indigofera Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 146 Genus 1 + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Isolepis sepulcralis Isolepis setacea Iva axillaris Ixia Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Cyperaceae 2 Cyperaceae + Asteraceae 4XS flexuosa Iridaceae + Ixia hybrid/cultivar Iridaceae + Ixia longituba Iridaceae + Ixia maculata Iridaceae + Ixia paniculata Iridaceae + Ixia polystachya Iridaceae + Ixia viridiflora Iridaceae + Jacaranda mimosifolia Jarava plumosa Jasminum Scirpus setaceus ssp. robustior Bignoniaceae + Poaceae +XPS mesneyi Oleaceae Jasminum multiflorum Jasminum polyanthum Jatropha Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating + 2 (nursery) Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) T + 4XNCES + 0XS + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 147 + + + + + Oleaceae + +? Oleaceae + curcas Euphorbiaceae + + 0?nc 0NCE Jatropha gossypiifolia Euphorbiaceae 5S 4XS 3XncS 5NCS Jatropha podagrica Euphorbiaceae + + Juglans regia Juglandaceae + Juncus acuminatus Juncaceae + + Juncus acutiflorus Juncaceae + + Juncus acutus Juncaceae 3 Juncus articulatus Juncaceae 1 + Juncus bufonius (in part) Juncaceae 5 + 5 5 Juncus bulbosus Juncaceae 1 + + Juncus canadensis Juncaceae + + Juncus capensis Juncaceae + + Juncus capillaceus Juncaceae + + + Juncus capitatus Juncaceae 5 1 1 + 1 5c Juncus cognatus Juncaceae + Juncus conglomeratus Juncaceae + Juncus effusus Juncaceae 1 1 + Juncus ensifolius Juncaceae + Stipa papposa ssp. acutus +XPS + T T + + 3 3nce 1 1 + + + + + + 2 3 1 + 5 1 5c + 1 + 2 + + 1 + + APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating fontanesii Juncus gerardii ssp. fontanesii Juncaceae + ssp. gerardii Juncaceae + Juncus imbricatus Juncaceae + Juncus indescriptus Juncaceae + Juncus inflexus Juncaceae + Juncus microcephalus Juncaceae + Juncus oxycarpus Juncaceae + Juncus squarrosus Juncaceae + Juncus nodosus misapplied Qld rating NSW rating + SA rating WA rating + + + + + + + + + + + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management subnodulosus Juncaceae 1 + Juncaceae + + Juniperus ?chinensis Cupressaceae + + Juniperus communis Cupressaceae + + Juniperus sp. Cupressaceae + Juniperus virginiana Cupressaceae + Justicia betonica Acanthaceae + + Kaempferia ?galanga Zingiberaceae + + Kalanchoe crenata Crassulaceae + Kalanchoe lateritia Crassulaceae + 1 + + + + + + + Kalanchoe sexangulare Crassulaceae + Kickxia commutata ssp. graeca Scrophulariaceae 1 Kickxia elatine ssp. crinita Scrophulariaceae 3 + Kickxia elatine ssp. elatine Scrophulariaceae Kickxia spuria ssp. integrifolia Kniphofia uvaria Koelreuteria elegans Lablab purpureus Lachenalia aloides Hyacinthaceae + + + Lachenalia bulbifera Hyacinthaceae + + + Lachenalia mutabilis Hyacinthaceae + Lachenalia reflexa Hyacinthaceae + Lactuca saligna Asteraceae 3 Lactuca sativa Asteraceae + + + 3 + 1 + 5 3 5 + 1 + Scrophulariaceae 4 4 1 + 1 + Asphodelaceae + + + Sapindaceae + + + + Dolichos lablab, Dolichos purpureus, Fabaceae (Faboideae) Lablab niger, Lablab vulgaris Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + tenuis ssp. elegans NT rating + Juncus Kalanchoe longiflora var. coccinea Tas rating + Juncus var. lateritia Vic rating APPENDIX Juncus Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 148 Genus 1 1 + + T + + 2 3 3 3 2 + + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Lactuca serriola Lagarosiphon major Asteraceae 5 3 Hydrocharitaceae + 5 5 Lagenaria Lagurus siceraria Cucurbitaceae + + + ovatus Poaceae 1 1 1 Lamarckia aurea Poaceae 1 1 1 1 Lamium amplexicaule var. amplexicaule in Vic Lamiaceae 5 5 5 5 Lamium galeobdolon form argentatum Lamiaceae 1 1 1 +NCE Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 3 3 3 + T? + + +NC T 1 + 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + + 149 Lamium purpureum Lamiaceae 3 Lampranthus glaucus Aizoaceae + Lampranthus multiradiatus Aizoaceae + + Lampranthus tegens Aizoaceae + + + Lantana camara Verbenaceae 5 5 5nce + Lantana montevidensis Verbenaceae 4X 4X 1 Lapsana communis Asteraceae 1 Lasiospermum bipinnatum Asteraceae + Lathyrus angulatus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Lathyrus latifolius Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Lathyrus nissolia Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Lathyrus odoratus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Lathyrus sativus Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Lathyrus sphaericus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 0? Lathyrus tingitanus Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Laurus nobilis Lauraceae + Lavandula angustifolia Lamiaceae + Lavandula dentata Lamiaceae + + Lavandula multifida Lamiaceae 0? 0? Lavandula stoechas Lamiaceae 5 2 Lavatera trimestris Malvaceae + + Leersia oryzoides Poaceae + + Lemna minor Lemnaceae + Leonotis leonurus Phlomis leonurus Lamiaceae + Leonotis nepetifolia Phlomis nepetifolia Lamiaceae 3 ssp. communis in NSW & Vic Lathyrus sylvestris ssp. latifolius 2 T + + + + 3nc T T 1 1 1 + 1 + + + 1 1 + + + + + + 1 + 0? + + + + + T + + 5nce + 2 + + + + + + 2 + 3nc APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Qld rating Leontodon taraxacoides ssp. taraxacoides Leontodon saxatilis Asteraceae 5 1 Leonurus cardiaca Lamiaceae + Leonurus indicus Lamiaceae + Leonurus sibiricus Lamiaceae 1 Lepidium africanum Brassicaceae 5 4 5 5 Lepidium bonariense Brassicaceae 5 4 5 3 Lepidium campestre Brassicaceae 3 3 3 Lepidium heterophyllum Brassicaceae + Lepidium latifolium Brassicaceae 1 Lepidium perfoliatum Brassicaceae 1 Lepidium sativum Brassicaceae 3 Lepidium strictum Brassicaceae 1 Leucas lavandulifolia Lepidium pubescens misapplied NSW rating Vic rating 2 5 Tas rating SA rating WA rating 2 + NT rating APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 150 Genus Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + + 1 3 1 3c 1 + 3 3 + + 1 1 + + 1 3 + + + Lepidium virginicum Brassicaceae + Leptochloa dubia Poaceae + + Leptochloa fusca ssp. uninervia Diplachne uninervia, Leptochloa uninervia Poaceae 1XS +S Leptochloa panicea ssp. brachiata Leptochloa mucronata misapplied, Leptochloa filiformis misapplied Poaceae + + Lespedeza striata Kummerowia striata Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + + Leucaena leucocephala ssp. leucocephala Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + + Leucanthemum maximum Asteraceae + + + Leucanthemum vulgare Asteraceae 3 + +nce Leucas cephalotes Phlomis cephalotes, Leucas capitata Lamiaceae + + Leucas decemdentata Lamiaceae + + Leucas linifolia Leucas lavandulifolia Lamiaceae + + Leucas martinicensis Clinopodium martinicense Lamiaceae + + + T 1 + + 1XS +S +S +S + + + Leucas zeylanica Lamiaceae + Leucojum aestivum Amaryllidaceae + + + Leycesteria formosa Caprifoliaceae + + + Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae + + +nce + Ligustrum sinense Oleaceae + + +nce + T (in large quantities) + T (in large quantities) + + + + 3c + + T + T? T? Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Ligustrum vulgare Oleaceae + + + Lilaea scilloides Lilaeaceae + + + Lilium formosanum Liliaceae + +nc + Lilium lancifolium Liliaceae + Limnocharis flava Limnocharitaceae +XES Limonium binervosum Plumbaginaceae 1 Limonium companyonis Plumbaginaceae + Limonium hyblaeum Plumbaginaceae 1 Limonium lobatum Plumbaginaceae 5 Limonium myrianthum Plumbaginaceae + Limonium otolepis Plumbaginaceae + Limonium sinuatum Plumbaginaceae 3 Linaria arvensis Scrophulariaceae 1 Linaria dalmatica Scrophulariaceae + Linaria incarnata Scrophulariaceae 1 Linaria maroccana Scrophulariaceae + Linaria nigricans Scrophulariaceae + Linaria pelisseriana Scrophulariaceae 3 Linaria sp. Scrophulariaceae 1 Linaria vulgaris Scrophulariaceae 1 Linum bienne Linaceae + Linum catharticum Linaceae + Linum strictum Linaceae 1 Linum trigynum Linaceae 1 Linum usitatissimum Linaceae 1 1 Lippia alba Verbenaceae 2 + Statice myriantha Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica ssp. strictum Linum gallicum var. alba 151 Lithospermum officinale Boraginaceae + Lobelia erinus Lobeliaceae + Lobelia laxiflora Lobeliaceae + Lobularia maritima Brassicaceae + Logfia gallica Asteraceae 1 Lolium loliaceum Poaceae 2 Lolium multiflorum Poaceae 3 Tupa laxiflora Filago gallica + Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + T + +XNCES 1 + + + + 1 5 + 4 + + + + +? + 3 1 1 3 3 + + 1 + + + 1 3 3 1 1 1 + + + + 1 1 + + 1 + 1 1 + 1 + T (cyanide) 2 + + + + + 1 + + + + + + 1 + 1 + 1 + + 2 + 3 3 + 2 3 1 T (with fungus) APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Lolium perenne Lolium perenne var. cristatum Poaceae + var. perenne Poaceae Lolium perenne x Lolium rigidum Lolium remotum 3 1 3 Poaceae + + Poaceae + Lolium rigidum Poaceae 5 2 5 5 5 (crops) Lolium temulentum var. arvense Lolium temulentum form arvense Lolium temulentum var. temulentum Poaceae 1 1 + + + Lolium temulentum form temulentumPoaceae 1 + + + Lolium x hubbardii Lolium multiflorum x Lolium rigidum Poaceae 1 + + 1 Lolium Lonicera x hybridum Lolium multiflorum x Lolium perenne Poaceae 1 + + 1 fragrantissima Caprifolium fragrantissimum Caprifoliaceae + Lonicera japonica Caprifoliaceae 1 Lonicera periclymenum Caprifoliaceae + Lonicera x americana Caprifoliaceae + Lophopyrum elongatum (??ponticum) (misapplied names include Thinopyrum elongatum, Agropyron elongatum, Elymus elongatus, Elytrigia elongata) Poaceae 1 Lophospermum erubescens Asarina erubescens, Maurandya erubescens Scrophulariaceae + + Lotononis bainesii Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Lotus angustissimus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Lotus corniculatus var. corniculatus Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Lotus corniculatus var. tenuifolius Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Lotus creticus Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Lotus preslii Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Lotus suaveolens Lotus subbiflorus misapplied Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Lotus tetragonolobus Tetragonolus purpurea Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Lotus uliginosus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 1 + Ludwigia longifolia Onagraceae + + + Ludwigia palustris Onagraceae + Ludwigia peploides Onagraceae + Lolium perenne ssp. remotum, Lolium temulentum ssp. remotum Lotus tenuis, Lotus hirsutus, Lotus tenuifolius Jussiaea longifolia ssp. montevidensis Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + 3 3c 1 T (with fungus) + 3 APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 152 Genus T (with fungus) T (with fungus) + 4 5 1 0 1 T (with fungus & nematodes) T (with fungus) 1 T (with fungus) 1 T + + + + + + + + + 1 + 1 + + + + 1 + + + + T + + T + + T + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + T Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Ludwigia peruviana Onagraceae + +nce Lunaria annua Brassicaceae + + Lupinus albus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 Lupinus angustifolius Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 Lupinus arboreus Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Lupinus varius auct. mult. 1 + Vic rating Tas rating 3 + + + T + 5 T + 3 T 1 3 T 1 + cosentinii Lupinus pilosus Lupinus varius ssp. orientalis, Lupinus hirsutus (nom. rej.) Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Lupinus 'Russell hybrid' Lupinus polyphyllus, Lupinus incana in NSW Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Luzula campestris Juncaceae + + Luzula congesta Juncaceae + + + + + + Luzula multiflora Juncaceae + Lychnis chalcedonica Silene chalcedonica Caryophyllaceae + + Lychnis coronaria Silene coronaria Caryophyllaceae 1 + Lycium afrum Solanaceae + Lycium barbarum Solanaceae + + + + + Lycium ferocissimum Solanaceae 5 4NC 5nce 5nce 5NC Lycopersicon esculentum Solanaceae + + + + + + 1 3NC + 2NCE 0? + + 153 Lygodium japonicum Lygodiaceae + Lysimachia japonica Primulaceae + Lysimachia nummularia Primulaceae + Lysimachia vulgaris var. davurica Primulaceae + Lysimachia vulgaris var. vulgaris Primulaceae + Lythrum hyssopifolia Lythraceae 3 1 (native) Lythrum junceum Lythraceae 1 + Lythrum salicaria Lythraceae 1 + Macfadyena unguis-cati Bignoniaceae + + +nc Maclura pomifera Moraceae + + + Macroptilium atropurpureum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 4 3 + Macroptilium gracile Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Macroptilium lathyroides Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 3 3 + Phaseolus atropurpureus Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) T luteus sometimes placed in Schizaeaceae NT rating 5 Lupinus var. cerasiforme (in NT) Lycopersicon lycopersicum WA rating 5 + Lupinus + SA rating T? + + + + + + + 1 (native) 3 (native) + + 2 (native) 3c 1 + 1 T? 5 3 3 APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Qld rating Macrotyloma axillare Dolichos axillare Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 1 uniflorum Dolichos uniflorum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Madia 1 sativa Asteraceae 3 Mahonia aquifolium Berberidaceae + Mahonia leschenaultii Berberidaceae + Malachra capitata Malvaceae + Brassicaceae 1 Sida capitata NSW rating Vic rating + 3 Tas rating + SA rating WA rating + + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management africana Malephora lutea Malus Malus Malva assurgentiflora Lavatera assurgentiflora Malvaceae 0? Malva dendromorpha Lavatera arborea Malvaceae + + + + + + Malva linnaei Lavatera cretica Malvaceae 1 + + + 1 + Malva moschata Malvaceae + Malva neglecta Malvaceae 3 Malva nicaeensis Malvaceae 3 Malva parviflora Malvaceae 5 Malva sylvestris Malvaceae 3 + domestica Malaceae + sylvestris Malaceae + Malva verticillata Malvastrum americanicum Malvastrum Malva sylvestris var. mauritiana & var. sylvestris 1 + + + + + DI + D 0? + +? 3 3 1 1 3 + 1 5 5 5 5 2 1 + 2 3 5 3 T T? Malvaceae + Malva americana, Malvastrum spicatum Malvaceae 5 4 3 + 5 coromandelianum Malva coromandeliana, Malvastrum tricuspidatum Malvaceae 5 2 1 + 5 Malvella leprosa Malva leprosa, Sida leprosa, Sida hederacea Malvaceae 3 Mandevilla laxa Apocynaceae + Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae 3 + + 3 Manihot esculenta Euphorbiaceae + + Manihot glaziovii Euphorbiaceae + + Manihot grahamii misidentified as Manihot flabellifolia Euphorbiaceae misapplied in NSW + + Mantisalca salmantica Centaurea salmantica Asteraceae 1 + Marrubium vulgare Lamiaceae 5 1 var. stellatum (in Qld) Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + Malcolmia Carpobrotus sp. in Plants of western Aizoaceae NSW (info. from H. Toelken at AD) NT rating APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 4 Macrotyloma Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 154 Genus + 1 3NCE + + IT T? + 1 5nce 5nce 5NC 5nc 5NC T? Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Martynia annua Matricaria matricariodes Chamomilla suaveolens, Matricaria discoidea Matricaria perforata Matricaria recutita Matthiola incana Matthiola longipetala Australian rating Qld rating Martyniaceae 5 2 Asteraceae 5 + Tripleurospermum inodorum, Tripleurospermum perforata Asteraceae 3 + Chamomilla recutita Asteraceae + + Brassicaceae 3 3 + Brassicaceae 3 3 3 ssp. bicornis Asarina barclaiana Family NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating 0NC 5NCE 3 + + 5c 3 3 T? + + Maurandya barclaiana Scrophulariaceae + +? + + Medicago arabica Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 1 1 1 Medicago arborea Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Medicago ciliaris Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Medicago intertexta Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Medicago laciniata Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 Medicago littoralis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Medicago lupulina Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 1 1 3 + 1 5c Medicago minima Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 1 2 5 + 2 + Medicago orbicularis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 1 1 1 1 + Medicago polymorpha Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 3 2 3 2 5c Medicago praecox Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 1 + Medicago rugosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Medicago sativa ssp. caerulea Medicago caerulea Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Medicago sativa ssp. falcata Medicago falcata, Medicago borealis Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 1 Medicago scutellata Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 Medicago tornata Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 var. laciniata Medicago striata (why common in SA & listed for Tas & WA in Flora of SA & not elsewhere?) three varieties recognised but appear to be artificial Medicago italica 155 Medicago truncatula Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 Melanoselinum decipiens Apiaceae + Melianthus comosus Melianthaceae 3 Melianthus major Melianthaceae 3 Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + + 1 + + 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + 1 1 1 + 1 5c 2 + T (oestrogenic) 1 T (dermatitus) 1 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 + 1 3 + 1 + 1 0 + 1 2 T (nitrate & oestrogenic) 1 5 2 + 1 T (oestrogenic) + + 3nce 1 3 1 T + T APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Melica ciliata Melilotus albus Melilotus alba Melilotus indicus Melilotus indica Melilotus officinalis Melilotus siculus Melinis minutiflora Melinis repens ssp. repens Melissa officinalis ssp. officinalais Melochia pyramidata Mentha aquatica Mentha longifolia Mentha pulegium Mentha spicata Mentha x piperita Mentha x piperita Mentha x rotundifolia Mercurialis annua Merremia aegyptia Ipomoea aegyptia Merremia Melilotus messanensis Rhynchelytrum repens Mentha dumetorum var. natalensis Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating Poaceae + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 1 1 3 1 + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 4 1 1 + 1 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 + + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + Poaceae 1 + 1 Poaceae 5 4 1 + Lamiaceae + + + Sterculiaceae 2 Lamiaceae + Lamiaceae + Lamiaceae 5S Lamiaceae 1 var. citrata Lamiaceae var. piperita Lamiaceae Mentha x suaveolens in WA, Mentha Lamiaceae longifolia x Mentha suaveolens Mentha viridis SA rating WA rating NT rating + 1 3 + + 0 + 5 T (taints milk & flour) + 2 1 + + T T? + 1XS 5S 3XS + 5S + + + + 1 1 + + + + 1 1 + + 1 T (when mouldy) 3 + 1 + + + + 1 1 Convolvulaceae + + + dissecta Opercularia dissecta, Ipomoea Convolvulaceae dissecta, Ipomoea sinuata, Convolvulus dissectus (not synonymn of M. tuberosa (RBJ at BRI)) + + + Merremia quinquefolia Ipomoea quinquefolia Convolvulaceae 2 2 Merremia tuberosa Operculina tuberosa, Ipomoea tuberosa (not synonym of M. dissecta in Aust. RWJ (BRI)) Convolvulaceae + + Mesembryanthemum aitonis Aizoaceae 2 + Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Aizoaceae 4 3 3 Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Aizoaceae 3 3 3 Mibora minima Poaceae 1 Miconia calvescens Melastomataceae +E Micrococca mercurialis 3 Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) +? Euphorbiaceae Claoxylon mercuriale, Tragia mercurialis Euphorbiaceae APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 156 Genus + 2 + T + 4 3c 2 + 1 +NCE 3 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating WA rating + + NT rating Micropterum papulosum Micropterum papillosum (incorrect name) Aizoaceae + Mikania micrantha Willoughbya micrantha Asteraceae 2XES Mimosa diplotricha Mimosa invisa Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 4XS 4XNCS Mimosa pigra Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 5S 2XNCES (no specimen at BRI) 5nceS Mimosa pudica var. hispida Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 2 3NC Mimosa pudica var. setosa Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 3 Mimosa pudica var. tetrandra Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 2 2 Mimosa pudica var. unijuga Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 3 Mimulus guttatus Scrophulariaceae 1 + 1 + Mimulus moschatus Scrophulariaceae 1 + 1 + Minuartia mediterranea Caryophyllaceae 1 + + Mirabilis jalapa Nyctaginaceae 2 Miscanthus sinensis var. sinensis Poaceae 2 Miscanthus sinensis var. zebrinus Misopates orontium Mitracarpus hirtus Modiola caroliniana Moenchia erecta Molineriella minuta var. diplotricha Mimulus luteus misapplied Minuartia hybrida + SA rating 2XNCES 2 Miscanthus sinensis 'Zebrinus' Poaceae + Antirrhinum orontium Scrophulariaceae 3 1 Rubiaceae 5 3 Malvaceae 3 2 Caryophyllaceae Poaceae Malva caroliana, Modiola multifida Periballia minuta 1 +NC 1 + + + 2 + + 1 1 T + 3 + 3 3 1 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + + + + 5 verticillata Aizoaceae 3 1 3 3 Moluccella laevis Lamiaceae + + + + Monolepis spathulata Chenopodiaceae 1 Monopsis debilis Lobeliaceae + Monopsis simplex, Monopsis monantha + + Mollugo var. depressa in SA Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) T? 1 + 157 Montanoa bipinnatifida Asteraceae + + Montanoa hibiscifolia Asteraceae + + Moraea aristata Iridaceae + Moraea bellendenii Iridaceae + Moraea collina Homeria collina Iridaceae + +nce Moraea flaccida Homeria flaccida Iridaceae 5S 5nceS Moraea fugacissima Galaxia fugacissima Iridaceae + Moraea fugax Iridaceae + + + + + + + + 5nceS 3XNCES 5NCS 5ncS + + T + APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating lewisiae Hexaglottis lewisiae Iridaceae + miniata Homeria miniata Iridaceae 5S 5nceS 5nceS 5NCS 5ncS Moraea ochroleuca Homeria ochroleuca Iridaceae + +nce + + + Moraea pavonia Moraea setifolia 2nce 2 2 + Moraea + + + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management + Iridaceae 2 vegeta Iridaceae + Moringa pterygosperma Moringaceae + + Morus alba Moraceae + + Mucuna pruriens Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Muehlenbeckia complexa Polygonaceae + Muntingia calabura Tiliaceae + Muraltia heisteria Polygalaceae + Murdannia nudiflora Commelinaceae 1 + Murraya koenigii Rutaceae + + Murraya paniculata cv. Exotica Rutaceae + + Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana Musaceae + + Musa acuminata Musaceae + + Muscari armeniacum Hyacinthaceae 3 Muscari comosum Hyacinthaceae 1 Myagrum perfoliatum Brassicaceae 5S Myoporum laetum Myoporaceae + + Myosotis arvensis Boraginaceae + + + + Myosotis discolor Boraginaceae 2 + 2 + + Myosotis laxa Boraginaceae 1 + 1 + Myosotis scorpioides Boraginaceae + Myosotis sylvatica Boraginaceae 1 + 1 + Myriophyllum aquaticum Haloragaceae + + + +NC Myrtus communis Myrtaceae + Nandina domestica Berberidaceae/Nandinaceae + Narcissus jonquilla Amaryllidaceae + Narcissus papyraceus Amaryllidaceae + Narcissus pseudonarcissus Amaryllidaceae + var. utilis ssp. caespitosa Mucuna utilis Murraya exotica, Camunium exoticum, Chalcas exotica NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + Iridaceae Gynandriris setifolia WA rating APPENDIX Moraea Qld rating 4 Moraea Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 158 Genus T + T + + + + + + 1 + 3 2 4XS 5 3 1 1 1 + T + +NCE + + +nc + + + + + + + + + + T Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating + + Tas rating SA rating WA rating + + 159 Narcissus tazetta Amaryllidaceae + Narcissus x medioluteus Amaryllidaceae + Nardus stricta Poaceae + Nassella charruana Poaceae 5PS Nassella hyalina Poaceae 1S Nassella leucotricha Poaceae 1XS Nassella megapotamia Poaceae + + Nassella neesiana Poaceae 5S 5nceS 5S 0XS Nassella trichotoma Poaceae 5S 5nceS 5nceS 5NCES Nasturtium microphyllum Rorippa microphylla Brassicaceae 1 + + 1 + + Nasturtium officinale Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Brassicaceae 1 + + 1 + + + Navarretia squarrosa Polemoniaceae 1 1 + + 1 + Neatostema apulum Boraginaceae 2 + 2 Nemesia strumosa Scrophulariaceae + Neonotonia wightii Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Nepeta cataria Lamiaceae + Nerine filifolia Amaryllidaceae + Nerium oleander Apocynaceae 2 Neslia paniculata Brassicaceae 5 Nicandra physalodes Solanaceae 4 4 Nicotiana glauca Solanaceae 5 2 Nicotiana tabacum Solanaceae + + Nierembergia hippomanica Solanaceae + + Nigella damascena Ranunculaceae + + Noltea africana Rhamnaceae + Nonea lutea Boraginaceae 1 Nothoscordum gracile Alliaceae 5 Notobasis syriaca Asteraceae + Scrophulariaceae + Nymphaeaceae + Nymphaeaceae + + + Nymphaeaceae + + + Nuttallanthus canadensis Nymphaea alba Nymphaea caerulea Nymphaea mexicana Glycine javanica, Notonia wightii Nothoscordum borbonicum, Nothoscordum inodorum Linaria canadensis var. canadensis ssp. zanzibarensis Nymphaea capensis NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) T + + 5PS 1S 1S 1S 1XPS ?XPS 1 + 4 + + + + + 1 2 + + 5 4 1 1 + + 3 5 2 1 + ?+ T T? 5 T T T? + + 2 5 1 + 3 3 + 3 + + + + + + + APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS odorata Nymphaeaceae + Ochna serrulata Ochnaceae + Ocimum americanum Lamiaceae + + Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae 1 + Ocimum tenuiflorum Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae + + Ocimum x citriodorum Ocimum basilicum x Ocimum americanum; Ocimum basilicum var. anisatum Lamiaceae + + Odontonema tubaeforme Acanthaceae + + Oenanthe pimpinelloides Apiaceae 2 Oenothera acaulis Onagraceae 1 Oenothera affinis Onagraceae 2 2 + Oenothera drummondii Onagraceae + + + Ocimum canum ssp. drummondii Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating + +nc Vic rating 1 WA rating NT rating + + 2NC 1 1 glazioviana Onagraceae 2 1 + ssp. bonariensis Onagraceae 2 2 1 Oenothera indecora ssp. bonariensis x Oenothera stricta Onagraceae + + + Oenothera laciniata ssp. laciniata Onagraceae + + Oenothera longiflora Onagraceae + + Oenothera mollissima Onagraceae + + + Oenothera rosea Onagraceae + + + + Oenothera speciosa Onagraceae 1 1 + + Oenothera stricta Onagraceae 1 1 + + Oenothera tetraptera Onagraceae + + + Oenothera triloba Onagraceae + + Oldenlandia corymbosa var. caespitosa Hedyotis corymbosa var. caespitosa Rubiaceae + + Oldenlandia corymbosa var. corymbosa Hedyotis corymbosa var. corymbosa Rubiaceae + + Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata Olea europaea ssp. africana, Olea africana, Olea cuspidata + + Olea europaea ssp. europea Oleaceae + Oncosiphon piluliferum Pentzia globifera Asteraceae 1 1 Oncosiphon suffruticosum Pentzia suffruticosa Asteraceae 5 2 Onobrychis viciifolia Onobrychis sativa Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Ononis alopecuroides Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + + + 2 + + + + + + +nc + + + indecora 1 + 1 + 1 + + 0 + + + 5NC + + + Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) T + Oenothera Oleaceae SA rating + Oenothera ssp. stricta Tas rating APPENDIX Nymphaea var. americanum Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 160 Genus Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Ononis Ononis Onopordum acanthium Onopordum acaulon Onopordum illyricum Onopordum tauricum Opuntia acanthocarpa Opuntia Opuntia Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating repens Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 spinosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 2 + Asteraceae 5XS 5XnceS 5XnceS 5NXCES Asteraceae 5XS 5nceS 5nceS 4XS Asteraceae 4XS 4XnceS 4XnceS 1 ssp. acanthium in Vic ssp. illyricum in Vic Asteraceae Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating 4XS arbuscula Cactaceae + aurantiaca Cactaceae 4S 3NCS 3NCS 4S Cactaceae 2XS 2XNCS +NCS +S Cactaceae 1 1NC (no specimen at BRI) cylindrica dejecta Opuntia dillenii Opuntia stricta var. dillenii Cactaceae 2 2NC Opuntia elatior Opuntia bergeriana Cactaceae 1 1NC Opuntia engelmannii Opuntia lindheimeri var. lindheimeri, Cactaceae Opuntia phaeacantha var. discata, Opuntia discata, Opuntia microcarpa 3 Opuntia erinacea Opuntia ficus-indica Opuntia humifusa Opuntia imbricata Opuntia leptocaulis Cylindropuntia leptocaulis Opuntia Opuntia 161 + 1 Opuntia compressa Cactaceae 3S Cylindropuntia imbricata Cactaceae 3S Cactaceae +S leucotricha Cactaceae + linguiformis Opuntia lindheimeri var. linguiformis Cactaceae + Opuntia microdasys Cactaceae + Opuntia monacantha Opuntia vulgaris Cactaceae 3S Opuntia paraguayensis Opuntia bonaerensis, Opuntia bonariensis Cactaceae 3S Opuntia polyacantha Opuntia puberula Opuntia robusta Opuntia schickendantzii Opuntia spinosior 1 +NC + +N + +N + +N + 3NCS 3NCS + +NCS +NS 1nc + +N +NC 2NCS +N 3NCS 3nceS +N 3NCS 3S +NS +NC + +N 5S 3NCS 5nceS +N + 1nc +N + Cactaceae +nc 3nc 3NCS Opuntia lubrica in Telford (1984), Cactaceae Opuntia tenuispina in Harden (1990), Opuntia decumbens + +XS +N 1NC + Cactaceae 5XncS +NS Cactaceae Austrocylindropuntia schickendantzii Cactaceae Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) +NC Opuntia Cactaceae NT rating +NC Opuntia Cactaceae WA rating 4XS + var. utahensis SA rating 2 Opuntia tunicata misapplied in NSW, Cactaceae although O. tunicata is also present Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica Tas rating 3nc +N + +NC APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Cactaceae 2 2NC +NC Cactaceae 2S Cactaceae 3 3NC 3NC Vic rating Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Opuntia streptacantha Opuntia stricta Opuntia stricta Opuntia subulata Cactaceae + Opuntia sulphurea Cactaceae 1 1NC Opuntia tomentosa Cactaceae 3S 3NCS Opuntia tunicata Cactaceae + Orbea variegata Asclepiadaceae + Origanum vulgare Lamiaceae + Ornithogalum arabicum Hyacinthaceae 2 Ornithogalum longibracteatum Hyacinthaceae + + Ornithogalum pyramidale Hyacinthaceae + + Ornithogalum pyrenaicum Hyacinthaceae 1 Ornithogalum thyrsoides Hyacinthaceae 2 + Ornithogalum umbellatum Hyacinthaceae 5 + 5 Ornithopus compressus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 + 1 Ornithopus perpusillus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Ornithopus pinnatus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Ornithopus sativus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Orobanche loricata Scrophulariaceae 0XS Orobanche minor Scrophulariaceae 3S Orobanche ramosa Scrophulariaceae 4XES Oryza sativa Poaceae + Osteospermum calendulaceum Asteraceae 2 Osteospermum clandestinum Asteraceae 2 Osteospermum ecklonis Asteraceae + Osteospermum fruticosum Asteraceae + Osteospermum muricatum Asteraceae + Oxalis articulata Oxalidaceae 1 Oxalis bifurca Oxalidaceae Oxalis bowieana Oxalidaceae Oxalis brasiliensis Oxalidaceae x Opuntia dillenii Opuntia inermis Stapelia variegata ssp. sativus possible name - species with W. Barker at AD Dimorphotheca ecklonis Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating +N 3nc 2nc APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 162 Genus Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 2NCS 3nce +N 3NCS +NC +N + +N + + + 2 1 + + T + 1 2S 1 1 2 2XS T 4 + DT + + + 1 + + + 1 + + 0XS 1 1 1 + 1NCS 3 T 4XNES + + + + + + 2 + T T + T + + 1 +NC T + + + 0 2 1 + 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 + 1 + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Oxalis caprina Oxalidaceae + Oxalis compressa Oxalidaceae 2 Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae 5 5 (nursery & turf) 1 2 Oxalis debilis Oxalidaceae 5 5 (nursery) 1 + Oxalis depressa Oxalidaceae + Oxalis flava Oxalidaceae 1 Oxalis glabra Oxalidaceae 2 + Oxalis hirta Oxalidaceae 1 + Oxalidaceae 1 Oxalidaceae 3+ Oxalidaceae + Oxalidaceae 1 Oxalidaceae 5 Oxalidaceae 1 ssp. corniculata in Vic; synonyms in NSW are var. repens & var. microphylla var. corymbosa Tas rating +NC 1 163 incarnata Oxalis obtusa Oxalis perdicaria Oxalis pes-caprae Oxalis polyphylla Oxalis purpurea Oxalidaceae 5 Oxalis versicolor Oxalidaceae + Oxypetalum coeruleum Asclepiadaceae 1 + Pachyrhizus erosus Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Pallenis spinosa Asteraceae 1 Pancratium maritimum Amaryllidaceae + Panicum antidotale Poaceae 3 Panicum bulbosum Poaceae 1 1 Panicum capillare var. capillare Poaceae 5 3 5 + Panicum capillare var. occidentale Poaceae 5 3 5 + Panicum coloratum var. coloratum Poaceae 3 1 3 1 Panicum coloratum var. makarikariense Poaceae 1 + 1 Panicum gilvum Poaceae 3 1 3 Panicum hillmanii Poaceae 1 Panicum maximum cv. Embu Poaceae + + Panicum maximum cv. Hamil Poaceae + + Tweedia coerulea Panicum capillare var. brevifolium Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 2 + 2 5c 1 + T 1 1 1 + 1 + T 2 latifolia var. pentaphylla NT rating + Oxalis Oxalis mallobolba WA rating + Oxalis Oxalis violacea SA rating 1 + +NC 1 + 1 + 3NC 1 3+ 3nc 5 + 1 1 5 5nc 5NC + 1 1 2 3 T (oxalate) 1 +NC 1 5 T + 1 1 1 + 1 3 + T + 1 + 1 1 + T (oxalate & fungus?) 1 1 T (oxalate) 2 + + APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Family Australian rating Qld rating maximum var. coloratum Panicum maximum var. maximum Panicum maximum var. trichoglume Panicum NSW rating Poaceae + + Urochloa maximum in WA Poaceae 5 5 1 Urochloa maxima var. trichoglume in SA Poaceae 2 2 1 miliaceum Poaceae 1 1 1 Panicum novemnerve Poaceae + + Panicum racemosum Poaceae + Panicum repens Poaceae 3 Panicum schinzii Poaceae 1 Papaver aculeatum Papaveraceae 1 Papaver argemome Papaveraceae Papaver dubium Papaveraceae Papaver hybridum Papaveraceae 1 Papaver rhoeas Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum ssp. setigerum Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum ssp. somniferum Parapholis incurva Parapholis Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + 2 1 + 5 2 + + 1 + 1 + + 1 T (oxalate) T + 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 + + 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 5 1 1 + + 1 5 1 1 1 1 + + + Papaveraceae 1 1 1 1 + + Poaceae + + + + + + strigosa Poaceae + + + + Parentucellia latifolia Scrophulariaceae 3 1 3 3 1 3 Parentucellia viscosa Scrophulariaceae 3 1 3 3 1 3 Parietaria judaica Urticaceae + +nc + + + Parkinsonia aculeata 1 5nc Parmentiera aculeata Paronychia argentea Caryophyllaceae 1 Paronychia brasiliana Caryophyllaceae 3 Paronychia franciscana Caryophyllaceae 1 Parthenium hysterophorus Asteraceae 5S Parthenocissus quinquefolia Vitaceae + Paspalum conjugatum Poaceae Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum Paspalum Parmentiera edulis, Parmentiera cereifera misapplied APPENDIX Panicum Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 164 Genus 1 Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 5S 5ncS Bignoniaceae + + 5NCE T (photosensitization) T? T? 1 T? T 1 5NC 1 1 3 (turf) 3 + 1 + 1 5ncS 3XNCES 2 2 1 + 2 Poaceae 5 5 3 3 + 1 3 2 distichum Poaceae 5 2 (native) 5 (native) 3 + 1 3 exaltatum Poaceae + + 1?XNCES Dermatitis in stock + T (with fungus) T (with fungus) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Paspalum Paspalum Subspecies or variety Family Australian rating fasciculatum Poaceae + mandiocanum Poaceae 5S Paspalum nicorae Poaceae 3 Paspalum notatum Poaceae 4S 4XS 3S Paspalum paniculatum Poaceae 1 1 1 Paspalum plicatulum Poaceae 2 + Paspalum quadrifarium Poaceae 1 1 Paspalum regnellii Poaceae 1 Paspalum setaceum Poaceae + Paspalum urvillei Poaceae 3 2 Paspalum virgatum Poaceae 2 2 Poaceae 1 Passifloraceae + + + var. ciliatifolium Alternate names and notes Paspalum ciliatifolium Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + 5S 3 + T (with fungus) + 1nce 2 + 1 + 3 + + + T (with fungus) Paspalum wettsteinii Passiflora bangii Passiflora caerulea Passifloraceae + Passiflora coccinea Passifloraceae + Passiflora edulis Passifloraceae + Passiflora filamentosa Passifloraceae + Passiflora foetida var. foetida Passifloraceae 5 4 Passiflora foetida var. gossypifolia Passifloraceae + + T? Passiflora foetida var. riparia Passifloraceae + + T? Passiflora laurifolia Passifloraceae + + Passiflora mollissima Passifloraceae + + Passiflora morifolia Passifloraceae + Passiflora quadrangularis Passifloraceae + + Passiflora sanguinolenta Passifloraceae + + Passiflora suberosa Passifloraceae + + Passiflora subpeltata 4 Pastinaca sativa Pavonia coccinea Pavonia hastata Pedilanthus tithymaloides Passiflora violacea var. hispida in NSW & WA? + 4 + Malvaceae + Malvaceae + + Tithymalus smallii, Pedilanthus smallii Euphorbiaceae + + 165 Peganum harmala Zygophyllaceae + Pelargonium alchemilloides Geraniaceae + + + + + + 3 + + + 5 T? + + Passifloraceae Lassa hastata, Malache hastata + + Apiaceae ssp. sativa in NSW ssp. smallii 1 + + T 3 + T + + + + T + + + + + + +NC T + APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Family Australian rating Pelargonium quercifolium Pelargonium x asperum capitatum Geraniaceae fragrans Geraniaceae Geraniaceae + Geraniaceae + + Pelargonium x domesticum + + + + Geraniaceae + + + + + Pellaea viridis + Adiantaceae + + Peniocereus serpentinus Pennisetum alopecuroides Cactaceae + + Poaceae 2 Pennisetum 2 2 (native?) 2 + clandestinum Poaceae 5 3 3 3 + 1 Pennisetum glaucum Poaceae + + + Pennisetum macrourum Poaceae 5S 5nce 4XNCES + Pennisetum pedicellatum ssp. pedicellatum Poaceae 5 Pennisetum pedicellatum ssp. unispiculum Poaceae 5 Pennisetum polystachion ssp. polystachion in NT Poaceae 5 2 Pennisetum purpureum Poaceae 3 + 3 Pennisetum setaceum Poaceae 3 1 3 + Pennisetum thunbergii Poaceae + + Pennisetum villosum Poaceae 5S 1 5nceS 3S 5NCS Pentaglottis sempervirens + + Pentaschistis airoides + 1 + + Pentaschistis pallida + + + Geranium quercifolium var. viridis Nyctocereus serpentinus NSW rating Vic rating 3 + + + + Boraginaceae + Poaceae 1 Pentaschistis thunbergii misapplied in SA Poaceae + ssp. airoides in Vic Qld rating 3 Poaceae + Asteraceae + Peperomia pellucida Piperaceae 5 5 (nursery) Pereskia aculeata Cactaceae + + + Lauraceae + + + Polygonaceae + + + Polygonaceae + + Polygonaceae 5 + Asteraceae + Caryophyllaceae + Persicaria filiformis Persicaria maculosa Petasites fragrans Petrorhagia dubia Polygonum capitatum Polygonum maculosum x Petrorhagia nanteuilii Petrorhagia velutina x Petrorhagia nanteuilii Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + + 5 2 + + T (nitrate & unknown) + 5 thunbergii americana NT rating 3 2 incana capitata WA rating + Pentzia Persicaria SA rating + Pentaschistis Persea Tas rating APPENDIX Pelargonium Alternate names and notes 4 Pelargonium Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 166 Genus + 5 + 5NC + + + + + 3XS 2 + + 2XS + 5 (nursery) T + + 5 + + + + 3c Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Petrorhagia dubia Petrorhagia nanteuilii Petroselinum Subspecies or variety 167 Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating Petrorhagia velutina Caryophyllaceae 3 1 3 3 + 1 3 Caryophyllaceae 3 1 3 3 + 1 3 crispum Apiaceae + + + + + Petunia axillaris Solanaceae 3 Phacelia tanacetifolia Hydrophyllaceae 1 + 1 Phalaris angusta Poaceae Phalaris aquatica Phalaris aquatica Phalaris arundinacea var. arundinacea Phalaris arundinacea var. picta Phalaris canariensis Poaceae 5 Phalaris coerulescens Poaceae 3XS Phalaris lemmonii Poaceae + Phalaris minor Poaceae 5 1 3 5 1 + 5 Phalaris paradoxa Poaceae 5 4 5 5 1 1 1 Phaseolus lunatus Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + Phillyrea latifolia Oleaceae + Phleum arenarium Poaceae + Phleum pratense Poaceae 1 + 1 + Phleum subulatum Poaceae + Phoenix ?roebelenii Arecaceae + Phoenix canariensis Arecaceae + Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae + Phoenix sylvestris Arecaceae + Pholiurus pannonicus Poaceae + Phormium tenax Phormiaceae/Agavaceae + Photinia glabra Crataegus glabra Malaceae + Photinia serratifolia Crataegus serratifolia Malaceae + Phyla canescens Verbenaceae 5 3 5nc Phyla nodiflora Verbenaceae 5 2 3nc x Phalaris arundinacea var. nodiflora Phalaris arundinacea ‘variegata’ 1 3 1 + + Poaceae + + Poaceae 1 1 Poaceae Poaceae + NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + 1 T (mostly new growth) 1 1 1 1 + T (mostly new growth) 1 + + + 1 + T (mostly new growth) + + + + + + +XS 3XS + T (mostly new growth) + 5c T +? T + + + + + + + + + + + T + + + + + + 3 + + + 5 APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating debilis Phyllanthus Phyllanthus Phyllopodium cordatum Phyllopodium rarifolia Phyllostachys aurea Phyllostachys Phyllanthus niruri var. amarus Euphorbiaceae 3 1 1 Euphorbiaceae 3 + emblica Diasperus emblica, Emblica officinalis Euphorbiaceae 3 tenellus Euphorbiaceae 1 Polycarena caudata, Polycarena heterophylla (misapplied) Scrophulariaceae 1 Polycarena leipoldtii, Polycarena rarifolia Scrophulariaceae 1 Poaceae 3 + bambusoides Poaceae + + Phyllostachys nigra Poaceae + +? +nce Physalis alkekengi Solanaceae + Physalis ixocarpa Physalis angulata misapplied in Qld Solanaceae 5 5 3 2 Physalis lanceifolia Solanaceae 1 1 + + Physalis micrantha Solanaceae 3 Physalis peruviana Solanaceae 3 1 + 3 Physalis philadelphica Solanaceae 1 1 + + 1 Physalis pubescens Solanaceae + + + Physalis virginiana Solanaceae 5S 2S 5S 3?S Physalis viscosa Solanaceae 5S 1S 5nceS 5nceS Phytolacca americana Phytolaccaceae 1 1 1 Phytolacca dioica Phytolaccaceae 1 1 + Phytolacca octandra Phytolaccaceae 2 2 1 + Picea abies Pinaceae + + + Picea pungens Pinaceae + + Picnomon acarna Asteraceae 5 5nce Pilea microphylla Urticaceae 4 Pinus brutia Pinaceae + Pinus canariensis Pinaceae + Pinus caribaea Pinaceae + Pinus contorta Pinaceae + + Pinus durangensis Pinaceae + + Pinus elliottii Pinaceae + Pinus halepensis Pinaceae + Cirsium acarna Tas rating SA rating WA rating + NT rating APPENDIX amarus Phyllanthus Vic rating 4 Phyllanthus Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 168 Genus Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 3 3 3 1 1 1 + 1 3nce + 3 4 (nursery) + 2XS 2XS + +S T T T? + + 5nc + + + + + + + + + T? + + + T? Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Pinus mugo Pinus nigra Pinus 169 Family Australian rating Pinaceae + + Pinaceae + + palustris Pinaceae + Pinus patula Pinaceae + Pinus pinaster Pinaceae + + + Pinus pinea Pinaceae + + + Pinus ponderosa Pinaceae + + Pinus radiata Pinaceae + Pinus sabiniana Pinaceae + Pinus sylvestris Pinaceae + Pinus taeda Pinaceae + Piptatherum miliaceum Poaceae 1 Piptochaetium montevidense Poaceae + Pistacia chinensis Anacardiaceae + Pistia stratiotes Araceae 3 Pisum sativum Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Pithecoctenium cynanchoides Bignoniaceae + Pittosporum crassifolium Pittosporaceae + + Pittosporum eugenioides Pittosporaceae + + Pittosporum tenuifolium Pittosporaceae + Pityrogramma calomelanos var. austroamericana Adiantaceae + + Pityrogramma calomelanos var. calomelanos Adiantaceae 3 + Plagiobothrys canescens Boraginaceae + Plantago albicans Plantaginaceae 1 Plantago australis Plantaginaceae 1 1 Plantago bellardii Plantaginaceae 1 1 Plantago coronopus ssp. commutata Plantaginaceae + + + + + + Plantago coronopus ssp. coronopus Plantaginaceae 3 1 1 3 + 3 Plantago cretica Plantaginaceae + Plantago lanceolata Plantaginaceae 5 1 1 3 5 (turf) 3 + Plantaginaceae 5 1 1 3 + 3 5c Plantaginaceae 1 1 1 + Plantago major Plantago myosuros Subspecies or variety var. corsicana var. lanceolata & var. dubia in SA ssp. myosuros Alternate names and notes Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating + SA rating WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + + T + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 1 + + + +? 1 + + + +nc +NCE 0?NC + 3NC (native) IT + + + 3 + + 1 + 1 1 + 1 + 1 APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Plantaginaceae 1 1 1 1 Tas rating Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Plantago scabra Plantago arenaria, Plantago indica Plantanus x acerifolia Platanus occidentalis x Platanus orientalis Plantanaceae + Platycapnos spicatus Fumariaceae 1 Plectranthus amboinicus Coleus amboinicus, Coleus aromaticus Lamiaceae + Plectranthus caninus Lamiaceae + + Plectranthus ciliatus Lamiaceae + + Plectranthus ecklonii Lamiaceae + Plectranthus neochilus Coleus neochilus Lamiaceae + Plectranthus ornatus Coleus comosus Lamiaceae + Plectranthus verticillatus Lamiaceae + Plumbago auriculata Plumbaginaceae + Poa annua Poaceae 5 Poa bulbosa var. bulbosa Poaceae 3 Poa bulbosa var. vivipara Poaceae + Poa compressa Poaceae 2 Poa infirma Poaceae 1X Poa pratensis Poaceae 3 Poa trivialis ssp. sylvicola Poaceae + Poa trivialis ssp. trivialis Poaceae 2 Podalyria sericea Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Polycarpon tetraphyllum Caryophyllaceae 4 4 (nursery) Polygala chinensis Polygalaceae + + Polygala duartena Polygalaceae + + Polygala monspeliaca Polygalaceae + Polygala myrtifolia Polygalaceae + Polygala paniculata Polygalaceae + + + Polygala virgata Polygalaceae + + + + Polygala vulgaris Polygalaceae + + + Polygonum arenastrum Polygonaceae 3 + (no 3 specimens at BRI) 3 3 Polygonum aviculare Polygonaceae 5 5 5 5 5 Polygonum patulum Polygonaceae 5 1 5 5 ssp. spicata = Polygala glomerata?, Polygala densiflora var. myrtifolia in Vic SA rating WA rating NT rating APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 170 Genus Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 1 + + 1 + + + + + + + + + 5 (turf) 5 (turf) 5 (turf) 5 (in turf) 2 3 3 3 + 1 + 1 3 + 5 (turf) + 2 + + 1X + 1 + + + + 2 1 + + + + + 3 3 1 1 + + + + + + + + + 1 + 3c 4 3X 5 T 3 T Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 171 Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Polypogon chilensis Polypogon maritimus Polypogon monspeliensis Polypogon viridis Polypremum procumbens Pontederia cordata Populus aff. yunanensis Populus alba Populus nigra Populus tremula Populus x canadensis Populus deltoides x Populus nigra Populus x canescens Populus alba x Populus tremula Populus x jackii Portulaca grandiflora Portulacaceae + Portulaca pilosa Portulacaceae 2 Potamogeton acutifolius Potamogetonaceae + + Potamogeton praelongus Potamogetonaceae + + Potentilla anglica Rosaceae + Potentilla anserina Rosaceae 1 1 1 + Potentilla recta Rosaceae 1 1 1 + Potentilla reptans Rosaceae 1 1 + Potentilla supina Rosaceae + Praxelis clematidea Eupatorium catarium, Eupatorium clematideum (nom. illeg.) Asteraceae 3XS 3XS Proboscidea louisianica ssp. fragrans Proboscidea fragrans, Martynia fragrans Martyniaceae 2 2 Proboscidea louisianica ssp. louisianica Martyniaceae 4 2 3 Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 5S 3XNCES 3XnceS Prosopis glandulosa x Prosopis velutina Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 5S 1XNCES Prosopis juliflora var. juliflora Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 5S 1XNCES Prosopis pallida Prosopis limensis Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 5S 5NCS Prosopis velutina Prosopis flexuosa misapplied Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 4XS 4XNCES Prunella laciniata Lamiaceae + Prunella vulgaris Lamiaceae 3 var. subspathaceus Agrostis viridis var. cordata Family Australian rating Poaceae + Poaceae 1 Poaceae 3 Poaceae 3 Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating 1 Loganiaceae + + Pontederiaceae + +NCE Salicaceae + + + 1 + 3 3 + 1 3 1 3 + + 3 + + + + + + + + + + + Salicaceae + + + + + Salicaceae + + Salicaceae + + Salicaceae + + Populus deltoides x Populus balsamifera Salicaceae + ssp. anserina in NSW Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + Salicaceae ‘Italica’ NT rating + 2 2 + + + + 1 1 + 1 3nce 2 4NCE 5NCS 5NCS 4XNCS 5NCS 5NCS 3XnceS +XNCES + + + 1 3 + 5NCS 4XNCS + 3 APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Prunus armeniaca Amygdalaceae cerasifera Amygdalaceae Prunus cerasus Prunus domestica ssp. domestica Prunus domestica ssp. insititia Prunus dulcis Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management NSW rating Vic rating + + + + + + Amygdalaceae + + Amygdalaceae + Amygdalaceae + Amygdalaceae + Prunus Prunus laurocerasus Amygdalaceae + + lusitanica Amygdalaceae + + I Prunus mahaleb Amygdalaceae + + I Prunus munsoniana Amygdalaceae + + Prunus persica var. nucipersica Amygdalaceae + + + + I Prunus persica var. persica Amygdalaceae + + + + IT? Prunus salicina Amygdalaceae + Prunus serotina Amygdalaceae + Prunus spinosa Amygdalaceae + Prunus insititia Prunus persica var. nectarina Pseudelephantopus spicatus Pseudofumaria alba Pseudotsuga menziesii Psidium cattleianum Psidium guajava Psidium guineense ssp. alba var. littorale Corydalis lutea misapplied Psidium littorale Psilocaulon tenue Qld rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating APPENDIX Prunus Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 172 Genus + + Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) I + + + + I I + + + + + T + IT? + + I + Asteraceae + Fumariaceae + Pinaceae + Myrtaceae + + +nc Myrtaceae + + + Myrtaceae + + + + + + + I 0 Psilocaulon granulicaule Aizoaceae 2 2 2 2 Psilurus incurvus Poaceae + + + + Psoralea pinnata Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 + 1 Pteridium aquilinum Dennstaedtiaceae 1 Pteris cretica Pteridaceae + Pteris semipinnata Pteridaceae + Puccinellia ciliata Poaceae + Puccinellia distans Poaceae 1 Puccinellia fasciculata Poaceae 1 Pueraria lobata Dolcihos lobatus Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Pueraria phaseoloides Dolichos phaseoloides Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Punica granatum Punicaceae + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + 1 1 I Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Pupalia Pyracantha Pyracantha Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating lappacea Amaranthaceae 3S angustifolia Malaceae crenulata Pyracantha Pyracantha Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating 1XS 3 Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 3 1 3 + D Mespilus crenulata, Crataegus crenulata Malaceae 3 1 3 + D fortuneana Photinia fortuneana Malaceae 3 3 + D koidzumii Cotoneaster koidzumii, Cotoneaster Malaceae formosa, Cotoneaster taitoensis 1 1 + D D 173 Pyracantha rogersiana Malaceae 3 1 3 Pyrostegia venusta Bignoniaceae + + + Pyrus communis Rosaceae + Quercus canariensis Fagaceae + Quercus ilex Fagaceae + + Quercus palustris Fagaceae + + + Quercus robur Fagaceae + + + Quercus suber Fagaceae + Quisqualis indica Combretaceae 2 Ranunculus acris Ranunculaceae 1 Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculaceae + + Ranunculus flammmula Ranunculaceae + + + + Ranunculus muricatus Ranunculaceae 5 2 2 5 Ranunculus ophioglossifolius Ranunculaceae 1 Ranunculus parviflorus Ranunculaceae + + + + Ranunculus repens Ranunculaceae 5 3 5 5 2 T? Ranunculus sardous Ranunculaceae 3 3 + 2 T Ranunculus scleratus Ranunculaceae 3S 1 3 + +XNES Ranunculus trilobus Ranunculaceae 3 + 3 + 2 + T Raphanus maritimus Brassicaceae 1 1 + Raphanus raphanistrum Brassicaceae 5 5 5nce 5 5 4 5 T Raphanus sativus Brassicaceae 1 1 + 1 Rapistrum rugosum Brassicaceae 5 5 5 3 Rauvolfia tetraphylla Apocynaceae + + Reichardia tingitana Asteraceae 3 Reseda alba Resedaceae 1 Reseda lutea Resedaceae 5 ssp. flammula ssp. scleratus + + + + 2 1E 1 + + + 1 + 1 2 T 2 + T 1 T 1 3 3 2 5c 1 + + + 1 + 5 3NC 5NC 3 1 APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS odorata Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating Resedaceae 5 1 2 2nc 5NC Resedaceae + phyteuma Resedaceae 1 Retama monosperma Lygos monosperma, Genista monosperma Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Retama raetam Lygos raetam, Genista raetam, Genista monosperma misapplied Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Reynoutria japonica Polygonum cuspidatum Polygonaceae + Reynoutria sachalinensis Polygonum sachalinense Polygonaceae + Rhamnus alaternus Rhamnaceae + + + Rhaphiolepis indica Malaceae + + + 0?E 1N + + + + + T D Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management sanguineum Grossulariaceae + Grossulariaceae + Richardia brasiliensis Rubiaceae 3 Richardia humistrata Rubiaceae 1 Richardia scabra Rubiaceae 2 2 1 Richardia stellaris Rubiaceae 2 2 1 Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae 3 3 3nce Rivina humilis Phytolaccaceae 1 + 1 Robinia pseudoacacia Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 + 3 Roemeria hybrida Papaveraceae + Roldana petasitis Asteraceae + Romneya coulteri Papaveraceae + Romneya trichocalyx Papaveraceae + Romulea flava Iridaceae 3+ + + Romulea minutiflora Iridaceae 5 3 5 Romulea obscura Iridaceae + Romulea rosea var. australis Iridaceae 5 Romulea rosea var. communis Iridaceae 3 Romulea rosea var. reflexa Iridaceae + Rorippa palustris Brassicaceae 1 Rorippa sylvestris Brassicaceae + Rosa bracteata Rosaceae + ssp. sylvestris T + uva-crispa var. minor 3 Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + Ribes Romneya coulteri var. trichocalyx 2 NT rating + Ribes Senecio petasitis WA rating + Reseda Crataegus indica SA rating APPENDIX luteola Reseda Alternate names and notes 4 Reseda Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 174 Genus + + 3 + 1 1 2 1 2 + 1NC 1 1 2 3 + 1 + + + + + + 3+ 2 + + 1 5 5 3 3 5c 3c + + + + + T taints milk 1 + + + + + T Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes manetti rose Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating Rosaceae 3 1 3 3 + 3nc Rosaceae + Rosa canina Rosa chinensis x Rosa moschata Rosa chinensis x Rosa multiflora Rosaceae + Rosa chinensis Rosa chinensis var. manettii, Rosa sinica Rosaceae + + Rosa laevigata Rosaceae + + Rosa roxburghii Rosaceae + Rosa rubiginosa Rosaceae 5 Rosa wichuraina Rosaceae + Rosmarinus officinalis Lamiaceae + Rostraria cristata Lophochloa cristata, Trisetaria cristata Poaceae 3 Rostraria pumila Lophochloa pumila Poaceae 2 Rotala rotundifolia Lythraceae + Rubus Purbeckensis? Rosaceae 5 Rubus Purbeckensis? x R. sp. aff. armeniacus Rosaceae 5 Rubus aff. armeniacus Rosaceae 5 2nc Rubus alceifolius Rosaceae 2 2nc Rubus bellobatus Rosaceae 4 1nc Rubus cissburiensis Rubus cuneifolius Rubus discolor, Rubus procerus Rubus sp. aff. selmeri used in WA, Rubus velox misapplied Rubus chapmanii Rosaceae 5 Rosaceae + + 1 5nce 5nc 5NC 3nc + 3 1 2 + 4nc 5 + 1 + 3 1 2 1 + 5NC 5NC 5nce 5nc 2 5NC 4NC 3 5nc +nc 175 4S Rosaceae 1 +XncS 4NCS Rubus erythrops Rubus rosaceus, Rubus koehleri Rosaceae Rubus idaeus Rubus loganobaccus, Rubus ursinus Rosaceae 5 5ncS 4NC +nc 1 + Rubus laciniatus ssp. laciniatus Rosaceae 5 5NC +nc Rubus laciniatus ssp. selmeri Rubus leightonii Rubus leucostachys includes Rubus chloocladus misapplied Rosaceae 5 4nce 5nc Rubus loganobaccus Rubus ursinus in NSW Rosaceae + + + 4NC +nc Rubus phaeocarpus Rosaceae + Rubus phoenicolasius Rosaceae + Rubus polyanthemus Rosaceae 5 4nce Rubus pyramidalis misapplied Rosaceae 4 4nce 3 + + Rosaceae 5 T + echinatus Rosaceae + + ellipticus Rosaceae Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + Rubus includes Rubus radula NT rating + Rubus Rubus selmeri WA rating 1nc + +nce 3nc 1 3nc 5nce + +nc + 5nc APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Rubus riddelsdelli Rosaceae + Rubus roribaccus Rosaceae + Rubus rubritinctus Rosaceae 4 Rubus rugosus var. thwaitsii Rosaceae 3 Rubus ulmifolius var. anoplothrysus Rosaceae + Rubus ulmifolius Rosaceae 5 Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating +nc 4NC +nc 3 +nc 5 5 5nce 5S 4nc 3 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management vestitus Rosaceae 5 Ruellia aff. malacosperma Between Ruellia malacosperma & Ruellia brittoniana Acanthaceae + Ruellia squarrosa Dipteracanthus squarrosa Acanthaceae + + Ruellia tuberosa Acanthaceae 3 + Rumex bucephalophorus Polygonaceae 5 Rumex conglomeratus Polygonaceae 5 1 5 5 5 4 5c Rumex crispus Polygonaceae 5 4 5 5 5NC 4 5c Rumex frutescens Polygonaceae + Rumex obtusifolius ssp. obtusifolius Polygonaceae 5 5 5 5NC 4 5c Rumex pulcher ssp. divaricatus Polygonaceae 5 4 5c Rumex pulcher ssp. pulcher Polygonaceae 5 4 5c Rumex x pratensis Polygonaceae + + Ruppia maritima Ruppiaceae + + Ruschia tumidula Aizoaceae + Russelia equisetiformis Scrophulariaceae + Ruta graveolens Rutaceae + Sabal palmetto Arecaceae + + Saccharum officinarum Poaceae + + Sagina apetala Caryophyllaceae 3 1 Sagina maritima Caryophyllaceae 3 Sagina procumbens Caryophyllaceae 4 Sagittaria engelmanniana ssp. brevirostrata Alismataceae 1 Sagittaria montevidensis ssp. calycina Alismataceae 5 Sagittaria montevidensis ssp. montevidensis Alismataceae 5 Sagittaria platyphylla Sagittaria graminea ssp. platyphylla Alismataceae 5 Salix alba var. alba Salicaceae + Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + Rubus Sagittaria calycina NT rating APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 176 Genus 4NC + + 3 5c T (oxalate?) 1 + 3 5 5 4 + + + + + + + + + + 4 (nursery) + + 3 + 1 + + 3 + 1 + 3 (nursery) 3 + 1 1 + 4NC + + 1 5 5 + 5 1 +nc + 1 T (oxalate?) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Salix alba var. vitellina Salix alba x Salix matsudana Alternate names and notes Family Salicaceae New Zealand hybrid willow Salicaceae Australian rating NSW rating Vic rating + +nc + + +nc Salix babylonica Salicaceae + Salix cinerea ssp. cinerea Salicaceae + Salix cinerea ssp. oleifolia Salicaceae + Salix discolor Salicaceae + Salix fragilis var. fragilis Salicaceae + Salix fragilis var. fragilis x Salix matsudana cv. Tortuosa Salicaceae + Salix fragilis var. fragilis x Salix nigra Salicaceae + Salix fragilis var. furcata Salix humboltiana var. pyramidalis Salix matsudana cv. Tortuosa Salix myricoides Salix nigra Qld rating + SA rating + + + + +nc + + + WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + + +nc + + + +nc Salicaceae + Salix chilensis ‘Fastigiata’ in Vic. Salicaceae + Salicaceae + +nc Salix glaucophylloides Salicaceae + +nc Salicaceae + +nc x Salix matsudana cv. Tortuosa Tas rating + +nc + 177 Salix nigra Salicaceae + +nce + Salix purpurea Salicaceae + +nc + Salix viminalis Salicaceae + +nc Salix x calodendron Possibly Salix caprea x Salix atrocinerea x Salix viminalis Salicaceae + + Salix x pendulina Salix babylonica x Salix fragilis var. fragilis Salicaceae + +nc + Salix x reichardtii Salix caprea x Salix cinerea ssp. oleifolia Salicaceae + + + Salix x rubens Salix albens var. vitellina x Salix fragilis var. fragilis Salicaceae + + + Salix x rubra Salix purpurea x Salix viminalis Salicaceae + + Salix x sepulcralis var. chrysocoma Salix alba var. vitellina x Salix babylonica, Salix matsudana x chrysochoma in NSW Salicaceae + + + Salix x sepulcralis var. sepulcralis Salix alba var. alba x Salix babylonica Salicaceae + + + + Salix x sericans Salicaceae + + Salpichroa origanifolia Solanaceae 3 +nc +NC + + + + + 3 1 T? APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Family Australian rating tragus Salsola tragus Salvia ssp. pontica Chenopodiaceae 1 ssp. tragus Chenopodiaceae 3 aethiopis Lamiaceae + Salvia aurea Lamiaceae + Salvia coccinea Lamiaceae + Salvia leucantha Lamiaceae + Salvia misella Lamiaceae 1 1 Salvia reflexa Lamiaceae 5 5 5nce 5 Salvia verbenaca Lamiaceae 3 1 1 3 Salvinia molesta Salviniaceae +S +ncS +NCES +NCES Samanea saman Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + + Sambucus canadensis Sambucaceae + + Sambucus nigra Sambucaceae + + + Samolus valerandii Primulaceae + + + + Sanchezia parvibracteata Acanthaceae + + Sanguisorba minor ssp. magnolii Rosaceae + Sanguisorba minor ssp. muricata Rosaceae 3 1 3 Sansevieria trifasciata Dracaenaceae/Agavaceae + + + Saponaria calabrica Caryophyllaceae + + Saponaria officinalis Caryophyllaceae + Saritaea magnifica Bignoniaceae + Scabiosa atropurpurea Dipsacaceae 3 Scandix pecten-veneris Apiaceae + + Salvia riparia variable sp.; var. verbenaca & var. vernalis in Vic Pithecellobium saman, Enterolobium saman var. areira 3 NSW rating Vic rating 1 1 Tas rating SA rating WA rating 1 1 + 3 1 + + NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) T? 1 T? + + + + + T + + + + 5nc + + 1 T +NCS +NCES +NCES + + + 1 + + + + 1 1 3 + 1 + + + + 3 + T + Schinus molle Anacardiaceae 4 + 3 Schinus terebinthifolius Anacardiaceae 4 3 4 Schismus arabicus Poaceae 1 Schismus barbatus Poaceae 1 Schizostylis coccinea Iridaceae + Schkuhria pinnata Asteraceae 5 Schoenoplectus californicus Cyperaceae + Schoenoplectus erectus Cyperaceae + var. abrotanoides Schinus areira, Schinus molle Qld rating APPENDIX Salsola Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 178 Genus 1 4 5 1 1 + + + + 3 + + 2 + + 1 + 1 + T + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating + + Tas rating Schoenoplectus lineolatus Cyperaceae + Schotia brachypetala Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + Scilla hyancinthoides Hyacinthaceae + Scilla peruviana Hyacinthaceae + + Scirpus pendulus Cyperaceae + + Scleranthus annuus Caryophyllaceae + + + + Sclerochloa dura Poaceae 1 1 1 + Scolymus hispanicus Asteraceae 5 3 5nce Scolymus maculatus Asteraceae 3 1 179 dulcis Scrophulariaceae 5 2 var. subvillosus Scorpiurus subvillosus Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Scorzonera lacinata var. calcitrapifolia Podospermum resedifolium Asteraceae 3S Scorzonera lacinata var. lacinata Asteraceae 1 Scrophularia auriculata Scrophulariaceae + Scrophularia nodosa Scrophulariaceae + + Scutellaria racemosa Lamiaceae + + Secale cereale Poaceae 1 Sechium edule Cucurbitaceae + Securigera varia Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + + Sedum acre Crassulaceae + + + + Sedum album Crassulaceae + + Sedum caespitosum Crassulaceae + Sedum forsterianum Crassulaceae + Sedum praealtum Sedum dendroideum ssp. praealtum Crassulaceae + Sedum rupestre Sedum reflexum Crassulaceae + Sedum sediforme Crassulaceae + Sedum sexangulare Crassulaceae + Selaginella ?biformis Selaginellaceae + + Selaginella kraussiana Selaginellaceae + + Selaginella plana Selaginellaceae + + Selaginella umbrosa Selaginellaceae + + Selaginella willdenovii Selaginellaceae + + Selago corymbosa Selaginaceae + Lycopodium planum Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + 1 3nc muricatus ssp. praealtum NT rating + + Scorpiurus Coronilla varia WA rating + Scoparia Scrophularia aquatica SA rating 5 + 3S 3 1 1 + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Family Australian rating thunbergii Selaginaceae + macdonaldiae Cactaceae + Senecio angulatus Asteraceae + + Senecio crassiflorus Asteraceae + + Senecio elegans Asteraceae + + Senecio glastifolius Asteraceae + + Senecio jacobaea Asteraceae 5S 3nce Senecio macroglossus Asteraceae + + Senecio madagascariensis Asteraceae 5S Senecio pterophorus Asteraceae 3S Senecio tamoides Asteraceae + + + Senecio vulgaris Asteraceae 3 + 3 Senna alata Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 5 + Senna corymbosa Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + Senna didymobotrya Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + + Senna hirsuta Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + + Senna multiglandulosa Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + + Senna obtusifolia Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 5 5nc Senna occidentalis Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 3 2 1 Senna pendula Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + + +nc Senna septemtrionalis Senna x floribunda misapplied Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 2 2 + Senna siamea Cassia siamea Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 3 + Senna spectabilis Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + + Senna tora Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 5 4nc Sequoia sempervirens Taxodiaceae + Serjania exarata Sapindaceae + Sesamum indicum Pedaliaceae 5 + Setaria barbata Poaceae + + Setaria incrassata Poaceae + + Setaria italica Poaceae + + + Poaceae 3 + + Poaceae 5 1 3 Poaceae + Setaria palmifolia Setaria parviflora Setaria poiretiana var. glabrata Sesamum orientale Setaria gracilis, Setaria geniculatus Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating APPENDIX Selenicereus Alternate names and notes 4 Selago Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 180 Genus Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + + 5ncS + + + + + + T + 5nce 5NC 0NE 2XncS T 5nceS 3S T 3nceS +S T + 3 3 + 3c T 0?nc 5nc 5nc T + 3 T + + + + + + T? 3 0?nc 5 + T + + 5 + + + + + + + 3 5 + 1 + + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Setaria pumila Setaria pumila Setaria Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating ssp. pallidefusca Poaceae + + + ssp. pumila Poaceae 3 1 3 sphacelata var. sericea Poaceae + + + Setaria sphacelata var. splendida Poaceae 2 2 Setaria verticillata Poaceae 5 1 4nc 5 + 4 3 Setaria viridis Poaceae 3 1 3 3 + 2 3 Severinia buxifolia Rutaceae + + 1 + 1 1 3 181 arvensis Rubiaceae 1 +? 1 acuta ssp. carpinifolia (in WA) Sida carpinifolia var. acuta Malvaceae 5 4 1 Sida atherophora ssp. atherophora Malvaceae + + Sida atherophora ssp. magnifica Malvaceae + + Sida cordifolia Malvaceae 5 4 Sida pusilla Malvaceae 5 Sida rhombifolia Malvaceae 5 Sida rohlenae ssp. occidentalis Malvaceae 5 Sida rohlenae ssp. rohlenae Malvaceae + Sida spinosa Malvaceae 3 Sida subcordata Malvaceae + Sieglingia decumbens Poaceae + Sigesbeckia orientalis Asteraceae 3 Silene apetala Caryophyllaceae 5 Silene armeria Caryophyllaceae 1 Silene atocioides Caryophyllaceae 1 Silene conica Caryophyllaceae 1 + + Silene dichotoma Caryophyllaceae 1 + + Silene dioica Caryophyllaceae 1 Silene gallica var. gallica Caryophyllaceae 3 Silene gallica var. quinquevulnera Caryophyllaceae 3 Silene latifolia Caryophyllaceae 3 Silene longicaulis Caryophyllaceae 1 Silene noctiflora Caryophyllaceae + + Silene nocturna Caryophyllaceae 3 1 Malvinda spinosa Danthonia decumbens Silene shafta misapplied Silene pratensis, Silene alba 4 NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + + Sida Sida parvifolia WA rating 2 Sherardia Sida magnifica, Sida dallachyi, Sida cordifolia var. mutica SA rating 5 5nc 5NC + 1 5 5nc 5NC + 5 3 5 NC + 5 + 2 3 + + + 3 1 0 + + 5 + 1 + 1 1 1 1 + + 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 + 3 2 + 1 1 + 1 3 + 1 + 1 APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Family Australian rating pendula Caryophyllaceae 1 pseudo-atocion Caryophyllaceae 1 Silene tridentata Caryophyllaceae 1 + Silene uniflora ssp. uniflora Caryophyllaceae + + Silene vulgaris ssp. vulgaris Caryophyllaceae 5 1 3 5 2 4NC + Silybum marianum Asteraceae 5 4 5 5nc 5NC 3 5nc T Sinapis alba Brassicaceae 5 1 1 + 2 Sinapis arvensis Brassicaceae 5 2 5 3 5 Sindora supa Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + +? Sisymbrium altissimum Brassicaceae + Sisymbrium erysimoides Brassicaceae 3 1 3 3 Sisymbrium irio Brassicaceae 5 5 5 5 1 Sisymbrium officinale Brassicaceae 5 4 5 5 Sisymbrium orientale Brassicaceae 5 5 5 5 Sisymbrium runcinatum Brassicaceae + Sisymbrium thellungii Brassicaceae 5 5 + Sisyrinchium iridifolium Iridaceae + + + Sisyrinchium sp. Iridaceae + Sisyrinchium sp. A Solanum abutiloides Solanum americanum Solanum betaceum Solanum Solanum G. Carr has specimen, P. Hussey spec. – possibly not the same species Sisyrinchium exile in WA ssp. nodiflorum (in Qld) Iridaceae + Solanaceae + Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating SA rating WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 1 1 1 5 T 1 5 T 1 + 1 1 5c 1 5 1 5 3 1 5c + T 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + T? T? + Solanaceae 3 3 + Solanaceae + + + capsicoides Solanaceae 2 2 + chenopodioides Solanaceae 3 1 3 1 Solanum dimidiatum Solanaceae + + Solanum dulcamara Solanaceae 1 Solanum elaeagnifolium Solanaceae 5S 2S 5nceS 5nceS Solanum erianthum Solanaceae 1 + + Solanum ferox Solanaceae + + Solanum furcatum Solanum douglasii sensu J. H. Willis Solanaceae + Solanum hispidum Solanaceae + Cyphomandra betacea Tas rating APPENDIX Silene Alternate names and notes 4 Silene Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 182 Genus + + 1 5NCS 3S T 3S 1 + + 3 + T Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Solanum jasminoides Solanum linnaeanum Solanum Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Solanaceae + + + + Solanaceae 5 1 3 3nce marginatum Solanaceae 2 Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 3 Solanum nigrum very variable species Solanum physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum Solanum Solanum Solanum retroflexum Solanum rostratum Solanum sarrachoides Solanum Solanum Solanum hermannii Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating 1 3 3 Tas rating SA rating WA rating 4 5nc +NC 2 T + T + Solanaceae 5 5 5 5 5 2 Solanum sarrachioides misapplied, Solanum nitidibaccatum Solanaceae 3 1 3 1 + 1 pseudocapsicum Solanum capsicastrum Solanaceae 3 1 3 3 + 2 radicans Solanum palitans Solanaceae 3 Solanaceae 2 3 + seaforthianum Solanaceae + + + sisymbriifolium Solanaceae + + + Solanum torvum Solanaceae 5 2 Solanum triflorum Solanaceae 5S 1 Solanum villosum Solanaceae 2 + Soleirolia soleirolii Urticaceae + Solidago canadensis Asteraceae + Soliva anthemifolia Asteraceae Soliva sessilis Soliva stolonifera Sonchus arvensis Asteraceae 0? Sonchus asper ssp. asper Asteraceae 5 Sonchus asper ssp. glaucescens Asteraceae 2 2 1 1 Sonchus oleraceus Asteraceae 5 5 5 5 Sonchus tenerrimus Asteraceae 1 Malaceae + Malaceae + Solidago altissima Soliva pterosperma Pyrus aucuparia T 3+ 1 T? 1 T? 1 T 2 Solanaceae var. scabra Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 3 Solanaceae correctly applied name NT rating 2 3nce 3nce 2 + T + 5 5 3 0XES 2 + + + + + + + + + + 5 5 (turf) 5 (turf) 1 + Asteraceae 5 5 (turf) 5 (turf) 1 Asteraceae 1 1 1 T? + T 2 + 1 3 1 + 0? 5 3 1 183 Sorbus aucuparia Sorbus domestica Sorghum arundinaceum Sorghum bicolor ssp. arundinaceum Poaceae 5 5 + Sorghum bicolor Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor Poaceae 3 1 3 Sorghum brevicarinatum Poaceae + + Sorghum halepense Poaceae 5 5 1 + + 1 5 + 1 + 1 3 1 5 T + + 3nce T (cyanide?) 3 1 T (cyanide?), ID T (cyanide), ID APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Qld rating Sorghum miliaceum Sorghum halepense according to GRIN Poaceae + + x almum Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum halepense Poaceae 5 4 +nce Sorghum x drummondii Sorghum bicolor ssp. drummondii, Sorghum sudanense, Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum arundinaceum Poaceae + + + Sparaxis bulbifera Iridaceae + Sparaxis grandiflora Iridaceae + Sparaxis pillansii Sparaxis villosa Sparganium erectum Spartina anglica Spartina x townsendii Spartium Sparaxis tricolor misapplied ssp. stoloniferum in Qld Iridaceae + Iridaceae + NSW rating + Vic rating + + + Poaceae + + junceum Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Spathodea campanulata Bignoniaceae + + Spergula arvensis Caryophyllaceae 5 1 Spergula pentandra Caryophyllaceae 2 Spergularia bocconii Caryophyllaceae 1 Spergularia diandra Caryophyllaceae 1 Spergularia levis Caryophyllaceae + media Caryophyllaceae 1 rubra Caryophyllaceae 1 Spergularia villosa Caryophyllaceae 1 Spergularia sp. 2, Spergula villosa + + + + + + + 5 1 5c 1 + 1 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 1 + 1 + verticillata Rubiaceae +XS +XS Sphagneticola trilobata Asteraceae 3 2 Spiloxene capensis Hypoxidaceae + Spiraea cantoniensis Malaceae + Spiraea prunifolia Malaceae + Malaceae + Poaceae 5S 1 Poaceae 3 + coromandelianus + 1 Spermacoce Sporobolus + + + Sporobolus indicus var. capensis, Sporobolus capensis T (cyanide?) + + 1 x billardii + + Rubiaceae africanus T (cyanide) + Rubiaceae Sporobolus 5 1 assurgens Spiraea + 2 mauritiana Spiraea prunifolia var. plena + 1 Spermacoce cv. Plena Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + Spermacoce Wedelia trilobata NT rating + + Spergularia + + + Spergularia WA rating + Sparganiaceae Spergula levis SA rating + Poaceae Spartina alterniflora x Spartina maritima Tas rating APPENDIX Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Alternate names and notes 4 Sorghum Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 184 Genus 1 1 + 1 1 3 + + + + + 3S 5S + 3S 4S 1 + 3 T Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Sporobolus Sporobolus Sporobolus natalensis Sporobolus pyramidalis Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating fertilis Sporobolus indicus var. major Poaceae 5S 5S 5nceS + jacquemontii Sporobolus pyramidalis var. jacquemontii Poaceae 5S 5S Poaceae 5S 5ncS 1 3S Poaceae 5S 5ncS 4XnceS 5S 4 5 Sporobolus pyramidalis var. pyramidalis Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating 5S Stachys arvensis Lamiaceae 5 Stachys byzantina Lamiaceae + + Stachys germanica Lamiaceae 0? 0? Stachys palustris Lamiaceae + Stachys sylvatica Lamiaceae + Stachytarpheta australis Stachytarpheta cayennensis misapplied Verbenaceae 5 2 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Stachytarpheta urticifolia Verbenaceae 5 2 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Verbenaceae 5 + 5nc Stachytarpheta mutabilis Verbenaceae 3 + 3nc Stachytarpheta x adulterina Verbenaceae + + + Stachytarpheta x trimenii Verbenaceae + Stellaria graminea Caryophyllaceae + Stellaria media Caryophyllaceae 5 Stellaria pallida Caryophyllaceae 3 Stenotaphrum secundatum Stephanophysum longifolium Poaceae Ruellia brevifolia, Ruellia graecizans Acanthaceae 5 5 + 5 T + + 5nc + + 4 1 + + + + 5nc + 3 5 5 1 3 2 3 1 + + + 1 5 1 185 lutea Amaryllidaceae + Stevia eupatoria Asteraceae 2 Stylosanthes guianensis Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Stylosanthes guianensis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ + 3+ 3 Stylosanthes hamata Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 + 3+ 5 Stylosanthes humilis Stylosanthes mucronata auct. non Willd. Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 + 3+ 5 Stylosanthes scabra Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ + 3+ 3 Stylosanthes viscosa Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ + 3+ 3 Suaeda aegyptyaca Chenopodiaceae + Suaeda baccifera Chenopodiaceae + Suaeda linifolia Chenopodiaceae + Chenopodiaceae + Brassicaceae + Suaeda maritima Succowia balearica ssp. maritima T + Sternbergia var. intermedia Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + 2 + + + + + + + + + + APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Family Australian rating frutescens Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 romanzoffiana Arecaceae + Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Caprifoliaceae + + Symphytum officinale Boraginaceae + + Symphytum x uplandicum Boraginaceae + Synadenium grantii Euphorbiaceae + + Synedrella nodiflora Asteraceae 3 3 Synedrellopsis grisebachii Asteraceae + + Syngonium podophyllum Araceae + + Syringa vulgaris Oleaceae 0? Syzygium cumini Eugenia cumini Myrtaceae + + Syzygium jambos Eugenia jambos Myrtaceae + + Taeniatherum caput-medusae Poaceae 1 Tagetes minuta Asteraceae 3 Talinum paniculatum Portulacaceae Tamarindus indica Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) Tamarix aphylla Tamaricaceae 5S 2XS Tamarix indica Tamaricaceae + + Tamarix ramosissima Tamaricaceae + Tanacetum boreale Asteraceae + Tanacetum parthenium Asteraceae 3 Tanacetum vulgare Asteraceae 3 Taraxacum bracteatum Asteraceae 1 Taraxacum kok-saghyz Asteraceae + Taraxacum officinale Asteraceae 3 3 (turf) Taraxacum pseudo-calocephalum Asteraceae 1 Taraxacum Sect. Celtica Taraxacum Sect. Erythrosperma Taraxacum Sect. Hamata Asteraceae 1 1 Taraxacum Sect. Ruderalia Asteraceae + + Taraxacum species 1 Asteraceae + + Symphytum asperum x Symphytum officinale Tamarix pentandra Asteraceae Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating + + SA rating WA rating 1 + NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + + T + T? + + 0? 1 2 3 + + + + + + 1 + +S + + + + Taints milk & butter + + + 3+S 5ncS + + + + 3 + + + 3 + + 1 + + Asteraceae Tas rating APPENDIX Syagrus Alternate names and notes 4 Sutherlandia Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 186 Genus 3 3 2 3 1 + 1 1 1 2 (turf) T Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Alternate names and notes Taraxacum species group 1 Tecoma alata Tecoma Tecoma Teesdalia nudicaulis Tephrosia candida Tephrosia elegans Cracca elegans Tephrosia glomeruliflora Cracca glomeruliflora Tephrosia grandiflora Tephrosia inandensis Tephrosia nana Cracca nana Tephrosia noctiflora Tephrosia Tephrosia Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating 187 Asteraceae 1 Tecomaria alata, Tecoma guarume, Bignonia guarume Bignoniaceae + capensis Tecomaria capensis Bignoniaceae + + + stans Tecomaria stans Bignoniaceae 3 + + Brassicaceae + Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Cracca noctiflora Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + tinctoria Cracca tinctoria Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + vogelii Cracca vogelii Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Teramnus labialis Glycine labialis Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Tetragonia decumbens Tetragonia nigrescens misapplied in NSW Aizoaceae + + Tetragonia microptera Aizoaceae + + Tetragonia nigrescens name was misapplied in NSW, is it misapplied in WA? Aizoaceae + Tetrapanax papyrifer Araliaceae + Teucrium scorodonia Lamiaceae + Themeda quadrivalvis Poaceae 5S 4S 3S Thevetia peruviana Cascabela thevetia Apocynaceae 1 + + Thinopyrum distichum Agropyron distichum Poaceae + Thinopyrum junceiforme Elymus farctus ssp. borealisatlanticum (or -us), Elytrigia junceiformis or E.juncea ssp. boreali-atlantica, Agropyron junceiforme, Thinopyrum junceum Poaceae 1 Thlaspi arvense Brassicaceae + Thunbergia alata Acanthaceae 2 2 Thunbergia grandiflora Acanthaceae 2 2nce var. microptera Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 3 2 T 1 + + + + 2 + + + + + + 5NCS + 1 T + + + + 1 + + APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Qld rating +NCE NSW rating Thunbergia laurifolia Acanthaceae + Thymelaea passerina Thymelaeaceae + Thymus vulgaris Lamiaceae + Tillandsia usneoides Bromeliaceae + + Tipuana tipu Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Tithonia diversifolia Asteraceae + + Asteraceae + + + Asteraceae 2 1 1 WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + + + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management rotundifolia barbata Tordylium apulum Apiaceae + Torilis arvensis Apiaceae + Torilis nodosa Apiaceae + Toxicodendron succedaneum Anacardiaceae + Trachelium caeruleum Campanulaceae + Trachyandra divaricata Asphodelaceae 3 Trachycarpus fortunei Arecaceae + Trachystemon orientalis Boraginaceae + Tradescantia fluminensis Tradescantia albiflora Commelinaceae + + Tradescantia spathacea Rhoeo spathacea, Tradescantia discolor Commelinaceae + + Tradescantia zebrina Tradescantia pendula, Zebrina pendula Commelinaceae + + Tragopogon dubius Asteraceae 1 Tragopogon hybridus Asteraceae 1 Tragopogon porrifolius Asteraceae 1 1 1 Triadica sebifera + + + Trianoptiles solitaria Cyperaceae + Trianthema portulacastrum Aizoaceae 5 Tribolium acutiflorum Poaceae 1 Tribolium echinatum Poaceae + Tribolium obliterum Poaceae + Tribolium uniolae Poaceae + Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae 5 5 5 Tridax procumbens Asteraceae 3 2 + Trifolium alexandrinum Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Trifolium ambiguum Fabaceae (Faboideae) + var. serotinum in Q SA rating + Tolpis Sapium sebiferum, Croton sebiferum Euphorbiaceae Tas rating + Tithonia includes Tolpis umbellata Vic rating APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 188 Genus 2 + + + + + + + + + + +NCE T + + + 3 T + + +nc + + 1 + + + 1 1 1 + T + 5 + + + 1 + + 4 T 3 5NC T + 3 + + + + + 3nce 5NC + Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Trifolium angustifolium Trifolium arvense Trifolium Trifolium Trifolium 189 Family Australian rating var. angustifolium Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ 1 3 3 + 1 3+ var. arvense Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 1 3 + 1 3c burchellianum ssp. burchellianum Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + campestre var. campestre Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 1 3 + 1 3c cernuum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ 1 + + + 1 3+ Trifolium cherleri Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ 1 3+ Trifolium dubium Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 1 3 + 1 3c Trifolium fragiferum var. fragiferum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 + + + 1 3c Trifolium fragiferum var. pulchellum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Trifolium globosum Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Trifolium glomeratum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ 1 1 3 Trifolium hirtum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ + + + Trifolium hybridum var. hybridum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ + + + + Trifolium incarnatum var. incarnatum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ 1 + + + 1 3+ Trifolium lappaceum var. lappaceum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 + + 1 3c Trifolium ligusticum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ Trifolium medium Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Trifolium michelianum Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Trifolium micranthum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ Trifolium microdon Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ Trifolium ornithopodioides Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ Trifolium pilulare Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ Trifolium pratense mostly var. sativum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Trifolium repens var. repens in Qld & Vic Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 Trifolium resupinatum var. majus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Trifolium resupinatum var. resupinatum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Trifolium rubens Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Trifolium scabrum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ Trifolium spumosum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ Trifolium squamosum Fabaceae (Faboideae) Trifolium stellatum Fabaceae (Faboideae) var. stellatum Alternate names and notes Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) T (oestrogenic) 2 T (oestrogenic) + + 1 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ + + + 1 3+ 3+ 3+ + + + 1 1 3+ 1 + 3 + 1 3c T (oestrogenic & with fungus) 5 (turf) 3 3 + 1 3c T (oestrogenic & bloat) 1 + 3 3 1 + 1 3c 1 + + + + + + 3 + + 1 3+ 3+ 1 3c APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS subterraneum Trifolium suffocatum Trifolium tomentosum Trifolium uniflorum Trifolium Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ 1 + + + 1 3+ Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 1 1 5 + 1 3c Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ + + + 1 3+ Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ + 3 + 2 3+ Fabaceae (Faboideae) + vesiculosum Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ 1 3+ Trigonella monspeliaca Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Triodanis perfoliata Campanulaceae + Triphysaria pusilla Scrophulariaceae + Trisetum flavescens Poaceae + Tristemma mauritianum Melastomataceae + + Triticum aestivum Poaceae 3 + Tritonia crocata Iridaceae + Tritonia lineata Iridaceae + Tritonia squalida Iridaceae + Triumfetta pentandra Tiliaceae 5 + Triumfetta pilosa Tiliaceae + + Tiliaceae 5 2 2 Tropaeolaceae + + + Alliaceae + Convolvulaceae + 5 many cultivars and forms var. tomentosum 1 + 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + 3c (in following crop) + + + + D + + rhomboidea majus Tulbaghia violacea Turbina corymbosa Turnera ulmifolia Turneraceae Turritis glabra Brassicaceae + + Typha latifolia Typhaceae + + + +NC Ulex europaeus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5S 5nceS 5nceS 5NCS Ulmus minor Ulmaceae + + Ulmus parviflora Ulmaceae + + Ulmus procera Ulmaceae + Ulmus x hollandica Ulmaceae + + + + Urochloa mosambicensis Poaceae 5 4 var. hollandica (in Tas) T (oestrogenic) + Tropaeolum Ipomoea corymbosa, Convolvulus corymbosus, Rivea corymbosa Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + Triumfetta hybrid between Tropaeolum ferreyrae & Tropaeolum minor (native of Ecuador & Peru) NT rating APPENDIX striatum Trifolium Alternate names and notes 4 Trifolium Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 190 Genus 5 5 + + + + + 1 + 1 4NCS 3NCS + + 5 T + + 5 T Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Urochloa oligotricha Urochloa panicoides var. panicoides Urochloa panicoides var. pubescens Urospermum Urospermum Ursinia anthemoides Ursinia Alternate names and notes 191 Family Australian rating Qld rating Poaceae + + Poaceae 5 5 Poaceae + + dalechampii Asteraceae + picroides Asteraceae 1 Asteraceae 3 chrysanthemoides Asteraceae + Ursinia speciosa Asteraceae + Urtica dioica Urticaceae + Urtica urens Urticaceae 3 Utricularia gibba Lentibulariaceae + Vaccaria hispanica Caryophyllaceae 3 Valerianella discoidea Valerianaceae 1 Valerianella eroicarpa Valerianaceae 1 + + Valerianella locusta Valerianaceae + + + Valerianella muricata Valerianaceae 1 Valerianella rimosa Valerianaceae + Vellereophyton dealbatum Asteraceae 3 + 1 1 Verbascum blattaria Scrophulariaceae 2 1 2 + Verbascum creticum Scrophulariaceae 1 1 Verbascum sinuatum Scrophulariaceae 1 Verbascum thapsus Scrophulariaceae 5 1 3 Verbascum virgatum Scrophulariaceae 3 1 3 Verbena aristigera Verbenaceae 4 4 3 + Verbena bonariensis Verbenaceae 3 3 3 3 Verbena caracasana Verbenaceae 3S 1S 3S Verbena hispida Verbenaceae 3 1 3 Verbena incompta Verbenaceae 3 1 3 Verbena litoralis Verbenaceae 3 3 3 Verbena officinalis Verbenaceae 1 + + Verbena quadrangularis Verbenaceae 3 1 3 Verbena rigida Verbenaceae 5 3 5 Arctotis anthemoides Vaccaria pyramidata ssp. thapsus Verbena tenuisecta, Glandularia aristigera in the USA NSW rating Vic rating 3 1 + 1 Tas rating SA rating WA rating 1 + NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + 1 1 1 3 + + 2 + + 3 3 1 1 3 3 T 1 1 1 T + T? + 1 1 3 + 1 1 1 + 1 3 + + + 5nce 3 1 3c 3 + 1 3c 1 + + 1 1 T? 3 1 1 T? + + + 1 T? APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Family Australian rating Verbena x brasiliensis supina Verbenaceae 3 urticifolia Verbenaceae + Verbenaceae + Verbesina encelioides Asteraceae 5 2 5 Vernicia Veronica fordii Euphorbiaceae + +? + anagallis-aquatica Scrophulariaceae 1 Veronica arvensis Scrophulariaceae 3 Veronica catenata Scrophulariaceae Veronica hederifolia Veronica officinalis Veronica hybrid between Verbena quadrangularis & V. littoralis ssp. encelioides in Vic & NSW Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating 3 3 Tas rating SA rating WA rating 1 1 3+ 3 + + + Scrophulariaceae 1 + Scrophulariaceae + peregrina Scrophulariaceae 1 Veronica persica Scrophulariaceae 3 Veronica scutellata Scrophulariaceae + Veronica serpyllifolia Scrophulariaceae + Viburnum tinus Caprifoliaceae + Vicia benghalensis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Vicia cracca Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Vicia disperma Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + Vicia hirsuta Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 + 1 2 3 Vicia monantha ssp. monantha Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 2 3 3 3 3c Vicia monantha ssp. triflora Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 3 3 3 Vicia sativa ssp. cordata Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 1 2 sativa ssp. nigra sativa ssp. sativa Vicia tetrasperma Vicia villosa ssp. eriocarpa Vicia villosa ssp. villosa Vigna adenantha Vicia sativa ssp. angustifolia 1 T 1 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 3 2 1 + 1 + 1 3 3 1 + + + + + + + + 3c 1 + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 + 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ 2 + 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 1 + + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 + 3 + + 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Phaseolus adenanthus Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Vigna hosei Dolichos hosei Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Vigna mungo Phaseolus mungo Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Vigna radiata Phaseolus radiatus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ + var. radiata 3 + + Vicia Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) + 3 Vicia NT rating 2 + Vicia villosa ssp. monantha APPENDIX Verbena Alternate names and notes 4 Verbena Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 192 Genus + + T 1 1 2 3c 1 3+ 2 3+ Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Genus Species Subspecies or variety Vigna radiata var. setulosa Vigna trilobata Vigna umbellata Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica Vigna unguiculata Vigna unguiculata Vinca Alternate names and notes Family Australian rating Qld rating NSW rating + + Phaseolus setulosus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ Dolichos trilobatus Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ Dolichos umbellatus Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Phaseolus cylindrica Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + ssp. dekindtiana Vigna dekindtiana Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + ssp. unguiculata Dolichos unguiculatus Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + major Apocynaceae 3 1 Vinca minor Apocynaceae + Viola arvensis Violaceae Viola odorata Viola Vic rating 193 + + + Violaceae + + + riviniana Violaceae + + + Vulpia bromoides Poaceae 5 Vulpia ciliata Poaceae 3 Vulpia fasciculata includes Vulpia membranacea in WA Poaceae 5 Vulpia muralis Poaceae 5 1 Vulpia myuros form megalura Poaceae 5 Vulpia myuros form myuros Poaceae 5 Wachendorfia paniculata Haemodoraceae 0? Wachendorfia thyrsiflora Haemodoraceae + Wahlenbergia capensis Campanulaceae 3 Washingtonia filifera Arecaceae + Washingtonia robusta Arecaceae + Watsonia aletroides Watsonia borbonica Watsonia marginata Watsonia meriana var. bulbillifera Watsonia meriana var. meriana Watsonia versfeldii var. alba Wedelia glauca Wigandia urens Wigandia urens var. caracasana Watsonia sp. B in Cooke, D.A. (1986) Fl. Australia 46: 42. Iridaceae + Iridaceae + Iridaceae + Iridaceae 5 Iridaceae + Iridaceae + Asteraceae 1 Wigandia caracasana Hydrophyllaceae + Hydrolea urens Hydrophyllaceae + WA rating NT rating Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) 3+ + (native) T (nitrate) 2 Watsonia sp. A in Cooke, D.A. (1986) Fl. Australia 46: 42. SA rating 3+ 2 Vulpia megalura Tas rating 3 + + T? + + T 3 3c + 2 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 1 5 5 + 5 3 + 5 3+ 3 3+ + 3 5c 5 3 5c 1 0? + 3 + + + + + + + + + 1 1XS 5ncS + + + + + + + + + 3ncS 3S + + + + 1 + + T APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS Family Australian rating Glycine sinensis Fabaceae (Faboideae) 0? Solanaceae + Poaceae 2 Qld rating NSW rating Vic rating Tas rating SA rating WA rating NT rating APPENDIX Alternate names and notes 4 Subspecies or variety Naturalised non-native flora of Australia Species A G R I C U LT U R A L ECOSYSTEMS 194 Genus Harbour for Disease (D) or for Insect Pests (I) or Toxic (T) Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Wisteria sinensis Withania somnifera x Agropogon littoralis Xanthium ambrosioides Asteraceae 5 5nce T? Xanthium cavanillesii Part of Xanthium strumarium; Asteraceae Xanthium strumarium ssp. cavanillesii, Xanthium strumarium var. cavanillesii 5 5nce T Xanthium italicum Part of Xanthium strumarium, Xanthium strumarium ssp. italicum Asteraceae 5 1 5nce T Xanthium occidentale Part of Xanthium strumarium, Xanthium strumarium strumarium ssp. italicum, Xanthium pungens Asteraceae 5 5NC 5nce 5nce 4NC Xanthium orientale Xanthium californicum, Part of Xanthium strumarium, Xanthium strumarium ssp. strumarium x ssp. italicum Asteraceae 5 5nce 5nce 0 5nce Agrostis stolonifera x Polypogon monspieliensis, Polypogon littoralis 0? + 1 1 Xanthium spinosum Asteraceae 5 5NC 5nce Yucca aloifolia Agavaceae + + + Yucca filamentosa Agavaceae + Yucca gloriosa Agavaceae 0? Zaluzianskya divaricata Scrophulariaceae 3+ Zantedeschia aethiopica Araceae 5 + Zea mays Poaceae + + Zea mexicana Poaceae + Zephyranthes candida Zephyranthes drummondii Zea mays ssp. mexicana Cooperia pedunculata in USA + 2NCE 2 5NC 5NC 5NC T T 5NC 5NC T? + T + T 0? 1 + 3 1 3+ + 5nc T T (nitrate) + Amaryllidaceae + + Amaryllidaceae + + Zephyranthes grandiflora Amaryllidaceae + + Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae + + Zingiber zerumbet Zingiberaceae + + Zinnia elegans Asteraceae + + Zinnia violacea + 1 Zinnia peruviana Asteraceae 1 1 Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae 5 4NC + 1 3nc 5nce Weeds currently cost Australia billions of dollars each year in lost agricultural production. They also cause untold damage to Australian native species and ecosystems. Many introduced plants are waiting in the wings with the potential to become future weeds. This book brings together the current knowledge on the 2700 non-native plants that have naturalised in Australia. Each species is assessed for its impact or potential impact as a weed of natural and agricultural ecosystems. The authors recommend some species as targets for eradication programs. Eradication at relatively low cost is feasible for some species if action is taken before they become invasive and spread widely. Such action could save Australia from huge future losses. The authors are drawn from all of the States and Territories of Australia and are scientific experts on weeds and the Australian flora. The information they present here will be invaluable for weed managers, other decision makers and researchers concerned with natural resource management at a local, regional or national level. View publication stats