Wild Foods from Southern Ecuador Author(s): Veerle Van den Eynden, Eduardo Cueva, Omar Cabrera Source: Economic Botany, 57(4):576-603. 2003. Published By: The New York Botanical Garden DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0576:WFFSE]2.0.CO;2 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1663/0013-0001%282003%29057%5B0576%3AWFFSE %5D2.0.CO%3B2 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. WILD FOODS VEERLE VAN FROM DEN SOUTHERN ECUADOR1 EYNDEN, EDUARDO CUEVA, AND OMAR CABRERA Van den Eynden, Veerle (Department of Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture and Ethnobotany, University of Gent, 0 Braemore, Tytler Street, Forres IV36 1EL, Scotland; veerle. nick@sol.co.uk), Eduardo Cueva (Fundación Cientı́fica San Francisco, P.O. Box 11-01-332, Loja, Ecuador; fcsf@utpl.net), and Omar Cabrera (Herbario Loja, Universidad Nacional de Loja, P.O.Box 11-01-249, Loja, Ecuador). WILD FOODS FROM SOUTHERN ECUADOR. Economic Botany 57(4):576–603, 2003. This study documents 354 species of wild edible plants consumed in southern Ecuador, an area with a very high species diversity. Southern Ecuador is inhabited by Mestizo farmers and by small communities of indigenous Shuar and Saraguros. The majority (85%) of the 354 species have edible fruits. Various regional food and drink preparations in which wild plants are used are described. Most (86%), however, are consumed raw. Thirtyeight percent have additional uses, primarily as fuelwood and timber. The fruits or other edible parts of 21 species are sold at local and regional markets. Three new species were discovered during this study. ALIMENTOS SILVESTRES DEL SUR DEL ECUADOR. Este estudio presenta 354 especies de plantas silvestres comestibles para el sur del Ecuador, una zona con alta diversidad de plantas. La población consiste de agricultores mestizos y pequeñas comunidades de indı́genas Shuar y Saraguros. La mayorı́a de las plantas (85%) tienen frutos comestibles. Se describen varias preparaciones regionales de comidas y bebidas en las cuales se utilizan plantas silvestres. La mayorı́a de las plantas (86%) se comsumen aún crudas. El 38% de las plantas tienen usos adicionales, siendo las más importantes para leña o madera. Se venden los frutos u otras partes comestibles de 21 especies en los mercados locales y regionales. Tres nuevas especies fueron descubiertas durante este estudio. Key Words: Wild edible plants; ethnobotany; food; Ecuador; Mestizo; Shuar. Ecuador is divided into three distinct natural areas by the Andes mountain range: a central area of mountain ridges and valleys (Sierra), on the western side a coastal area of plains and adjacent low mountains (Costa) and on the eastern side the Amazonian lowland area (Oriente). In the southern part of Ecuador (38309–58009S, 788209–808309W), where this study was carried out, the Andes are relatively low. Altitude ranges from sea level to 3800 m and decreases eastward in the Oriente to 800 m. Both the topography and climate can change over very short distances, resulting in a high species diversity and a large range of vegetation types (Best and Kessler 1995). Mangrove vegetation is found along some parts of the coast, but most of this has been cleared in favor of shrimp farms and banana plantations. On land, the coastal vegetation is generally dry in the southern part, rang1 Received 18 September 2001; accepted 3 October 2002. ing from deciduous to semi-deciduous shrub and forest vegetation. Further north, humid lowland and humid lower montane forest is found. In the Sierra, agriculture has replaced most of the original vegetation, which ranged from deciduous intermontane shrub and forest vegetation to humid cloud forest. Small forest remnants are found in ravines and on steep slopes. Above 3200 m, grass páramo is found. In the Oriente, cloud forest vegetation becomes lower montane rain forest as altitude decreases (Best and Kessler 1995; Harling 1978). Timber logging and cattle farming threaten the vegetation in this area. About 15 900 species of vascular plants have been found in Ecuador to date, but new species continue to be described (Jørgensen, Neill, and Léon-Yánez 1999). Southern Ecuador, as defined in this article, comprises the provinces of El Oro, Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe. The population is mainly Mestizo, of mixed Spanish and indigenous descent, except for a small community of Saraguros Economic Botany 57(4) pp. 576–603. 2003 q 2003 by The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, NY 10458-5126 U.S.A. 2003] VAN DEN EYNDEN: WILD FOODS FROM SOUTHERN ECUADOR (Quichuas) living in and around Saraguro in the Sierra, and the Shuar inhabiting the easternmost part of Zamora-Chinchipe (Oriente), along the Rı́o Zamora, Rı́o Nangaritza and Rı́o Numpatakaime. In the coastal lowland areas, agriculture is large-scale and mainly export-oriented, the main cash crops being bananas, coffee, shrimps (in the coastal waters) and cattle. In the Sierra, small-scale traditional agropastoral farmers practice mainly subsistence agriculture. Alongside subsistence crops, small amounts of cash crops such as sugarcane, maize, peanut and coffee are grown. In the Oriente, the indigenous Shuar combine traditional agriculture, hunting and gathering, whereas immigrants (colonos) log timber and practice cattle farming and agriculture. The population in the Costa and Oriente has risen sharply since the 1960s with the immigration of colonos as a result of severe droughts in southern Ecuador and national land reforms encouraging colonization of the rainforest areas (Centro Andino de Tecnologı́a Rural 1996; Pietri-Levy 1993). Data used in this article are part of an ethnobotanical inventory of wild edible plants, which was carried out in southern Ecuador from 1994 to 1997. Previous ethnobotanical studies on edible plants in the area are limited. A detailed ethnobotanical study amongst the Saraguros mentions 24 edible species (Elleman 1990). Some references to wild edible plants are found in international (National Research Council 1989) and national (Estrella 1990) literature. Popenoe (1924) mentions 16 promising fruit species for southern Ecuador. Espinosa (1997) describes 11 edible species in his inventory of the Loja herbarium collections. Twenty-one species of Ericaceae and Rosaceae are mentioned as part of an inventory of small fruit germplasm resources (Ballington, Luteyn and Thompson 1991). In a floristic study of Loja, Emperaire and Friedberg (1990) describe four wild edible species. Popular publications produced by Shuar communities provide ample information on common names, preparations, mythology and beliefs related to edible plants (Anonymous 1977; Bianchi 1978). Botanical information, however, is confusing. All this bibliographic information was used as background information for this inventory of wild edible plant species. 577 work sites were chosen according to the different ecological areas. The most commonly used classification system for Ecuador (and the only one for which detailed maps exist) is the life zone classification by Holdridge (Cañadas Cruz 1983; Van den Eynden, Cueva, and Cabrera 1999). This system predicts the theoretical vegetation for a specific area, based on climatic data (precipitation and temperature) and altitude. Sixteen different life zones are described for southern Ecuador. Although this classification is not very accurate, it was considered to be suitable for identifying different ecological areas for this study. For each life zone at least 2 different communities were selected. Fieldwork was done in a total of 42 communities. Each community was visited at least twice at different times of the year, in order to be able to collect herbarium specimens with flowering and fruiting material. Ethnobotanical information on edible plants was collected through semi-structured interviews with random informants and key informants, as well as through field observations. Key informants considered to be very knowledgeable on plants were selected through referencing by individuals in the communities. Botanical samples of all plants concerned were collected in each area with the help of key informants, from places considered important by the informants. Many plants were collected from home gardens, fields, pastures and roadsides. All plants were identified (sometimes with the help of international specialists) and deposited in the national Ecuadorian herbaria (LOJA, QCA and QCNE). Data were entered into an MS Access database. Some food plants have been managed (Casas et al. 1996) or cultivated in tropical America for a long time, which sometimes makes it difficult to decide whether a plant is wild or cultivated or may have been introduced from another area somewhere in the past. Even local people often cannot distinguish between native wild plants and introduced plants. Therefore, our data will include non-crop food plants that may not be considered to be wild. Several species can be considered as semi-domesticates (Caballero 1994). They are not truly cultivated but are somehow managed by the farmers within the agricultural area. METHODS RESULTS Because the high variability of vegetation types is so important in southern Ecuador, field- For the whole of southern Ecuador, a total of 354 species of wild edible plants, belonging to 578 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 57 Fig. 1. Number of species of wild edible plants occurring in and shared between four natural areas in southern Ecuador. 66 families were recorded (Appendix 1). The plants are arranged per family, in alphabetical order. The local names are in Spanish and Shuar. There is sometimes a Quichua influence in the Spanish nomenclature. The local names and use data listed are based only on information gathered during the fieldwork. No data from literature have been added. Regarding geographical distribution, two hundred and thirty nine (239) of the species occur in the Costa (between sea level and 1600 m), 115 species in the western Sierra (between 1600 and 3800 m), 36 species in the eastern Sierra (above 1600 m) and 134 species in the Oriente (between 800 and 1600 m) (Appendix 1). Various species grow in more than one region (Fig. 1) Three species, Erythrina edulis, Inga striata and Prestoea acuminata, are panregional and, thus, found in all four areas (Fig. 1). The families with the largest number of edible species in the area are Mimosaceae (37 spp.), Arecaceae (29 spp.), Solanaceae (28 spp.), Eri- caceae (23 spp.), Myrtaceae (23 spp.), Rosaceae (18 spp.) and Passifloraceae (17 spp.). Some genera show a remarkable representation in the area. Twenty-nine different species of Inga, 15 species of Passiflora, 15 species of Solanum and 14 species of Rubus were collected. In the course of this research, at least three new plant species were discovered. So far only two of them have been described. Each of them was found in a relatively limited area. Carica palandensis (Fig. 2) is a small dioecious tree, which grows on the eastern slopes of the Andes near Palanda (48419030S, 798109160W, ZamoraChinchipe province). The plant grows at around 1800 m in remnants of cloud forest that are threatened by logging. It has large spherical orange fruits with edible fruit pulp. (Badillo, Van den Eynden and Van Damme 2000). Twenty-one species of Carica were known previously (Badillo 1993). Passiflora luzmarina was found in the western Sierra, near the city of Loja, at an altitude of around 2500 m (48059300S, 2003] VAN DEN EYNDEN: WILD FOODS FROM SOUTHERN ECUADOR 579 Fig. 3. A basketful of Dacryodes peruviana fruits, collected by Shuar people in the Upper Nangaritza area. pulp is used. The seeds are inedible as such, but it is impossible to separate them from the fruit pulp. So usually the whole mass of pulp and embedded seeds is eaten fresh, or a fruit juice is made by stirring the pulp and seeds in water and sieving the liquid to remove the seeds. Passiflora pergrandis, P. cf. pergrandis and P. popenovii have relatively large fruits with particularly sweet pulp. Three wild relatives of pineapple Fig. 2. Carica palandensis, a new edible species. 798159260W) (Jørgensen and MacDougal 1997). It is a climber which grows in roadside hedges or in shrub vegetation. Its red oblong fruits have edible pulp. A new species of Ceratostema still awaits description. It was found in Chilla (El Oro province, 38289180S, 798349300W), in the westernmost mountain range of southern Ecuador. This shrub grows in secondary humid montane forest at 2800 m. Its whitish spherical fruits are edible. TABLE 1. NUMBER IBLE PLANT PARTS. General plant part Specific plant part Inflorescence flower flower bud entire inflorescence Infructescence entire fruit fruit mesocarp fruit pulp fruit peel fruit juice seed aril seed testa EDIBLE PLANT PARTS Most wild edible plants of the area (85%) have edible fruits or fruit parts (Fig. 3; Table 1). Of 54% of all plants, the entire fruits are eaten, either raw (96%) or prepared (19%). Of other fruits, only very specific parts are used, such as the mesocarp (the often fleshy middle layer of the fruit wall), the peel or the pulp. If only the mesocarp is eaten, the fruits are peeled before consumption. Grias and Gustavia species (Lecythidaceae) have large fruits whose savoury mesocarp is eaten like avocado. Passiflora species are a good example of plants whose fruit OF SPECIES WITH SPECIFIC ED- Vegetative parts leaf leaf bud stem palm heart plant sap Underground parts root tuber Number of species 8 3 3 2 303 193 22 29 1 3 22 35 1 61 33 2 2 24 1 5 2 3 580 Fig. 4. toria. ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 57 Eating fresh palm heart of Euterpe preca- Fig. 5. An unripe inflorescence of Dictyocaryum lamarkianum, ready for eating. (Aechmea magdalenae, Ananas sp. and Bromelia plumieri) produce small, pineapple-like fruits whose juice is consumed. Twenty-two species have edible seeds. Some are eaten like nuts, raw or roasted, as in the case of Cayaponia capitata, Caryodendon orinocense, Centrolobium paraense and Juglans neotropica. Oil is extracted from the seeds of certain palm trees (Attalea colenda and Iriartea sp.), and other palms’ seeds can be eaten. All Inga species (Mimosaceae) have an edible aril. This is a sweet white fleshy pulp that surrounds the large individual seeds in the fruit pod. The aril is always eaten raw. The size of the aril is variable from species to species. Inga edulis, I. spectabilis and I. striata are cultivated specifically for their edible arils. Not many flowers are eaten. The flower buds of three plant species are prepared as capers (see food preparations). Sixty-one species have edible vegetative parts. Most edible leaves belong to the families Piperaceae (Piper) and Araceae (Anthurium and Rhodospatha) and need cooking. The large leaves of some plants are used for wrapping food, when preparing tamales or tonga (see food preparations). The leaves of guaviduca (Piper sp.) and ramoncillo (an undetermined species of Verbenaceae) are used as condiments. Twentyfour out of 29 palm trees found in the area have edible palm hearts (Fig. 4). The palm heart is the leaf bud, which is surrounded by the mature leaves. It can be consumed raw or cooked. The tree must be cut down to harvest the palm heart. The immature inflorescence of Dictyocaryum lamarkianum is also used for food (Fig. 5). Only two edible roots and three edible tubers were mentioned. Oxalis latifolia, Bomarea sp. and Cyperus sp. have relatively small roots or tubers, which are eaten raw. The large roots of Carica parviflora are used only as a hunger food. FOOD PREPARATIONS The majority of plants are eaten raw (306 species or 86%). Plants are also prepared (Appendix 1) as preserves (25 species), jellies (3), jams (16), juice (23), colada (4) and ice cream (2). Some plants are cooked (14), fried (3), roasted (9), or pickled (5), and others are prepared in soups (11), stews (41) or tonga (12). Some fruits are poached (5) by simply pouring boiling water over them. A few plants are used for their aromatic properties as a condiment (6), in infusion (5) or by maceration in alcohol (6). There may exist more aromatic plants in the area, but as the study focused on the edibility of plants, no special attention was paid to condiments or aromatic plants. Some specific regional food and drink preparations deserve further explanation. Local names of the preparations are in Spanish or Shuar. Dulce or conserva (referred to in Appendix 1 as preserve) is often made from fruits. Whole or sliced fruits are cooked in syrup made from water and panela. Panela is a brown crude cane sugar mass (usually made into rectangular blocks) that is obtained by boiling and subsequent cooling of sugarcane juice. Sugar can be used instead of panela, but in southern Ecuador people generally use panela. At the end of the preparation the fruits can be pureed. The whole process of preparing dulce is referred to as ‘pasar en dulce’. Jalea (jelly) is prepared in a sim- 2003] VAN DEN EYNDEN: WILD FOODS FROM SOUTHERN ECUADOR ilar way, except that after boiling the fruits in water, the mixture is sieved or pureed. Panela is added to the liquid and further boiling thickens it into a jelly. Nogada is a preparation made from nuts of Juglans neotropica (nogal). Panela, sugar and water are boiled into a thick syrup. The syrup is removed from the fire and stirred until it thickens. Then the chopped nuts are added and the mixture is poured onto a cold surface, left to cool and cut into small squares. Algarrobina is a dark brown syrup made from the pods of algarrobo (Prosopis juliflora). The pods are cooked in water until soft, squeezed, and the remaining liquid is boiled until it thickens into a syrup. Algarrobina is eaten on bread or is drunk with milk. As far as savoury preparations are concerned, various wild plants are used as vegetables in soups and stews. A typical preparation from the Shuar community is tonga (also called yampaco). A mixture of fish, meat, vegetables and/or condiments is wrapped in large leaves of Canna edulis, Heliconia spp. or Renealmia alpina. The leaves are rolled up, tied together and then roasted in an open fire. The young leaves of various species of Piper, Anthurium and Rhodospatha are used in tonga. Palm hearts are an ingredient of fanesca, a traditional dish which is prepared on the Friday before Easter. Fanesca is a stew made of various grains, beans, pulses, root vegetables, pumpkins, dried fish and rice. The dish is garnished with shredded palm hearts, hardboiled eggs, cheese, fish and ajı́ (chilli pepper) (Anonymous n.d.). Some plants are prepared as pickles (encurtido). They are mixed with lemon juice, onion and spices (pepper, salt, cumin) and left to stand. Flower buds of Agave americanum, Fourcroya sp. and Yucca sp. are prepared in this way as a caper substitute (alcaparras). Once pickled they can be kept for months. Various wild fruits are used to prepare drinks. Fresco or jugo (referred to as juice in Appendix 1) is a cold drink made by mixing fruit with water and sugar. The mixture is pureed and sieved if necessary. Colada is a hot, thick beverage, prepared by cooking a starchy product (ground corn, barley, etc.) in water or milk and adding panela, spices and fruits (optional). The famous colada morada, which is drunk on All Souls’ Day (2nd November) is made from purple (black) corn, which is ground and cooked with water and panela. Added to this corn mixture are an infusion of cinnamon, clove, sweet pep- 581 per, hierba luisa (Cymbopogon citratus) and cedrón (Aloysia triphylla). Finally, the juice of naranjilla (Solanum quitoense), blackberry (Rubus spp.) and mortiño (Vaccinium spp.) are added, together with orange and arrayán (Myrtaceae species) leaves (Anonymous n.d.). Fermenting a starchy product in water for several days makes chicha, an alcoholic drink. In the Andes it is common to use corn (purple corn for chicha morada), whilst in the Amazon manioc (Manihot esculenta) or chonta (Bactris gasipaes) are frequently used. Fermentation is started either by chewing the starchy product or by adding panela. ADDITIONAL USES One hundred and thirty four plants (38%) have additional uses, especially in the case of woody species. Ninety-eight (28%) of all species are used for fuelwood, 70 for timber, 22 afor medicine, 14 for living hedges and 11 for fodder. Palm leaves are often used by Shuar for thatching and for crafts. Huashimas, which are used for fishing, are woven mats made by tying palm leaf stalks and rachises together. Fish stupefied by fish poison are caught downstream by vertically placed huashimas. Inga species are often used for shade in coffee plantations and in hedges and also provide good fuelwood. Trees like Cordia lutea, Inga densiflora, I. oerstediana, I. striata, Prosopis juliflora, Pradosia montana, Acnistus arborescens and Guazuma ulmifolia can be considered as multipurpose trees, by virtue of having many different uses (in this case at least five). Data on the medicinal use of the edible species concerned were collected. Because these data, however, are not relevant to this publication, they have been omitted from Appendix 1 in order to respect all intellectual property rights of this plant knowledge. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Wild plants have a relatively small economic importance in southern Ecuador. Many plants can be considered as snack foods only, often picked by children as they walk to school or by adults as they walk past them. Some plant species are sold at local markets (Table 2), but prices are far lower than those of cultivated fruits (Appendix 1). Marketed species are usually managed or can be considered as semi-domesticates. Annona cherimola, A. muricata, Juglans 582 ECONOMIC BOTANY TABLE 2. MARKET VALUE OF SOME WILD FOODS SOLD AT LOCAL MARKETS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR. Market value in U.S.$ (1997) Plant Agave americana Allophylus mollis Annona cherimola Carica pubescens Carica 3 heilbornii Fragaria vesca Inga striata Juglans neotropica Macleania spp. Opuntia ficus-indica Passiflora ligularis Pouteria lucuma Rubus floribundus Rubus spp. 0.7–4.5/planta 0.2/lb 0.02–0.2/fruit 0.04–0.1/fruit 0.04–0.1/fruit 0.2/cup 0.002–0.004/fruit 0.5/packet of 250 g of nogada 0.04–0.07/cup 0.07/fruit 0.01–0.02/fruit 0.1–0.2/fruit 0.2–0.7/lb 0.2/lb a An Agave americana plant can be ‘‘bought’’ for a season to extract the plant sap. Just before the plant flowers the core is cut out of the plant and a hole is made in the base. Plant sap collects in this hole and is harvested twice a day for about a month. neotropica, Inga spectabilis, Rubus floribundus and Pouteria lucuma are fairly frequently found at regional markets. The other species indicated as being marketed in Table 2 and Appendix 1 are sold only at local village markets. Generally people who collect the fruits sell them directly at the market. Only fruits of Annona cherimola are bought from farmers by middlemen, for about U.S.$4–5 per 100 fruits (Scheldeman et al. n.d.). DISCUSSION The total number of vascular plants known for southern Ecuador (El Oro, Loja and ZamoraChinchipe provinces) is 6186 (Jørgensen, Neill, and Léon-Yánez 1999). Almost six percent of them are edible according to this inventory. This was the first major regional ethnobotanical study made in the area. Plant use data collected amongst Ecuadorian Mestizo farmers have so far been rare. Not only is the ethnobotanical value of this study important, but also its taxonomic value. This is shown in part by the fact that three new endemic species were recorded, as well as five species which had not been recorded for Ecuador so far. Identifying the collected plant specimens was a major task and required the input of various specialists. Despite significant efforts, [VOL. 57 many plant specimens could not be identified to species. Regarding the use of wild edible plants in southern Ecuador and its importance at present, there is a major difference between the Mestizo population and the native Shuar communities in the Amazonian area. The Shuar have a more extended knowledge of edible plants than the Mestizo. The former mentioned 82 different plant species as being edible, whereas all other communities mentioned on average 17 species, with a range of 5 to 32. Two reasons can be seen for this important difference. First of all, the Shuar have better access to plants because they live in a forest environment, surrounded by wild plants. Most Mestizo on the other hand live in a largely agricultural area, where forests are scarce. This alone cannot explain the difference, however, because colonos living in the same area as the Shuar have a more limited plant knowledge (maximum 30 plant species mentioned). The Shuar actively collect and use wild edible plants on a daily basis. Gathering, hunting and fishing provides a large part of their diet. The Mestizo on the other hand generally know which plants are edible, and which ones are not, but they do not tend to use wild edible plants that frequently. Few people actually make special trips to collect wild foods. Particularly interesting or useful plants are often found as managed or semi-domesticated plants in home gardens or near the villages. The fact that relatively few species with edible leaves or roots, in comparison with fruits, were mentioned, and the fact that half of all edible leaves were mentioned by the Shuar, raises the question whether this may be due to a relative loss of traditional plant knowledge. It is relatively easy to assess whether fruits are edible or not, even if the traditional knowledge regarding their use may be diminishing. Fruits are also relatively easy to collect. Knowledge and collection of edible leaves and roots could be considered more specialized. Plant management and domestication are relatively important in southern Ecuador. At the start of the project it was thought that areas with forest remnants might be important as possible pooks of wild edible plants. As the research evolved, however, it became clear that many of the wild plants used could be found near the villages. When key informants guided us to collect plant specimens, many plants were collected 2003] VAN DEN EYNDEN: WILD FOODS FROM SOUTHERN ECUADOR in someone’s garden or field and very few trips were made to forests. It thus became obvious that many of the wild plants found near the villages are there for a reason. When vegetation is cleared, useful or interesting wild plants are left or tolerated. People also transfer wild plants to their gardens. As a continuation to the plant inventory, data on management of wild edible plants were collected. These data will be published in the near future. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank the people of the villages and communities in southern Ecuador that we visited, for sharing their knowledge and friendship with us. We thank the personnel of the Centro Andino de Tecnologı́a Rural (CATER) of the Universidad Nacional de Loja for their help in realizing this project and the people of the LOJA, QCA, QCNE, AAU and K herbaria for providing facilities to identify the collected specimens. We are indebted to many taxonomic specialists from all over the world for their help with the identification of certain plant specimens. This research was supported by a VLIR (Flemish Inter-University Council) and VVOB (Flemish Organisation for Co-operation) grant. The Instituto Ecuatoriano Forestal y de Areas Naturales (INEFAN) in Quito kindly authorised the scientific research activities in the field and the collection of botanical specimens. LITERATURE CITED Anonymous. n.d. El gran libro de la cocina Ecuatoriana. Circulo de Lectores, Quito. Anonymous. 1977. Las plantas. Mundo Shuar, Serie A, Fascı́culo 5. Ediciones Mundo Shuar, Centro de Documentación, Investigación y Publicaciones, Sucua. Badillo, V. M. 1993. Caricaceae. Segundo Esquema. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomı́a de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Alcance 43:1–111. , V. Van den Eynden, and P. Van Damme. 2000. Carica palandensis (Caricaceae), a new species from Ecuador. Novon 10:4–6. Ballington, J. R., J. L. Luteyn, and M. M. Thompson. 1991. Small fruit germplasm resources in the Andean region of Ecuador. Horticultural Crops Research Series, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 91:1–37. Best, B. J., and M. Kessler. 1995. Biodiversity and conservation in Tumbesian Ecuador and Peru. BirdLife International, Cambridge. Bianchi, C. 1978. La cocina y la comida. Mundo Shuar, Serie C, No. 11. Ediciones Mundo Shuar, Centro de Documentación, Investigación y Publicaciones, Sucua. Caballero, J. 1994. La dimension culturelle de la diversité végétale au Mexique. Journal d’Agriculture Traditionelle et de Botanique Appliquée 26(2):145– 158. 583 Cañadas Cruz, L. 1983. El mapa bioclamático y ecológico del Ecuador. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderı́a—PRONAREG, Quito. Casas, A., M. Vázquez, J. L. Viveros, and J. Caballero. 1996. Plant management among the Nahua and the Mixtec in the Balsas River Basin, Mexico: an ethnobotanical approach to the study of plant domestication. Human Ecology 24(4):455–478. Centro Andino de Tecnologı́a Rural. 1996. Caracterización agraria de la región sur y selección de 12 zonas representativas. 1. Resultados generales. Centro Andino de Tecnologı́a Rural, Universidad Nacional de Ecuador, Loja. Elleman, L. 1990. Saraguroerne og deres planter. M.Sc. thesis, University of Aarhus, Aarhus. Emperaire, L., and C. Friedberg. 1990. Relevés floristiques des régions de Piura (Pérou) et de Loja (Equateur). Convention ORSTOM–PUC, Paris. Espinosa, R. 1997. Estudios botánicos en el sur del Ecuador. 2o ed. Herbario Loja, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Loja. Estrella, E. 1990. El Pan de América. Colección 500 años 29. Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito. Harling, G. 1978. The vegetation types of Ecuador— a brief survey. Pages 165–174 in K. Larsen and B. Holm-Nielsen, eds., Tropical botany. Academy Press, London. Jørgensen, P. M., and J. M. MacDougal. 1997. Three new species of Passiflora (Passifloraceae) from Ecuador and notes on Passiflora viridescens. Novon 7:379–386. , D. A. Neill, and S. Léon-Yánez. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Published on www.mobot.org. National Research Council. 1989. Lost crops of the Incas: little-known plants of the Andes with promise for worldwide cultivation. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Pietri-Levy, A. 1993. Loja, una provincia del Ecuador. Biblioteca de Geografı́a Ecuatoriana 4. Ediciones del Banco Central del Ecuador, Quito. Popenoe, W. 1924. Economic fruit-bearing plants of Ecuador. Contributions of the United States National Herbarium 24:101–148. Scheldeman, X., J. V. Ureña A., V. Van Damme, and P. Van Damme. (n.d.) Potential of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) in southern Ecuador. Ecologia Austral (submitted). Ulloa Ulloa, C., and P. M. Jørgensen. 1993. Arboles y arbustos de los Andes del Ecuador. AAU Reports 30:1–264. Van den Eynden, V., E. Cueva, and O. Cabrera. 1999. Plantas silvestres comestibles del sur del Ecuador—wild edible plants of southern Ecuador. Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito. 584 ECONOMIC BOTANY APPENDIX 1. WILD PLANTS CONSUMED IN SOUTHERN [VOL. 57 ECUADOR. SPECIES MARKED WITH AN ASTERISK ARE LIKELY TO HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED. Plant family Actinidiaceae Agavaceae Alstroemeriaceae Amaranthaceae Anacardiaceae Annonaceae Apocynaceae Araaceae Edible part Saurauia bullosa Wawra Saurauia peruviana Busc. Saurauia cf. peruviana Busc. Saurauia sp. Agave americana L.* Jicamillo Jicamillo Moco Ataringue Méjico, mishque Fourcroya sp.* Cabuye, cabuya Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Flower bud Plant sap Flower bud Bomarea sp. Amaranthus hybridus L. Spondias mombin L.* Annona cherimola Mill. Annona muricata L.* Coquito Bledo Ciruela de monte Chirimoya Guanábana Tuber Leaves Fruit Fruit Fruit Annona squamosa L.* Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baillon* Chirimoya Fruit Anona, chirimoya silves- Fruit tre, guanábana silvestre Cafecillo Fruit pulp Tabernaemontana columbiensis (Allorge) Leeuwenberg Tabernaemontana sananho Ruiz & Pavón Anthurium breviscapum Kunth Anthurium Anthurium Anthurium Anthurium Anthurium Anthurium Anthurium Arecaceae Local namesa Botanical name Kúnakip (S) Katshiniak eép (S), eép (S), col de monte rubrinervium (Link) G. Don Shiniumas (S) triphyllum Brogn. ex Schott Wánkat (S), eép (S) sect. Xialophyllium Wee eép (S) sp. Col de monte sp. Eép (S) sp. Natsa eép (S) sp. Pelma Fruit pulp Young leaves Anthurium sp. Anthurium sp. Rhodospatha latifolia Poeppig Rhodospatha moritziana Schott Aiphanes grandis Borchs. & Balsev Sacha sanguillo Shiniumas (S) Katı́rpas (S) Mukunanch’ (S) Chonta Aiphanes verrucosa Borchs. & Balslev Astrocaryum urostachys Burret Chonta Awant’ (S) Attalea colenda (O.F. Cook) Balslev & Andr. Hend. Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.* Chivila Young leaves Young leaves Young leaves Young leaves Young leaves Young leaves Young leaves Tuber Young leaves Young leaves Young leaves Young leaves Palm heart Seed Fruit mesocarp Palm heart Seed Seed Uwi (S), chonta Fruit mesocarp Bactris macana (Mart.) Pittier Bactris setulosa H. Karst. Ceroxylon amazonicum? Galeano Ceroxylon echinulatum Galeano Palm Heart Palm heart Fruit mesocarp Chontilla, chonta Palm heart Fruit mesocarp Paik’ (S), palma de ramas Palm heart Palma Fruit mesocarp Chonta (*) 2003] VAN DEN EYNDEN: WILD FOODS FROM SOUTHERN ECUADOR 585 APPENDIX 1. EXTENDED. Preparation Raw Raw Raw Raw Pickles Drink, colada Soup, pickles Marketb Herbarium vouchersc Additional uses 719, EC790 718 775 592, 990 180, 1003 Sw Se Se Se Sw C Sw — C Sw 613 190 954 137, 262 84, 128, 177, VVDE& GE239, 456, 459 934 723, 735, 780 C C C Sw C Raw 893 C Raw 703, 912 O Soup, stew, tonga 662, 907, 920 O Tonga Tonga Stew Stew Tonga Tonga Stew Cooked, stew Stew Stew, soup Tonga Tonga, soup Raw, stew Preserve Raw, stew Raw, stew Raw Oil extraction 925 668, 846 702 901 837 924 656 O O O O O O O 319 658 OC&IL860, 923 917 877 O O O O C Thatch 726 715 Se O Thatch, pig fodder (fruit) 443 C Timber VVDE&GE206 O Timber 175, 448, 648 C Timber 584, 884 CO — 172 O C Raw Raw, salad, pickles, stew Raw Raw, juice, preserve Raw, juice, preserve Fuelwood Fuelwood Aread x x Soap, fibres, dye mordant (leaves) x x Raw Raw, juice Soup, stew, roasted, juice (with milk), preserve, chicha Raw, stew Raw, in sausages, fanesca Raw, cooked Raw, stew Cooked Raw, stew Roasted, cooked Fuelwood Pig fodder (plant sap) Timber Shade Fuelwood Fuelwood C Se O x 586 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 57 APPENDIX 1. CONTINUED. Plant family Ceroxylon vogelianum (Engel) H. Wendl. Ceroxylon sp. Dictyocaryum lamarckianum (Mart.) H. Wendl. Euterpe precatoria Mart. Euterpe precatoria var. longevaginata (Mart.) Andr. Hend. Euterpe ? Iriartea deltoidea Ruiz & Pavón Asteraceae Bombacaceae Boraginaceae Brassicaceae Bromeliaceae Local namesa Botanical name Edible part Coco Fruit mesocarp Palma Palma Fruit mesocarp Immature inflorescence Palm heart Palm heart Shimbe Palmo real Yayu (S) Ampakai (S), pambil Palm heart Palm heart Immature seed Palm heart Seed Fruit mesocarp Palm heart Palm heart Iriartea sp. Palma, palmita Mauritia flexuosa L.f. Acho, achu (S) Oenocarpus bataua Mart. Kunkuk’(S), palma real Oenocarpus mapora H. Karst. Shı́mpi (S) Pholidostachys synanthera (Mart.) H. Moore Phytelephas aequatorialis Spruce Palma paja cambana Fruit mesocarp Palm heart Fruit mesocarp Palm heart Tagua, trapa, cade Immature seed Prestoea acuminata Willd. Palma, palmito, caño, tin- Palm heart guiso, saké (S) Caño Palm heart Prestoea ensiformis (Ruiz & Pavón) H. Moore Prestoea schultzeana (Burret) H. Moore Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendl. Wettinia kalbreyeri (Burret) R. Bernal Wettinia maynensis Burret Wettinia cf. maynensis Burret Taraxacum sp. Pachira aquatica Aubl.* Quararibea sp. Cordia hebeclada I.M. Johnston Cordia lutea Lam. Cordia nodosa Lam. Cordia polyantha Benth. Cordia polyantha? Benth. Cordia polyantha? Benth Brassica napus L.* Aechmea magdalenae (André) André ex Baker Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill Ananas sp. Breomlia plumieri (E. Morren) L.B. Smith Puya sp. (Puya hamata ?) Gen. indet. Tinkimi (S) Kúpat (S) Bambil, pambil Terén (S) Palma Chicorea, muelo de león Cacao de monte, capira, mococha Zapote de monte Lataringue, uva Overal, uva, muyuyo Kawachimi (S) Lera lera Lagaña Romero Nabo silvestre Piñuela, piña Palm heart Palm heart Palm heart Palm heart Palm heart Young leaves Seed Fruit mesocarp Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Leaves Fruit juice Sacha piña, piña silvestre, Fruit piña del monte Piñuela Fruit juice Piñuela Fruit juice Aguarongo Huicundo Palm heart Leaves 2003] VAN DEN EYNDEN: WILD FOODS FROM SOUTHERN ECUADOR 587 APPENDIX 1. EXTENDED. Preparation Raw Marketb Herbarium vouchersc Additional uses 597 Sw Raw Raw 621 583 C O Raw, stew Raw, stew 538 880 O C — 711, 885 O CO — O VVDE&GE208 O Arrows, fishing mats (huashima) 689 O Timber, thatch, fishing mats (huashima) 856 O 581 O — C 174, 450, 598, 646, 690, 730, 772, 878, 972, 982 645 C Sw Se O C 682 704 644 683 733 — VVDE&GE198 O O C O O Sw O 888 VVDE&GE247, 623 98, 189, 941 918 609 940 100 633 171, VVDE&GE242 C C C O C C C Sw C CO Raw Raw 220, VVDE&GE230, 318, 574, 977 958 978 Stew Food wrap 328 502b Sw Sw Raw, stew Raw, stew Raw Raw, stew Oil extraction Poached Raw, cooked Raw, stew Poached Raw, stew Poached Raw Raw Raw Raw, stew Thatch Aread Timber Handicrafts (seed), brooms, thatch Stew, fanesca Raw, stew Raw, stew Stew, fanesca Raw, stew Raw, stew Raw, salad Roasted, hot drinks Thatch Fuelwood, timber Timber Fuelwood, thatch Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Stew Raw Timber Fuelwood, glue (fruit) Fuelwood, timber, glue, hedges Raw, juice, jam, chicha Hedges Fuelwood C C 588 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 57 APPENDIX 1. CONTINUED. Plant family Burseraceae Cactaceae Caesalpinaceae Campanulaceae Capparidaceae Caricaceae Dacryodes peruviana (Loes.) J.F. Macbr. Protium sp. Armatocereus cartwrightianus (Britton & Rose) Backeb. Hylocereus polyrhizus (Weber) Britton & Rose Monvillea diffusa Britton & Rose Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.* Opuntia quitensis F.A.C. Weber Rhipsalis micrantha (Kunth.) DC. Selenicereus megalanthus? Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) O. Kuntze Centropogon cornutus (L.) Druce Centropogon erianthus (Benth.) Benth. & Hook. f. Capparis avicennifolia H.B.K. Capparis petiolaris H.B.K. Capparis scabrida H.B.K. Carica candicans A. Gray Carica 3 heilbornii Badillo Carica microcarpa Jacq. Carica monoica Desf. Carica monoica Desf. ? Carica palandensis Badillo, Van den Eynden & Van Damme Carica parviflora (A. DC.) Solms Carica pubescens (A. DC.) Solms Cecropiaceae Clusiaceae Cucurbitaceae Cyclanthaceae Cyperaceae Local namesa Botanical name Carica stipulata Badillo Jacaratia digitata (Poepp. & Endl.) Solms Jacaratia spinosa (Aubl.) A. DC. Pourouma bicolor Mart. Pourouma cecropiifolia Mart. Pourouma aff. cecropiifolia Mart. Pourouma guianensis Aublet spp. guianensis Pourouma melinonii Benoist ssp. melinonii Garcinia macrophylla Mart. Cayaponia capitata Cogn. ex Harms Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché ? Carludovica palmata Ruiz & Pavón Cyperus sp. Kunchái (S), copal Edible part Fruit mesocarp Uruts (S) Fruit mesocarp Cardo, soroca, cardo grande Fruit Pitaya Fruit Cardo, cardo rastero, tuna Tuna, tuna blanca, tuna amarilla Penco, tunilla Congona Tuna silvestre Tailin, tallo, vainilla Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Seed testa Mishiyuyu, forastero Motepela Leaves Fruit Vichayo Achora, shora Sapote de campo Chungay, toronche chicope Toronche, babaco, babaco redondo, chamburo, siglo Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit pulp and peel Young leaves Tsambúnumi (S), col de monte Chamburo, yumbo papaya, Fruit toronche Berenjena Fruit Papaillo Fruit pulp Papayillo, yuca del cam- Fruit po, papaya del monte Root Toronche, toronche redondo Fruit Fruit peel Toronche Fruit Chamburo, toronche, Fruit numbi (S) Higo Fruit Nakantar shuinia (S), uva Fruit Washi shuinia (S), uva Fruit negra, uva Pau shuinia (S) Fruit Mutuch’shuinia (S), washi Fruit shuinia (S), uva verde Uva, mutuch’shuinia (S) Fruit Chora Fruit pulp Wuak (S), manı́ de bejuco Seed Zambumba Fruit Pumpuná (S) Leaf bud Coquillo, coquito Tuber 2003] VAN DEN EYNDEN: WILD FOODS FROM SOUTHERN ECUADOR APPENDIX 1. EXTENDED. Preparation Marketb 589 CONTINUED. Herbarium vouchersc Additional uses Aread Poached Fuelwood, timber 679 O Poached Raw Fuelwood, timber 687 274, 473, 947 O C 467, 938 C 466, 617, 939 267, 284, 311 C C Sw Raw Raw Raw Raw 92, 944 590 916 170, 475 C C O C Sw Stew Raw 649 EC791 C Sw Raw Raw Raw Raw, jam, preserve Raw, jelly, preserve C C Sw C Sw C Sw Stew 946 168, 187, 285 615 282, 507, 508, EC987 77, 169, 259, 290, 313, 425, 426, 427, 478, 485, 489, 504 552, EC783, EC784, 894, 985 576, 647, 883, 900, 915 Stew, preserve 289, EC518, 577 Sw O Preserve Raw, juice 1002 549, 998, 999, 1000, 1001 O Se 315, 441, 591 C 505, EC782 Sw 148, 479 391, 653 Sw CO 530, 779, 806 681 685, 732, 845 O O O Raw, juice Raw Raw, juice x Fodder (plant), cochineal Fuelwood x Juice, colada Raw, preserve Cooked Raw, jelly, juice, preserve Colada Preserve Raw, colada Raw, jam Raw Raw Pig fodder (root) x Fuelwood CO Raw Raw Fuelwood 913 684, 825, 847 O O Raw, macerated in alcohol Fuelwood 571, 911 O Raw Raw, roasted Preserve Raw, stew Raw Fuelwood, timber VVDE&GE231, 317, 981 414, 738, 928 464 667 943 C O C O C Fishing mats (huashima) 590 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 57 APPENDIX 1. CONTINUED. Plant family Elaeocarpaceae Ericaceae Muntingia calabura L. Cavendishia bracteata (R. & P. ex J. St. Hilaire) Hoerold Cavendishia nobilis Lindley var. capitata (Benth.) Luteyn Ceratostema loranthiflorum Benth. Ceratostema oellgaardii Luteyn Ceratostema sp. nov. ined. Ceratostema sp. Disterigma alaternoides (Kunth in H.B.K.) Niedenzu Gaultheria erecta Vent. Gaultheria reticulata H.B.K. Gaultheria tomentosa H.B.K. Gaultheria vaccinoides A.C. Smith Macleania hirtiflora (Benth.) A.C. Smith Macleania rupestris (H.B.K.) A.C. Smith Macleania salapa (Benth.) Hook. f. ex Hoerold Erythroxylaceae Oreanthes fragilis (A.C. Smith) Luteyn Oreanthes ? Orthaea secundiflora (Poepp. & Endl.) Klotzsch ? Orthaea ? Pernettya prostrata (Cav.) Sleumer Psammisia cf. aberrans A.C. Smith Sphyrospermum cordifolium Benth. Vaccinium crenatum (Don) Sleumer Vaccinium floribundum H.B.K. Erythroxylum sp. Euphorbiaceae Caryodendron orinocense Karsten Fabaceae Flacourtiaceae Hippocrateaceae Icacinaceae Juglandaceae Lauraceae Local namesa Botanical name Hyeronima sp. Centrolobium ochroxylum Tul. Erythrina edulis Triana ex M. Micheli* Geoffroea spinosa Jacq. Otholobium sp. Casearia sp. Edible part Cerezo, niguito Salapa Fruit Fruit Joyapa Fruit Joyapa Joyapa Salapa blanca grande Salapa Nigua, salapa chica Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Mote negro, sapallo Mote pelado Sierilla Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Joyapa chica Joyapa, joyapa blanca, joyapa chaucha, salapa verde Joyapa, Joyapa blanca, joyapa morada, salapa, salapa blanca Huevo de gallo Fruit Fruit Fruit Salapa Fruit Flower Joyapa Manzana Joyapa Salapa Manzana rastrera Manzana, tira Indicoca, indina Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Leaves Seed Naámpi (S), maniı́ de árbol, manı́ del monte Sanón Amarillo Guato, pashul Almendro Guallua Najaraip (S) Casearia sp. Casearia sp. Salacia cordata (Miers) Mennega ? Calatola sp. Gen. indet. Juglans neotropica Diels Najaraip (S) Zapotillo Luma blanca Pepino Nogal Persea americana Mill.* Gen. indet. Aguacate silvestre Wayákish (S) Fruit Seed Seed Fruit mesocarp Leaves Fruit pulp Seed Fruit pulp Fruit pulp Fruit mesocarp Seed Fruit pulp Seed Leaves Fruit mesocarp Fruit 2003] VAN DEN EYNDEN: WILD FOODS FROM SOUTHERN ECUADOR APPENDIX 1. EXTENDED. Preparation Marketb Raw Raw, jam 591 CONTINUED. Herbarium vouchersc Additional uses Fuelwood, timber Aread 145, 442 344, 357, 429, 498, 524 C Sw Se Raw 716 Se Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw 480 355 630 564 439, 499 Sw Sw Sw Sw Sw Se Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw, jam 336, 356, 497 321 322 332 326 Sw Se Sw Sw Sw Sw 324, 325, 334, 335, 431, 496, 639, 872 Sw 185, 287, 288, 296, 297, 596, 638 C Sw Raw 298 C Raw Raw 774 588 Se O Raw Raw (poisonous?)e Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Infusion Raw, roasted Fuelwood, timber 778 345, 895 451, 323, 333, 281 Fuelwood, timber VVDE&GE195, 691 O Fuelwood, timber Timber Hedges, guinea pig fodder (leaves) Timber 969 VVDE&GE232, 611 118, 173, 302, 539 C C C Sw Se O C Sw O Fuelwood 706 974 VVDE&GE233 771 973 162, 561 C Se C C Sw 452, 534, 579 861 CO O Raw, jam x Raw x Raw Raw, roasted, stew Cooked, fried Raw Soup, salad (cooked) Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw, macerated in alcohol Raw, preserve, nogada Infusion Raw Cooked x Cork Timber, dye (fruit, bark) Fuelwood, timber 435 764 346 436 472 EC786 848 Se Sw Sw C Se Sw Sw Sw O 592 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 57 APPENDIX 1. CONTINUED. Plant family Lecythidaceae Liliaceae Malpighiaceae Malvaceae Melastomataceae Menispermaceae Mimosaceae Local namesa Botanical name Grias peruviana Miers Grias cf. peruviana Miers Gustavia macarenensis Philipson ssp. macarenensis Gustavia sp. Yucca sp.* Gen. indet. Bunchosia deflexa Triana & Planchon Malpighia emarginata DC.* Gen. indet. Arthrostema ciliatum Ruiz & Pavón Bellucia pentamera Naud. Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don var. hirta Clidemia pilosa D. Don Clidemia sericea De. Don MIconia calvescens DC. Miconia ledifolia (DC.) Naud. Miconia lutescens (Bonpl.) DC. Miconia salicifolia (Bonpl.) Naudin Miconia cf. theaezans (Bonpl.) Cogn. Miconia sp. Miconia sp. Mouriri grandiflora A. DC. Chondrodendron tomentosum Ruiz & Pavón Acacia macracantha H. & B. Inga acreana Harms Inga capitata Desvaux Inga densiflora Benth. Inga edulis Mart. Inga extra-nodis T.D. Penn. Inga fendleriana Benth. Inga fendleriana Benth. ? Inga fendleriana Benth. or I. vellosissima Benth. Inga fueillei DC. Inga insignis Kungth Inga Inga Inga Inga Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. leiocalycina Benth. leiocalycina Benth. ? manabiensis T.D. Penn. ? marginata Willd. Inga microcoma Harms. ? Inga multicaulis Benth. Edible part Apai (S), papayón Nátsa ápai (S) Iniák (S), iñaco Fruit mesocarp Fruit mesocarp Fruit mesocarp Tsantsaniak (S) Flor de novia Pata blanca Ciruela Fruit mesocarp Flower bud Lower stem Fruit Ciruela de fraile, cereza, manzana silvestre Manzana de campo Chúrunch’ (S) Túnkia (S), sacha manzana Mora Dumarı́n Uva pequeña, mora Sierra Sierra Tarume, taruma Sierra Turumba Mora Moreida Sharimiat (S) Uva Fruit Faique Sámpi (S) Yakum sámpi (S) Guaba, guaba machetona silvestre Wámpa (S), guaba, guaba de bejuco Guaba Guaba, guaba musga, guaba lanuda, guaba de zorro, guaba de oso Guaba de zorro Guabilla Fruit Flower Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Unripe fruit (pod) Aril Aril Aril Aril Aril Aril Aril Aril Guaba de cajón Guaba, guaba de zorro, guaba musga pequeña, guaba musga, guaba lanuda Guaba vainilla Main sámpi (S) Guaba Guaba Tserempach’ (S), guabilla Aril Aril Aril Aril Aril Aril Aril Imik sámpi (S) Guabilla Aril Aril 2003] VAN DEN EYNDEN: WILD FOODS FROM SOUTHERN ECUADOR APPENDIX 1. EXTENDED. Preparation Raw, fried, cooked Raw Raw Marketb 593 CONTINUED. Herbarium vouchersc Additional uses Aread Raw Soup, pickles Stew Raw Timber Fuelwood VVDE&GE196, 586, 678 677 VVDE&GE204, 568, 698, 731, 843 905 — 631 781 Raw, juice, preserve Fuelwood 471, 616, 937 C Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Fuelwood 608 OC&IL862 676, 744 VVDE&GE223 573 VVDE&GE224, 300 578 327 134, 184, 277 331 253 VVDE&GE225 890 707, 828, 914 535 C O O C O C O Sw Sw Sw Sw C C O O Salad (cooked) Fuelwood, timber 64 C Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Fuelwood, timber Fuelwood, timber 670 910 VVDE&GE216, 526, 547, 800, 811 VVDE&GE200, 418, 695, 736 721, 776 481, 566, 599, 637, 984 O O O Raw Fuelwood Fuelwood Fuelwood, timber, shade, hedges Fuelwood Raw Raw Fuelwood Fuelwood, timber, hedges 484 528 Sw O Raw Raw Fuelwood, timber, shade 936 105, 455, 488, EC521 C C Sw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Fuelwood Fuelwood, timber Fuelwood, timber, hedges Fuelwood 963 909 968 469 142, 293, 519, 692, 717, 739, 831 696 652 C O C C C Se O Raw (induces vomiting) Raw Fuelwood Fuelwood, timber Fuelwood Fuelwood Fuelwood Fuelwood O O O O Sw Sw Sw O Se C Sw O C 594 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 57 APPENDIX 1. CONTINUED. Plant family Inga multinervis T.D. Penn. Inga nobilis Willd. ssp. nobilis Inga nobilis Willd. ssp. quaternata (P.&E.) T.D. Penn. Aril Aril Aril Inga striolata T.D. Penn. Inga thibaudiana DC. ssp. thibaudiana Inga sp. aff. venusta Standl. Inga vera Willd. Inga vera Willd. ssp. affinis (DC.) T.D. Penn. Inga sp. Inga sp. Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Guabilla Napúrak (S) Aril Aril Guaba Guabilla Guaba Aril Aril Aril Guabilla Guabilla Algarrobo Aril Aril Fruit (pod) Ficus aff. andicola Standley Ficus sp. Maclura tinctoria (L.) Stuedel ssp. tinctoria Pseudolmedia laevigata Trécul Pseudolmedia macrophylla Trécul Pseudolmedia sp. Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban Trophis sp. Gen. indet. Calyptranthes sp. Eugenia curvipilosa McVaugh Eugenia florida DC. Eugenia stipitata McVaugh ssp. sororia McVaugh Eugenia sp. Higuerón Umbe Sota Fruit Fruit Fruit Chimi (S), capulı́ Shanguinia (S) Chimi (S), capulı́ Pı́tiu (S), pito Pı́tiu (S) Mirikú (S) Arrayán Saca negra Arrayán Membrillo silvestre Fruit Fruit Fruit Seed Seed Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Arrayán Eugenia sp. Eugenia sp. Eugenia sp. Capulı́ Pasaca Saca blanca Fruit Leaves Fruit Fruit Fruit Inga Inga Inga Inga Inga cf. oerstediana Benth. ornata Kunth punctata Willd. sapindoides Willd. silanchensis T.D. Penn. Inga spectabilis (Vahl) Willd. Inga striata Benth. Myrtaceae Edible part Guabilla Wampukish (S) Imik sámpi (S), kunkuin sámpi (S), wampukish (S), guaba negra, guabilla, guaba Guaba, guabilla, guaba rabo de mono, guaba de zorro, guaba de perico, guaba musga, laricaro, laricaro de bejuco Guabilla Guaba Guabilla, imik sámpi (S) Guaba cajetilla Guaba de monte, guaba poroto Guaba machetona, guaba, panaco Guaba, guaba verde, guaba musga, guaba de mono, guaba natural, guabilla Inga oerstediana Benth. Moraceae Local namesa Botanical name Aril Aril Aril Aril Aril Aril Aril Aril 2003] VAN DEN EYNDEN: WILD FOODS FROM SOUTHERN ECUADOR APPENDIX 1. EXTENDED. Preparation Marketb Raw Raw Raw Raw x Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw x Raw x Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Algarrobina Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Cooked Cooked Raw Raw Raw, preserve Raw Raw, juice Raw Infusion Raw Raw Raw, preserve CONTINUED. x Herbarium vouchersc Additional uses Aread Fuelwood Fuelwood Fuelwood 887 694, 835 447, 520, 693, 697, 746, 777, 834 C O C Se O Fuelwood, timber, shade, hedges 164, 165, VVDE&GE226, VVDE&GE240, 304, 308, 449, 474, 527, 532, 559, 594, 802, 804, 879, 896, 962 514 490, 491, 570, 614, 810 536, 657, 801, 839 959 882 C Sw O C Sw O Fuelwood Fuelwood 129, 130, 166, VVDE&GE201 83, 102, 106, 149, 157, 159, 254, 257, 258, 265, 263, 266, 279, 301, 476, 543, 548, 600, 601, 619, 655, 722, 767, 971 803 669 Fuelwood 582 745 624, 935 O CO C 537 891 65, 465 O C C 295 589 268 C Sw C 833, 904 908 688, 844 686, 842 404 710 454 807, 809 540 VVDE&GE197 O O O O O O Sw O O O 642 Sw 727 553 808 Se Sw O Timber Fuelwood, timber, hedges Fuelwood, timber, shade Fuelwood Raw 595 Fuelwood, timber, shade Fuelwood, timber, hedges Fuelwood Fuelwood, timber, fodder (pods), hedges Fuelwood Fuelwood, (fruit) Fuelwood, Fuelwood, Fuelwood, Fuelwood timber, fodder timber timber timber Fuelwood Fuelwood Timber, tool handles Timber Fuelwood C C Sw O O C C C Sw Se O O O 596 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 57 APPENDIX 1. CONTINUED. Plant family Local namesa Botanical name Myrcia fallax (Rich.) DC. Onagraceae Orchidaceae Myrcia sp. Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) McVaugh Myrcianthes orthostemon (O. Berg) Grifo Myrcianthes rhopaloides (Kunth) McVaugh Myrcianthes cf. rhopaloides (Kunth) McVaugh Myrcianthes sp. Myrcianthes sp. Myrcianthes sp. Myrcianthes sp. Psidium acutangulum DC. Psidium guineense Sw. Psidium salutare (Kunth) Berg Psidium sartorianum (Berg) Nied. Gen. indet. Fuchsia sp. Vanilla sp. Oxalidaceae Oxalis latifolia H.B.K. Passifloraceae Passiflora auriculata H.B.K Passiflora cumbalensis (Karst.) Harms Passiflora foetida L. Saca, saca saca, saca blanca, saca colorada Edible part Fruit Gauguel Fruit Fruit Saca botella, singulique Fruit Guaguel Fruit Guaguel Fruit Arrayán Saca Singulique Yanamuro, arrayán Guayava del campo Guayabilla Arrayán pequeña Arrayán Saca Pena Vainilla Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit (pod) Yuquilla, yuquita, zanahoria del campo Granadilla Gullán Root Fruit pulp Fruit pulp Passiflora luzmarina P.M. Jørgensen Granadilla, bedoca, patúk- Fruit pulp mai munchi (S) Granadilla, granadilla de Fruit pulp mate, granadilla del campo Gullán Fruit pulp Passiflora matthewsii (Mast.) Killip Gullán, juliane Fruit pulp Passiflora mixta (Benth.) Killip var. eriantha (Benth.) Killip Passiflora cf. mixta (Benth.) Killip Passiflora pergrandis Holm-Nielsen & Lawesson Gullán Fruit pulp Passiflora ligularis Juss. Passiflora cf. pergrandis Holm-Nielsen & Lawesson Passiflora popenovii Killip Passiflora punctata L. Passiflora tripartita (Juss.) Poir. var. azuayensis Holm-Nielsen & P.M. Jørgensen Passiflora sp. Passiflora sp. Passiflora sp. Passiflora sp. Gullán Fruit pulp Munchi (S), washi munchi Fruit pulp (S), granadilla, granadilla de poto Munchi (S) Fruit pulp Granadilla de Quijos Granadilla, ñorbo, granadilla de monte Gullán Granadilla, tumbo de campo Granadilla de monte Tsere munchi (S) Tumbo Fruit pulp Fruit pulp Fruit pulp Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit pulp pulp pulp pulp 2003] VAN DEN EYNDEN: WILD FOODS FROM SOUTHERN ECUADOR APPENDIX 1. EXTENDED. Preparation Marketb Raw, preserve, jam 597 CONTINUED. Herbarium vouchersc Additional uses Fuelwood, timber, fodder (fruit) Raw Raw, macerated in alcohol Aread 80, 104, 135, 256, 280, 486, 555, 556 542 340 C Sw O Sw Raw Fuelwood, timber, hedges 604 Sw Raw Fuelwood 430 Sw Raw Fuelwood, timber 640 Sw Raw, macerated in alcohol Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw, jelly, preserve Raw Raw, macerated in alcohol Raw Raw Condiment, macerated in alcohol, infusion Raw Timber 303 EC863 606 421 955 88, 124, 178, 264 294 192 966 EC789 546 C Sw Sw Sw Sw C C Sw C C C Sw O GE2 C 970 EC353, EC515, 523, 550, EC865, EC866, EC867 139, 140, 181, 942 C Sw VVDE&GE237, 310, 482, 729 C Sw Se Fuelwood, timber Fuelwood Fuelwood, timber Timber Fuelwood, timber Raw Raw Raw, juice Raw, juice Raw x C Raw EC510, EC516, EC929, Sw 991, 992, 994, 993 183, 437, 506, EC509, 641, Sw Se 812 632 Sw Raw Raw EC793 413, 420, 672, 734, 740 Sw O Raw 544 O Raw, juice Raw 218, 927 VVDE&GE238, 292 C C Raw 337 Sw Raw, juice Raw Raw Raw 580 892 708 620 C C O C Raw 598 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 57 APPENDIX 1. CONTINUED. Plant family Piperaceae Polygonaceae Portulacaceae Proteaceae Rosaceae Piper Piper Piper Piper Sapindaceae Sapotaceae sp. sp. sp. sp. Edible part Guaviduca Guaviduca Natsa unkuch’ (S) Nátsamar (S), natsatsam (S), Santa maria Tunchinchi (S) Unkuch’ (S) Untuntup’ (S) Añalque pampero, añalque chiquito, añalque, indindo, negrito Indindo Añalqui Verdolago Cucharilla, gañil Frutilla, mora Quique Quique Leaves Leaves Young leaves Young leaves Unripe inflorescence Young leaves Young leaves Young leaves Fruit Quique Fruit Mora gateadora, mora Mora Mora, mora de pepa Mora Mora gateadora Mora, mora grande, mora grande de jugo, mora pequeña Mora, mora grande Mora Mora de los pajones Mora Mora de piña grande Mora Mora piña, mora Mora, moras (S) Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Arcytophyllum thymifolium (R. & P.) Standley Coussarea brevicaulis Krause Pentagonia sp. Perlilla Fruit Supı́nim (S) Almendra Rondeletia sp. Allophylus mollis (Kunth) Radkl. Sapindus saponaria L. Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq. ssp. panamense (Pittier) T.D. Penn. Chrysophyllum lucentifolium Cronq. Micropholis venulosa (Mart. & Eichl.) Pierre Pouteria brevipetiolata T.D. Penn. Pouteria caimito (R. & P.) Radlk. Jicamillo Shiringo, clambo Checo, chereco, jurupe Caimito Fruit mesocarp Seed Fruit mesocarp Fruit Fruit Seed Fruit Cauje Capulı́ del monte, tillo Fruit Fruit Chiche Yaás (S), yarasu (S), yaraso (S), caimito Fruit Fruit Piper sp. Piper sp. Piper sp. Coccoloba ruiziana Lindau Coccoloba aff. ruiziana Lindau Coccoloba sp. Portulaca oleracea L.* Oreocallis grandiflora (Lam.) R. Br. Fragaria vesca L. Hesperomeles ferruginea (Pers.) Benth. Hesperomeles obtusifolia (Pers.) Lindl. var. microphylla (Wedd.) Romoleroux Hesperomeles obtusifolia (Pers.) Lindl. var. obtusifolia Rubus acanthophyllus Focke Rubus azuayensis Romoleroux Rubus bogotensis H.B.K. Rubus compactus Benth. Rubus coriaceus Poir. Rubus floribundus Kunth Rubus Rubus Rubus Rubus Rubus Rubus Rubus Rubus Rubiaceae Local namesa Botanical name glaucus Benth. laegaardii Romoleroux. loxensis Benth. megalococcus Focke nubigenus Kunth peruvianus Fritsch roseus Poir. urticifolius Poir. Fruit Fruit Leaves Seed Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit 2003] VAN DEN EYNDEN: WILD FOODS FROM SOUTHERN ECUADOR APPENDIX 1. EXTENDED. Preparation Marketb 599 CONTINUED. Herbarium vouchersc Additional uses Aread Condiment Condiment Tonga Stew Cooked 770 979 921 898 Se O O O Stew Stew, soup, tonga Stew, soup Raw, preserve 666 660, 827, 922 826 470, 558, 618, 945, EC988 O O O C Sw EC795 468 191, VVDE&GE217, 291 62, 95, 96 347, 432 182, 434 440, 874 C C CO Sw Sw Sw Sw Raw, preserve, jam 350, 629 Sw Raw, Raw Raw, Raw Raw, Raw, 329, 876 870 494, EC864 348, EC517 330 188, 338, 438, 483, 492, 493, 495, 554, 557, 595, 603, 819 EC792 817 502, 820 512 501 93, EC749, EC869 EC352, 500, EC748, 818 VVDE&GE241, 307, 320, 444, 529, 569, 903 626 Sw Sw Sw Sw Sw Sw Se 680, 906 VVDE&GE203 O O 720 81, 151, 255, 487 932 650 Se Sw C C Raw Raw, preserve, jam Raw, juice, salad, soup Raw Raw Raw, preserve, jam, roasted Raw Fuelwood, timber Fuelwood Fuelwood, timber x Dye (seed) x x Fuelwood, timber juice, jam, preserve jam jam jam, preserve, ice cream x Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw, jam Raw Raw, jam Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw, pureed Raw Raw Fuelwood Fuelwood, timber x Fuelwood, timber Sw Sw Se Sw Se Sw Sw Sw Sw Se CO Sw Raw Raw Timber Fuelwood, timber 956 VVDE&GE205, 572 C O Raw Raw, juice Fuelwood, timber Fuelwood, timber 881 545, 673 C O 600 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 57 APPENDIX 1. CONTINUED. Plant family Saxifragaceae Solanaceae Caimito Luma Caimito Cauje Lusumbe Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Escallonia sp. Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schlecht. Maco maco Picopico, sabaluco Fruit Fruit Cyphomandra cajanumensis (H.B.K.) Walpers Jaltomata sp. Jaltomata sp. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.* Lycopersicon peruvianum (L.) Mill. Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill. Markea sp. Physalis peruviana L. Pepino de campo, pepinillo Fruit Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. Solanum stramoniifolium Lam. ? Solanum sp. Solanum sp. Solanum sp. Solanum sp. Solanum sp. Solanum sp. Solanum sp. Solanum sp. Solanum sp. Gen. indet. Gen. indet. Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Herrania mariae Goudot var. putumayonis R.E. Schultes Herrania sp. Theobroma bicolor L. Theaceae Theophrastaceae Edible part Pouteria aff. glomerata (Miq.) Radlk. Pouteria lucuma (R. & P.) Kuntze Pouteria sp. Pouteria sp. Pradosia montana T.D. Penn. Physalis sp. Salpichroa diffusa Miers Solanum americanum Mill. Solanum brevifolium Dunal Solanum caripense Dunal Solanum quitoense Lam. Sterculiaceae Local namesa Botanical name Freziera verrucosa (Hieron.) Kobuski Gen. indet. Clavija euerganea Macbr. Uvilla Uvilla Tomate de monte Tomatillo Tomatillo, tomate del campo Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Yuránmis (S), uvilla, pepino de monte Ovilla Chulalay Shı́mpiship (S), mortiño Uchuchi (S) Simbailo Naranjilla silvestre, naranjilla de campo, huevo de perro Uvilla, naranjilla, pisho Ya kukúch’ (S) Ajı́ Ajı́ clavo, ajı́ gallinjaso Chulala Jı́mia (S) Kukúch’ (S) Pepino Pepino Sacha naranjilla Shuankukúch’ (S) Juvilla Tomate de árbol Guásimo Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Kushı́kiam (S) Fruit pulp Kushı́kiam (S), babaco silvestre Wakam (S), pataste, cacao blanco Huile Higo Naranjilla del campo, naranjilla silvestre Fruit pulp Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Seed Fruit pulp Fruit Fruit Fruit 2003] VAN DEN EYNDEN: WILD FOODS FROM SOUTHERN ECUADOR APPENDIX 1. EXTENDED. Preparation Raw Raw, ice cream Raw Raw Raw Marketb 601 CONTINUED. Herbarium vouchersc Additional uses 953 115, 117, 283, 773 976 587 74, 131, 270, 560 C Sw Se O C O C C C Sw O Raw 967 153, VVDE&GE227, VVDE&GE243, VVDE&GE244, 575 EC794, 798 Raw Raw Raw, pickles Raw Raw, fried 342 728 737 461 1, 138, 612, 933 Sw Se CO C C Raw Raw 724, 799 422, 705 Sw Se Sw Se O Raw Raw Raw, chicha morada Curdle milk Raw Raw, juice 742 423 155, 463, 701, 980 43 286, 339, 424, 428, EC750 VVDE&GE202, VVDE&GE207, VVDE&GE250, 305, 975 82, 116 824 602 654 605 700 663, 832 768 769 743 709 EC788 625 460, 607 O Sw C Sw O Sw Sw CO Sw O Sw C Sw O O Se Se O O Sw C C 829 O Raw Raw Raw Raw Raw Condiment Raw Condiment Raw Raw Raw Juice Raw Raw Juice Raw x Fuelwood, timber Timber Aread Fuelwood, timber, fodder (fruit), hedges Fuelwood, timber, chicken feed (fruit), hedges Fuelwood, timber, fodder (fruit), hedges Raw Sw Raw Fuelwood 396, 675 O Roasted Raw Raw Fuelwood 651, 674 CO Fuelwood, timber 636, 996 Sw 341 113, 163, 593 Sw C Raw Raw, juice 602 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 57 APPENDIX 1. CONTINUED. Plant family Ulmaceae Verbenaceae Zingiberaceae a Botanical name Clavija pungens (Roem. & Schult.) Decne. Clavija cf. repanda Ståhl Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. Local namesa Edible part Granadilla de monte Fruit Fruit Fruit Celtis sp. Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Gen. indet. Gen. indet. Naranjilla Tsachı́k (S), cacumba, uña de gato, uña de paba, huevo de paba, mogroño, uva Palo blanco Cerezo, niguito Chine Nara (S) Lantana sp. Vitex gigantea H.B.K. Gen. indet. Gen. indet. Costa scaber Ruiz & Pavón Renealmia alpinia (Rottb.) Maas Choclito Pechiche Choclito Ramoncillo Caña agria Kumpı́a (S) Seed Fruit Fruit Young leaves Flower Fruit Fruit Fruit Leaves Stem Seeds and fruit pulp Leaves Local names marked (S) are Shuar, all others are Spanish. Product sold at local and regional markets. c All botanical specimens were collected by V. Van den Eynden, E. Cueva and O. Cabrera, except: EC 5 E. Cueva; OC&IL 5 O. Cabrera & I. Lauwers; VVDE&GE 5 V. Van den Eynden & G. Eras. d C 5 Costa; Sw 5 western Sierra; Se 5 eastern Sierra; O 5 Oriente. e According to Ulloa Ulloa and Jørgensen (1993), the fruits of Pernettya prostrata are poisonous. b 2003] VAN DEN EYNDEN: WILD FOODS FROM SOUTHERN ECUADOR APPENDIX 1. EXTENDED. Preparation Marketb Raw Raw Raw, roasted Raw Raw Tonga Tonga Raw Raw, preserve Raw Condiment, infusion Raw Tonga (wrapped in its own leaves), soup Food wrap CONTINUED. Herbarium vouchersc Additional uses Raw Fuelwood, timber Fuelwood, timber Fuelwood Fuelwood, timber 603 Aread 957 C 179 71, 75, 275, 316, 458, 585, 712 C C Se O 273 VVDE&GE248, 269, 446 272 919 C C C O VVDE&GE222 622, 931 961 260 899, 902 661 C C C Sw O O