PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.136.39020
Endemic plants of Mozambique
A peer-reviewed open-access journal
45
RESEARCH ARTICLE
http://phytokeys.pensoft.net
Launched to accelerate biodiversity research
The endemic plants of Mozambique:
diversity and conservation status
Iain Darbyshire1,*, Jonathan Timberlake2, *, Jo Osborne1, Saba Rokni1,
Hermenegildo Matimele3,4, Clayton Langa3, Castigo Datizua3, Camila de Sousa3,
Tereza Alves3, Alice Massingue5, Jeneen Hadj-Hammou6, Sonia Dhanda1,
Toral Shah1, Bart Wursten7
1 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (RBG Kew), Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK 2 30 Warren Lane, East Dean,
East Sussex BN20 0EW, UK 3 Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique (IIAM), P.O. Box 3658,
Mavalane, Maputo, Mozambique 4 Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and
Conservation, Marlowe Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, UK 5 Department of Biological Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique 6 Lancaster Environment
Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK 7 Herbarium, Nieuwelaan 38, Meise 1860, Belgium
Corresponding author: Iain Darbyshire (i.darbyshire@kew.org)
Academic editor: Anthony R. Magee | Received 12 August 2019 | Accepted 22 November 2019 | Published 11 December 2019
Citation: Darbyshire I, Timberlake J, Osborne J, Rokni S, Matimele H, Langa C, Datizua C, de Sousa C, Alves T,
Massingue A, Hadj-Hammou J, Dhanda S, Shah T, Wursten B (2019) The endemic plants of Mozambique: diversity and
conservation status. PhytoKeys 136: 45–96. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.136.39020
Abstract
An annotated checklist of the 271 strict-endemic taxa (235 species) and 387 near-endemic taxa (337 species) of vascular plants in Mozambique is provided. Together, these taxa constitute c. 9.3% of the total
currently known flora of Mozambique and include five strict-endemic genera (Baptorhachis, Emicocarpus,
Gyrodoma, Icuria and Micklethwaitia) and two near-endemic genera (Triceratella and Oligophyton). The
mean year of first publication of these taxa is 1959, with a marked increase in description noted following
the onset of the two major regional floristic programmes, the “Flora of Tropical East Africa” and “Flora
Zambesiaca”, and an associated increase in botanical collecting effort. New taxa from Mozambique continue to be described at a significant rate, with 20 novelties described in 2018. Important plant families
for endemic and near-endemic taxa include Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae s.s. There is a high
congruence between species-rich plant families and endemism with the notable exceptions of the Poaceae,
which is the second-most species rich plant family, but outside of the top ten families in terms of endemism, and the Euphorbiaceae, which is the seventh-most species rich plant family, but third in terms of
endemism. A wide range of life-forms are represented in the endemic and near-endemic flora, with 49%
being herbaceous or having herbaceous forms and 55% being woody or having woody forms. Manica
* These authors contributed equally to this work.
Copyright Iain Darbyshire et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC
BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
Province is by far the richest locality for near-endemic taxa, highlighting the importance of the cross-border
Chimanimani-Nyanga (Manica) Highlands shared with Zimbabwe. A total of 69% of taxa can be assigned
to one of four cross-border Centres of Endemism: the Rovuma Centre, the Maputaland Centre sensu lato,
and the two mountain blocks, Chimanimani-Nyanga and Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue. Approximately 50%
of taxa have been assessed for their extinction risk and, of these, just over half are globally threatened (57%
for strict-endemics), with a further 10% (17% for strict-endemics) currently considered to be Data Deficient, highlighting the urgent need for targeted conservation of Mozambique’s unique flora. This dataset
will be a key resource for ongoing efforts to identify “Important Plant Areas – IPAs” in Mozambique, and
to promote the conservation and sustainable management of these critical sites and species, thus enabling
Mozambique to meet its commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
Resumo
Apresenta-se a lista das plantas vasculares de Moçambique, que compreende 271 taxa endémicos (235 espécies) e 387 taxa quase-endémicos (337 espécies). Estes taxa constituem cerca de 9,3% da flora total actualmente conhecida em Moçambique e incluem cinco géneros estritamente endémicos (Baptorhachis, Emicocarpus, Gyrodoma, Icuria e Micklethwaitia) e dois géneros quase-endémicos (Triceratella e Oligophyton). O
ano médio das primeiras publicações destes taxa é 1959. Um aumento significativo na descrição de espécies
novas foi verificado, relacionado com o início de dois projectos regionais, a “Flora of Tropical East Africa”
e a “Flora Zambesiaca”, permitindo um esforço maior de colheitas botânicas. Novos taxa têm vindo a ser
descritos a um ritmo significativo, com 20 novas espécies descritas em 2018 para a flora de Moçambique.
As famílias Fabaceae, Rubiaceae e Euphorbiaceae, incluem importantes taxa endémicos e quase-endémicos.
Existe uma estreita relação entre as famílias de plantas com elevado número de espécies e o grau de endemismo, excepção feita às Poaceae, que embora seja a segunda família mais rica em espécies não se posiciona
no grupo das dez principais famílias em termos de endemismo. Por outro lado a família Euphorbiaceae, que
é a sétima mais rica em espécies, posiciona-se em terceiro lugar quanto ao número de endemismo. A flora
endémica apresenta diferentes formas de vida, sendo 49% das espécies herbáceas e 55% lenhosas. A Província de Manica é o local mais rico em taxa quase-endémicos, realçando assim a importância da área transfronteiriça Chimanimani-Nyanga (Manica) entre Moçambique e Zimbabwe. Refira-se ainda que 69% dos
taxa encontra-se num dos quatro centros de endemismo transfronteiriços: o Centro do Rovuma, o Centro
de Maputaland sensu lato e nas regiões montanhosas de Chimanimani-Nyanga e Mulanje-Namuli-Ribáuè.
Cerca de 50% dos taxa foram avaliados quanto ao risco de extinção, estando mais da metade ameaçados
globalmente (57% de endemismos) e 10% (17% de endemismos) foram incluídos na categoria Informação
Insuficiente (DD), revelando que a maioria das plantas endémicas de Moçambique necessitam de conservação urgente. Este estudo fornece novos dados indispensáveis à identificação das “Áreas Importantes
de Plantas – IPAs” em Moçambique, contribuindo ainda para implementar as estratégias de conservação
anteriormente estabelecidas pela Convenção sobre a Diversidade Biológica (CBD).
Keywords
centre of endemism, checklist, conservation, flora, herbarium, IUCN Red List, range-restricted
Introduction
Endemic species are an important component of a country’s biodiversity stewardship
and natural capital (Mapaura 2002). Narrowly restricted endemics are often amongst
the species most sensitive to environmental change and disturbance, and so at highest risk of extinction (Crisp et al. 2001; Işik 2011; Borokini 2014; Abdelaal et al.
Endemic plants of Mozambique
47
2018; Orsenigo et al. 2018). These species therefore form important components for
a range of methods for identifying and conserving biodiversity priorities, such as Important Plant Areas (Darbyshire et al. 2017), Key Biodiversity Areas (IUCN 2016),
and the site criteria of the Alliance for Zero Extinction (Ricketts et al. 2005; http://
zeroextinction.org/the-alliance/about-the-alliance/). Furthermore, endemic species
can be an important consideration when applying the mitigation hierarchy in environmental impact assessments associated with industrial or commercial development
projects, particularly at the avoidance and offsetting stages. Therefore, it is important
for countries to have an accurate record of their endemic flora, including how many
and which species are endemic, and where they are found. At this time of unparalleled
rates of biodiversity loss, it is essential to mobilise such information so that countries
can effectively prioritise the conservation and sustainable management of their natural
resources (Onana 2013). This paper presents the first detailed account of the endemic
flora of Mozambique, a biodiversity-rich country in southern tropical Africa (Fig. 1).
Mozambique: species richness, phytogeography and centres of endemism
Despite its obvious diversity and interest, the flora of Mozambique has received only limited and patchy coverage, particularly when compared to the floras of neighbouring countries. Frodin (2001) estimated the total Mozambican flora as approximately 5,500 species,
but noted this was likely to be an under-estimate as “many parts of the country remain
imperfectly known” (p. 529). Da Silva et al. (2004) listed only 3,932 indigenous species
in their SABONET checklist of Mozambique, of which 177 were noted as endemic.
However, it was acknowledged that this list, compiled primarily using specimens held at
the LMA and LMU herbaria in Maputo (herbarium acronyms follow Thiers [continuously updated]) with additional records from literature sources, was only provisional, and
it has proven to be under-representative. As a good example, da Silva et al. (2004) record
nine species of Barleria L. (Acanthaceae), but in the “Flora Zambesiaca” (F.Z.) account of
Acanthaceae, 33 species of Barleria are listed for Mozambique (Darbyshire et al. 2015). In
an independent, and more comprehensive analysis, Timberlake et al. (2006) documented
5,692 taxa and 251 endemics in Mozambique including cross-border range-restricted endemics, with an endemism rate of 4.4%. With F.Z. (1960–present) nearing completion,
a more accurate measure of species richness in Mozambique is now possible. As of August
2019, the “Flora of Mozambique” website (Hyde et al. 2019a) and associated database of
species records, which combine data from F.Z. with updates from relevant literature and
field surveys, lists 6,157 native and naturalised species. This figure continues to grow at a
rapid rate as targeted botanical surveys of new and botanically interesting areas are conducted, adding new records and new species to science. For example, during surveys of the
coastal dry forests in the most north-eastern part of Mozambique in Cabo Delgado Province between 2003 and 2009, during which over 3,000 botanical collections were made,
a total of 738 plant taxa were recorded. Of these, 68 were new records for Mozambique,
and a further 36 taxa were either entirely new to science or previously known only from
fragmentary material and so undescribed (Timberlake et al. 2011).
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Mozambique (Fig. 1) derives its rich and varied plant life in part from its diverse
geography, geology and climate, including the influence of its extensive Indian Ocean
coastline. These factors have resulted in a wide range of habitats and complex biogeography. Thirteen terrestrial ecoregions are recorded in Mozambique (https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/; Olson et al. 2001; Burgess et al. 2004; Dinerstein et al.
2017). Moreover, Mozambique features several recognised Centres of Plant Endemism.
The majority of the country is included within the Zambezian Regional Centre of Endemism (White 1983), which is widely distributed across southern tropical Africa. Of
greater significance in terms of concentrations of range-restricted species, are four crossborder Centres of Endemism (Fig. 2). The first is the recently proposed Rovuma Centre
(Burrows and Timberlake 2011) of northeast Mozambique and southeast Tanzania, an
extension of the previously recognised Lindi Local Centre in Tanzania (Clarke 2001)
or a part of the wider Swahelian Centre of Endemism in coastal East Africa (Clarke
1998). The Rovuma Centre extends along the Mozambique coast through Cabo Delgado, Nampula and Zambézia Provinces approximately as far south as the city of Quelimane (J. Burrows, pers. comm.). The second is the Maputaland Centre (van Wyk
1996; van Wyk and Smith 2001), shared with South Africa and eSwatini (formerly
Swaziland), which extends along the coastal lowlands of southern Mozambique to the
Limpopo River. This region has several recognised Sub-Centres including the Lebombo Mountains, which straddle the border of the three countries (van Wyk and Smith
2001; Loffler and Loffler 2005). In a wider sense, the Maputaland Centre potentially
also extends further northwards from the mouth of the Limpopo River all the way
to the mouth of the Save River in Inhambane Province, although this has also been
proposed as a putative Centre of Endemism in its own right, the Inhambane Centre
(J. Burrows, pers. comm.; A. Massingue, unpubl. data). The third cross-border Centre
of Endemism is the Chimanimani-Nyanga (or Manica) Highlands that run along the
border with Zimbabwe and form the north-eastern-most extent of the Great Escarpment of southern Africa (Clark et al. 2011). These mountains are well known for their
rich floras and high plant endemism (Wild 1964; Mapaura 2002; Clark et al. 2017;
Wursten et al. 2017; Cheek et al. 2018). The fourth comprises the larger massifs of the
belt of inselbergs running from southern Malawi to Zambézia and Nampula Provinces
of northern Mozambique (Bayliss et al. 2014). The most significant peaks are Mount
Mulanje (including Mount Mchese) and the Zomba Plateau in Malawi, and Mounts
Namuli, Mabu, Inago and the Ribaue Mountains in Mozambique – here shortened to
the Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue Mountains. Mount Mulanje is well established as a site of
botanical importance with high endemism (Strugnell 2002, 2006), but the botanical
importance of the Mozambique massifs and their links to Mulanje are also becoming increasingly evident (Timberlake et al. 2009, 2012; Harris et al. 2011; Bayliss et al. 2014;
Downes and Darbyshire 2017). The latter two Centres form a part of the Africa-wide
Afromontane Archipelago-like Centre of Endemism of White (1983).
As these four important Centres of Plant Endemism all cross national borders, it
is clearly evident that the political boundary of Mozambique does not reflect species
distributions and biogeographic patterns. When considering endemic taxa, therefore,
it is pertinent to include within this review those cross-border range-restricted taxa that
Endemic plants of Mozambique
49
Figure 1. Map of Mozambique showing the ten provinces and neighbouring countries. Provincial borders are shown in pale grey, country borders are in black.
have a globally significant portion of their range in Mozambique, rather than restricting coverage to taxa that only occur within the political border. Hence the definition
of the endemic plants is here extended to include all such relevant near-endemic taxa.
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Figure 2. Cross-border Centres of Plant Endemism in Mozambique. Note that the boundaries of these
Centres of Endemism are only intended to be indicative; further research is required to more accurately
delimit these centres. The two montane Centres (Chimanimani-Nyanga and Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue)
are drawn as continuous blocks for clarity, but in reality they are a discontinuous series of peaks.
Endemic plants of Mozambique
51
Motivation for the current study: conservation of the Mozambique flora
In order to address Mozambique’s commitments under the Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD), the “National Strategy and Action Plan of Biological Diversity of
Mozambique 2015–2035” (MITADER 2015) sets out a series of detailed national targets for documenting and conserving the biodiversity of Mozambique. Target 6 of this
strategy aims to “by 2025, have at least 30% of habitats of endemic and/or threatened
flora and fauna species with strategies and action plans for their conservation in place”
with a series of related priority actions, including:
•
•
•
Action 6.1: establish and implement coordinated programs for the systematic assessment of the conservation status of endemic and endangered species;
Action 6.2: identify and describe the Areas of Plant Importance;
Action 6.3: disseminate the Red data Book on national flora and fauna.
To address these targets, and to enable effective conservation of Mozambique’s
plant diversity in light of increasingly severe pressure on natural resources, a number
of botanical initiatives have been launched. A plant Red Listing programme and working group was established in 2011 through the IUCN-SSC Southern African Plant
Specialist Group, with the current aim to complete at least 400 new or updated plant
species assessments in the period 2017–2020, focussing on strict-endemic and nearendemic species of Mozambique (IUCN SSC Southern African Plant Specialist Group
2017; Matimele 2019). In 2015, the Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique
(the Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique – IIAM) and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Kew), together with in-country and international collaborators, launched
the “Tropical Important Plant Areas: Mozambique" project (https://www.kew.org/science/projects/tropical-important-plant-areas-tipas-mozambique). This project aims to
combine existing data and expertise with targeted field survey data to identify and
document Important Plant Areas (IPAs) in Mozambique, and to promote the conservation and sustainable management of these critical sites. This builds on the provisional identification of IPAs through the Southern African Botanical Diversity Network
(SABONET) programme (Smith 2005). Further, it draws on the series of extensive botanical surveys in sites of high biodiversity interest across Mozambique that have been
conducted by IIAM, Kew and collaborators over the past 15 years. Documentation of
the endemic taxa and where they occur is an important step in the IPA and Red Listing
programmes, and so provides the motivation for the detailed checklist presented here.
Materials and methods
Key resources for compiling the checklist
Compilation of the checklist was based primarily upon extensive reviews of literature
on the taxonomy and floristics of Mozambique and neighbouring countries, combined
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with reference to relevant herbarium collections (notably at BM, BNRH, EA, K, LISC,
LMA, LMU, NH, P, PRE and SRGH; herbarium codes follow Thiers [continuously
updated]), and the authors’ collective knowledge of the Mozambican flora. A key source
for information on the plants of Mozambique, and the starting point for this current
work, is the “Flora Zambesiaca” series (F.Z.; 1960–present; http://apps.kew.org/efloras/
search.do). This Flora is currently c. 90% complete, with 13 volumes and 47 parts published to date (Exell and Wild 1960, Timberlake and Martins 2015). We have also had
access to completed and partially completed accounts for the outstanding volumes: Apocynaceae (Part 2), Commelinaceae, Asteraceae (Compositae) in part, Cyperaceae, and
Hyacinthaceae. However, it should be noted that Asteraceae may be under-represented
in this checklist in view of the fact that this family has not yet been completed for F.Z.
The “Flora de Moçambique” project ran alongside F.Z. from 1969, but was discontinued in 1981. The accounts in this Flora were derived from F.Z., but with some additional specimen citations and Mozambique-relevant habitat information, thus providing useful additional information for the current work. However, Beentje (2016)
estimates that this Flora is less than 40% complete. Other key published works used
repeatedly are the recently published landmark volume “Trees and Shrubs [of ] Mozambique” (T.S.M.; Burrows et al. 2018); the first national Plant Red List for Mozambique produced through the SABONET programme (S.R.D.L.; Izidine and Bandeira
2002); the field guide to wild flowers of southern Mozambique (Bandeira et al. 1997);
and reports on recent botanical surveys and checklists of key localities in Mozambique
(Timberlake et al. 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016a, 2016b; Bayliss et al. 2010;
Harris et al. 2011; Müller et al. 2012; Clark et al. 2017; Wursten et al. 2017). The
“Flora of Tropical East Africa” (1952–2012; Beentje 2012, 2016) was also an important source of information for many northern near-endemic species. Key online sources that were widely consulted are the “Flora of Mozambique and Flora of Zimbabwe”
sites (Hyde et al. 2019a, 2019b), the African Plant Database (2019), the IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2019), the Botanical Database of Southern Africa
/ Plants of Southern Africa (South African National Biodiversity Institute 2019), the
Red List of South African Plants (South African National Biodiversity Institute 2017)
and Plants of the World Online (POWO 2019).
Definitions of endemism and near-endemism
The taxa treated in the checklist are either strictly endemic to Mozambique (i.e. they
only occur within its political borders – labelled E), or are “near-endemic” (NE), as
defined by one or more of the following criteria:
(a) the majority of the taxon’s range lies within Mozambique, and they are scarce and/
or highly range-restricted beyond (NE1); and/or
(b) the global range of the taxon is less than 10,000 km2 (NE2); and/or
(c) the taxon is known globally from five or fewer localities (NE3).
Endemic plants of Mozambique
53
The aim is to include all taxa for which Mozambique has a particularly high responsibility for their global survival and protection, thus those taxa that have the
majority of their range in Mozambique, but are also widespread and/or frequent in
other parts of southeast tropical Africa are excluded. For example, Barleria repens Nees
(Acanthaceae) is widely distributed along the East African coast, but with the majority
of its distribution in Mozambique because of the vast length of the country’s coastline.
However, we do include under (b) and (c) those taxa that do not necessarily have the
majority of their range in Mozambique but, because of their highly restricted range
and/or scarcity, the Mozambique portion of the population is of global significance to
their future survival. We acknowledge that no definition of “near-endemic” is perfect,
but we have tried to be as objective as possible when applying the criteria set out above.
We have tried to be exhaustive, but our intention is to maintain this list and publish
additions and amendments as they are uncovered.
Estimates of range size used in (b) above are based on mapping of known locality
data. An offline BRAHMS database (https://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/) of all known
collections and sight records of endemic, range-restricted and threatened species is in advanced progress at RBG Kew and IIAM, with approximately 6,000 records compiled to
date. Hence, for most of the species on the list we have an accurate measure of range size.
For others, where the data are yet to be finalised, ranges have been estimated, aided where
available by use of data available via the GeoCAT tool (http://geocat.kew.org/; Bachman
et al. 2011); this includes access to relevant GBIF data (GBIF.org 2019). In most cases,
the range size is based on the Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) method commonly
applied in the calculation of extent of occurrence (EOO) in the IUCN Red List criteria
(Joppa et al. 2016; Bachman et al. 2011; IUCN 2012). However, in a few circumstances
where species have highly disjunct distributions with unsuitable habitat in most of the intervening areas, we have estimated range based on the known localities. Of particular note
are montane species that are found in the Chimanimani-Nyanga (Manica) Highlands
along the Mozambique-Zimbabwe border, but which also extend to Mount Gorongosa,
an isolated peak over 100 km to the east in Sofala Province. This usually results in a MCP
range of over 10,000 km2 (depending on the distribution within the Manica Highlands),
but as there is no suitable montane habitat in the intervening region, we treat this range
as being less than 10,000 km2, and include these species as near-endemics.
Taxonomy and literature sources
Plant family circumscription follows the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG IV)
classification for flowering plants (Stevens 2001 onwards; Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
2016), the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG 1; 2016) classification for pteridophytes,
and Christenhusz et al. (2011) for gymnosperms. Accepted names of species and
infraspecific taxa generally follows the African Plant Database (2019; henceforth APD)
except in rare cases where the APD has not been updated to the most recent name, or
in the few cases where we disagree with the species circumscription adopted by APD,
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e.g. Elaeodendron fruticosum N.Robson, which is treated as a synonym of E. matabelicum
Loes. in APD, but we follow Burrows et al. (2018) in recognising it as distinct. Where the
taxonomic concept adopted is not universally accepted, or where a taxon has been very
recently re-combined, the alternative name is given in brackets. Included on the checklist
are all published endemic and near-endemic taxa, together with eight new taxa that are
currently either in press or in the late stages of preparation (e.g. Cyanotis namuliensis Faden,
Sericanthe chimanimaniensis Wursten & de Block) such that we are confident of their
status. Only species, subspecies and varieties are included in this list; we do not include
endemic or near-endemic forms. We have additionally compiled a list of undescribed taxa
that are provisionally considered to be endemic or near-endemic to Mozambique, but that
have not yet been studied in sufficient detail or are represented by incomplete specimens,
for example Dicliptera spp. B, C and E of F.Z. (Darbyshire et al. 2015). These are not
presented in the checklist, but are available on request from the corresponding author,
and included in some of the analyses in the Results and Discussion. Highly doubtful
and imperfectly known taxa are excluded. For example, both Acacia purpurea Bolle and
Oxyanthus querimbensis Klotzsch were described from collections made in Mozambique by
Wilhelm Peters in the mid-nineteenth century (Peters 1861), and are believed to have been
destroyed during the bombing of the Berlin Herbarium in World War II. These species
were treated in F.Z. as insufficiently known, and potentially conspecific with other, more
widespread species (Brenan 1970; Bridson and Verdcourt 2003).
The date of the original publication (the protologue) is recorded for each taxon. As
the aim is to chart the discovery of Mozambique’s endemic flora, it is the date of first
publication of the taxon that is of importance, rather than the publication date of the
currently accepted name. In many cases these are one and the same, for example Euphorbia angularis Klotzsch (in Peters 1861: 92) has been the accepted name ever since
its first publication. However, many taxa have changed genus or taxonomic rank since
they were first published; for example, the combination for the endemic Barleria setosa
(Klotzsch) I.Darbysh. was first published in 2015 (Darbyshire et al. 2015), but is based
on B. prionitis L. var. setosa Klotzsch, published in Peters (1861: 209), hence 1861 is
the date of first publication of this taxon.
For each taxon, we include key references for further information on the plant
and its distribution and ecology. Wherever relevant, we include the F.Z. volume and
page number, and the page number in T.S.M. and S.R.D.L. For taxa that have been
described since the relevant F.Z. volume, we cite the protologue. For those taxa that
have changed name or taxonomic rank since F.Z. (for example, have been transferred
to a different genus), we cite the relevant F.Z. volume and page number for the taxon
account, but also cite the protologue for the currently accepted name.
Plant life-forms
The growth habit and life cycle of each species are recorded using a simple classification,
with six main categories: tree, shrub, liana, herb, pteridophyte and cycad. The herb
category is further subdivided into annual (a), perennial (p), succulent-perennial (s),
Endemic plants of Mozambique
55
epiphytic-perennial (e), climbing-perennial (c), geophyte (geo), graminoid (gram-a for
annual and gram-p for perennial) and seagrass. Trees and shrubs also have a succulent
subdivision. Species with variation in growth habit and/or life cycle are recorded in two
or more categories.
Distribution and phytogeography
Taxa known only from the type specimen or type locality are noted. The distribution
of each taxon within Mozambique is then recorded, first by scoring which of the provinces it is recorded in (Maputo City Province is included within Maputo Province,
hence 10 provinces, Fig. 1), and second by recording key localities in Mozambique
arranged by province. The latter are taken from the BRAHMS database noted above,
and from additional site observations from the authors. We have attempted to standardise the Mozambican place names, but have used anglicised forms where they are in
common use in the literature and/or in gazetteers (such as Mt Mabu and Ribaue Mts,
rather than Serra de Mabu and Serra do Ribáuè), and we have avoided use of Portuguese accents on place names, as these are often inconsistently applied. This locality
information is provided to help with future study of these species, and to assist with
the identification and demarcation of Important Plant Areas. It is not intended to be
exhaustive and should not be read as such.
For near-endemic species, the other country (or countries) in which the species occurs is recorded, together with a brief note of key localities; these are not intended to be
exhaustive or specific, rather to show how far the species extends beyond Mozambique.
Finally, in order to provide phytogeographic context, the taxa are provisionally
assigned where possible to botanical Centres of Endemism (see Introduction). We exclude the widespread Zambezian Regional Centre (White 1983), instead focussing
on the more restricted cross-border Centres: (1) Rovuma; (2) Maputaland sensu lato,
which we subdivide into (2a) Maputaland sensu stricto (coastal lowlands north to
Limpopo River), (2b) Lebombo Mountains (Sub-) Centre, and (2c) Inhambane (Sub-)
Centre; (3) Eastern Afromontane, which we subdivide into (3a) Chimanimani-Nyanga (Manica) Highlands, and (3b) Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue Mountains.
Extinction risk using the IUCN Red List
Using the categories and criteria of the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2012, 2019), the extinction risk is recorded if the taxon has been assessed; the Red List provides additional
information on these species, and so can be considered a further key reference. Red List
assessments in need of updating are marked with an asterisk; in most cases these were assessed using an earlier version of the Red List criteria. Red List assessments that have been
finalised, but not yet published are listed in italics. Only global Red List assessments are
included; we do not list the national assessments of Izidine and Bandeira (2002), as these
were highly provisional and are in the process of being re-evaluated on a global scale.
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Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
Results
An annotated checklist of the strict-endemic and near-endemic taxa of Mozambique is
presented in Suppl. material 1, with a summary of the checklist provided in Appendix
1. It includes all taxa (species, subspecies and varieties) that have been described to
date or are in the process of being described. In total, 658 taxa (572 species) are documented, comprising 271 strict-endemic taxa (235 species) and 387 near-endemic taxa
(337 species) (Table 1, Fig. 3). In addition, 105 currently undescribed but potentially
new taxa (98 species) that are believed to be strict-endemic or near-endemic are noted,
but not included in Suppl. material 1 or Appendix 1. If the total number of native and
naturalised vascular plant species in Mozambique is taken as ± 6,157 (as per Hyde et al.
2019a), then approximately 3.8% of the species are strict-endemics, whereas the strictendemics and near-endemics combined account for 9.3% of the plants in Mozambique
at the species rank, discounting undescribed taxa. If undescribed taxa are included then
approximately 10% of the flora of Mozambique is endemic or near-endemic.
Mozambique currently has five strict-endemic genera, all of which are monospecific: Baptorhachis Clayton & Renvoize (Poaceae) from the granite inselbergs of Nampula
Province; Emicocarpus K.Schum. & Schltr. (Apocynaceae) from sandy soils around
Maputo Bay; Gyrodoma Wild (Asteraceae) widespread on alluvial plains, estuaries and
margins of lagoons in coastal Mozambique from Zambézia Province southwards; and
Icuria Wieringa (Fabaceae) and Micklethwaitia G.P.Lewis & Schrire (Fabaceae), both
occurring as locally dominant trees in the coastal dry forests of northern Mozambique.
A further two potential new strict-endemic genera in Asparagaceae (former Hyacinthaceae) are currently under research (T. Rulkens, pers. comm.). In addition, two monospecific genera are near-endemic to Mozambique: Triceratella Brenan (Commelinaceae), occurring in moist sands in coastal Zambézia Province, but also known from one
locality in Zimbabwe; and Oligophyton H.P.Linder & G.Will. (Orchidaceae), restricted
to the Chimanimani Mountains on the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border. Two other
genera have their sole African representative in Mozambique: Dolichandrone Fenzl
(Bignoniaceae) and Eriolaena DC. (Malvaceae), both of which are predominantly
Asian genera (Diniz 1988; Dorr and Wurdack 2018).
Of the near-endemic taxa, 179 are shared with Zimbabwe, 93 with Tanzania, 79
with South Africa, 59 with Malawi, 20 with eSwatini, two with Madagascar and one
each with Kenya and Zambia.
Tables 2–6 provide further summaries of the findings presented in Suppl. material
1, namely the most important plant families for strict-endemic and near-endemic taxa
(Table 2); the range of life forms of these taxa (Table 3); their geographic distribution by
province in Mozambique (Table 4); their distribution within recognised and proposed
Centres of Endemism (Table 5); and the extinction risk status of these taxa (Table 6).
These tables exclude unpublished taxa. Figure 4 charts the history of publication of the
currently accepted strict-endemic and near-endemic taxa in scientific literature.
In Suppl. material 2, we provide a list of taxa that were considered for inclusion in
the checklist during its preparation but were ultimately excluded as they did not meet
the criteria set out in the Methodology.
Endemic plants of Mozambique
57
Table 1. Summary of endemic taxa in Mozambique. Note that genera are not included in the “Total taxa” row.
Taxon rank
Mozambique
strict‑endemics
5
235
18
18
271
Genus
Species
Subspecies
Variety
Total taxa
Mozambique
near‑endemics
2
337
28
22
387
Mozambique strict‑endemics
and near‑endemics
7
572
46
40
658
Table 2. Important plant families for published endemic taxa in Mozambique. The 10 plant families with
the highest number of endemic taxa, with comparison to the ten most species-rich plant families for the
total Mozambican flora (derived from Hyde et al. 2019a). Numbers refer to number of taxa; where two
or more plant families share the same number of taxa, the “=” symbol is used to denote that these families
have an equal standing in the table.
Mozambique strict‑endemics
1. Fabaceae
2. Euphorbiaceae
3. Rubiaceae
4. Malvaceae
5. Apocynaceae
6.= Acanthaceae
6.= Lamiaceae
8. Lythraceae
9.= Asphodelaceae
9.= Melastomataceae
40
26
23
12
11
10
10
9
8
8
Mozambique strict‑endemics and
near‑endemics
1. Fabaceae
84
2. Rubiaceae
71
3. Euphorbiaceae 42
4. Lamiaceae
30
5.= Apocynaceae 27
5.= Asteraceae
27
7. Acanthaceae
26
8.= Malvaceae
21
8.= Orchidaceae 21
10. Asphodelaceae 20
Total vascular plants of
Mozambique
1. Fabaceae
759
2. Poaceae
445
3. Rubiaceae
377
4. Asteraceae
352
5. Orchidaceae
232
6. Acanthaceae
219
7.= Euphorbiaceae 194
7.= Malvaceae
194
9. Lamiaceae
185
10. Apocynaceae 156
Table 3. Life forms (growth habits) of published endemic taxa of Mozambique. Note that species can fall
under more than one habit category or sub-category. Numbers refer to number of taxa.
Life form (growth habit)
Tree
Shrub
Liana
Woody life forms Total
Herb
Pteridophyte
Cycad
Unknown
Non-succulent
Succulent
Tree Total
Non-succulent
Succulent
Shrub Total
Annual
Perennial – non-succulent
Perennial -succulent
Perennial -epiphyte
Perennial – climber/twiner
Perennial – geophyte
Graminoid – annual
Graminoid – perennial
Seagrass
Herb Total
Mozambique strict‑endemics Mozambique strict‑endemics
and near‑endemics
54
134
2
9
56
143
103
283
19
27
122
310
7
28
144
363
27
51
67
175
12
28
1
4
4
12
14
43
2
4
5
11
1
2
136
324
0
1
4
11
1
1
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Table 4. Summary of the geographic distribution of published endemic taxa in the ten provinces of Mozambique. The table is ordered alphabetically by Province; numbers refer to number of taxa.
Province
Mozambique strict‑
endemics
Cabo Delgado (CD)
Gaza (G)
Inhambane (I)
Manica (Mn)
Maputo (Mp)
Nampula (Na)
Niassa (Ni)
Sofala (S)
Tete (T)
Zambézia (Z)
56
26
48
22
36
86
19
47
7
81
Mozambique strict‑
endemics and near‑
endemics
125
62
93
192
119
154
40
105
18
159
Provincial
endemics
27
5
15
20
13
29
10
16
2
34
Strict‑endemics and
near‑endemics restricted
to one Province
54
7
17
150
50
38
21
21
3
56
Table 5. Number of published endemic taxa restricted to Centres and Sub-Centres of Endemism. For
the Sub-Centres under (2) Maputaland and (3) [Eastern] Afromontane, taxa are only recorded if they are
exclusive to that Sub-Centres.
Centre of
Endemism code
1
2
2a
2b
2c
3
3a
3b
(Sub‑) Centre of Endemism
Mozambique
strict‑endemics
Rovuma
Maputaland sensu lato (including Inhambane)
Maputaland sensu stricto
Lebombo Mountains (Sub-) Centre
Inhambane (Sub-) Centre
[Eastern] Afromontane sensu lato
Chimanimani-Nyanga (Sub-) Centre
Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue
(Sub-) Centre
55
50
13
3
20
46
16
30
Mozambique strict‑
endemics and near‑
endemics
110
114
32
17
20
229
158
59
Table 6. Summary of the extinction risk status of published endemic taxa in Mozambique. The “% of
taxa” figure for “Total taxa assessed” is given as a percentage of all the endemic (left) and endemic plus
near-endemic (right) taxa listed in Appendix 1; for each of the Red List categories (LC = Least Concern;
NT = Near Threatened; VU = Vulnerable; EN = Endangered; CR = Critically Endangered; DD = Data
Deficient), the “% of taxa” is given as a percentage of those taxa that have been assessed.
Mozambique strict‑endemics
IUCN Red List Category
Total taxa assessed
LC
NT
VU
EN
CR
DD
Number of taxa
145
33
4
32
32
19
25
% of taxa
53.5
22.8
2.8
22.1
22.1
13.1
17.2
Mozambique strict‑endemics and near‑
endemics
Number of taxa
% of taxa
332
50.5
107
32.2
19
5.7
86
25.9
69
20.8
19
5.7
32
9.6
Endemic plants of Mozambique
59
Figure 3. Examples of the strict-endemic and near-endemic plants of Mozambique. A Sclerochiton coeruleus, Maronga, Manica (I. Darbyshire) B Aloe ribauensis, Ribaue, Nampula (I. Darbyshire) C Streptocarpus brachynema, Mount Gorongosa, Sofala (B. Wursten) D Raphia australis, Bilene, Gaza (H. Matimele)
E Vangueria monteiroi, Bilene, Gaza (H. Matimele) F Memecylon incisilobum, Bilene, Gaza (H. Matimele)
G Jamesbrittenia carvalhoi, Tsetserra, Manica (J. Osborne) H Cryptostephanus vansonii, Mount Gorongosa, Sofala (B. Wursten)
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Figure 3. Continued. I Orbea halipedicola, Gorongosa National Park, Sofala (B. Wursten) J Helichrysum
moorei, Chimanimani Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten) K Eriolaena rulkensii, Palma Bay, Cabo Delgado
(T. Rulkens) L Barleria torrei, Njesi Plateau, Niassa (J. Osborne) M Xylopia torrei, Licuati Forest, Maputo
(H. Matimele) N Aeschynomene grandistipulata, Chimanimani Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten) O Lobelia cobaltica, Chimanimani Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten) P Euphorbia crebrifolia, Chimanimani
Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten) Q Dissotis pulchra, Chimanimani Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten)
R Pavetta pumila, Cheringoma, Sofala (B. Wursten).
Endemic plants of Mozambique
61
Figure 4. History of publication of the endemic taxa of Mozambique. Cumulative publication dates
(basionyms) for currently accepted strict-endemic taxa (green line), and combined strict-endemic and
near-endemic taxa (red line), 1840 to present. Also highlighted are the date ranges for the three relevant
Tropical African Flora programmes: "Flora of Tropical Africa" (1868–1937), "Flora of Tropical East Africa" (1952–2012) and "Flora Zambesiaca" (1960–present).
For the sake of brevity in the following Discussion, we refer to the combined strictendemic and near-endemic taxa as “endemics”, whilst we refer to “strict-endemics” if
referring only to those taxa unique to Mozambique; the two groups are separated out
in the accompanying tables.
Discussion
Species richness and endemism in the flora of Mozambique
Based on extrapolation from the RAINBIO mega-database – one of the most comprehensive datasets for plant diversity in tropical Africa, with distribution data for 25,356
native species (Dauby et al. 2016) – Sosef et al. (2017) estimated species richness in
Mozambique as between 5,220–5,309 and recorded a relatively high rate of endemism
(8.4%, equating to c. 440 spp.) compared to neighbouring countries of southern tropical Africa (Malawi 6.5%, Zambia 7.2%, Zimbabwe 7.6%), although notably lower
than Tanzania to the north (19.4%). Current evidence demonstrates that the RAINBIO figure for total species richness is a significant under-estimate, with the total vascu-
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Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
lar flora currently at 6,157 species (Hyde et al. 2019a), over 15% higher than the upper
estimate of Sosef et al. (2017). The known strict-endemism rate of 3.8% is considerably
lower than the predicted endemism of Sosef et al. (2017), but if we use the broader
definition of endemism applied here to include cross-border near-endemics, then 9.3–
10% of taxa are endemics (depending on omission or inclusion of unpublished taxa),
which is comparable with the RAINBIO estimate. This figure is considerably higher
than the 4.4% endemism rate earlier recorded by Timberlake et al. (2006).
Whilst new discoveries are likely to continue to be made in Mozambique (see below), the percentage endemism of the flora is unlikely to increase, and may even decline
as the rate of new country records of non-endemic taxa outstrips the rate of new taxon
discovery. For example, in the surveys of the coastal dry forests of northeast Cabo Delgado in 2003–2009, the 68 records of taxa new to Mozambique (Timberlake et al. 2011)
included only six near-endemic taxa following the definition applied here. Hence, whilst
the discovery of 36 putative new, endemic taxa during these surveys was quite exceptional for eastern tropical Africa in the twenty-first century, it was surpassed at the rate
of 1.7:1 by the discovery of new country records of more widespread, non-endemic taxa.
Discovery of the endemic flora of Mozambique
There have been concerted efforts to document the tropical African flora for over a
century and a half, with the first major sub-continental work – the “Flora of Tropical Africa” – dating back to 1868–1937 (Beentje 2016), and the first strict-endemic
plant species described in Mozambique as early as 1849 [Fornasinia ebenifera Bertolini
(1849) = Millettia ebenifera (Bertol.) J.E.Burrows & Lötter; see Burrows et al. 2018].
Given these facts, the relatively recent discovery and/or description of many of Mozambique’s endemic plants – the mean year of first publication being 1959, or 1967 for
strict-endemics (Fig. 4) – is somewhat surprising. A marked increase in taxon description is observed post-1950, which coincides with the onset of the major eastern African Flora projects – the first fascicle of “Flora of Tropical East Africa” was published in
1952 and the first part of “Flora Zambesiaca” in 1960 (Beentje 2016). Coupled with
these Flora projects was major regional-scale botanical exploration to collect herbarium
material on which the Flora volumes could be based, and to fill the many gaps in our
knowledge of these floristic regions. It was these combined efforts that resulted in the
major discoveries of the Mozambique flora, a clear demonstration of how important an
active Flora project can be in unlocking information on national and/or regional plant
diversity. The completed Floras have, in turn, highlighted localities of high botanical
interest, encouraging targeted collecting efforts in Mozambique particularly over the
past two decades. Mozambique remains one of the African countries with the highest
rates of new species publication. For example, in 2018, 20 new species and one new
variety of vascular plants were described from the country, including eight new woody
species in the “Trees and Shrubs [of ] Mozambique” (Burrows et al. 2018), and four
new species of Memecylon L. in the Melastomataceae family (Stone et al. 2018).
Endemic plants of Mozambique
63
Of the published endemics, 60 (47 species, 3 subspecies, and 10 varieties) are
known only from the type specimen and/or the type locality. This comprises nearly one
quarter (22%) of the strict-endemics of Mozambique. A small number of these taxa
are of somewhat doubtful status, for example Teclea crenulata (Engl.) Engl. (Rutaceae)
from Zambézia Province, and some may be subsumed within other, more widespread
taxa following further research. However, most are accepted in all relevant taxonomic
and floristic works (African Plant Database 2019), and in many cases have been upheld
in multiple treatments. The fact that these taxa are so poorly known demonstrates how
limited our knowledge of the Mozambique flora remains, and reinforces the likelihood
that further discoveries of narrowly range restricted endemics in Mozambique will be
made through future botanical exploration.
Important plant families for endemic and near-endemic taxa in Mozambique
There is generally a high congruence between total species richness per plant family in
Mozambique and those families that contain the highest number of endemics, with all
but two of the families featuring in both lists of top ten families (Table 2). Fabaceae
(Leguminosae) is the most species-rich plant family in Mozambique, and also has the
highest number of published endemics. As in most of the African continent, the Fabaceae have diversified significantly in nearly all habitats and ecoregions of Mozambique, and display a large variety of life-forms (Lewis et al. 2005). This, coupled with
the high rate of endemism, indicates that the Fabaceae may be considered a suitable
proxy group for the study of vascular plant distribution and diversity in Mozambique.
Other families that combine high species diversity and high rates of endemism include Acanthaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae. In total, the
ten most endemics-rich families contain over half (56%) of the total endemic taxa.
Some species-rich families do not, however, feature prominently in the endemics
list, most notably the Poaceae, which is the second largest family in Mozambique,
but falls outside the top ten families (twelfth) for endemics. This phenomenon is not
isolated to Mozambique, and high proportions of grass taxa globally are known to
have large ranges. Linder et al. (2017) noted a range of ecological adaptations that enable grasses to successfully colonise and dominate many ecosystems, including effective
long-distance dispersal through wind pollination and seed dispersal, ecological flexibility, resilience to disturbance, and an ability to modify environments by changing
fire regimes and mammalian herbivory. Many of these factors could also facilitate wide
ranges and abundance of individual grass species.
Conversely, some plant families feature more highly on the endemics list than in
terms of total species richness. Euphorbiaceae is the third highest family for endemism,
but only equal-seventh for total species richness; this is primarily a result of the high number of range-restricted Euphorbia species that occur in Mozambique, most of which are
succulents (see Plant life forms below). Furthermore, three plant families feature on the
list of families with the highest number of strict-endemics, but not amongst the most spe-
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cies-rich families. The first is Asphodelaceae, which is a result of the high number of Aloe
L. species. Aloe is the single largest genus for endemics in Mozambique with many species
being narrowly range-restricted in montane areas and inselbergs (Carter et al. 2011). This
is a general trend amongst aloes: while a few species are widespread, the majority have restricted distribution ranges (Reynolds 1950; Grace et al. 2011). The second is Lythraceae,
a result of the high number of Ammannia L. (including Nesaea Comm. ex Kunth.) species
that typically occur as small herbs in seasonal wetlands and ephemeral pools. This genus
is one of the few groups of aquatic plants to support large numbers of narrowly restricted
endemics, with many species known from only one or few collections (see Fernandes
1978; Verdcourt 1994). Ammannia should be considered a priority for future study here
and elsewhere in tropical Africa with targeted field surveys required in order to better
understand the diversity and distribution of this group. The third is Melastomataceae,
which is driven largely by the closely related genera Memecylon and Warneckea Gilg, both
of which are primarily forest taxa with high numbers of narrowly range-restricted species
throughout their global range (see Stone 2014). As an example, Burrows et al. (2018)
note that Namacubi Forest (at Quiterajo in Cabo Delgado Province) is home to seven
species in these two genera, three of which are known nowhere else, and a further three of
which are strict-endemics or near-endemics to northern Mozambique.
Plant life forms
A wide range of plant life forms are represented in the checklist (Table 3). Overall, just
under half (49%) of taxa listed are herbaceous or have herbaceous forms, whilst just over
half (55%) are woody or have woody forms – the small overlap is due to taxa that can be
either perennial herbs or shrubs/lianas. Such a range of life forms is unsurprising in view
of the wide range of habitats containing endemic and near-endemic species. As with the
endemic flora of Zimbabwe (Mapaura 2002), succulent taxa are well represented, with
58 taxa (c. 9%). This reflects the importance of rock outcrops and mountain ranges as
key habitats for endemics, as these often support a specialised, drought-tolerant flora.
Geographic distribution of the endemic and near-endemic taxa of Mozambique
A detailed analysis of the geographic distribution of the endemic flora of Mozambique
is premature until the collation of all the specimen and observation data is completed.
However, some initial observations can be noted.
By far the most frequently recorded locality for endemics (see Suppl. material 1)
is the Chimanimani Mountains (Manica Province, 128 taxa), which has more than
double the number of these taxa when compared to the second-most frequently recorded site, Mount Namuli (Zambézia, 60 taxa). The Chimanimani Mountains were
also noted as the principal locality in Zimbabwe for strict-endemic and near-endemic
species (Mapaura 2002). Other localities rich in endemics, with over 20 taxa each,
include Quiterajo, the lower Rovuma River, Quirimbas National Park, and Palma and
Endemic plants of Mozambique
65
environs (Cabo Delgado); Pomene and Vilanculos (Inhambane); Tsetserra (Manica);
Maputo municipality and Inhaca Island (Maputo); Nampula and environs, and the
Ribaue Mountains (Nampula); Gorongosa National Park including Mount Gorongosa (Sofala); and Mocuba and environs (Zambezia). All of these localities are of high
national and global importance for their assemblages of endemic and range-restricted
taxa, and are clear candidates for inclusion in the Important Plant Areas network, although some have been heavily degraded by man and so are in danger of losing their
botanical value. The most notable example is the Maputo municipality, where intact
habitats are now reduced to small and isolated pockets, or have been largely destroyed
by the rapid expansion of the capital city. Such loss of habitat may have resulted in local extinction of important taxa or, as with Emicocarpus fissifolius K.Schum. & Schltr.
(Matimele et al. 2016), potentially even global extinction.
There is considerable variation in the number of endemics at the provincial level
(Table 4). When only strict-endemics are considered, Nampula and Zambézia provinces register the highest numbers. These two provinces are adjacent to one another
and both combine significant stretches of coastal vegetation within the Rovuma Centre
of Endemism and inselbergs and massifs associated with the Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue
belt of mountains. The wide range of associated habitats (including coastal dry forest
and thickets, granite outcrops, submontane forest, montane grassland) are known to
support significant numbers of endemic species. However, when near-endemics are included in the analysis, Manica is found to surpass Nampula and Zambézia in terms of
both total numbers of taxa and taxa unique to a single province in Mozambique. This
highlights the great importance of the Chimanimani-Nyanga Highlands for cross-border endemism. This also explains the high number of near-endemic taxa shared with
Zimbabwe. The least rich province for endemics is Tete, despite being the third largest province in the country. Much of Tete is characterised by a prolonged dry season
with extreme high temperatures, and with extensive stands of low-diversity mopane
[Colophospermum mopane (Benth.) Léonard] woodland. However, it is of note that
parts of Tete are amongst the least well-explored regions botanically in Mozambique,
and so numbers of endemics may be under-represented in this province.
Approximately 69% of taxa (453) can be assigned with confidence to one of the
Centres or Sub-Centres of Endemism (Table 5), highlighting the importance of these
mainly cross-border regions in terms of their unique and rich floras. Further, the two
sub-centres of the [Eastern] Afromontane phytochorion – the Chimanimani-Nyanga
Highlands and the Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue Mountains – are well-defined, with most
species readily assigned to one or the other, strengthening the case for treating them as
separate Centres of Endemism. The Lebombo Mountains Sub-Centre of Maputaland is
also well-represented by endemics, with 17 of the endemics confined to that Sub-Centre.
Similarly, there is support for recognition of the Inhambane Sub-Centre with 20 strictendemics confined to that region, although there is also considerable overlap between
Inhambane and Maputaland sensu stricto, with 42 of the endemics shared between the
two regions. Further research may nevertheless conclude that both the Lebombo Mountains and the Inhambane region should be considered as separate Centres of Endemism
in their own right. The most important Centre of Endemism for numbers of endemics is
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Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
again that of the Chimanimani-Nyanga Highlands. However, the Rovuma Centre is also
notable for its high number of strict-endemics, a reflection of the high rates of species
turnover between dry coastal forest patches within this phytogeographic region (Timberlake et al. 2010, 2011), with many species restricted to few or even single forest blocks.
Extinction risk in the endemic flora of Mozambique
To date, the global extinction risk status has been assessed for 332 (approximately
50%) of the endemics of Mozambique using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria (IUCN 2012; Table 6). Of those assessed, 52% (57% of the strict-endemics) are
considered to be globally threatened. The main causal factors behind this high rate of
extinction risk are habitat loss and degradation driven by high population growth and
resultant increasing demands for land, agricultural products and supplies of a range of
natural resources, all of which place increasing pressure on natural habitats. This high
rate of threat emphasises the urgent need for effective site-based conservation action
and sustainable management to safeguard the future of Mozambique’s unique flora.
Added to this is the fact that nearly 10% of the endemics (and over 17% of the strictendemics) assessed are listed as Data Deficient, i.e. there is insufficient information
on these taxa to provide a full assessment. This highlights how little is known about
many of these apparently rare and poorly documented taxa, and the urgent need for
targeted field surveys to gather information on range size, population size, and threats.
It is quite possible that the percentage of threatened taxa will increase once these Data
Deficient taxa are reassessed with more information to hand.
On a more positive note, approximately one third of endemics assessed are currently considered to be of Least Concern (LC) – i.e. they are not currently threatened on a global scale. Some of the endemics are widespread within Mozambique
and can be locally abundant. For example, the strict-endemic Grewia transzambesica
Wild (Malvaceae) has an extent of occurrence of c. 220,000 km2 and is frequent in the
central lowlands of the country (Darbyshire et al. 2019). However, many of the LC
species are much more range-restricted, but are not under threat owing to their habitat
preferences. Many occur in rocky terrain and/or montane grasslands that are some of
the least threatened habitats in Mozambique, due to a combination of remoteness,
inaccessibility and limited agricultural value. A good example is the Chimanimani
montane quartzite endemics, the majority of which are not significantly threatened
(Timberlake et al. 2016b).
For the Mozambique flora as a whole, as of July 2019, 1,050 plant taxa (c. 17%
of the total vascular flora) are listed on the IUCN Red List (https://www.iucnredlist.
org). A total of 812 (77%) of these taxa are listed as LC, a much higher percentage than
the equivalent for the endemics. Therefore, whilst there is still a long way to go before
an exhaustive Red List can be achieved for Mozambique, the focus of the IUCN-SSC
Southern African Plant Specialist Group on the endemic flora appears to be an effective strategy in identifying the taxa in most urgent need of conservation action.
Endemic plants of Mozambique
67
Conclusion: future priorities for the study of the endemic flora of Mozambique and its conservation
The checklist of endemic plants presented here provides a useful basis from which to
build the evidence-base for effective conservation of the unique flora of Mozambique,
for which the following next steps are underway:
•
•
•
Complete the collation of existing data on endemic and near-endemic taxa, so that
a detailed spatial analysis can be conducted to more accurately define Centres of
Endemism and specific localities with concentrations of endemics. These results
will allow for identification of critical knowledge gaps, and help effectively target
sites for future field surveys.
Complete a Red List of globally threatened species in Mozambique, with the eventual aims to assess the extinction risk for all endemic and near-endemic taxa, gather
more information on species currently assessed as Data Deficient, and take active
steps towards the conservation of all threatened species.
Apply the accumulated plant distribution and Red List data, together with information
on critical habitats, to identify and document Important Plant Areas. These data will
also provide the botanical component for the identification of Key Biodiversity Areas.
Critical to the success of this work is the continued development of in-country
capacity in field botany, taxonomy and conservation science in Mozambique, so that
Mozambican practitioners are well placed to take forward the implementation of Mozambique’s commitments to protecting plant diversity under the CBD.
Acknowledgments
We thank the members of the IUCN-SSC Southern African Plant Specialist Group
(SAPSG) for their valuable contributions to the plant Red Listing and species conservation efforts in Mozambique. In particular, we thank Domitilla Raimondo of the South
African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), former chair of SAPSG, who has been
a great supporter of the conservation initiatives in Mozambique, and a great advocate for
building in-country capacity in conservation planning. Lize von Staden is also thanked
as the Red List Authority Co-ordinator for SAPSG, and has played a key role in reviewing Mozambican assessments and training Mozambican scientists in Red Listing. We are
most grateful to the curators of the following herbaria for permitting us access to their collections: BM, BNRH, EA, K, LISC, LISU, LMA, LMU, P, PRE and SRGH. In particular, we thank Barbara Turpin at BNRH for kindly sharing data whenever requested, and
Maria Cristina Duarte and Maria Romeiras for hosting research visits to LISC. We thank
John Burrows (Buffelskloof Nature Reserve), Ton Rulkens (independent botanist), and
Warren McCleland (ECOREX Consulting Ecologists) for sharing their expertise on the
Mozambican flora. Kew and IIAM are deeply indebted to Oppenheimer Philanthropies
68
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
and Stephen and Margaret Lansdown for their generous support of the Tropical Important Plant Areas: Mozambique project. The GBIF Biodiversity Information for Development (BID) fund kindly supported the project BID-AF-2017-0047-NAC (2017–2018):
“Mobilize primary biodiversity data for Mozambican species of conservation concern
(endemic and threatened) to support decision making and grow Mozambican expertise
in biodiversity information management and Red Listing”, which enabled the compilation of data on endemic and near-endemic plants species held at the Maputo herbaria.
I.D. would like to thank Elizabeth Radford (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds,
formerly Plantlife), Seona Anderson (formerly Plantlife), and Ben McCarthy (National
Trust, formerly Plantlife) for generously sharing their advice and expertise on Important
Plant Areas identification and conservation. Finally, we thank Ronell R. Klopper, Mervyn
Lötter and Maria Romeiras for their review comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript, and Anthony R. Magee as the handling Editor for this manuscript.
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Timberlake J, Darbyshire I, Cheek M, Banze A, Fijamo V, Massunde J, Chipanga H, Muassinar D (2016a) Plant Conservation in Communities on the Chimanimani footslopes. Report produced under Darwin Initiative Award 2380: Balancing Conservation and Livelihoods in the Chimanimani Forest Belt, Mozambique. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1–69.
https://www.kew.org/sites/default/files/Chimanimani%20Darwin%20report%2C%20
FINAL.pdf
Timberlake JR, Darbyshire I, Wursten B, Hadj-Hammou J, Ballings P, Mapaura A, Matimele
H, Banze A, Chipanga H, Muassinar D, Massunde M, Chelene I, Osborne J, Shah T
(2016b) Chimanimani Mountains: Botany and Conservation. Report produced under
CEPF Grant 63512. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1–95. https://www.kew.org/sites/default/files/Chimanimani%20CEPF%20report%202016_FINAL.pdf
Van Wyk AE (1996) Biodiversity of the Maputaland Centre. In: van der Maesen LJG, van der
Burgt XM, van Medenbach de Rooy JM (Eds) The Biodiversity of African Plants; Proceedings XIVth AETFAT Congress 22–27 August 1994, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
198–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0285-5_26
Van Wyk AE, Smith GF (2001) Regions of Floristic Endemism in Southern Africa. A review
with emphasis on succulents. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 1–199.
Verdcourt B (1994) Lythraceae. In: Polhill RM (Ed.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1–62.
White F (1983) Vegetation of Africa. A Descriptive Memoir to Accompany the UNESCO/
AETFAT/UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa. Natural Resources Research 20. UNESCO,
Paris, 1–356.
Wild H (1964) The endemic species of the Chimanimani Mountains and their significance.
Kirkia 4: 125–157. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23501005
Wursten B, Timberlake J, Darbyshire I (2017) The Chimanimani Mountains: an updated
checklist. Kirkia 19: 70–100. http://www.biofund.org.mz/biblioteca_virtual/the-chimanimani-mountains-un-updated-checklist/
Endemic plants of Mozambique
75
Appendix 1
Summary checklist of the endemic and near-endemic vascular plant taxa of Mozambique. Strict-endemic
taxa are listed in bold. “Endemism” categories are abbreviated as follows: E = strict-endemic; NE1 = majority of range in Mozambique; NE2 = global range < 10,000 km2, NE3 = taxon known from five sites
or fewer. Under “Life form”, (a) = annual; (c) = herbaceous climbing perennial; (e) = epiphytic perennial;
(geo) = geophyte; (gram-a) = annual graminoid; (gram-p) = perennial graminoid; (p) = perennial (terrestrial, non-succulent); (par) = parasitic perennial; (s) = succulent. Under “Type only”, Y = known only
from the type specimen or type locality. “Provinces” of Mozambique are abbreviated as follows CD =
Cabo Delgado; G = Gaza; In = Inhambane; Mc = Manica; Mp = Maputo; Na = Nampula; Ni = Niassa; S
= Sofala; T = Tete; Z = Zambezia. Under “Other Countries”, provinces of South Africa are abbreviated as
follows: KN = KwaZulu Natal; LP = Limpopo; MP = Mpumalanga. Centres of Endemism (“CoE”) are
coded as follows: 1 = Rovuma; 2 = Maputaland sensu lato; 2a = Maputaland sensu stricto; 2b = Lebombo
Mountains (Sub-) Centre; 2c = Inhambane (Sub-) Centre; 3 = [Eastern] Afromontane sensu lato; 3a =
Chimanimani-Nyanga (Sub-) Centre; 3b = Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue (Sub-) Centre. See Materials and
methods section for further explanation.
Family
Taxon
PTERIDOPHYTA
Pteridaceae
Adiantum mendoncae Alston
GYMNOSPERMAE
Zamiaceae
Encephalartos aplanatus Vorster
Zamiaceae
Encephalartos chimanimaniensis
R.A.Dyer & I.Verd.
Zamiaceae
Encephalartos ferox G.Bertol
subsp. emersus P.Rousseau,
Vorster & A.E.van Wyk
Zamiaceae
Encephalartos ferox G.Bertol subsp.
ferox
Zamiaceae
Encephalartos gratus Prain
Zamiaceae
Encephalartos munchii R.A.Dyer
& I.Verd.
Zamiaceae
Encephalartos ngoyanus I.Verd.
Zamiaceae
Zamiaceae
Zamiaceae
Encephalartos pterogonus
R.A.Dyer & I.Verd.
Encephalartos senticosus Vorster
Encephalartos turneri Lavranos
& D.L.Goode
Zamiaceae
Encephalartos umbeluziensis
R.A.Dyer
ANGIOSPERMAE: MAGNOLIIDS
Annonaceae
Hexalobus mossambicensis
N.Robson
Annonaceae
Huberantha mossambicensis
(Vollesen) Chaowasku
Annonaceae
Monanthotaxis maputensis
P.H.Hoekstra
Annonaceae
Monanthotaxis suffruticosa
P.H.Hoekstra INED.
Annonaceae
Monanthotaxis trichantha (Diels)
Verdc.
Annonaceae
Monodora carolinae Couvreur
Annonaceae
Monodora stenopetala Oliv.
Endemism Life form
Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
NE1
fern
Mc, Na, S
Zimbabwe
NE2+3
NE2+3
cycad
cycad
Mp
Mc
eSwatini
Zimbabwe
E
cycad
In
NE1
cycad
NE1
E
cycad
cycad
Z
Mc
Malawi
NE2
cycad
Mp
eSwatini, South
Africa KN
E
cycad
Mc
cycad
Mp
E
cycad
Na, Ni
NE2
cycad
Mp
E
shrub, tree
CD, Na
1
E
shrub
Z
1
NE1
NE1+3
shrub,
liana
shrub
NE1
NE2+3
NE1
2b
3a
2c
G, In, Mp South Africa KN
2a,
2c
3b
3a
2b
3a
eSwatini, South
Africa KN, MP
2b
eSwatini
2b
G, In, Mp South Africa KN
CD, Na
Tanzania
2a,
2c
1
shrub
CD, Na
Tanzania
1
shrub, tree
shrub, tree
CD
S, T
Tanzania
Malawi
1
76
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
Family
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Taxon
Uvaria rovumae Deroin &
Lötter
Xylopia lukei D.M.Johnson &
Goyder
Xylopia tenuipetala
D.M.Johnson & Goyder
Xylopia torrei N.Robson
ANGIOSPERMAE: MONOCOTS
Amaryllidaceae
Cryptostephanus vansonii I.Verd.
Amaryllidaceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Arecaceae
Asparagaceae
Asparagaceae
Asparagaceae
Asparagaceae
Asparagaceae
Asparagaceae
Asparagaceae
Asphodelaceae
Asphodeleaceae
Asphodelaceae
Asphodelaceae
Asphodeleaceae
Asphodeleaceae
Asphodeleaceae
Asphodeleaceae
Asphodeleaceae
Asphodeleaceae
Tulbaghia friesii Suess.
Stylochaeton euryphyllum Mildbr.
Stylochaeton natalense Schott
subsp. maximum (Engl.) Bogner
& Haigh
Stylochaeton tortispathum
Bogner & Haigh
Raphia australis Oberm. & Strey
Asparagus chimanimanensis Sebsebe
Asparagus petersianus Kunth
Asparagus radiatus Sebsebe
Chlorophytum pygmaeum (Weim.)
Kativu subsp. rhodesianum
(Rendle) Kativu
Dracaena pedicellata (la Croix)
Byng & Christenh. (=Sansevieria
pedicellata la Croix)
Dracaena subspicata
(Baker) Byng & Christenh.
(=Sansevieria subspicata Baker)
Eriospermum mackenii (Hook.f.)
Baker subsp. phippsii (Wild)
P.L.Perry
Aloe argentifolia T.A.McCoy,
Rulkens & O.J.Baptista
Aloe ballii Reynolds var.
makurupiniensis Ellert
Aloe cannellii L.C.Leach
Aloe decurva Reynolds
Aloe excelsa A.Berger var. breviflora
L.C.Leach
Aloe hazeliana Reynolds var.
hazeliana
Aloe hazeliana Reynolds var.
howmanii (Reynolds) S.Carter
Aloe inyangensis Christian var.
kimberleyana S.Carter
Aloe marlothii A.Berger subsp.
orientalis Glen & D.S.Hardy
Aloe mawii Christian
Endemism Life form
Provinces Other countries CoE
E
liana
CD
NE2
shrub, tree
CD
E
shrub, tree
CD
1
E
shrub
G, In, Mp,
Na
2a,
2c
NE1
herb (geo)
Mc, S, Z
Zimbabwe
NE2+3
NE1
NE3
herb (geo)
herb (geo)
herb (geo)
Mc
CD, Na
Mp
Zimbabwe
Tanzania
Tanzania
E
herb (geo)
NE1
NE1
NE2+3
NE2
tree
shrub
shrub
shrub
herb (geo)
NE1
herb (s)
Mc
E
herb (s)
Mp, Na,
S, Z
NE2+3
herb (geo)
Mc
E
shrub (s)
CD
NE2
herb (s)
Mc
E
E
NE2
herb (s)
herb (s)
tree (s)
Mc
Mc
Na, Z
Malawi
NE2
herb (s)
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
NE2
herb (s)
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
NE2
herb (s)
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
NE1
tree (s)
G, Mp, S
2a,
2c
NE1
tree (s)
CD, Na,
Ni, Z
Na, Z
eSwatini, South
Africa KN
Malawi,
Tanzania
E
herb (s)
Asphodelaceae
Asphodeleaceae
Aloe menyharthii Baker subsp.
ensifolia S.Carter
Aloe mossurilensis Ellert
Aloe munchii Christian
E
NE2
Asphodeleaceae
Aloe plowesii Reynolds
NE2
herb (s)
shrub (s),
tree (s)
herb (s)
Asphodelaceae
Type
only
Y
1
Tanzania
CD
1
3a,
3b
3a
1
1
Mp
South Africa KN
Mc
Zimbabwe
CD, S, Z
Tanzania
Mp
eSwatini
Mc
Zimbabwe
2a
3a
2b
3a
Zimbabwe
3a
Zimbabwe
3a
Zimbabwe
3a
3a
3a
Na
Mc
Zimbabwe
1
3a
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
Endemic plants of Mozambique
Family
Taxon
Endemism Life form
Type
only
77
Provinces Other countries CoE
E
herb (s)
CD, Na
E
herb (s)
Na
NE1
herb (s)
Mp
E
NE2
NE1
herb (s)
herb (s)
tree (s)
NE2
E
herb (a)
herb (p)
Mp
Na, Z
South Africa KN
2a
1
NE2+3
herb (p)
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
E
herb (p)
Z
NE3
NE2
Z
Mp
Zimbabwe
South Africa KN
Mc
Zimbabwe
E
NE1+3
herb (a)
herb
(seagrass)
herb
(gram-p)
herb (a)
herb (a)
Z
Z
Malawi
3b
NE2
herb (p)
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
E
In, Mp
NE2+3
NE2+3
E
herb
(seagrass)
herb (geo)
herb (geo)
herb (geo)
Mc
Mc
Z
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
3a
3a
NE2
herb (geo)
Mp
2b
NE1
NE2+3
E
herb (geo)
herb (geo)
herb (geo)
Mc, Z
Mc
Ni
Iridaceae
Gladiolus zimbabweensis Goldblatt
Hesperantha ballii Wild
Moraea niassensis Goldblatt &
J.C.Manning
Tritonia moggii Oberm.
eSwatini, South
Africa MP
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
E
herb (geo)
Orchidaceae
Bonatea pulchella Summerh.
NE1+3
herb (geo)
G, In,
Mp, Z
Mp
Orchidaceae
Bulbophyllum ballii P.J.Cribb
NE1
herb (e)
Mc, Na, Z
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
NE2
E
NE2+3
herb (geo)
herb (e)
herb (geo)
Mc, S
Na
Mc
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
3a
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Cynorkis anisoloba Summerh.
Cyrtorchis glaucifolia Summerh.
Disa chimanimaniensis
(H.P.Linder) H.P.Linder
Disa zimbabweensis H.P.Linder
Disperis mozambicensis Schltr.
Eulophia biloba Schltr.
3a,
3b
3a
NE2+3
E
E
Mc
S
S
Zimbabwe
3a
Orchidaceae
Eulophia bisaccata Kraenzl.
herb (geo)
herb (geo)
herb
(?geo)
herb (geo)
Asphodelaceae
Asphodelaceae
Asphodeleaceae
Aloe ribauensis T.A.McCoy,
Rulkens & O.J.Baptista
Aloe rulkensii T.A.McCoy &
O.J.Baptista
Aloe suffulta Reynolds
Asphodelaceae
Asphodeleaceae
Asphodeleaceae
Aloe torrei I.Verd. & Christian
Aloe wildii (Reynolds) Reynolds
Aloidendron tongaense (Van Jaarsv.)
Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. (=Aloe
tongaensis Van Jaarsv.)
Commelinaceae
Aneilema arenicola Faden
Commelinaceae Aneilema mossambicense (Faden)
Faden INED. (=A. dregeanum
Kunth subsp. mossambicense
Faden)
Commelinaceae
Cyanotis chimanimaniensis Faden
INED.
Commelinaceae Cyanotis namuliensis Faden
INED.
Commelinaceae
Triceratella drummondii Brenan
Cymodoceaceae
Thalassodendron leptocaule Maria
C.Duarte Bandeira & Romeiras
Cyperaceae
Cyperus longispicula Muasya &
D.A.Simpson
Eriocaulaceae
Eriocaulon infaustum N.E.Br.
Eriocaulaceae
Eriocaulon mulanjeanum
S.M.Phillips
Eriocaulaceae
Mesanthemum africanum
Moldenke
Hydrocharitaceae Halophila ovalis (R.Br.) Hook.f.
subsp. linearis (Hartog) Hartog
Iridaceae
Dierama inyangense Hilliard
Iridaceae
Dierama plowesii Hilliard
Iridaceae
Freesia grandiflora (Baker) Klatt
subsp. occulta J.C.Manning &
Goldblatt
Iridaceae
Gladiolus brachyphyllus F.Bolus
Iridaceae
Iridaceae
Iridaceae
NE3
E
3b
Malawi,
Zimbabwe,
South Africa KN
Z
Mc
Zimbabwe
In, Mp, S South Africa KN
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
3b
3a
3b
South Africa
KN, LP, MP
Zimbabwe
3a
3a
2a,
2c
2a
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Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
Family
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Taxon
Habenaria hirsutissima
Summerh.
Habenaria mosambicensis
Schltr.
Habenaria stylites Rchb.f. &
S.Moore subsp. johnsonii (Rolfe)
Summerh.
Liparis hemipilioides Schltr.
Neobolusia ciliata Summerh.
Oeceoclades perrieri (Schltr.) Garay
& P.Taylor
Oligophyton drummondii
H.P.Linder & G.Will.
Polystachya songaniensis G.Will.
Polystachya subumbellata P.J.Cribb
& Podz.
Polystachya valentina la Croix &
P.J.Cribb
Satyrium flavum la Croix
Schizochilus lepidus Summerh.
Alloeochaete namuliensis
Chippind.
Baptorhachis foliacea (Clayton)
Clayton
Brachychloa fragilis S.M.Phillips
Poaceae
Brachychloa schiemanniana
(Schweick.) S.M.Phillips
Danthoniopsis chimanimaniensis
(J.B.Phipps) Clayton
Digitaria appropinquata
Goetgh.
Digitaria fuscopilosa Goetgh.
Poaceae
Digitaria megasthenes Goetgh.
Poaceae
Eragrostis desolata Launert
Poaceae
Eragrostis moggii De Winter
Poaceae
Eragrostis sericata Cope
Poaceae
Eriochloa rovumensis (Pilg.)
Clayton
Trichoneura schlechteri Ekman
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Restionaceae
Velloziaceae
Velloziaceae
Velloziaceae
Velloziaceae
Xyridaceae
Xyridaceae
Platycaulos quartziticola
(H.P.Linder) H.P.Linder &
C.R.Hardy
Xerophyta argentea (Wild) L.B.Sm.
& Ayensu
Xerophyta kirkii (Hemsl.) L.B.Sm.
& Ayensu
Xerophyta pseudopinifolia Behnke
Xerophyta splendens (Rendle)
N.L.Menezes
Xyris asterotricha Lock
Xyris makuensis N.E.Br.
Endemism Life form
Type
only
E
herb (geo)
E
Y
NE2+3
herb
(?geo)
herb (geo)
E
NE2+3
NE3
herb (geo)
herb (geo)
herb (p)
Y
NE2+3
Provinces Other countries CoE
Na, Ni
S
Ni
Tanzania
S
Mc
Mp, S
Zimbabwe
Madagascar
3a
herb (geo)
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
NE2
NE2
herb (e)
herb (e)
Z
Mc, S
Malawi
Zimbabwe
3b
3a
NE1
herb (p)
Mc, Z
Zimbabwe
NE2+3
NE2+3
E
herb (geo)
herb (geo)
herb
(gram-p)
herb
(gram-a)
herb
(gram-a)
herb
(gram-p)
herb
(gram-p)
herb
(gram-a)
herb
(gram-p)
herb
(gram-p)
herb
(gram-p)
herb
(gram-p)
herb
(gram-p)
herb
(gram-a)
herb
(gram-p)
herb
(gram-p)
Mc
Mc
Z
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
3a,
3b
3a
3a
3b
E
NE2
NE1
NE2+3
E
E
E
NE2+3
NE1
E
NE1
E
NE2+3
NE2+3
Y
Na
3b
Mp
2a
Mc
2a,
2c
3a
South Africa
KN, LP
G, In, Mp South Africa KN
Zimbabwe
Y
Z
3b
Y
Mc
3a
Ni, Z
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
In, Mp
South Africa KN
2a,
2c
2c
In
Na, Ni, Z
Tanzania
In, Mp
Mc
Zimbabwe
2a,
2c
3a
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
NE1
shrub,
herb (p)
shrub, tree
Ni, Z
Malawi
3b
NE1
NE2+3
shrub
shrub, tree
Na, Ni, Z
Z
Malawi
Malawi
3b
NE2+3
NE2
herb (p)
herb (p)
Mc
Z
Zimbabwe
Malawi
3a
3b
Endemic plants of Mozambique
Family
Taxon
Zingiberaceae
Siphonochilus kilimanensis
(Gagnep.) B.L.Burtt
ANGIOSPERMAE: EU-DICOTS
Acanthaceae
Barleria delagoensis Oberm.
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Barleria fissimuroides I.Darbysh.
Barleria fulvostellata C.B.Clarke
subsp. mangochiensis I.Darbysh.
Barleria laceratiflora Lindau
Barleria oxyphylla Lindau
Barleria setosa (Klotzsch)
I.Darbysh.
Barleria torrei I.Darbysh.
Barleria vollesenii I.Darbysh.
Blepharis dunensis Vollesen
Blepharis gazensis Vollesen
Blepharis swaziensis Vollesen
Endemism Life form
Type
only
79
Provinces Other countries CoE
E
herb (geo)
Na, S, Z
NE1
herb (p),
shrub
shrub
herb (p),
shrub
herb (p)
herb (p)
G, In,
Mp, S
Mc
Ni
South Africa KN
Zimbabwe
Malawi
3a
Na
Mp
Tanzania
eSwatini, South
Africa MP
1
herb (p),
shrub
shrub
herb (p)
herb (p)
herb (p)
herb (p)
Na
NE2+3
NE2+3
NE2+3
NE2
E
E
NE2+3
E
E
NE2
Ni
Ni
Na, Z
G, S
Mp
1
eSwatini, South
Africa KN
Tanzania
Kenya
South Africa KN
2b
eSwatini, South
Africa KN, MP
2a,
2b
2a,
2c
3b
NE2+3
NE3
NE2
E
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Ecbolium hastatum Vollesen
E
Acanthaceae
Isoglossa namuliensis I.Darbysh.
& T.Harris
Justicia attenuifolia Vollesen
Justicia gorongozana Vollesen
Justicia niassensis Vollesen
Justicia subcordatifolia Vollesen &
I.Darbysh. (=J. hedrenii Vollesen)
Lepidagathis plantaginea Mildbr.
Sclerochiton apiculatus Vollesen
Sclerochiton coeruleus (Lindau)
S.Moore
Sclerochiton hirsutus Vollesen
Trianthema mozambiquense
H.E.K.Hartmann & Liede
Caroxylon littoralis (Moq.) Akhani
& Roalson
Celosia nervosa C.C.Towns.
Celosia pandurata Baker
Salicornia mossambicensis
(Brenan) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
Ozoroa gomesiana R.Fern. &
A.Fern.
Ozoroa obovata (Oliv.) R.Fern. &
A.Fern. var. elliptica R.Fern. &
A.Fern.
Rhus acuminatissima R.Fern. &
A.Fern. (=Searsia acuminatissima
(R.Fern. & A.Fern.) Moffett)
Afrosciadium rhodesicum (Cannon)
P.J.D.Winter
E
herb (p),
shrub
herb (p)
NE1
E
E
NE2
herb (p)
herb (p)
shrub
herb (p)
NE1
NE1+2
NE1
herb (p)
shrub
shrub
E
E
shrub
herb
NE2
E
E
E
herb (p),
shrub
herb
herb
herb (p)
In, Mp, Na
S, Z
In
2c
E
shrub, tree
In
2c
NE1
shrub, tree
Zimbabwe
NE1
shrub, tree
G, In, Mc,
Mp, S,
T, Z
Na, Z
NE2
herb (p)
Mc
Zimbabwe
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Aizoaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Apiaceae
Ni
S
Mp
CD
Tanzania
Blepharis torrei Vollesen
Cephalophis lukei Vollesen
Dicliptera quintasii Lindau
Duosperma dichotomum
Vollesen
Ecbolium glabratum Vollesen
NE1
herb (p)
herb (p)
herb (p)
herb (p),
shrub
herb (p)
1
G, Mp
G, In, Mp
Y
Z
Ni
CD, S
CD, Na
Mc
Y
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
CD, Na
Tanzania
Mp
South Africa KN
G, In, Mc,
Zimbabwe
Na, Z
Z
Mp
In
2a
1
1
3a
1
2a
3b
2a
Madagascar,
Europa Is.
Malawi
3a
80
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
Family
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Taxon
Centella obtriangularis Cannon
Pimpinella mulanjensis
C.C.Towns.
Asclepias cucullata (Schltr.) Schltr.
subsp. scabrifolia (S.Moore)
Goyder
Asclepias graminifolia (Wild)
Goyder
Aspidoglossum glabellum Kupicha
Aspidoglossum hirundo Kupicha
Ceropegia aloicola M.G.Gilbert
INED.
Ceropegia chimanimaniensis
M.G.Gilbert INED.
Ceropegia cyperifolia Bruyns
Ceropegia gracilidens Bruyns
Ceropegia monteiroae Hook.f.
Ceropegia muchevensis
M.G.Gilbert INED.
Ceropegia nutans (Bruyns)
Bruyns
Ceropegia vahrmeijeri (R.A.Dyer)
Bruyns
Cynanchum oresbium (Bruyns)
Goyder
Emicocarpus fissifolius
K.Schum.& Schltr.
Huernia erectiloba L.C.Leach &
Lavranos
Huernia leachii Lavranos
Huernia verekeri Stent subsp.
pauciflora (L.C.Leach) Bruyns
Huernia volkartii Werderm. &
Peitsch. var. repens (Lavranos)
Lavranos
Marsdenia cynanchoides Schltr.
Apocynaceae
Marsdenia gazensis S.Moore
Orbea halipedicola L.C.Leach
Orbea longidens (N.E.Br.)
L.C.Leach
Pachycarpus concolor E.Mey. subsp.
arenicola Goyder
Raphionacme pulchella Venter &
R.L.Verh.
Secamone delagoensis Schltr.
Apocynaceae
Stapelia unicornis C.A.Luckh.
Apocynaceae
Stomatostemma pendulina
Venter & D.V.Field
(=Cryptolepis pendulina (Venter
& D.V.Field) P.I.Forst.)
Cussonia arenicola Strey
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Araliaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Adelostigma athrixioides Steetz
[uncertain species]
Anisopappus paucidentatus Wild
Endemism Life form
Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
E
NE2+3
herb (p)
herb (p)
Mc
Z
Malawi
3a
3b
NE2+3
herb (geo)
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
NE2+3
herb (geo)
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
NE2+3
NE1
E
herb (geo)
herb (geo)
herb (s)
Mc
Na, Z
Mp
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
3a
NE2+3
herb (geo)
Mc
Zimbabwe
E
E
NE1
E
herb (geo)
herb (geo)
herb (s)
herb (s)
E
herb (geo)
Z
NE1+2
herb (geo)
Mp
E
herb (s)
Na
E
herb (p)
Mp
E
shrub (s)
CD, Na, Z
NE1+2
E
herb (s)
shrub (s)
Mc
In, S
Malawi
NE2+3
herb (s)
Mc
Zimbabwe
NE1
liana
CD, S, Z
NE2
E
NE1+2
liana
shrub (s)
herb (s)
Mc
S
Mp
Tanzania,
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
3a
South Africa KN
2a
NE2
herb (geo)
Mp
South Africa KN
2a
NE3
herb (geo)
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
NE1
liana
NE2
herb (s)
Mp
E
shrub
Na, Z
NE1
shrub
In, Mp
E
herb
In
NE2
herb (p)
Mc
2b
3a
Ni
CD, Na, Z
In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
S
3b
South Africa KN
2a
2a
G, In, Mp South Africa KN
eSwatini, South
Africa KN
2a,
2c
2b
South Africa KN
2a,
2c
2c
Zimbabwe
3a
Endemic plants of Mozambique
Family
Asteraceae
Taxon
Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
NE2
herb (p)
Mc
E
Na, Z
E
herb (s),
shrub (s)
herb (a)
In, Na, Z
NE1
shrub
In, Mp
NE2
Mc, S
NE1+2
herb (p),
shrub
shrub,
liana
herb (p)
E
herb (a)
NE2
NE2+3
herb (p)
herb (p),
shrub
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Helichrysum acervatum S.Moore
Helichrysum africanum (S.Moore)
Wild (=Calomeria africana
(S.Moore) Heine)
Helichrysum chasei Wild
Helichrysum lastii Engl.
NE2
NE2
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Helichrysum moggii Wild
Helichrysum moorei Staner
Helichrysum rhodellum Wild
Helichrysum silvaticum Hilliard
E
NE2+3
NE2+3
herb (p)
herb (p),
shrub
herb (p)
herb (p)
herb (p)
herb (p)
Asteraceae
Kleinia chimanimaniensis van
Jaarsv.
Lopholaena brickellioides S.Moore
Schistostephium oxylobum S.Moore
NE2+3
Senecio aetfatensis B.Nord.
Senecio forbesii Oliv. & Hiern
[uncertain species]
Senecio peltophorus Brenan
Vernonia calvoana (Hook.f.)
Hook.f. subsp. meridionalis (Wild)
C.Jeffrey (=Baccharoides calvoana
(Hook.f.) Isawumi, El-Ghazaly &
B.Nord. subsp. meridionalis (Wild)
Isuwami, El-Ghazaly & B.Nord.)
Vernonia muelleri Wild subsp.
muelleri
Vernonia nepetifolia Wild
Impatiens psychadelphoides Launert
NE2+3
E
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Balsaminaceae
Balsaminaceae
Balsaminaceae
Bignoniaceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Aster chimanimaniensis W.Lippert
(=Afroaster chimanimaniensis
(W.Lippert) J.C.Manning &
Goldblatt)
Bothriocline moramballae (Oliv.
& Hiern) O.Hoffm.
Bothriocline steetziana Wild &
G.V.Pope
Chrysocoma mozambicensis Ehr.
Bayer
Cineraria pulchra Cron
Endemism Life form
81
Distephanus inhacensis (G.V.Pope)
R.G.C.Boon & Glen
Gutenbergia westii (Wild) Wild &
G.V.Pope
Gyrodoma hispida (Vatke) Wild
Impatiens salpinx G.M.Schulze &
Launert
Impatiens wuerstenii
S.B.Janssens & Dessein
Dolichandrone alba (Sim)
Sprague
Cordia mandimbana
E.S.Martins
Cordia megiae J.E.Burrows
NE1
NE2+3
NE2
herb (s),
shrub (s)
shrub, tree
herb (p),
shrub
herb (p)
herb
Zimbabwe
3b
South Africa
KN, MP
Zimbabwe
G, In, Mp South Africa KN
2a,
2c
3a
Mc
Zimbabwe
2a,
2c
3a
G, In, Mp,
S, Z
Mc
Mc
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
3a
3a
Mc
Z
Zimbabwe
Malawi
3a
3b
Mp
Mc
Zimbabwe
Mc
Zimbabwe
G, In, Mp South Africa KN
Y
3a
Mc
Zimbabwe
2a
3a
3a
2a,
2c
3a
Mc
Mc
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
3a
3a
Mc
Unknown
Zimbabwe
3a
NE2+3
NE2
herb (p)
herb (p),
shrub
Z
Mc, S
Malawi
Zimbabwe
3b
3a
NE2
shrub
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
NE2+3
NE1
shrub
herb (p)
Mc
Mc, Z
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
NE2
herb (p)
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
3a,
3b
3a
E
herb (p)
S
3a
E
shrub, tree
G, In, Mp
2a,
2c
E
tree
E
tree
Y
Ni
S
82
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
Family
Taxon
Endemism Life form
Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Boraginaceae
Burseraceae
Burseraceae
Cordia stuhlmannii Gürke
Commiphora mombassensis Engl.
Commiphora schlechteri Engl.
E
NE3
NE1
shrub, tree
shrub, tree
shrub, tree
S, Z
CD
G, In, Mp
Campanulaceae
Lobelia blantyrensis E.Wimm.
NE2
Campanulaceae
Lobelia cobaltica S.Moore
NE2+3
Campanulaceae
NE2+3
NE2+3
Capparaceae
Capparaceae
Wahlenbergia subaphylla (Baker)
Thulin subsp. scoparia (Wild)
Thulin
Capparis viminea Hook.f. &
Thomson ex Oliv. var. orthacantha
(Gilg & Gilg-Ben.) DeWolf
Maerua acuminata Oliv.
Maerua andradae Wild
herb (a),
herb (p)
herb (a),
herb (p)
herb (p)
NE1
E
Capparaceae
Maerua brunnescens Wild
E
Capparaceae
Maerua scandens (Klotzsch)
Müll.Berol. ex B.D.Jacks.
Maerua schliebenii Gilg-Ben.
Pterocephalus centennii
M.J.Cannon
Dianthus chimanimaniensis
S.S.Hooper
Crossopetalum mossambicense
I.Darbysh.
Elaeodendron fruticosum
N.Robson
Gymnosporia arenicola Jordaan
E
Capparaceae
Capparaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Celastraceae
Celastraceae
Celastraceae
Celastraceae
Celastraceae
Celastraceae
Celastraceae
Celastraceae
Celastraceae
Chrysobalanaceae
Cleomaceae
Clusiaceae
Combretaceae
Combretaceae
Combretaceae
Combretaceae
Gymnosporia gurueensis
(N.Robson) Jordaan
Gymnosporia markwardii Jordaan
Gymnosporia oxycarpa (N.Robson)
Jordaan
Maytenus chasei N.Robson
Prionostemma delagoensis
(Loes.) N.Hallé var. delagoensis
(=Hippocratea delagoensis Loes.)
Salacia orientalis N.Robson
Maranthes goetzeniana (Engl.)
Prance
Cleome bororensis (Klotzsch) Oliv.
(=Sieruela bororensis (Klotzsch)
Roalson & J.C.Hall)
Garcinia acutifolia N.Robson
Combretum andradae Exell &
J.G.García
Combretum caudatisepalum
Exell & J.G.García
Combretum lasiocarpum Engl.
& Diels
Combretum lindense Exell &
Mildbr.
Z
Tanzania
South Africa
KN, ?Zimbabwe
Malawi
1
2a,
2c
3b
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
shrub
CD
Tanzania
1
shrub, tree
herb (p),
shrub
shrub
CD
CD
Tanzania
1
1
Tanzania
1
3a
In, Mc,
Mp, S,
T, Z
G, Na, T, Z
NE1
E
shrub,
liana
shrub
shrub
Y
Na
Mc
E
herb
Y
Mc
3a
E
shrub
CD
1
E
shrub, tree
G, In
2a,
2c
NE1
shrub, tree
E
shrub, tree
G, In, Mp, South Africa KN
S, Z
Z
NE1
NE2
shrub
shrub
In, Mp, Z South Africa KN
G
South Africa LP
NE1
shrub, tree
Mc, Z
Zimbabwe
NE1
shrub,
liana
G, Mp
South Africa KN
NE1
CD
Tanzania
1
NE1
shrub,
liana
tree
herb (a)
Zimbabwe,
Tanzania
Tanzania, South
Africa KN
3a,
3b
NE1
Mc, Na,
S, Z
G, Mp,
S, Z
NE1
NE1
CD
CD, Na, Ni
Tanzania
Tanzania
1
E
shrub, tree
shrub,
liana
shrub
E
shrub, tree
Na, T, Z
NE2+3
shrub,
liana
CD
CD, Na
3a,
3b
2a,
2c
1
Tanzania
1
Endemic plants of Mozambique
Family
Taxon
Endemism Life form
Type
only
83
Provinces Other countries CoE
E
E
shrub
tree
E
E
herb (a)
herb (p)
E
herb (c)
E
NE1
E
herb (p)
herb (a),
herb (p)
herb (p)
NE2+3
NE1
E
herb (p)
herb (s)
herb (p)
E
herb (p)
CD, Na, Z
NE2+3
herb (s)
Mc
Zimbabwe
NE1
herb (c)
T
Momordica henriquesii Cogn.
Momordica mossambica
H.Schaef.
Dichapetalum barbosae Torre
NE1
E
herb (c)
liana
Zambia,
Zimbabwe
Tanzania
NE1
CD, S, Z
Tanzania
Dichapetalum deflexum (Klotzsch)
Engl.
Dichapetalum macrocarpum Engl.
Tetracera bussei Gilg
Diospyros rotundifolia Hiern
NE1
shrub,
liana
shrub
CD, In, Na
Tanzania
NE1
NE3
NE1
shrub
shrub
tree
CD
Tanzania
Ni
Tanzania
G, In, Mp South Africa KN
NE1
shrub, tree
In, Mp
South Africa KN
NE2
NE2
shrub
shrub
Mc
Mc
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
NE2+3
shrub
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
Ericaceae
Euclea racemosa L. subsp. sinuata
F.White
Erica lanceolifera S.Moore
Erica pleiotricha S.Moore var.
blaerioides (Wild) R.Ross
Erica pleiotricha S.Moore var.
pleiotricha
Erica wildii Brenan
2a,
2c
2a,
2c
3a
3a
NE2+3
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
Erythroxylaceae
Nectaropetalum carvalhoi Engl.
NE1+2
herb (p),
shrub
shrub, tree
CD, Na
Tanzania? - see
note in F.T.E.A.
Erythroxylaceae:
8 (1984)
1
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Croton aceroides Radcl.‑Sm.
Croton inhambanensis Radcl.‑
Sm.
Croton kilwae Radcl.-Sm.
Croton leuconeurus Pax subsp.
mossambicensis Radcl.‑Sm.
Crotonogynopsis australis Kenfack
& Gereau
Erythrococca zambesiaca Prain
E
E
tree
shrub, tree
In
In
NE1
E
shrub
shrub, tree
CD, Na
S, Z
Tanzania
NE2
tree
Z
Tanzania
NE2
shrub
S
Malawi
Combretaceae
Combretaceae
Convolvulaceae
Combretum stocksii Sprague
Terminalia barbosae (Exell)
Gere & Boatwr. (=Pteleopsis
barbosae Exell)
Ipomoea ephemera Verdc.
Ipomoea venosa (Desr.) Roem.
& Schult. subsp. stellaris (Baker)
Verdc. var. obtusifolia Verdc.
Turbina longiflora Verdc.
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassula leachii R.Fern.
Crassula maputensis R.Fern.
Crassulaceae
Crassula morrumbalensis
R.Fern.
Crassula zombensis Baker f.
Kalanchoe elizae A.Berger
Kalanchoe fernandesii Raym.‑
Hamet
Kalanchoe hametiorum Raym.‑
Hamet
Kalanchoe velutina Welw. ex
Britten subsp. chimanimaniensis
(R.Fern.) R.Fern.
Eureiandra eburnea C.Jeffrey
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Dichapetalaceae
Dichapetalaceae
Dichapetalaceae
Dilleniaceae
Ebenaceae
Ebenaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Y
CD
CD, Na
1
1
Na, Z
Mp
2a
CD, In,
Mp
Mc
Mp
Y
Z
Y
Z
Na, Ni, Z
Na
Y
CD, Na
Na
South Africa KN
2a
Malawi
Malawi
3b
1
3a
1
1
1
2c
2c
1
84
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
Family
Euphorbiaceae
Taxon
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia ambroseae L.C.Leach
var. ambrosae
Euphorbia ambroseae L.C.Leach
var. spinosa L.C.Leach
Euphorbia angularis Klotzsch
Euphorbia baylissii L.C.Leach
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia bougheyi L.C.Leach
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia citrina S.Carter
Euphorbia contorta L.C.Leach
Euphorbia corniculata R.A.Dyer
Euphorbia crebrifolia S.Carter
Euphorbia crenata (N.E.Br.)
Bruyns (=Monadenium
crenatum N.E.Br.)
Euphorbia decliviticola L.C.Leach
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Endemism Life form
Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
E
shrub (s)
In, S, Z
NE1
shrub (s)
In, S, T
E
E
shrub (s)
shrub (s)
CD, Na
G, In, Mp
E
tree (s)
NE2
E
E
NE2
E
shrub
shrub (s)
shrub (s)
herb (p)
herb (p)
CD, In,
S, Z
Mc, S
Na, Ni, Z
CD, Na, Ni
Mc
Mc
NE1+2+3
Y
3b
Zimbabwe
3a
Na, Z
Malawi
3b
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
NE2+3
NE1
shrub (s)
E
shrub (s)
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia depauperata A.Rich. var.
tsetserrensis S.Carter
Euphorbia grandicornis Blanc
subsp. grandicornis
Euphorbia grandicornis Blanc
subsp. sejuncta L.C.Leach
Euphorbia graniticola L.C.Leach
E
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia keithii R.A.Dyer
NE2+3
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia knuthii Pax subsp.
johnsonii (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach
Euphorbia knuthii Pax subsp.
knuthii
Euphorbia marrupana Bruyns
Euphorbia mlanjeana L.C.Leach
Euphorbia namuliensis Bruyns
Euphorbia neohalipedicola
Bruyns (=Synadenium
halipedicola L.C.Leach)
Euphorbia neorugosa Bruyns nom.
inval. (=Monadenium rugosum
S.Carter)
Euphorbia plenispina S.Carter
Euphorbia ramulosa L.C.Leach
Euphorbia schlechteri Pax
Euphorbia stenocaulis Bruyns
Euphorbia torrei (L.C.Leach)
Bruyns
Euphorbia unicornis R.A.Dyer
Jatropha latifolia Pax var.
subeglandulosa Radcl.‑Sm.
Jatropha scaposa Radcl.‑Sm.
Jatropha subaequiloba Radcl.‑
Sm.
Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler)
Müll.Arg. var. lindicus (Radcl.Sm.) Radcl.-Sm.
Tragia glabrata (Müll.Arg.)
Pax & K.Hoffm. var. hispida
Radcl.‑Sm.
E
shrub (s),
tree (s)
shrub (s),
tree (s)
shrub (s)
Mp, S
NE1
shrub (s)
Mp
E
NE1+3
E
E
shrub (s)
shrub (s)
shrub (s)
shrub
Ni
Na, Ni, Z
Z
S
NE2+3
herb (p)
CD
E
E
E
E
NE1
shrub (s)
shrub (s)
herb (p)
shrub (s)
shrub
Mc
Na, Ni, Z
G, Mp
Z
CD
E
E
shrub (s)
herb (p)
E
E
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
1
2a,
2c
Zimbabwe
shrub (s),
tree (s)
herb (p)
Euphorbiaceae
Malawi
G, Mc, Mp eSwatini, South
Africa KN
Na
Mc
Mp
Y
Y
3a
eSwatini
2b
eSwatini, South
Africa KN, MP
2a,
2b
Malawi
3b
Tanzania
1
2a
Tanzania
1
CD
Mp
2b
herb (p)
shrub
Mp, Na, S
In
2c
NE1
tree
CD, Na
E
herb (c)
Y
Y
Mp
Tanzania
1
2a
Endemic plants of Mozambique
Family
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Taxon
Tragia shirensis Prain var.
glabriuscula Radcl.‑Sm.
Tragia shirensis Prain var. shirensis
Acacia latispina J.E.Burrows
& S.M.Burrows (=Vachellia
latispina (J.E.Burrows &
S.M.Burrows) Kyal. & Boatwr.)
Acacia latistipulata Harms
(=Senegalia latistipulata (Harms)
Kyal. & Boatwr.)
Acacia quiterajoensis Timberlake
& Lötter
Acacia torrei Brenan (=Vachellia
torrei (Brenan) Kyal. & Boatwr.)
Adenopodia schlechteri (Harms)
Brenan
Aeschynomene aphylla Wild
Aeschynomene chimanimaniensis
Verdc.
Aeschynomene grandistipulata
Harms
Aeschynomene inyangensis Wild
Aeschynomene minutiflora Taub.
subsp. grandiflora Verdc.
Aeschynomene mossambicensis
Verdc. subsp. mossambicensis
Aeschynomene pawekiae Verdc.
Baphia macrocalyx Harms
Baphia massaiensis Taub. subsp.
gomesii (Baker f.) Brummitt
Baphia ovata Sim (=Baphia
kirkii Baker subsp. ovata (Sim)
Soladoye)
Baphia punctulata Harms
subsp. palmensis Soladoye
Bauhinia burrowsii
E.J.D.Schmidt
Berlinia orientalis Brenan
Brachystegia oblonga Sim
Bussea xylocarpa (Sprague)
Sprague & Craib
Chamaecrista paralias (Brenan)
Lock
Endemism Life form
herb (p)
NE1
E
herb (p)
tree
Z
CD
Malawi
NE1
shrub
CD, Na, T
Tanzania
E
shrub, tree
CD
E
shrub
S
E
G, Mp
NE2+3
NE2+3
liana,
shrub
shrub
shrub
Mc
Mc
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
3a
3a
NE2+3
shrub
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
NE2+3
E
shrub
herb (a)
Mc
Na, Z
Zimbabwe
3a
E
Na, Z
NE2+3
NE1
E
herb (a),
herb (p)
herb (p)
tree
shrub, tree
Malawi
Tanzania
Tanzania?
1
E
shrub, tree
E
shrub, tree
Na
E
Ni
CD
CD, In,
Na, Ni
G, In
1
2a
2c
1
shrub
In
2c
NE1
E
E
tree
tree
tree
CD
Na, Z
Mc
E
herb (p),
shrub,
tree
herb (p)
herb (p),
shrub
In, Na
NE3
NE1
E
NE2+3
Fabaceae
Crotalaria schlechteri Baker f.
NE1+2
NE2
NE1
E
E
E
shrub
herb (a),
herb (p)
herb (a)
herb (a)
herb (a),
herb (p)
herb (a)
herb (p),
shrub
herb (p)
Y
1
CD
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Provinces Other countries CoE
E
Crotalaria assurgens Polhill
Crotalaria dura J.M.Wood &
M.S.Evans subsp. mozambica
Polhill
Crotalaria insignis Polhill
Crotalaria lanceolata E.Mey. subsp.
exigua Polhill
Crotalaria misella Polhill
Crotalaria mocubensis Polhill
Crotalaria namuliensis Polhill
& T.Harris
Crotalaria paraspartea Polhill
Crotalaria phylicoides Wild
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Type
only
Y
85
Tanzania
Ni
Tanzania
G, In, Mp South Africa KN
1
1
2a,
2c
Mc
Na, Z
Zimbabwe
Malawi
3a
CD
S, T, Z
Z
Tanzania?
1
3b
Na
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
G, Mp
South Africa MP
2a
86
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
Family
Taxon
Endemism Life form
Fabaceae
Crotalaria schliebenii Polhill
NE1+2+3
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Crotalaria torrei Polhill
Dialium schlechteri Harms
E
NE1
herb (a),
herb (p)
shrub
tree
Fabaceae
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight
& Arn. subsp. africana Brenan &
Brummitt var. pubescens Brenan &
Brummitt
Entada mossambicensis Torre
Entada stuhlmannii (Taub.) Harms
Gelrebia rostrata (N.E.Br.) Gagnon
& G.P.Lewis (=Caesalpinia rostrata
N.E.Br.)
Guibourtia sousae J.Leonard
Icuria dunensis Wieringa
Indigofera cecilii N.E.Br.
NE1
shrub, tree
E
NE1
NE2+3
shrub
liana
shrub,
liana
E
E
NE1
NE1
E
tree
tree
herb (p),
shrub
herb (a)
shrub
NE1+3
E
NE2+3
E
E
NE3
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Na
Tanzania
Z
G, In, Mp South Africa KN
G, Mc, S
1
2a,
2b
Zimbabwe
2c
1
3a
CD, Na
Ni
Tanzania
1
herb (a)
Na
Malawi
Mp
Na
G, In
Z
Ni
NE1
herb (p)
herb (a)
herb (p)
herb (a)
herb (a),
herb (p)
herb (p)
Indigofera pseudomoniliformis
Schrire
Indigofera torrei J.B.Gillett
E
shrub
Na, Ni, Z
E
G
Indigofera vicioides Jaub. & Spach
subsp. excelsa Schrire
Lotus wildii J.B.Gillett
NE2+3
E
E
herb (p),
shrub
herb (p),
shrub
herb (p),
shrub
herb
tree
E
Indigofera concinna Baker
Indigofera emarginella A.Rich.
var. marrupaënsis Schrire
Indigofera erythrogramma Baker
subsp. nampulensis Schrire
Indigofera gobensis Schrire
Indigofera graniticola J.B.Gillett
Indigofera mendoncae J.B.Gillett
Indigofera namuliensis Schrire
Indigofera nyassica Gilli var. brevior
(J.B.Gillett) J.B.Gillett
Indigofera podophylla Harv.
Macrotyloma decipiens Verdc.
Micklethwaitia carvalhoi
(Harms) G.P.Lewis & Schrire
Millettia ebenifera (Bertol.)
J.E.Burrows & Lötter
Millettia makondensis Harms
Millettia mossambicensis
J.B.Gillett
Mimosa mossambicensis Brenan
Ormocarpum schliebenii Harms
Otholobium foliosum (Oliv.)
C.H.Stirt. subsp. gazense (Baker
f.) Verdc.
Pearsonia mesopontica Polhill
Rhynchosia chimanimaniensis
Verdc.
Rhynchosia clivorum S.Moore
subsp. gurueensis Verdc.
Rhynchosia genistoides Burtt Davy
NE2
Y
In
Na, Z
Mc, S
3b
2a,
2c
Zimbabwe
Na
CD, Na, Z
Tanzania
Mp
South Africa MP
Y
1
Tanzania
Tanzania
G, In, Mp South Africa KN
2a,
2c
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
S
Zimbabwe
3a
Na
CD, Na
1
1
shrub, tree
G, In
2c
NE1
E
shrub
tree
CD
Na, S
Tanzania
NE1
shrub,
liana
shrub
shrub
S, T
Malawi
CD, Na
Mc
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
1
3a
Mc
Mc
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
3a
3a
NE1
NE2+3
NE2+3
NE2+3
E
NE2+3
herb (p)
herb (p),
shrub
herb (p),
shrub
shrub
Y
2b
1
2c
3b
Y
Z
Mp
1
3b
South Africa MP
2b
Endemic plants of Mozambique
Family
Taxon
Fabaceae
Rhynchosia stipata Meikle
Fabaceae
Rhynchosia swynnertonii Baker f.
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Rhynchosia torrei Verdc.
Scorodophloeus torrei Lock
Sphenostylis zimbabweensis Mithen
Fabaceae
Tephrosia chimanimaniana
Brummitt
Tephrosia faulknerae Brummitt
Tephrosia forbesii Baker subsp.
forbesii
Tephrosia forbesii Baker subsp.
inhacensis Brummitt
Tephrosia gobensis Brummitt
Tephrosia longipes Meisn. var.
drummondii (Brummitt)
Brummitt
Tephrosia longipes Meisn. var.
swynnertonii (Baker f.) Brummitt
Tephrosia miranda Brummitt
Tephrosia montana Brummitt
Tephrosia praecana Brummitt
Tephrosia reptans Baker var.
microfoliata (Pires da Lima)
Brummitt
Tephrosia whyteana Baker f.
subsp. gemina Brummitt
Xylia mendoncae Torre
Exacum zombense N.E.Br.
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae
Geraniaceae
Geraniaceae
Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Faroa involucrata (Klotzsch)
Knobl.
Geranium exellii J.R.Laundon
Pelargonium mossambicense Engl.
Streptocarpus acicularis
I.Darbysh. & Massingue
Streptocarpus brachynema
Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Streptocarpus erubescens Hilliard &
B.L.Burtt
Streptocarpus grandis N.E.Br.
subsp. septentrionalis Hilliard &
B.L.Burtt
Streptocarpus hirticapsa B.L.Burtt
Streptocarpus leptopus Hilliard &
B.L.Burtt
Streptocarpus michelmorei
B.L.Burtt
Streptocarpus milanjianus Hilliard
& B.L.Burtt
Streptocarpus montis-bingae
Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Streptocarpus myoporoides
Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Streptocarpus umtaliensis B.L.Burtt
Acrotome mozambiquensis
G.Taylor
Aeollanthus viscosus Ryding
Endemism Life form
Type
only
NE2+3
herb (c),
herb (p)
NE2
herb (c),
liana
E
shrub
E
shrub, tree
NE3
herb (c),
herb (p)
NE1+2+3
shrub
87
Provinces Other countries CoE
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
Z
Na, Z
Mc
Zimbabwe
3b
1
3a
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
South Africa KN
2a
E
NE1
shrub
herb (p)
Na, Z
G, Mp
E
herb (p)
Mp
NE2+3
NE2+3
shrub
herb (p)
Mp
Mc
eSwatini
Zimbabwe
2b
3a
NE2
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
E
NE2
NE2
E
herb (p),
shrub
shrub
shrub
shrub, tree
herb (a)
Na
Mc, S
Mc
CD, Na, Z
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
3a
3a
1
E
shrub
Z
E
NE1
shrub, tree
herb (a)
E
herb (a)
In
Mc, Na,
Ni, Z
Na, Z
NE2+3
NE2
E
herb (p)
herb (p)
herb (p)
Mc
S
Mc
E
herb
S
NE2
herb
Ni
Malawi
3b
NE2
herb
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
NE2
NE2
herb (p)
herb (p)
Mc
Z
Zimbabwe
Malawi
3a
3b
NE2
herb (p)
Mc, S?
Zimbabwe
3a
NE2+3
herb (p)
Z
Malawi
3b
E
herb (p)
E
Y
Y
2a
3b
Malawi
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
2c
3a,
3b
3a
3a
3a
3a
Mc
3a
herb (p)
Na
3b
NE2
E
herb
herb (p)
Mc
Mp
Zimbabwe
3a
2a
NE2+3
shrub
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
88
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
Family
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lentibulariaceae
Linaceae
Taxon
Clerodendrum abilioi R.Fern.
Clerodendrum cephalanthum
Oliv. subsp. cephalanthum var.
torrei R.Fern.
Clerodendrum lutambense Verdc.
Clerodendrum robustum
Klotzsch var. macrocalyx R.Fern.
Coleus caudatus (S.Moore)
E.Downes & I.Darbysh.
(=Plectranthus caudatus S.Moore)
Coleus cucullatus (A.J.Paton)
A.J.Paton (=Plectranthus
cucullatus A.J.Paton)
Coleus namuliensis E.Downes &
I.Darbysh.
Coleus psammophilus (Codd)
A.J.Paton (=Plectranthus
psammophilus Codd)
Coleus sessilifolius (A.J.Paton)
A.J.Paton (=Plectranthus sessilifolius
A.J.Paton)
Leucas nyassae Gürke var.
velutina (C.H.Wright ex Baker)
Sebald
Ocimum natalense Ayob. ex A.J.
Paton
Ocimum reclinatum (S.D.Will. &
K.Balkwill) A.J.Paton
Orthosiphon scedastophyllus
A.J.Paton
Plectranthus chimanimanensis
S.Moore
Plectranthus guruensis A.J.Paton
Plectranthus mandalensis Baker
Premna hans-joachimii Verdc.
Premna tanganyikensis Moldenke
Rotheca luembensis (De Wild.)
R.Fern. subsp. niassensis
(R.Fern.) R.Fern.
Rotheca sansibarensis (Gürke)
Steane & Mabb. subsp.
sansibarensis var. eratensis
(R.Fern.) R.Fern.
Rotheca teaguei (Hutch.) R.Fern.
Rotheca verdcourtii (R.Fern.)
R.Fern.
Stachys didymantha Brenan
Syncolostemon flabellifolius
(S.Moore) A.J.Paton
Syncolostemon namapaensis
D.F.Otieno
Syncolostemon oritrephes (Wild)
D.F.Otieno
Vitex carvalhi Gürke
Vitex mossambicensis Gürke
Utricularia podadena P.Taylor
Hugonia elliptica N.Robson
Endemism Life form
E
E
herb (p)
liana,
shrub
NE1+3
E
shrub
herb (p)
NE2+3
Type
only
Y
Y?
Provinces Other countries CoE
Na
CD
1
1
CD
Mc
Tanzania
1
herb (p)
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
E
herb (p),
shrub
Na
3b
E
herb (p)
Z
3b
NE1
herb (p)
In, Mp
South Africa KN
2a,
2c
NE2
herb (p)
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
E
herb (p)
Ni
NE2
G, Mp
South Africa KN
2a
NE2
herb (p),
shrub
herb (p)
Mp
South Africa KN
2a
NE2+3
herb (p)
CD
Tanzania
1
NE1
Mc, S
Zimbabwe
3a
Z
Z
Malawi
3b
3b
NE2
NE1
E
herb (p),
shrub
herb (p)
herb (a),
herb (p)
shrub
shrub, tree
herb (p)
Tanzania
Tanzania
1
1
E
shrub
NE2+3
NE2
herb (p)
shrub, tree
Mc
Mc
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
3a
NE2
NE2+3
herb (p)
shrub, tree
Z
Mc
Malawi
Zimbabwe
3b
3a
NE2+3
herb (p)
Na
Tanzania
NE2+3
herb (p),
shrub
shrub, tree
tree
herb (p)
shrub,
liana
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
CD, Na
CD, Na
Ni
Z
Tanzania
Tanzania
Malawi
1
1
E
NE2
NE1
NE1
NE2+3
E
Y
CD
CD, Na
Ni
Y
Na
1
Endemic plants of Mozambique
Family
Taxon
Endemism Life form
Linaceae
Hugonia grandiflora N.Robson
NE3
Linderniaceae
Malpighiaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Crepidorhopalon flavus (S.Moore)
I.Darbysh. & Eb.Fisch.
(=Lindernia flava S.Moore)
Crepidorhopalon namuliensis
I.Darbysh. & Eb.Fisch.
Agelanthus deltae (Baker &
Sprague) Polhill & Wiens
Agelanthus igneus (Danser) Polhill
& Wiens
Agelanthus patelii Polhill &
Timberlake INED.
Englerina oedostemon (Danser)
Polhill & Wiens
Englerina schlechteri (Engl.)
Polhill & Wiens
Englerina swynnertonii (Sprague)
Polhill & Wiens
Englerina triplinervia (Baker &
Sprague) Polhill & Wiens
Helixanthera schizocalyx
T.Harris, I.Darbysh. & Polhill
Ammannia elata R.Fern.
Ammannia fernandesiana
S.A.Graham & Gandhi
Ammannia gazensis (A.Fern.)
S.A.Graham & Gandhi
Ammannia linearis (Hiern)
S.A.Graham & Gandhi
Ammannia moggii (A.Fern.)
S.A.Graham & Gandhi
Ammannia mossambicensis (A.Fern.
& Diniz) S.A.Graham & Gandhi
Ammannia parvula S.A.Graham
& Gandhi
Ammannia pedroi (A.Fern. &
Diniz) S.A.Graham & Gandhi
Ammannia polycephala (Peter)
S.A.Graham & Gandhi
Ammannia ramosissima (A.Fern.
& Diniz) S.A.Graham & Gandhi
Ammannia spathulata (A.Fern.)
S.A.Graham & Gandhi
Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. var.
linearifolius Launert
Triaspis hypericoides (DC.) Burch.
subsp. canescens (Engl.) Immelman
Triaspis suffulta Launert
Cola cheringoma Cheek
Cola clavata Mast.
Cola mossambicensis Wild
Malvaceae
Corchorus velutinus Wild
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Dombeya lastii K.Schum.
Dombeya leachii Wild
Eriolaena rulkensii Dorr
Glyphaea tomentosa Mast.
Grewia filipes Burret
Linderniaceae
Loranthaceae
Loranthaceae
Loranthaceae
Loranthaceae
Loranthaceae
Loranthaceae
Loranthaceae
Loranthaceae
Lythraceae
Lythraceae
Lythraceae
Lythraceae
Lythraceae
Lythraceae
Lythraceae
Lythraceae
Lythraceae
Lythraceae
Lythraceae
Malpighiaceae
Malpighiaceae
Type
only
89
Provinces Other countries CoE
CD
Tanzania
1
NE2
shrub,
tree, liana
herb (p)
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
E
herb (p)
Z
E
S, T, Z
E
E
shrub
(par)
shrub
(par)
shrub
(par)
shrub
(par)
shrub
(par)
shrub
(par)
shrub
(par)
shrub
(par)
herb (a)
herb (p)
E
herb (a)
NE1
herb (a)
E
herb (p)
NE3
Na
E
herb (a),
herb (p)
herb (a)
E
herb (a)
CD, Na
E
herb (p)
S
E
herb (a)
Y
Ni
E
herb (p)
Y
S
NE1
In, Mp
NE2
shrub,
tree, liana
shrub
E
E
E
NE1
liana
tree
tree
tree
NE1
shrub
In
S
S, Z
Mc, Na,
S, Z
G, In
E
E
E
NE1
NE2+3
shrub
shrub
shrub, tree
shrub, tree
shrub, tree
Z
Na
CD
Na, S, Z
CD
NE1+3
NE2+3
NE2
E
NE2+3
NE3
E
3b
CD, S, T, Z
Tanzania
Z
Malawi
3b
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
Mc
Zimbabwe
2a,
2c
3a
CD, Na
Tanzania
1
G, In, Mp
Z
Y
Z
In, S
Y
G
Na, S, Z
Y
3b
Tanzania
Na
1
Tanzania,
Zimbabwe
Na
Mp
1
?Malawi
eSwatini, South
Africa KN
South Africa MP
2a
2b
2c
Malawi,
Tanzania
Zimbabwe,
South Africa LP
3b
3b
1
Malawi
Tanzania
1
90
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
Family
Taxon
Malvaceae
Grewia hornbyi Wild
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Endemism Life form
NE1
shrub
E
E
shrub, tree
shrub
Malvaceae
Grewia limae Wild
Grewia occidentalis L. var.
littoralis Wild
Grewia transzambesica Wild
E
shrub, tree
Malvaceae
Hermannia micropetala Harv.
NE1
Malvaceae
Hermannia torrei Wild
Malvaceae
Hibiscus burtt-davyi Dunkley
herb (p),
shrub
herb (p),
shrub
shrub, tree
Malvaceae
Hibiscus rupicola Exell
E
Malvaceae
Hibiscus torrei Baker f.
E
Malvaceae
Microcos microthyrsa (K.Schum.
ex Burret) Burret (=Grewia
microthyrsa K.Schum. ex Burret)
Thespesia mossambicensis (Exell
& Hillc.) Fryxell
Triumfetta kirkii Mast.
Antherotoma angustifolia
(A.Fern. & R.Fern.) Jacq.‑Fél.
Dissotis johnstoniana Baker f. var.
johnstoniana (=Dissotidendron
johnstonianum (Baker f.) Ver,-Lib.
& G.Kadereit var. johnstonianum)
Dissotis pulchra A.Fern. & R.Fern.
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Melianthaceae
Menispermaceae
Dissotis swynnertonii (Baker f.)
A.Fern. & R.Fern. (=Pseudosbeckia
swynnertonii (Baker f.) A. Fern. &
R.Fern.)
Memecylon aenigmaticum
R.D.Stone
Memecylon incisilobum
R.D.Stone & I.G.Mona
Memecylon insulare A.Fern. &
R.Fern.
Memecylon nubigenum R.D.Stone
& I.G.Mona
Memecylon rovumense R.D.Stone
& I.G.Mona
Memecylon torrei A.Fern. &
R.Fern.
Warneckea albiflora R.D.Stone
& N.P.Tenza
Warneckea cordiformis
R.D.Stone
Warneckea parvifolia R.D.Stone
& Ntetha
Warneckea sessilicarpa (A.Fern.
& R.Fern.) Jacq.‑Fel.
Warneckea sousae (A.Fern. &
R.Fern.) A.E.van Wyk
Bersama swynnertonii Baker f.
Albertisia delagoensis (N.E.Br.)
Forman
E
NE3
Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
G, In, Mc,
Zimbabwe,
Mp, S, T South Africa KN
CD
G, In, Mp
Y
CD, Na,
S, Z
G, In,
Mp, S
G
Mc
Y
Ni
2a,
2c
2c
Malawi,
Zimbabwe
?Malawi
3a,
3b
South Africa
KN, LP
2a,
2b,
2c
1
NE1
E
shrub, tree
CD
NE1
E
herb (a)
herb (p),
shrub
shrub
CD, Na, S
CD, Na
Tanzania
Z
Malawi
3b
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
NE2+3
herb (p),
shrub
shrub
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
E
shrub
E
NE2+3
T
South Africa KN
herb (p),
shrub
herb (p),
shrub
shrub
NE2+3
Y
1
2a,
2c
G, In, Mp
Y
1
CD
1
tree
G
2a
E
shrub
In
2c
NE1+2+3
tree
Na, Z
Malawi
3b
NE2+3
shrub, tree
CD
Tanzania
1
E
shrub, tree
CD, Na
1
E
tree
CD
1
E
shrub, tree
CD
1
NE2+3
shrub, tree
Mp
E
shrub, tree
Na
NE1
shrub, tree
NE2
NE1
shrub, tree
shrub,
liana
South Africa KN
CD, Na,
Tanzania
S, Z
Mc
Zimbabwe
In, Mp, Na, South Africa KN
S, Z
2a
1
3a
Endemic plants of Mozambique
Family
Taxon
Endemism Life form
Type
only
91
Provinces Other countries CoE
Menispermaceae
Cissampelos hirta Klotzsch
NE1
liana
Menispermaceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Myricaceae
Tinospora mossambicensis Engl.
Bosqueiopsis carvalhoana Engl.
Dorstenia zambesiaca Hijman
Ficus muelleriana C.C.Berg
Myrica chimanimaniana (Verdc.
& Polhill) Christenh. & Byng
(=Morella chimanimaniana
Verdc.& Polhill )
Syzygium komatiense Byng &
Pahlad.
Syzygium niassense Byng &
J.E.Burrows
Ochna angustata N.Robson
NE3
Unknown
CD, Na
Na, S
Mc
Mc
Tanzania
Tanzania
1
E
E
NE2+3
liana
shrub
herb (p)
shrub
shrub
Zimbabwe
3a
3a
NE2+3
tree
Mp
South Africa MP
2b
NE1
tree
Tanzania?
E
shrub, tree
CD, Na,
Ni, S, Z
CD, Na,
S, Z
S
CD
Mc
Mc
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
3a
3a
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe,
?Malawi
3a
3a
Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae
Ochnaceae
G, In, Mp South Africa KN
2a,
2c
E
E
shrub, tree
shrub
Oleaceae
Orobanchaceae
Ochna beirensis N.Robson
Ochna dolicharthros
F.M.Crawford & I.Darbysh.
Olea chimanimani Kupicha
Buchnera chimanimaniensis Philcox
NE2+3
NE2
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae
Buchnera namuliensis Skan
Buchnera subglabra Philcox
Buchnera wildii Philcox
E
NE2+3
NE2
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae
Striga diversifolia Pires de Lima
Striga junodii Schinz
E
NE1
shrub, tree
herb (a),
herb (p)
herb (a)
herb (a)
herb (a),
herb (p)
herb (a)
herb (p)
Passifloraceae
Adenia dolichosiphon Harms
NE1
herb (c)
Passifloraceae
E
herb (c)
Y
E
herb (c)
Y
Z
E
herb (a)
Na
E
herb (a)
Na
E
herb (a)
Na, S
E
herb (p)
Na
NE2+3
shrub, tree
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
NE2+3
NE2+3
shrub
shrub
Mc
Mc
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
3a
3a
E
herb (p)
Mc
?Zimbabwe
3a
E
shrub, tree
Mp
2a
E
herb (p)
Mc
3a
E
herb (p)
Z
3b
Polygalaceae
Adenia mossambicensis W.J.de
Wilde
Adenia zambesiensis R.Fern. &
A.Fern.
Tricliceras auriculatum (A.Fern.
& R.Fern.) R.Fern.
Tricliceras elatum (A.Fern. &
R.Fern.) R.Fern.
Tricliceras lanceolatum (A.Fern.
& R.Fern.) R.Fern.
Tricliceras longepedunculatum
(Mast.) R.Fern. var. eratense
R.Fern.
Olinia chimanimani T.Shah &
I.Darbysh.
Clutia sessilifolia Radcl.-Sm.
Phyllanthus bernierianus Müll.Arg.
var. glaber Radcl.-Sm.
Phyllanthus manicaensis Jean
F.Brunel ex Radcl.‑Sm.
Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. var.
orae-solis Radcl.‑Sm.
Phyllanthus tsetserrae Jean
F.Brunel ex Radcl.‑Sm.
Inversodicraea torrei (C.Cusset)
Cheek
Carpolobia suaveolens Meikle
CD, Mc,
S, Z
Na
E
shrub, tree
Polygalaceae
Polygala adamsonii Exell
NE2+3
herb (a)
CD, In,
Na, S, Z
Na, Z
Ochnaceae
Ochnaceae
Passifloraceae
Passifloraceae
Passifloraceae
Passifloraceae
Passifloraceae
Penaeaceae
Peraceae
Phyllanthaceae
Phyllanthaceae
Phyllanthaceae
Phyllanthaceae
Podostemaceae
S, Z
Mc
Mc
Y
Y
CD
In, Mp
1
South Africa
KN, MP
Tanzania
Malawi
1
2a,
2c
3b
92
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
Family
Taxon
Polygalaceae
Polygala francisci Exell
Polygalaceae
Polygalaceae
Polygalaceae
Primulaceae
Polygala limae Exell
Polygala torrei Exell
Polygala zambesiaca Paiva
Lysimachia gracilipes (P.Taylor)
U.Manns & Anderb.
Faurea racemosa Farmar
Faurea rubriflora Marner
Leucospermum saxosum S.Moore
Proteaceae
Proteaceae
Proteaceae
Proteaceae
Proteaceae
Putranjivaceae
Rhizophoraceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Protea caffra Meisn. subsp. gazensis
(Beard) Chisumpa & Brummitt
Protea enervis Wild
Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. var.
angustifolia Radcl.‑Sm.
Cassipourea mossambicensis
(Brehmer) Alston
Afrocanthium ngonii (Bridson)
Lantz
Afrocanthium racemulosum
(S.Moore) Lantz var. nanguanum
(Tennant) Bridson
Afrocanthium vollesenii (Bridson)
Lantz
Anthospermum ammanioides
S.Moore
Anthospermum vallicola S.Moore
Anthospermum zimbabwense Puff
Canthium oligocarpum Hiern
subsp. angustifolium Bridson
Catunaregam stenocarpa Bridson
Endemism Life form
E
E
E
NE2
NE2+3
NE1+3
NE2
NE3
tree
tree
shrub
Z
Mc
Mc
NE2
shrub, tree
Mc, S
NE2+3
E
herb (p)
shrub, tree
NE1
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
3a
shrub, tree
CD, In,
Mp
NE2
shrub, tree
Mc
Tanzania,
eSwatini, South
Africa KN
Zimbabwe
3a
NE1
shrub, tree
CD, Z
Tanzania
1
NE3
shrub, tree
CD, Na
Tanzania
1
NE1
shrub
Mc, S
Zimbabwe
3a
NE1
NE2
NE1
shrub
shrub
tree
Mc, S
Mc
Mc, S
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
3a
3a
3a
NE1
shrub, tree
CD, Na,
Ni, Z
CD, G,
Mc, Na, S,
T, Z
CD
Mc, Z
Tanzania
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Chassalia colorata J.E.Burrows
Coffea salvatrix Swynn. &
Phillipson
E
NE1
shrub
shrub, tree
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Coffea schliebenii Bridson
Conostomium gazense Verdc.
Cuviera schliebenii Verdc.
Didymosalpinx callianthus
J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows
Empogona jenniferae Cheek
Empogona maputensis (Bridson &
A.E.van Wyk) Tosh & Robbr.
Heinsia mozambicensis (Verdc.)
J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows
Hymenodictyon austro-africanum
J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows
Hyperacanthus microphyllus
(K.Schum.) Bridson
Leptactina papyrophloea Verdc.
Oldenlandia cana Bremek.
Oldenlandia verrucitesta Verdc.
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
CD
Mp
Mc
S
2a,
2c
1
2a
3a
3a
Mc
Mc
shrub, tree
Rubiaceae
?Zimbabwe
3b
3a
3
NE1
Rubiaceae
Y
Y
In, Mp
Malawi
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe,
South Africa LP
MP
Zimbabwe
Catunaregam swynnertonii
(S.Moore) Bridson
Rubiaceae
Provinces Other countries CoE
herb (p),
shrub
herb (a)
herb (p)
shrub
herb (p)
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Type
only
NE2
shrub, tree
E
herb (p)
NE1
shrub, tree
NE1+2+3
shrub
Y
Y
CD
G
CD, Na, Z
CD
Zimbabwe
1
Tanzania,
Malawi,
Zimbabwe
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
1
2c
1
1
Zimbabwe
South Africa KN
3a
2a
NE2+3
NE2+3
tree
shrub
Mc
Mp
E
shrub
Na
NE2
shrub, tree
G
South Africa LP
NE1
shrub, tree
NE1+3
NE2
E
tree
herb (a)
herb (a),
herb (p)
G, Mp,
Na, S
CD
Mc
Z
South Africa
KN, ?Zimbabwe
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
Y
3a
1
1
3a
Endemic plants of Mozambique
Family
Rubiaceae
Taxon
Provinces Other countries CoE
Oxyanthus biflorus J.E.Burrows &
S.M.Burrows
Oxyanthus latifolius Sond.
NE1+2+3
NE1
tree
NE1+2
shrub
NE2
NE1+2
shrub, tree
shrub, tree
Z
Mc, S
E
NE1
shrub
shrub
E
shrub
CD, Na
CD, Na,
S, Z
CD, Na, Z
E
shrub, tree
Ni, Z
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Oxyanthus strigosus Bridson &
J.E.Burrows
Pavetta chapmanii Bridson
Pavetta comostyla S.Moore
subsp. comostyla var. inyangensis
(Bremek.) Bridson
Pavetta curalicola J.E.Burrows
Pavetta decumbens K.Schum. &
K.Krause
Pavetta dianeae J.E.Burrows &
S.M.Burrows
Pavetta gardeniifolia A.Rich.
var. appendiculata (De Wild.)
Bridson
Pavetta gracillima S.Moore
Pavetta gurueensis Bridson
Pavetta incana Klotzsch
Pavetta klotzschiana K.Schum.
NE1
E
E
NE1
shrub
shrub
shrub
shrub
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Pavetta lindina Bremek.
Pavetta micropunctata Bridson
Pavetta mocambicensis Bremek.
Pavetta pumila N.E.Br.
Pavetta tendagurensis Bremek.
Pavetta umtalensis Bremek.
Pavetta vanwykiana Bridson
NE1+2
NE1+2
E
E
NE1
NE1+2
NE2
shrub
shrub
shrub
shrub
shrub
shrub, tree
shrub
Rubiaceae
Pentas zanzibarica (Klotzsch)
Vatke subsp. milangiana (Verdc.)
Verdc.
Polysphaeria harrisii I.Darbysh.
& C.Langa
Polysphaeria ribauensis I.
Darbysh. & C.Langa
Psychotria amboniana
K.Schum. subsp. mosambicensis
(E.M.A.Petit) Verdc.
Psychotria angustibracteata (Verdc.)
J.E.Burrows
Psydrax fragrantissimus (K.Schum.)
Bridson
Psydrax micans (Bullock) Bridson
Psydrax moggii Bridson
NE1
herb (p),
shrub
Na, Z
E
shrub
Z
3b
E
shrub
Na
3b
E
shrub
G, In, Mp
2a,
2c
NE1
shrub, tree
NE1
shrub, tree
Mc, Na,
S, Z
Mp
NE1
E
tree, liana
shrub, tree
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Pyrostria chapmanii Bridson
Rothmannia fischeri (K.Schum.)
Bullock subsp. moramballae
(Hiern) Bridson
NE1+2
Type
only
herb (p),
shrub
herb (p),
shrub
herb (p),
shrub
shrub
Rubiaceae
Otiophora inyangana N.E.Br.
subsp. inyangana
Otiophora inyangana N.E.Br.
subsp. parvifolia (Verdc.) Puff
Otiophora lanceolata Verdc.
Endemism Life form
93
NE1+2
NE1+2
NE1+2+3 shrub, tree
NE1
tree
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
CD
Tanzania
1
G, In, Mp, South Africa KN
S, Z
CD
Tanzania
1
Malawi
Zimbabwe
3b
3a
Tanzania
1
1
1
In, Mc, S
Zimbabwe
Z
T
CD, In,
Malawi,
Mc, Na, S,
Zimbabwe
T, Z
CD
Tanzania
Na
Tanzania
CD, Na
S
CD, Na
Tanzania
Mc
Zimbabwe
Mp
South Africa KN
Malawi
Zimbabwe
South Africa KN
CD, Na, S
Tanzania
CD, G, In,
Mp, Na, S
Na, Z
Malawi
CD, In,
South Africa
Mc, Mp, KN; Zimbabwe
S, Z
3b
1
1
1
1
3a
2a,
2b
3b
3a,
3b
2a
3b
94
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
Family
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Taxon
Rytigynia celastroides (Baill.) Verdc.
var australis Verdc.
Rytigynia torrei Verdc.
Sericanthe chimanimaniensis
Wursten & De Block INED.
Spermacoce kirkii (Hiern.)
Verdc.
Spermacoce schlechteri K.Schum.
ex Verdc.
Tarenna longipedicellata
(J.G.García) Bridson
Tarenna pembensis J.E.Burrows
Triainolepis sancta Verdc.
Tricalysia coriacea (Benth.) Hiern
subsp. angustifolia (J.G.Garcia)
Robbr.
Tricalysia ignota Bridson
Endemism Life form
Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
NE1
shrub
In, Mp
South Africa KN
2a,
2c
E
NE1+2
shrub
shrub, tree
CD, Na
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
E
G, In, S, Z
E
herb (a),
herb (p)
herb (p)
In, Na, S, Z
E
shrub
S, Z
E
E
NE1
tree
shrub
shrub, tree
CD, Na
In
Mc, S
NE2+3
shrub, tree
Mc
E
shrub, tree
Z
NE1
NE1
E
shrub
shrub
tree
NE1
shrub, tree
E
unknown
E
shrub, tree
CD
NE1
shrub
In, Mp
?Tanzania
Zimbabwe
1
2c
3a
Malawi;
Zimbabwe
3a,
3b
CD, Na, Z
CD
CD
Tanzania
Tanzania
1
1
1
G, Mp
eSwatini, South
Africa KN
2a,
2c
Possibly
Tanzania
eSwatini, South
Africa KN, LP,
MP
Zimbabwe
1
Rutaceae
Tricalysia jasminiflora
(Klotzsch) Benth. & Hook.f. ex
Hiern var. hypotephros Brenan
Tricalysia schliebenii Robbr.
Tricalysia semidecidua Bridson
Vangueria domatiosa
J.E.Burrows
Vangueria monteiroi (Oliv.) Lantz
(=Lagynias monteiroi (Oliv.)
Bridson)
Teclea crenulata (Engl.) Engl.
(=Todallia crenulata Engl.)
Vepris allenii I.Verd.
Rutaceae
Vepris carringtoniana Mendonça
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
NE2+3
E
shrub
tree
Mc
Na
NE1
shrub, tree
In, S, T
E
shrub, tree
NE2+3
shrub, tree
G, In,
Mp, S
Na
Tanzania
Santalaceae
Santalaceae
Santalaceae
Santalaceae
Santalaceae
Vepris drummondii Mendonça
Vepris macedoi (Exell &
Mendonça) Mziray
Vepris myrei (Exell & Mendonça)
Mziray
Zanthoxylum delagoense
P.G.Waterman
Zanthoxylum tenuipedicellatum
(Kokwaro) Vollesen
Thesium chimanimaniense Brenan
Thesium dolichomeres Brenan
Thesium inhambanense Hilliard
Thesium pygmaeum Hilliard
Thesium vahrmeijeri Brenan
NE2+3
NE2+3
E
NE2+3
NE1
herb (p)
herb (p)
herb (p)
herb (p)
herb (a)
Mc
Mc
In
Mc
In, Mp
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
Possibly Malawi
Zimbabwe
South Africa KN
Santalaceae
Sapindaceae
Viscum littorum Polhill & Wiens
Allophylus mossambicensis Exell
E
E
shrub
shrub
CD
G, In
3a
3a
2c
3a
2a,
2c
1
2a,
2c
Sapindaceae
Allophylus torrei Exell &
Mendonça
Synsepalum chimanimani S.Rokni
& I.Darbysh.
Synsepalum muelleri (Kupicha)
T.D.Penn.
E
shrub, tree
CD, Na
NE2+3
shrub, tree
Mc
Zimbabwe
3a
NE1
shrub, tree
Na, Z
Malawi
3b
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Sapotaceae
Sapotaceae
Y
Y
Z
2a,
2b,
2c
3a
3b
Malawi,
Zimbabwe
2a,
2c
1
Endemic plants of Mozambique
Family
Scrophulariaceae
Taxon
Endemism Life form
Solanaceae
Jamesbrittenia carvalhoi (Engl.)
Hilliard
Selago anatrichota Hilliard
Selago swynnertonii (S.Moore)
Eyles var. leiophylla (Brenan)
Hilliard
Solanum litoraneum A.E.Gonç.
Solanaceae
Solanum torreanum A.E.Gonç.
NE1
herb (c)
Thymelaeaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Gnidia chapmanii B.Peterson
Struthiola montana B.Peterson
Synaptolepis oliveriana Gilg
NE2+3
NE2+3
NE1
Vahliaceae
Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb.
subsp. macrantha (Klotzsch)
Bridson
Chascanum angolense Moldenke
subsp. zambesiacum (R.Fern.)
R.Fern.
Chascanum schlechteri (Gürke)
Moldenke var. torrei Moldenke
Lantana swynnertonii Moldenke
shrub
shrub
shrub,
liana
herb (a),
herb (p)
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Vitaceae
Vitaceae
Vitaceae
Cissus aristolochiifolia Planch.
Cissus bathyrhakodes Werderm.
Cyphostemma barbosae Wild &
R.B.Drumm.
NE2
Type
only
95
Provinces Other countries CoE
Mc, S
Zimbabwe
3a
NE2+3
NE2
herb (p),
shrub
herb (p)
herb (p)
Mc
Mc
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
3a
3a
E
shrub
In, Mp
Mp
E
NE2+3
shrub,
herb (p)
E
herb (p)
NE1
shrub
NE1
NE1
NE1
herb (c)
herb (p)
herb (geo)
eSwatini, South
Africa KN MP
Z
Malawi
Mc
Zimbabwe
CD, G, In, South Africa KN
Mp, Na, Z
Mc, S, Z
Possibly
Madagascar
In
Y
3b
3a
Malawi
Mp
Mc, Z
2a,
2c
2a
2a
Zimbabwe
Na, Z
Malawi
CD, Mc, Z
Tanzania
Mp
eSwatini, South
Africa KN, MP
3a,
3b
3b
2b
Supplementary material 1
Annotated checklist of the endemic and near‑endemic vascular plant taxa of
Mozambique
Authors: Iain Darbyshire, Jonathan Timberlake, Jo Osborne, Saba Rokni, Hermenegildo Matimele, Clayton Langa, Castigo Datizua, Camila de Sousa, Tereza Alves, Alice
Massingue, Jeneen Hadj-Hammou, Sonia Dhanda, Toral Shah, Bart Wursten
Data type: species data
Explanation note: Explanatory notes in addition to those for Appendix 1: For “Sources”, F.Z. = Flora Zambesiaca; S.R.D.L. = Southern African Plant Red Data Lists
(Izidine and Bandeira 2002); T.S.M. = Trees and Shrubs of Mozambique (Burrows
et al. 2018). For “IUCN Status”, assessments in italics are awaiting publication;
those marked with an asterisk (*) require updating.
Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License
(http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License
(ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and
use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the
original source and author(s) are credited.
Link: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.136.39020.suppl1
96
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
Supplementary material 2
Taxa that were considered for their potential status as near‑endemics for Mozam‑
bique in preparation of the checklist but that do not meet the criteria set out in
the Materials and methods
Authors: Iain Darbyshire, Jonathan Timberlake, Jo Osborne, Saba Rokni, Hermenegildo Matimele, Clayton Langa, Castigo Datizua, Camila de Sousa, Tereza Alves, Alice
Massingue, Jeneen Hadj-Hammou, Sonia Dhanda, Toral Shah, Bart Wursten
Data type: species data
Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License
(http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License
(ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and
use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the
original source and author(s) are credited.
Link: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.136.39020.suppl2
castigo datizua