REVIEW ARTICLE
Ethnopharmacology, Pharmacology and Phytochemistry of
Aristolochia bracteolata Lam: A Review of an Antimalarial
Plant
Lina S. Mathew*a, b, Andrew G. Mtewab, c, Clement O. Ajayib, Serawit Deynob, d, Anke Weisheitb, Casim
Umba Tolob, Arop L. Denge, Patrick Engeu Ogwangb, f
a
Department of Biology, College of Education, Bahr El Ghazal University, Wau, South Sudan
PharmBiotechnology and Traditional Medicine Center, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara Uganda, Mbarara, Uganda
c
Chemistry Section, Department of Applied Sciences, Malawi Institute of Technology, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi
d
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
e
College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Juba University, South Sudan
f
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, Mbarara Uganda.
b
*
Corresponding to Lina S. Matthew (mathewlina@ymail.com or lmathew@std.must.ac.ug)
ABSTRACT
Malaria remains one of the most common infectious diseases in the sub-Sahara African countries and other developing
countries. Among the medicinal plants used in the endemic countries for the treatment of malaria is Aristolochia bracteolata
Lam. due to its availability, accessibility, and traditional use. This study therefore reviewed the ethnomedicinal use,
pharmacology, and the chemistry of Aristolochia bracteolata. Different electronic databases such as Medline/Pubmed,
Cochrane Library, and Embase were searched to identify all published articles on Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. Key search
words included ethnopharmacological use, pharmacological and phytochemical parameters of A. bracteolata. Retrieved
articles were reviewed and synthesized. In addition, the reference list of retrieved articles was reviewed and articles which
were not retrieved by previous search were hand searched. The review included original research articles that has
investigated Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. of any study design. Only published original articles, any languages, any time
of publish, and grey literature (Conference paper, theses both PhD. and Msc. technical report) were included. Those articles
with full text not available, those without information of interest, e.g ethnopharmacology, pharmacology and phytochemistry
of A. bracteolata were excluded. Despite having multiple use, the plant is mainly used in the treatment of malaria with a
reported antiplasmodial activity. Aristolochic acids (AAs) were reported as the major and active ingredient among other
components in the plant. The review revealed that A. bracteolata has various traditional use with promising pharmacological
activity. However, information on its safety is limited.
Keywords: Aristolochia bracteolata, Ethnopharmacology, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, South Sudan, Malaria,
Aristolochic acids.
INTRODUCTION
M
edicinal plants played a very important role in human
life right from the ancient times till today. They
comprise many chemical constituents with different
pharmacological effects thereby regulating different
biological mechanisms and treating different types of
diseases1. They have a vital role in treating and preventing
various diseases. Some of these medicinal plants have been
East Africa Science 2020 | Volume 2 | Issue 1
reported for their antimalarial activities and have been the
source of new lead drugs including artemisinin, quinine,
etc.2,3. In addition to antimalarial efficacy, some of these
plants have been reported to exhibit antidiuretic, antiinflammatory,
anti-analgesic,
anticancer,
antiviral,
antibacterial and antifungal activities. The use of herbal
medicine (HM) has become an alternative source of
treatment over the past three decades to address the gap of
22
Ethnopharmacology of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam
high cost, resistance to conventional drugs and as alternative
drug for primary healthcare (PHC)4. Medicinal plants have
played important roles in drug discovery through
phytochemicals which can be directly used as medical
remedy, structural basis for chemical synthesis or act as
structural model for semi-synthetic drugs5.
Medicinal
plants are the richest bio-resource of drugs of traditional
systems of medicine, modern medicines, nutraceuticals,
food supplements, folk medicines, antimalarial drugs etc4.
Many plants are useful to human lives as source of food,
food supplement or therapeutic purpose, however, some
have been reported to have mutagenic and genotoxic effect
in vivo6. Plant toxicity may arise from contaminants like
lead, mercury, arsenic and other that can be absorbed from
the soils or from the end products of plant metabolism.
Current studies have focused more on ethnomedicinal use,
pharmacology and phytochemistry of medicinal plants used
by humans. This is very significant in order to guarantee the
safety of the consumers of plant products7. The plant toxicity
may originate from different contaminants which may be
chemical (organic pollutant, toxic metals or non-metals),
biological (parasitic or microbiological) or agrochemical
residues8. A number of bioassays are used in research to
ascertain toxicity level of medicinal plants or herbal extracts
which may be in vivo using laboratory animals9 or in vitro
using cell line cytotoxicity studies10. Identification of
phytochemicals responsible either for biological activity or
toxicity is important for enhancing the bioactive effect or
preventing the toxic effect. In malaria endemic countries,
medicinal plants are used as alternative for treatment of the
different ailments including malaria, and has remained a first
line source of novel drugs such as quinine, artemisinins etc.
Aristolochia bracteolata is used for the treatment of various
diseases in many countries including South Sudan but
review on its safety, phytochemistry and efficacy is limited.
This
review
synthesized
information
on
ethnopharmacology, pharmacology and phytochemistry of
Aristolochia bracteolata Lam.
www.eahealth.org
Different electronic databases searches were performed in
Medline/Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Google scholar,
proquest library and Embase to identify all published articles
on Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. The key words included
ethnopharmacological
use,
pharmacological
and
phytochemical parameters of Aristolochia bracteolata. In
addition, the reference list of retrieved articles was reviewed
and articles which were not retrieved by previous search
were hand searched. The review included original research
articles that has investigated Aristolochia bracteolata Lam.
of any study design. Only published original articles, any
languages, any time of publish, and grey literature
(Conference paper, theses both PhD. and MSc., technical
report) were included. Full text not available, those without
information of interest, e.g. ethnopharmacology,
pharmacology and phytochemistry of A. bracteolata were
excluded.
RESULTS
Search results
After searching the data bases and hand searching a total of
215 articles were obtained. After reviewing articles for
relevance, 73 were excluded. Since 23 full text were not
available, 5 were reviewed articles, and the remaining does
not have the information of interest. Therefore, 42 articles
were finally included in this review.
Botany of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam.
The Plant A. bracteolata Lam. belongs to the family
Aristolociaceae. The genus aristolochia has over 500
species, but those reported to be found in Africa includes; A.
elegans, A. chilensis, A. clematitis A. albida, A. baetica. A.
embergeri, A. heppi, A. hockii, A. fontanesii, A. paucinervis,
A. pistolochia, A. rigida, A. sempervirens and A.
bracteolata11. Aristololochia bracteolata is a climbing
perennial plant with cordate leaves and dark–purple colour
tubular flowers widely distributed in tropical Asia, Africa
and South America12. It is commonly known as worm killer
and classification details are provided in Table 1.
METHODS
TABLE 1. Classification of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam.
Family
Genus
Species
Scientific name
Synonyms
Common names
Habit
Habitat
Propagation
Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia
A. bracteolata
Aristolochia bracteolata Lam.
Aristolochia bracteata Retz., Aristolochia benadirana Flori., Aristolochia abbyssinica Klotzch.,
Aristolochia mauritiana Pers. Aristolochia crenata Ehreb ex.Duch.
Wormkiller, Dikeritimelo. Morodi.
Climbing herb
Dry areas, black cotton soil, riverbanks, bush lands, desert grassland and sandy soil.
Seed
East Africa Science 2020 | Volume 2 | Issue 1
23
Ethnopharmacology of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam
Ethnopharmacology of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam.
Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. was the leading antimalarial
plant reported in the list of medicinal plants in South
Sudan13. Other various plants that are used for the treatment
of malaria include Gardenia thunbergia, Cucumis
dipsaceus, Tamarindus indica, Balanites aegyptiaca, and
cassia nigricans13. Apart from treating malaria, A.
bracteolata is also used for treatment of various diseases and
ailments in South Sudan traditional health system. These
uses include dysentery, headache, fever, general body pain,
snake bites, scorpion bites, high blood pressure, diabetes,
diarrhea and stomach ache13. The whole plant has been
www.eahealth.org
reported to be of medicinal importance13. The plant A.
bracteolata Lam. is the most commonly used as an
antimalarial plant and sold in the markets as a source of
income for the local inhabitants in South Sudan. The whole
plant is either administered fresh or after sun dried. For the
topical use, the plant paste is applied in the affected area and
seeds are swallowed for the treatment of malaria and other
stomach conditions. Its root is also powdered, infused in
water and administered orally for the treatment of malaria,
fever, headache, general body pain, stomachache, diarrhea
and flu13. Table 2 depicts ethnopharmacological uses of
different parts of A. bracteolata.
TABLE 2. Ethnopharmacological uses of different parts of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam.
Plant part
Used
Whole Plant
Is crushed, soaked in water taken orally as gastric stimulant treatment, cancer,
lungs inflammation dysentery, and snake bite
For treatment of Malaria, convulsions, abdominal pain, scorpion stings, flu,
vomiting, pneumonia, polymeorrhea and edema
Root paste as vulnerary agent: 100g of fresh roots taken processed and ground to
paste. It is mixed with 1 spoonful of turmeric powder, warmed and applied on
wounds
Roots used for Scorpion stings and anti-inflammatory, leaves for malaria
For the treatment of malaria and other conditions like, fever, headache, general
body pain, stomachache, diarrhea and flu.
Whole Plant
Root
Root and Leaf
The Whole Plant
Pharmacological activity of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam.
Aristolochia bracteolaae Lam. has been reported to have
antibacterial, antifungal18, anti-arthritis19, hypotensive,
hypothermia,
antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory,
antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic20 activities.
Hexane extract of A. bracteolata showed in vitro
antiplasmodial activity on chloroquine sensitive P.
falciparum MRC-2 strain with IC50 of 16 µg/mL.21. In
another study, methanol extract of seed and root of A.
bracteolata showed in vitro antiplasmodial activity on
chloroquine resistant and pyrimethamine sensitive strain
with IC50 less than 5 µg/mL. Likewise, petroleum
ether/chloroform extract of whole plant of A. bracteolata
showed in vitro antiplasmodial activity of 100% inhibition
against P. falciparum at 50 μg/mL concentration17,22. This
confirms local community claim that the plant has effect on
malaria parasite. Antimicrobial activity23 anti-arthritis
activity24, anti-allergic activity19 and anti-oxidant property25
were also exhibited by the plant. The ethyl acetate, acetone
and methanol extracts of the root showed promising
antibacterial activity on Gram positive and Gram negative
bacteria, with ethyl acetate extract being the most
effective14. Aristolochia bracteolata showed a promising
hyperuricemia in a metabolic arthritis rat model1 and showed
a potent in vitro wound healing action through anti-
East Africa Science 2020 | Volume 2 | Issue 1
Reference
14
15
16
17
13
inflammatory and proliferative effect on human dermal
fibroblasts and keratinocytes26.
Phytochemistry of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam.
Phytochemical screening of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam.
showed that it contains presence of alkaloids, saponins,
flavonoid, phenol and tannin16. Methanol extract of A.
bracteolata subjected
to phytochemical screening has shown the presence of
phenolic compounds, flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids,
steroids, cardiac glycosides, saponins and aristolochic acids
A-D 4. The stem and the root were reported to contain the
alkaloid and aristolochic acids. The chief active principle of
the drug is aristolochic acid, though aristolic and p-coumaric
acids also appear to contribute to the activities of the drug.
Aristolochic acid is 8-methoxy-3; 4-methylenedioxy – 10 –
nitrophenanthrene – 1–carboxylic acid. It is intensely bitter
and is optically inactive. It is the same as iso-aristolochic
acid, aristolochia yellow, aristinic and aristolochic acids, but
is different from aristolochine now identified as 1-curine.
The aristolochic acids were host of phenanthrene derived
metabolites in which the aristolactams also possessed the
similar skeleton27. Both aristolochic acids (AAs) I and II are
the major components of the plant in aristolochia genus.
Phytochemical screening
17
Ethnopharmacology of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam
of A. bracteolata using different solvents is presented in
Figures 1 and 2 and Table 3 depict structures of aristolochic
acid I and II respectively. However, in another study,
methanolic extract of A. bracteolata Lam was purified and
toxic compounds identified as AAs were isolated using
different purification techniques. It was noted in previous
studies that the whole plant (200g) was defatted to produce
dark green oily residue (5.35%). High performance liquid
www.eahealth.org
chromatography (HPLC) data also showed that AA-ΙΙ was
represented in a higher calculated quantity of 49.03 g/kg
compared to AA-Ι (12.98 g/kg) in A. bracteolata L. whole
plant31,32. Although evidence of the presence of aristolochic
I and II in A. bracteolata Lam. is reported by Achenbach and
Fischer33, Kumar34,35 reported absence of Aristolochic II in
this plant. Variation in their results may be explained by the
different techniques and methods of analysis used.
FIGURE 1: C17H11NO7; Relative molecular mass: 341.27
FIGURE 2. C16H9NO6; Relative molecular mass: 311.25
East Africa Science 2020 | Volume 2 | Issue 1
26
Ethnopharmacology of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam
www.eahealth.org
TABLE 3. Phytochemical screening of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. using different solvents
Plant Part Used
Extract Solvents
Phytochemicals
Whole Plant
Methanol Extract
Presence of alkaloids, triterpenoids, glycosides, steroids,
tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and cardio
glycosides
27
Whole Plant
Methanol
24
Leaf Part
Methanol & ethyl
acetate
Increasing order of
polarity from
petroleum ether to
benzene, chloroform,
acetone and alcohol
extract
phenolic compounds, flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids,
steroids, cardiac glycosides, saponins and aristolochi acid-A,
and aristolochic acid-D
Presence of alkaloids, glycosides, phytosterol, saponins,
tannins, phenol, carbohydrates
Presence of alkaloids, saponin, glycosides, steroids, tannins,
phenolic compounds, flavonoids
Presence of alkaloids, saponin, steroids, tannins, terpenoids,
flavonoids and glycosides
Presence of alkaloids, saponins, steroids, tannins, phenol
flavonoids, carbohydrates and glycosides
30
Leaf
Leaf
Methanol extract
Leaf
Aqueous extract
Toxicity of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam.
Most of the plant family Aristolochiaceae are said to contain
aristolochic acids (AAs)15. Pure AAs from A. bracteolata
plant has been reported for nephrotoxic, mutagenic and
carcinogenic in the tested animals after a prolong
administration. In experimental animals, high doses of
aristolochic acids administered either orally or intravenously
caused severe necrosis of the renal tubules36. However, there
is limited evidence in human on the carcinogenicity of the
plant. The acute oral toxicity study on A. bracteolata extract
showed no mortality and any sign of toxicity after dosing at
2000 mg/kg7. In a similar study,29,32 the ethanol extract of A.
bracteolata administered orally at 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000,
and 8000 mg/kg did not produce any sign of toxicity and
mortality in rats when observed for 14 days postadministration, which could be safety-acutely.
The kidney is an important organ required by the body to
perform several important functions including the
maintenance of homeostasis, power of hydrogen (PH), blood
pressure (BP), regulation of the extracellular environment,
such as detoxification, and excretion of toxic metabolite and
drugs. Kidney is also a major site of organ damage caused
by drug toxicity37. Nephron is a basic unit structure in the
kidney which functions to remove waste products, stray ions
and excess water from the blood. Therefore, the kidney can
be considered as a major target organ for exogenous
toxicants due to nephrotoxicity38–40.
East Africa Science 2020 | Volume 2 | Issue 1
Reference
28
29
28
Aristolochic acid administered orally on rats at 50 mg/kg for
three days neoplastic lession on the kidneys were reported41.
In another study, aristolochic acids administered through
intraperitoneal injection on rabbits at 0.1 mg/kg for 17-21
months reported kidney tumors, ulcers, and peritoneal
cavity34.
However, it is important to recognize that safety concerns
must be incorporated into a general ‘risk-benefit’ analysis
and that toxicity of a drug does not necessarily mean that it
should not be developed or approved. The aminoglycoside
antibiotics, the cancer drug cisplatin and the antiviral
tenofovir were some of the few mentioned examples of
drugs which are proved to be nephrotoxic but efficacious in
terms of treatment42.
CONCLUSION
This review study has shown that Aristolochia bracteolata
Lam. is used as remedy for different ailment and unlike pure
aristolochic acids which is toxic, the extracts did not show
any sign of toxicity from the literature. The plants have also
shown a promising antiplasmodial activity which could be
recommended for antimalarial study in vivo. It could be
concluded that the plant contains different chemical
constituents with aristolochic acids being the marker which
is reported for a degenerative effect on the organs. This
plant however has shown a promising pharmacology which
could be explored in the development of future drugs
development.
26
Ethnopharmacology of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam
Acknowledgements: The authors would like to
acknowledge PharmBiotechnology and Traditional
Medicine Centre (PHARMBIOTRAC) project for making
this work possible.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Li YP, Wu S, Ran A, Xu DY, Wei JM, Zhao ZL. Aristolochia
Bracteolate Retz. Attenuates Hyperuricemia in a Metabolic Arthritis
Rat Model. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2017;14(4):180-187.
doi:10.21010/ajtcam.v14i4.21
Kong LY, Tan RX. Artemisinin, a miracle of traditional Chinese
medicine. Nat Prod Rep. 2015;32(12):1617-1621.
Achan J, Talisuna AO, Erhart A, et al. Quinine, an old anti-malarial
drug in a modern world: Role in the treatment of malaria. Malar J.
2011;10:1-12. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-144
Tiwari P, Kumar B, Kaur M, Kaur G, Kaur H. Phytochemical
Screening and Extraction: A Review. Vol 1.; 2011.
Feng TS, Guantai EM, Nell M, et al. Effects of highly active novel
artemisinin-chloroquinoline hybrid compounds on β-hematin
formation, parasite morphology and endocytosis in Plasmodium
falciparum. Biochem Pharmacol. 2011;82(3):236-247.
doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2011.04.018
askin celik T, Aslantürk Ö. Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of
Lavandula Stoechas Aqueous Extracts. Vol 62.; 2007.
doi:10.2478/s11756-007-0051-2
Raju MG, Reddy THS. Antii Diabetic and Hypolipidemic activity of
methanolic extrat of Aristolochia bracteolata on streptozotocin induced
diabetic Rat model. IJPSR. 2017;8(3):1174-1177.
WHO. WHO Guidelines for Assessing Quality of Herbal Medicines
with Reference to Contaminants and Residues. World Health
Organization; 2007.
Ekor M. The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to
adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Front
Pharmacol. 2014;4(177):10.
Ifeoma O, Oluwakanyinsola S. Screening of Herbal Medicines for
Potential Toxicities. Intech ; 2013.
De Groot H, Wanke S, Neinhuis C. Revision of the genus Aristolochia
(Aristolochiaceae) in Africa, Madagascar and adjacent islands. Bot J
Linn Soc. 2006;151(2):219-238. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00511.x
Samia HAR, Elmalik KH, Khalid HS. Therapeutic Effect of
Aristolochia bractealata Extract Against Experimental Trypanosoma
evansi Infection. Int J Trop Med. 2006;1(4):170-172.
Mathew LS. Ethnobotanical Survey on Wild Edible and Medicinal
Plants in Torit County, Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan. Thesis
Submitt to Biol Dep Sch Educ Univ Libr Sch Post Grad Univ Juba.
2016.
Negi PS, Anandharamakrishnan C, Jayaprakasha GK. Antibacterial
activity of Aristolochia bracteata root extracts. J Med Food.
2003;6(4):401-403.
Heinrich M, Chan J, Wanke S, Neinhuis C, Simmonds MSJ. Local uses
of Aristolochia species and content of nephrotoxic aristolochic acid 1
and 2-A global assessment based on bibliographic sources. J
Ethnopharmacol. 2009;125(1):108-144. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.05.028
Bharath Kumar R, Suryanarayana B. Ethnomedicinal recipes for
digestive ailments and stomachic problems & allied diseases from
tribals of Sriharikota island, Andhra Pradesh. Int J Pharma Bio Sci.
2014;5(1):B468-B482.
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.084892447700&partnerID=40&md5=6a47136b299ca1333906f5af7c2c9
d36.
Ahmed EHM, Nour BYM, Mohammed YG, Khalid H s. Antiplasmodial
Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Used in Sudanese Folk-medicine.
Environ Health Insights. 2010;4(February). doi:10.4137/EHI.S4108
Kavitha D, Nirmaladevi R. Assessment of Aristolochia Bracteolata Leaf
Extracts for Its Biotherapeutic Potential. Vol 8.; 2010.
Chitme HR, Malipatil M, Chandrashekhar VM, Prashant PM.
Antiallergic activity of Aristolochia bracteolata Lank in animal model.
East Africa Science 2020 | Volume 2 | Issue 1
www.eahealth.org
Indian J Exp Biol. 2010;48(1):46-52.
20. FDA. Guidance for Industry, Clinical development programs for drugs,
devices, and biological products for the treatment of rheumatoid
arthritis. 1999;http://www.
21. Rana D, Mehta DS, Desai KR, Highland HN, George LB. Effects of the
extracts of Aristolochia and Tylophora species on Plasmdoium
falciparum in vitro. Int J Pharm Res. 2012;4(4):79-81.
doi:10.13140/2.1.5015.3607
22. Tahir A El, Satti GMH, Khalid SA. Antiplasmodial activity of selected
Sudanese medicinal plants with emphasis on Maytenus senegalensis
(Lam.) Exell. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;64(3):227-233.
doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00129-9
23. Manikandar R V, Selvamani P, Latha S. Antibacterial Activity of Leaf
Extracts of Aristolochia Bracteate Retz. Vol 68.; 2006.
doi:10.4103/0250-474x.27830
24. Khandelwal KR. Practical Pharmacognosy Techniques and
Experiments. Pune: Nirali Prakashan; 2005.
25. Devi K, Kanimozhi S, Suganyadevi P. Phytochemical screening and
biological property of Aristolochia bracteolata. J Pharm Res.
2011;4(5):1509 – 1514.
26. Girija DM, Kalachaveedu M, Subbarayan R, Jenifer P, Rao SR.
Aristolochia bracteolata enhances wound healing in vitro through antiinflammatory and proliferative effect on human dermal fibroblasts and
keratinocytes. Pharmacogn J. 2017;9(6):s129-s136.
doi:10.5530/pj.2017.6s.169
27. Nandhini DU, Rajasekar M, Venmathi T, Koopen AW. A review on
worm killer: Aristolochia bracteolata. J Pharmacogn Phytochem.
2017;6(2):6-9.
28. Palanisamy K, Deepa M, Pushpa R, andM Lenin PK. Screening and
characterization of Aristolochia bracteolata plant extract against
antibacterial activity of selected microbes. J Pharmacogn Phytochem.
2019;8(3):4573-4576.
29. Shirwaikar A, Somashekar AP, Udupa AL, Udupa SL, Somashekar S.
Wound healing studies of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. with
supportive action of antioxidant enzymes. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(67):558-562. doi:10.1078/094471103322331548
30. Lavanya A, Ambikapathy V, Panneerselvam A. In vitro Callogenesis
and Phytochemical analysis of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam – A
Multipotent Medicinal Plant. Int J Recent Sci Res. 2016;7:1288712890.
31. Abdelgadir AA, Boudesocque-Delaye L, Thery-Koné I, Gueiffier A,
Ahmed EM, Enguehard-Gueiffier C. One-step preparative isolation of
aristolochic acids by strong ion-exchange centrifugal partition
chromatography. Sep Purif Technol. 2015;156:444-449.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.10.033
32. Abdelgadir AA, Ahmed EM, Eltohami MS. Isolation, Characterization
and Quantity Determination of Aristolochic Acids, Toxic Compounds
in Aristolochia bracteolata L. Env Heal Insights. 2011;5:1-8.
33. Achenbach H, Fischer A. 6-O-beta-d-Glucoside of aristolochic acid IIIa
and other components from the roots of Aristolochia baetica. . Planta
Med. 1997;63:579.
34. Cosyns JP. Aristolochic acid and ‘Chinese herbs nephropathy’: a review
of the evidence to date. Drug Saf. 2003;26:33–48.
35. Kumar V, Poonam, Prasad AK, Parmar VS. Naturally occurring
aristolactams, aristolochic acids and dioxoaporphines and their
biological activities. Nat Prod Rep. 2003;20(6):565-583.
36. Chen SM, Fan MY, Tseng CC, Ho Y, Hsu KY. Pharmacokinetics and
nephrotoxicity of aristolochic acid in rabbits. Toxicon. 2007;50(2):180188. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.03.011
37. Ferguson MA, S. V V. Biomarkers of nephrotoxic acute kidney injury.
Toxicology. 2008;245:182–193.
38. Kohli HS, Bhaskaran MC, Muthukumar T, et al. Treatment-related
acute renal failure in the elderly: a hospital-based prospective study.
Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15:212–217.
39. Nagai J, Takano M. Molecular-targeted approaches to reduce renal
accumulation of nephrotoxic drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol.
2010;6:1125–1138.
40. Naughton CA. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Am Fam Physician.
2008;78:743–750.
27
Ethnopharmacology of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam
41. Cui M, Liu ZH, Qiu Q, Li H, Li LS. Tumour induction in rats following
exposure to short-term high dose aristolochic acid I. Mutagenesis.
2005;20(1):45-49. doi:10.1093/mutage/gei007
42. Bonventre J V, Vaidya VS, Schmouder R, Feig P, Dieterle F. Nextgeneration biomarkers for detecting kidney toxicity . Nat Biotechnol.
2010;28(5):436–440. doi:10.1038/nbt0510-436
East Africa Science 2020 | Volume 2 | Issue 1
www.eahealth.org
Peer Reviewed
Competing Interests: None declared.
Received: 29 Dec 2019; Accepted: 23 Apr 2020.
Cite this article as: Mathew LS, Mtewa AG, Ajayi C, Deyno S, Weisheit A,
Tolo CU, Deng AL, Ogwang PE. Ethnopharmacology, Pharmacology and
Phytochemistry of Aristolochia Bracteolata Lam: A Review of An
Antimalarial
Plant.
E
Afr
Sci.
2020;1(2):22-28.
http://doi.org/10.24248/EASci-D-19-00011
© Mathew et al. This is an open-access a r t i c l e distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original author and source are properly cited. To view a copy of the
license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licens- es/by/4.0/. When
linking to this article, please use the following permanent link:
http://doi.org/10.24248/EASci-D-19-00011
28