DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/star.v3i1.15
ISSN: 2226-7522(Print) and 2305-3327 (Online)
Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal
Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J., Jan-March 2014, 3(1): 90-100
Journal Homepage: http://www.starjournal.org/
Original Research
Interplay of Regeneration, Structure and Uses of Some Woody Species
in Chilimo Forest, Central Ethiopia
Teshome Soromessa1* and Ensermu Kelbessa2
1
Centre for Environmental Science, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box, 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
2
Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 1176,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Abstract
Article Information
Studies on the regeneration, structural and uses of some woody species in Chilimo
Forest, one of the dry Afromontane Forests of Ethiopia were conducted. To gather
vegetation and environmental data from the study forest, a 900 m 2 (30 m x 30 m)
quadrat was laid following the homogeneity of vegetation. Investigation of the seedling
density and regeneration of target species has been carried out using the same
quadrat size, 30 m x 30 m. In each of these quadrats, the numbers of all seedlings that
are up to the height of 150 cm were recorded. Individuals attaining 150 cm and above
in height but less than 10 cm thick were considered as sapling and counted. Interview
was conducted for the investigation of the various pressures exerted on different
species. All together the plant species recorded from Chilimo Forest are 213 which can
be categorised into 83 families. Of these, the highest proportion is the angiosperm
(represented by 193 species) followed by pteridophyta (16 species); the least
represented being the gymnosperms (represented by 2 exotic and 2 indigenous
species). Structural and regeneration studies of some woody species indicated that
there are species that require urgent conservation measures. To provide a better
management and monitoring as well as to maintain the biodiversity, cultural and
economic values of the forest unsustainable utility of the forest would be controlled
with the various conservation activities in place.
Copyright@2014 STAR Journal. All Rights Reserved.
Article History:
Received : 11-12-2013
Revised
: 06-03-2014
Accepted : 15-03-2014
Keywords:
Chilimo Forest
Endemism
Regeneration
Structure
Medicinal uses
*Corresponding Author:
Teshome Soromessa
E-mail:
teshome.soromessa@aau.edu.et
INTRODUCTION
Chilimo Forest is one of the Dry Afromontae Forests of
Ethiopia. Tsegaye Tadesse (expert served in the forest
for 20 years, personal com.) stated that the Chilimo Forest
was controlled by the close allies of Minilik after his
invasion of the area. One of the close allies of Minilik, a
French citizen (Komdor) who provided him with war
weapons, was the first to get the forest as a favour. After
the departure of Komdor, the forest was passed to Ras
Mekonnen who in turn passed it to Hailesillassie. It is
believed that Hailesillassie built the building in the forest
and upon the birth of Leul Mekonnen he transferred the
forest to his wife, Itege Menen. Before the Italian invasion,
Itege Menen contracted the forest with five foreign
investors and the forest began to produce large scale
timbers. After the Italian invasion (i.e., between 19371968) the forest had been owned by different foreign
investors who used sawmills for the production of
numerous timber products. These foreign investors
include Jana (between 1937-1941), Kazantay (19421945), Mozvold (1946-1951), Fogstan (1952-1953) and
Vaskin (1954-1968) (Tsegaye Tadesse, personal comm.).
After 1968, all the sawmills were forced to stop operation
and protection of this forest came into existence. Albeit
the declaration of protecting the forest, not enough had
been done to circumvent 60% loss of this forest in ten
years time.
It is not uncommon to mention that Ethiopia had
experienced substantial deforestation, soil degradation
and an increase in the area of bare land over the years
(Logan, 1946). The need for fuel wood, arable land and
grazing areas are the main causes of forest degradation,
frequently leading to loss of forest cover and biodiversity,
erosion, desertification and reduced water resources.
Several studies focussing on forests or vegetation of
specific regions in Ethiopia (Hedberg, 1951 and 1957;
Mooney, 1963; Gilbert, 1970; Coetzee, 1978; Friis et al.,
1982; Hailu Sharew, 1982; Zerihun Woldu, 1985;
Sebsebe Demissew, 1988; Uhlig, 1988; Zerihun Woldu et
al., 1989; Uhlig and Uhlig, 1990; Zerihun Woldu and
Backeus, 1991; Haugen, 1992; Mesfin Tadesse, 1992;
Tamrat Bekele, 1994; Miehe and Miehe, 1994; Demel
Teketay, 2000 and Teshome Soromessa et. al., 2004;
Ensermu Kelbessa and Teshome Soromessa, 2008;
Teshome Soromessa and Ensermu Kelbessa 2013a and
2013b) have been carried out. Moreover, the vegetation
resources of Ethiopia, including forests, woodlands and
bush lands, have been studied by several scholars (Russ,
1945 compiled by Woldemichael Kelecha, 1979; Logan,
A Peer-reviewed Official International Journal of Wollega University, Ethiopia
90
Teshome Soromessa and Ensermu Kelbessa
1946; Pichi-Sermolli, 1957; von Breitenbach, 1961, 1963;
Westphal, 1975; Chaffey, 1979; Tewolde Berhan
Gebreziabher, 1986, 1988, 1991; Friis, 1986, 1992; Friis
and Mesfin Tadesse, 1990; EFAP, 1994) who have
employed different methods of vegetation classification.
Specific studies pertaining to carbon sequestration
potentials of Afromonatne forests and genera related ones
have been carried out (Teshome Soromessa, 2013;
Adugna Feyissa et al, 2013). Almost all the
aforementioned studies have made a pencil note about
the intractable loss of this natural resource.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Study Area
The Chilimo Forest (collectively known as Chilimo Gaji
Forest) is situated 97 km west of Addis Ababa, 7 km north
of the small town of Ginchi and close to the main road
running to Ambo (Fig.1 ). Altitudinally, the forest area
ranges between 2170 to 3054 m a.s.l. The forest is a
small enclave in the western section of the ridge that
stretches from the capital westward to Gedo highlands
and covers some ca. 2500 ha though the area allocated
as forest is more. The inhabitants of the area are the
Oromos with some other ethnic groups settled in the heart
of the forest, who came to the area to work as a daily
labourers at the time of the operation of the sawmill.
According to Tamrat Bekele (1994) and Friis (1992), the
Chilimo Gaji Forest belongs to Dry Afromontane forest
type. In Ginchi and the surrounding Chilimo area, there
are five rainy months extending from May-Sept with the
highest peak in July. Ginchi belongs to Type I rainfall
regime of Daniel Gamachu’s (1977) class.
Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J., Jan-March 2014, 3(1): 90-100
lavas) of the Tertiary period occurring in series and finally
formed what is known as the Trap Series. The volcanic
rocks of these series include rhyolites, trachytes, tuffs,
ignimbrites, agglomerates and basalt forming the
substrate of most types of Afromontane forest (Mohr,
1971). With regard to the soil, a generalised account on
the Nature and Management of Ethiopian Soils was in
Mesfin Abebe (1998), with particular references to their
genesis,
classification,
distribution
and
sound
management aimed at their sustainable utilisation. Others
like Logan (1946), Murphy (1958), Westphal (1975), EMA
(1988) also made descriptions and surveys of Ethiopian
soils. Based on the aforementioned works, it can be said
that the major soil types around Chilimo areas are various
types of Vertisols, Luvisols and Cambisols dominates in
the areas.
Vegetation
The works of White (1983) and Friis (1992) had
eloquently described the forest of Ethiopia with the
characteristic species. Consequently, the Chilimo Forest
could be categorised in Undifferentiated Afromonate
Forest type of Friis (1992), where the forests are either
Juniperus-Podocarpus
Forests,
or
predominantly
Podocarpus Forests, both with and element of broadleaved species.
Sampling Design
A reconnaissance survey of the study forest was made
so as to obtain an impression and visual description of the
general vegetation physiognomy and hypothesise
vegetation-environment relationships such as altitude,
slope and aspect. Discussion pertinent to forest resources
was conducted with the local people (particularly the
beneficiaries of the forest) in the study area.
Vegetation and Environmental Data
Data on vegetation and environmental parameters
2
were gathered using a 900 m (30 m x 30 m) quadrat
which was laid following the homogeneity of vegetation.
Sample plots were selected through preferential means in
such a way that the various conditions encountered
represented in the study forest. Woody species were
counted. Additional tree and shrub species within 10-m
distance from the plot boundaries were recorded as
present. Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and height of
all woody species that are above 150 cm high and more
than 10 cm thick were recorded. DBH was measured
using a meter tape and height of individuals was
measured using Clinometer.
Figure 1: Location map of the study area.
Geology and Soils
According to Mohr (1971), the geology of Ethiopia was
grouped into: a) the Precambrian basement complex of
various grades and types of schists, gniessis etc., and to
a lesser extent unaltered sedimentary rocks and igneous
intrusions, b) the Mesozoic mantle sediments that were
deposited during a transgression in the Upper Jurassic
when the sea engulfed the country from the south-east
and c) the cover deposits.
In the central Plateau including Chilimo, basalt
constitutes the main rock types that are chemically and
mineralogically uniform in composition. It is however,
important to note that in most parts of the country, the
basement rocks are overlain by more recent rocks (flood
Investigation of the seedling density and regeneration
of target species has been carried out using the same
quadrat size, 30 m x 30 m. Partitions were made within
the big quadrat so as to make seedling counts easier. In
each of these quadrats, the number of all seedlings that
are up to the height of 150 cm was recorded. Individuals
attaining 150 cm and above in height but less than 10 cm
thick were considered as sapling and counted.
Interview was conducted for the investigation of the
various pressures exerted on different species. The local
people, who are more likely to know plant vernacular
names and their detailed uses, were interviewed. The
information on vernacular names and the various uses of
species were gathered from the informants via repeated
field interviews as described in Maundu (1995);
Kamatenesi-Mugisha et al. (2000) and Kakudidi et al.
91
Teshome Soromessa and Ensermu Kelbessa
(2002). Plant specimens were identified at the National
Herbarium and in the field. All voucher specimens that
were in flowering and/or fruiting stages were brought to
the National Herbarium of Addis Ababa University and
deposited. Nomenclature of plant taxa follows the
published volumes of Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea.
Data Analysis
The vegetation and environmental data gathered from
the field were fed into a computer for the subsequent
analysis of the data. The vertical structure of the forests
were described following the International Union for
Forestry Research Organisation (IUFRO) classification
scheme (Lamprecht, 1989) that categorise the vertical
structure as upper, middle and lower storeys. The
population structures of some selected species were
analysed for the interpretation of the pattern of population
dynamics in the forest.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Diversity of Chilimo Forest
Analysis of the gathered data indicated that there
exists a diverse plant species occurring in the forest
investigated for the present study. The gathered plant
species include pteridophyta, gymnosperms and
angiosperms. All together the plant species recorded from
Chilimo Forest are 213 and can be categorised into 83
families. As shown in Figure 2, the highest proportion is
the angiosperm (represented by 193 species) followed by
pteridophyta (16 species); the least represented being the
gymnosperms (represented by 2 exotic and 2 indigenous
species).
Frequency of Plant Divisions
150
100
africana, Sideroxylon oxyacanthum, Osyris quadripartita,
Plantago palmata, Satureja paradoxa, S. nilotica, Carissa
edulis, Hypoestes forsskaolii and Geranium arabicum.
Vertical Structure
The vertical structure of the woody species occurring
in the Chilimo Forest was analysed using the IUFRO
classification scheme as cited in (Lamprecht, 1989). The
scheme classifies the storey into upper, where the tree
height is greater than 2/3 of the top height; middle, where
the tree height is in between 1/3 and 2/3 of the top height
and the lower storey where the tree height is less than 1/3
of the top height. The top height here is considered as 45
m. Accordingly, in Chilimo Forest, the upper storey of the
forest is either Juniperus or Podocarpus or predominated
by both emergent species. In most of these forests, the
middle storey is dominated by species like Olea
europaea, O. capensis, Scolopia theifolia and Allophylus
abyssinicus. The lower storey of the forests is largely
composed of small trees and shrubs such as Myrsine
africana, Teclea nobilis and Bersama abyssinica.
Density
Density of a given species is expressed as number of
stems per hectare. In Chilimo Forest, the highest density
was recorded for Maytenus gracilipes (258.7 individuals
per hectare), which is followed by Podocarpus falcatus
(120 individuals per hectare) and Scolopia theifolia (109.3
individuals per hectare), while the least density of species
was recorded for Gnidia glauca that contributed less than
an individual per hectare.
DBH and Height Profile
The DBH and Height classes data of the Chilimo
Forest are presented in Figures 3 and 4 below. The DBH
classes showed continuous decrease in number of
individuals with increase in class sizes. Those belonging
to DBH classes 1-3 contributed about 79.8% of the
number of individuals. This shows that small sized
individuals dominate the forest.
400
50
0
Angiosperm Gymnosperm Pteridophyta
Divisions
Figure 2: Proportions of angiosperm, gymnosperms and
pteridophytes in Chilimo Forest.
Complete lists of the species recorded from Chilimo
Forest with their family and local names are provided as
Appendix 1. Based on the information presented in
Appendix 1, it can be seen that the highest proportion of
the habit or form is the herbaceous component. From the
same list, however, the dominant family in the forest is
Asteraceae that is represented by 28 species making a
total proportion of 13% of the total species in the list.
Floristics
The Chilimo Forest is one of the Afromontane Forests
in the country. Despite its proximity to the center, this
forest has been studied repeatedly, inter alia, Tamrat
Bekele (1994) made a significant contribution. Floristically,
Juniper and Podo are the emergent species in the forest.
Other important species include Scolopia theifolia, Olea
europaea, Maytenus gracilipes, Myrsine africana,
Allophylus abyssinicus, Erica arborea, Bersama
abyssinica, Olinia rochetiana, Nuxia congesta, Prunus
Number of individuals
Values in number
200
Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J., Jan-March 2014, 3(1): 90-100
300
200
100
0
1
2
3
4
DBH Class
5
6
Legend: 1=10-20 cm, 2=20.1-50 cm, 3=50.1-80 cm,
4=80.1-110 cm, 5=110.1-140 cm, 6= > 140 cm.
Figure 3: DBH classes versus number of individuals in
Chilimo Forest.
The height of individuals in Chilimo Forest showed a
trend where the shorter individuals predominate in the
forest. As seen from Figure 4, of trees and shrubs
investigated for height in Chilimo Forest, individuals
belonging to Height classes 1-5 contribute about 91.7%,
while the remaining 8.3 % are those above 18 meters. A
slight increase in the number of individuals in the classes
4 and 5 has been contributed by the slight increment of
Juniperus procera, Olea europaea and Allophylus
abyssinicus species in these classes.
92
Teshome Soromessa and Ensermu Kelbessa
Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J., Jan-March 2014, 3(1): 90-100
Table 1: Alphabetical list of species recorded from Chilimo Forest.
Scientific name
Afaan Oromoo
Family
Acacia abyssinica Hochst. ex Benth.
Acacia lahai Steud. and Hochst. ex Benth.
Acanthus sennii Chiov.
Achyranthes aspera L.
Acmella caulirhiza Del.
Adiantum thalictroides Willd. ex Schlecht.
Agrocharis melanantha Hochst.
Alchemilla abyssinica Fresen.
Allophylus abyssinicus (Hochst.) Radlk.
Anthospermum herbaceum L.f.
Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey. ex Arn.
Arisaema enneaphyllum Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Arundinaria alpina K. Schum.
Asparagus africanus Lam.
Asplenium abyssinicum Fée
Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm.f.) Bech.
Asplenium monanthes L.
Asplenium protensum Schrad.
Asplenium theciferum (Kunth) Mett.
Bersama abyssinica Fresen.
Buddleja polystachya Fresen.
Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth.
Carduus leptacanthus R.E. Fries
Carduus schimperi Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich
Carex confertus A.Rich.
Carissa spinarum L.
Cassipourea malossana (Baker) Alston
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban
Cheilanthes farinosa (Forssk.) Kaulf.
Chenopodium ambrosioides L.
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Benth.
Clematis simensis Fresen.
Clerodendrum myricoides Vatke
Clutia abyssinica Jaub. and Spach.
Commelina africana L.
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq.
Conyza hochstetteri Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich.
Conyza hypoleuca A.Rich.
Conyza nana Sch.Bip. ex Oliv. and Hiern
Conyza pedunculata (Oliv.) Willd.
Conyza schimperi Sch.Bip. ex A. Rich.
Conyza stricta Willd.
Crassula alsinoides (Hook.f.) Engl.
Craterostigma pumilum Hochst.
Crotalaria incana L.
Crotalaria quartiniana A.Rich.
Crotalaria rosenii (Pax) Milne-Redh. ex Polhill
Croton macrostachyus Del.
Cupressus lusitanica Miller
Cycnium humifusa (Forssk.) Engl.
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Cynoglossum amplifolium Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Cynoglossum geometricum Bak. and Wright
Cyperus bulbosus Vahl
Cyperus niveus Retz.
Cyphostemma cyphopetalum (Fresen.) Decne ex Wild and Drummond
Desmodium repandum (Vahl) DC.
Dichondra repens J.R. and G. Forest.
Dichrocephala integrifolia (L.f.) Kuntze
Discopodium penninervum Hochst.
Dombeya torrida (G.F.Gmel.) P. Bamps
Dovyalis abyssinica (A.Rich.) Warp.
Dregea schimperi (Decne) Bullock
Dregea schimperi (Decne) Bullock
Drynaria volkensii Hieron
Dryopteris inaequalis (Schlecht.) Kuntze
Dyschoriste multicaulis (A.Rich.) O. Kuntze
Echinops macrochaetus Fresen.
Ekebergia capensis Sparrm.
Embelia schimperi Vatke
Epilobium hirsutum L.
Laaftoo Adii
Laaftoo Gurraacha
Kosorruu
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Acanthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Asteraceae
Adiantaceae
Apiaceae
Rosaceae
Sapindaceae
Rubiaceae
Icacinaceae
Areceae
Poaceae
Asparagaceae
Aspleniaceae
Aspleniaceae
Aspleniaceae
Aspleniaceae
Aspleniaceae
Melianthaceae
Loganiaceae
Fabaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Cyperaceae
Apocynaceae
Rhizophoraceae
Apiaceae
Sinopteridaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Rutaceae
Ranunculaceae
Lamiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Commelinaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Crassulaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Cupressaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Poaceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Vitaceae
Fabaceae
Convolvulaceae
Asteraceae
Solanaceae
Sterculiaceae
Flacourtiaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Polypodiaceae
Aspidiaceae
Acanthaceae
Asteraceae
Meliaceae
Myrsinaceae
Onagraceae
Qurfoo
Sarara
Calalaqa
Shimala
Sariitii
Lolchiisaa
Ceekaa
Kosorruu
Agamsa
Gaachan Fullaas
Ulmaa
Fiitii
Kilkilloo
Makkanniisa
Maxxaannee
Coocingaa
Daannisaa
Koshommii
Kosorruu Harree
Somboo
Aanquu
Habit
Tree
Tree/shrub
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Fern
Herb
Herb
Tree
Herb
Tree
Herb
Bamboo
Shrub
Fern
Fern
Fern
Fern
Fern
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Herb
Herb
Herb
Climber
Tree
Herb
Fern
Herb
Shrub/tree
Climber
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb/shrub
Tree
Tree
Herb
Grass
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Climber
Herb
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Tree
Shrub
Climber
Climber
Fern
Fern
Herb
Herb
Tree
Climber/(tree)
Herb
93
Teshome Soromessa and Ensermu Kelbessa
Scientific name
Eragrostis schweinfurthii Chiov.
Erica arborea L.
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
Euphorbia platyphllos L.
Ficus sur Forssk.
Galiniera saxifraga (Hochst.) Bridson
Galinsoga parviflora Cav.
Galium spurium L.
Geranium arabicum Forssk.
Girardinia bullosa (Steudel) Wedd.
Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg.
Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) G.F. Gmel.
Haplocarpha schimperi (Sch.Bip.) Beauv.
Harpachne schimperi Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Helichrysum forskaolii (G.F.Gmel.) Hilliard and Burtt
Heracleum abyssinicum (Boiss.) Norman
Hypericum peplidifolium A.Rich.
Hypericum quartinianum A.Rich.
Hypericum revolutum Vahl
Hypoestes forskaolii (Vahl) R.Br.
Hypoestes triflora (Forssk.) Roem. and Schult.
Hypoxis villosa L.f.
Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk.
Impatiens hochstetteri Warp.
Impatiens rothii Hook.f.
Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Isoglossa somalensis Lindau
Jasminum abyssinicum Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Juniperus procera L.
Justicia schimperiana (Hochst. ex Nees) T. Anders.
Kalanchoe densiflora Rolfe
Kalanchoe petitiana A.Rich.
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.
Laggera crispata (Vahl) Hepper and Wood
Leucas argentea Gurke
Leucas punctata (Benth.) Briq.
Lippia adoensis Hochst. Ex Walp.
Lobelia giberroa Hemsl.
Loxogramme lanceolata (Swartz) Presl.
Maesa lanceolata Forssk.
Maytenus addat (Loes.) Sebsebe
Maytenus arbutifolia (A.Rich.) Wilczek
Maytenus gracilipes (Welw. ex Oliv.) Exell
Mikaniopsis clematoides (A.Rich.) Milne-Redh.
Mimulopsis solmsii Schweinf.
Myrica salicifolia Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Myrsine africana L.
Myrsine melanophloeos (L.) R.Br.
Nuxia congesta R.Br. ex Fresen.
Oenanthe palustris (Chiov.) Norman
Oldenlania monanthos (A.Rich.) Hiern
Olea capensis L. subsp. macrocarpa (C.A.Wright) Verdc.
Olea europea L. subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G.Don) Cif.
Olea welwitschii (Knobl.) Gilg and Schellenb.
Olinia rochetiana A.Juss.
Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv.
Orobanche minor Smith
Osyris quadripartita Decne
Oxalis corniculata L.
Oxalis procumbens Steud.ex A.Rich.
Pavetta abyssinica Fresen.
Pavonia urens Cav.
Pellaea quadripinnata (Forssk.) Prantl.
Pennisetum clandestinum Chiov.
Pennisetum sphacelatum (Nees) Th.Dur. and Schinz
Pentas schimperiana (A.Rich.) Vatke
Peperomia abyssinica Miq.
Periploca linearifolia Quart.-Dillon and A.Rich.
Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn) Miyabe
Persicaria setosula (A.Rich.) K.L. Wilson
Peucedanum mattirolii Chiov.
Peucedanum petitianum A.Rich.
Phragmenthera macrosolen (A.Rich.) M. Gilbert
Phytolacca dodecandra L’Herit.
Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J., Jan-March 2014, 3(1): 90-100
Afaan Oromoo
Maxaaxee
Ichima
Harbuu
Buniitii
Saam'ee
Doobbii
Diddiksaa
Heexoo
Hindhee
Mi'eessaa
Michilbee
Gaattiraa
Dhummuugaa
Bosoqqee
Bosoqqee
Buqqee Seexanaa
Kasee
Faaggaa
Abbayyii
Qarxammee
Barooddoo
Qacama
Qawwisa
Goojjiyyee
Gagamaa
Ejersa
Daalachoo
Qacaa
Waatoo
Saardoo
Migira
Aannannoo
Andoodee
Family
Poaceae
Ericaceae
Myrtaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Moraceae
Rubiaceae
Asteraceae
Rubiaceae
Geraniaceae
Urticaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Rosaceae
Asteraceae
Poaceae
Asteraceae
Apiaceae
Clusiaceae
Clusiaceae
Clusiaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Hypoxidaceae
Aquifoliaceae
Balsaminaceae
Balsaminaceae
Fabaceae
Acanthaceae
Oleaceae
Cupressaceae
Acanthaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Asteraceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Verbenaceae
Lobeliaceae
Polypodiaceae
Myrsinaceae
Celastraceae
Celastraceae
Celastraceae
Asteraceae
Acanthaceae
Myricaceae
Myrsinaceae
Myrsinaceae
Loganiaceae
Apiaceae
Rubiaceae
Oleaceae
Oleaceae
Oleaceae
Oliniacae
Poaceae
Orobanchaceae
Santalaceae
Oxalidaceae
Oxalidaceae
Rubiaceae
Malvaceae
Adiantaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Rubiaceae
Piperaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Loranthaceae
Phytolaccaceae
Habit
Grass
Tree/shrub
Tree
Herb
Tree
Tree/shrub
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Shrub/tree
Tree
Herb
Grass
Herb
Herb
Herb
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Herb
Herb
Herb
Tree
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Herb
Climber
Tree
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Climber
Herb
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Herb
Fern
Tree/shrub
Tree/shrub
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Climber
Herb
Tree
Shrub/tree
Tree/(shrub)
Tree/shrub
Herb
Herb
Tree
Tree
Tree
Shrub/tree
Grass
Herb
Shrub/tree
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Shrub
Fern
Grass
Grass
Shrub/herb
Herb (epiphyte)
Climber
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Semi-parasite
Shrub
94
Teshome Soromessa and Ensermu Kelbessa
Scientific name
Pinus patula Schlecht. and Chamiso
Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims
Plantago lanceolata L.
Plantago palmata Hook.f
Plectranthus garckeanus Vatke
Plectranthus punctathus L’Herit
Pleopeltis macrocarpa (Willd.) Kaulf.
Pleopeltis phlemodes (Mett.) Pici-Serm.
Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) Mirb.
Polygala sphenoptera Fresen
Polystachya rivae Schweinf.
Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkm.
Pseudognaphalium luteo-album (L.) Hilliard and Burtt
Pseudognaphalium richardianum (Cuf.) Hilliard and Burtt
Pteris cretica L.
Pteris dentata Forssk.
Pterolobium stellatum (Forssk.) Brenan
Ranunculus multifidus Forssk.
Rhamnus staddo A.Rich.
Rhus glutinosa A.Rich. subsp. neoglutinosa (M.Gilbert ) M.Gilbert
Rhus glutinosa A.Rich.subsp. glutinosa
Rhus vulgaris Meikle
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek
Rosa abyssinica Lindley
Rubus steudneri Schweinf.
Rumex abyssinicus Jacq.
Rumex nepalensis Spreng.
Rumex nervosus Vahl
Salix mucronata Thunb.
Salvia nilotica Juss. ex Jacq.
Sanicula elata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
Satureja abyssinica (Benth.) Briq.
Satureja biflora (Ham. ex Don) Briq.
Satureja paradoxa (Vatke) Engl.
Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf.
Schefflera abyssinica (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Harms
Schefflera volkensii (Engl.) Harms
Schoenoxiphium sparteum (Whal.) Kuk
Schrebera alata (Hochst.) Welw.
Scolopia theifolia Gilg
Selaginella abyssinica Spreng.
Sida schimperiana A.Rich.
Sideroxylon oxyacanthum Baill.
Smilax aspera L.
Solanecio gigas (Vatke) C.Jeffrey
Solanecio mannii (Hook.f.) C. Jeffrey
Solanecio tuberosus (Sch.Bip.) C. Jeffrey
Solanum anguivi Lam.
Solanum incanum L.
Solanum marginatum L.f.
Solanum nigrum L.
Sphaeranthus sauveolens (Forssk.) DC.
Stellaria sennii Chiov.
Stephania abyssinica Dillin and A.Rich.) Warp.
Tagetes minuta L.
Teclea nobilis Del.
Thalictrum rhynchocarpum Dill. and A.Rich.
Thymus schimperi Ronn.
Torilis arevensis (Hudson) Link
Trifolium semiplosum Fresen.
Uebelinia abyssinica Hochst.
Urera hypselodendron (A.Rich.) Wedd.
Urtica simensis Steudel
Vernonia amygdalina Del.
Vernonia leopoldi (Sch.Bip.) Vatke
Vernonia rueppellii Sch.Bip. ex Walp.
Vernonia urticifolia A. Rich.
Veronica abyssinica Fresen.
Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J., Jan-March 2014, 3(1): 90-100
Afaan Oromoo
Qorxobbii
Birbirsa
Hoomii/Gurraa
Qadiidaa
Xaaxessaa
Daboobessa
Inqooxoo
Goraa
Tuultii
Alaltuu
Qoricha Michii
Baadu Furdis
Ija Dhukkubsituu
Arfattuu
Gaallee
Biitee
Harangamaa
Bosoqa
Iddii Baddaa
Kalaalaa
Hadheessa
Xoosanyii
Laanqisaa
Saammaa
Heebicha
Reejjii
Family
Pinaceae
Pittosporaceae
Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Polypodiaceae
Polypodiaceae
Podocarpaceae
Polygalaceae
Orchidaceae
Rosaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Adiantaceae
Adiantaceae
Fabaceae
Ranunculaceae
Rhamnaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Brassicaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Salicaceae
Lamiaceae
Apiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Araliaceae
Araliaceae
Cyperaceae
Oleaceae
Flacourtiaceae
Selaginellaceae
Malvaceae
Sapotaceae
Smilacaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Asteraceae
Caryophyllaceae
Menispermaceae
Asteraceae
Rutaceae
Ranunculaceae
Lamiaceae
Apiaceae
Fabaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Urticaceae
Urticaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Scrophulariaceae
Habit
Tree
Tree/shrub
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Fern
Fern
Tree
Herb
Herb
Tree
Herb
Herb
Fern
Fern
Climber
Herb
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Herb
Shrub/climber
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Tree
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Tree
Tree
Herb
Tree/shrub
Tree
Fern
Herb
Shrub/tree
Climber
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Herb
Climber
Herb
Tree/shrub
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Climber
Herb
Tree
Shrub
Shrub
Herb
Herb
95
Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J., Jan-March 2014, 3(1): 90-100
400
Number of individuals
Number of individuals
Teshome Soromessa and Ensermu Kelbessa
300
200
100
400
300
200
100
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Height Class
8
9
1
10
2
3
4
DBH Class
5
6
Legend: 1=1.5-6 m, 2=6.1-9 m, 3=9.1-12 m, 4=12.1-15 m, 5=15.1-18 m, 6=18.1-21 m, 7=21.1-24 m, 8=24.1-27 m, 9=27.1-30 m, 10=> 30m
Figure 4: Height classes versus number of individuals in Chilimo Forest.
In general, the differences observed in DBH and
Height classes’ distribution could be attributed to the
exploitation histories of the forest. These data suggest
that the forest was not free from exploitation. However,
the extent of exploitation varies from one-forest patches to
another. Particularly, the presence of sawmill in this
forest for longer period had reduced it to small patches of
secondary forest vegetation. Intensive and selective
cutting of timber species was believed to be intensified
during the Italian occupation where the Forest was in the
hand of foreign investors.
Population Structure of Some Species
Thirty-seven woody species were investigated for
population structure in Chilimo Forest. The structural
analysis showed four major patterns as reproduced in
Figs.5 a-h. Allophylus abyssinicus and Prunus africana
form the first pattern (Fig. 5a), which have even
distribution of species in the different classes. The second
pattern (Fig. 5b) is the pattern formed by Scolopia theifolia
and Maytenus gracilipes. In this pattern more individuals
are in the lowest DBH classes.
c) Olinia rochetiana
Frequency
40
30
20
10
0
1
40
2
20
1
10
0
0
2
3
4
5
DBH Class
6
1
2
3
4
5
DBH Class
g) Olea capensis
8
1.5
Frequency
1
6
3
30
0
5
Frequency
Frequency
0.5
Frequency
Frequency
1
3
4
DBH Class
f) Hagenia abyssinica
e) Juniperus procera
d) Gnidia glauca
1.5
2
1
0.5
0
1
6
2
3
4
5
6
DBH Class
h) Prunus africana
6
4
2
0
1
2
3
4
DBH Class
5
6
1
2
3
4
DBH Class
5
6
Figure 5 (a-h). Four representative patterns of woody species over the DBH classes in Chilimo Forests.
96
Teshome Soromessa and Ensermu Kelbessa
Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J., Jan-March 2014, 3(1): 90-100
different size individuals of a species for different
purposes by the people living in and around the forests.
Olea europaea and Olinia rochetiana form the third
pattern (Fig. 5c). In this pattern the number of individuals
is lower in the first class and increases in the second
followed by gradual decrease towards the higher classes.
The fourth pattern (Fig. 5d) is a pattern with only few
individuals represented in certain classes. Maytenus
addat and Gnidia glauca belong to this pattern in this
forest. On top of other factors, such pattern may suggest
the rarity of a species in the forest as well. The fifth
pattern is a pattern exhibited by Juniperus procera (Fig.
5e). This pattern shows that selective cutting of Juniper
has been taking place on DBH classes 3 and 6 in the
forest. It is important to note here that the structure of a
given species could vary from forest to forest depending
on the status and the history of that forest. Perhaps, this
shows that there has been a special preference of
Regeneration Status of Some Woody Species
The Chilimo Forest was also investigated for the
regeneration status of some selected woody species.
Some species are represented by their seedlings while
others by their saplings. The highest seedling was
recorded for Maytenus gracilipes followed by Allophylus
abyssinicus and Bersama abyssinica (see Table 4). The
highest sapling was recorded for Maytenus gracilipes
followed by Podocarpus falcatus and Scolopia theifolia.
The highest tree/shrub number was that of Podocarpus
falcatus denoting that this species is in a better condition
in Chilimo Forest. Based on the data gathered from the
field seedlings, saplings and tree/shrub distribution of
some selected species are presented in Figure 6.
Olea europea
Scolopia theifolia
Podocarpus falcatus
250
300
400
200
200
100
100
150
100
50
0
0
SE
SE
SA
T/Sh
SA
0
T/Sh
SE
Characteristics
Characteristics
Juniperus procera
1
Values
60
Values
T/Sh
Ilex mitis
80
50
SA
Characteristics
Olinia rochetiana
100
Values
Values
Values
Values
200
300
40
0.5
20
0
0
0
SE
SA
T/Sh
Characteristics
SE
SA
SA
T/Sh
Characteristics
Olea capensis
Millettia ferruginea
2
1
1.5
Values
Values
SE
T/Sh
Characteristics
1
0.5
0.5
0
0
SE
SA T/Sh
Characteristics
SE
SA
T/Sh
Characteristics
Figure 6: Seedlings, saplings and tree/shrub distribution of some selected species occurring in Chilimo Forest.
Use Values of Some Selected Species
An interview on the uses of some major plant species
was made so as to deduce the extent of pressure on a
particular species. The participants have pointed out the
major uses of wood products and non-wood products
extracted from the forest. The use of plants by the local
people can be grouped into a number of non-restrictive
categories. For the purposes of simplicity, the following
use categories of the plants were considered here: timber,
construction, farm implements, firewood, charcoal, spices,
medicinal, bee forage and for hive hanging purposes.
Thirty-eight species were included in the interview. Of
these 13 were identified as timber species, 14 for
construction, another 14 for farm implements, 35 species
for firewood, 21 species for charcoal production, 13
species for medicinal purposes, 25 species for bee forage
and 25 species as used for hive hanging (Figure 7). In
Chilimo a given species could serve different purposes.
For example, Olea europaea and Prunus africana serve 6
different purposes (Table 4).
97
Teshome Soromessa and Ensermu Kelbessa
Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J., Jan-March 2014, 3(1): 90-100
Number of species used
40
30
20
10
Use categories
Hive hanging
Bee forage
Medicinal
Charcoal
Firewood
Farm
implements
Construction
Timber
0
Figure 7: Use categories and number of species used in Chilimo Forest.
On top of the aforementioned uses in Chilimo Forest,
there is a seed collection practice in the area. Seeds are
collected from different species and sold as a means to
generate income for the local people. The seed of some
species are quite expensive. For example, 1 kg of the
seed of Juniperus procera costs 50 Birr (see Table 2). In
fact these extractions of seeds promote the multiplication
of these species and are considered as a trend to be
promoted in other places. However, care must be taken
not to over-exploit the concerned species and reduce their
genetic variety.
Table 2: Current cost of the seeds of some species in
Chilimo as indicated by farmers.
No
Seeds of species (in kg)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Juniperus procera
Prunus africana
Podocarpus falcatus
Ekebergia capensis
Allophylus abyssinicus
Olea capensis
Apodytes dimidiata
Dombeya torrida
Hagenia abyssinica
Erythrina brucei
Cost in Birr*
50
7
20
10
7
7
7
12
12
10
Endemism
There are a number of flowering plant species in
Chilimo forest that are endemic. Information on the
endemic flowering plant species of Ethiopia and the levels
of threat to them has been published in Ensermu et al.
(1992), and Vivero et al. (in press). Based on the
published Flora volumes and the lists of species in this
forest, the endemic species and the levels of threat on
each taxon are given in Table 3 below.
Table 3 shows that 17 endemic species have been
recorded from Chilimo Forest. Based on the IUCN Criteria
of level of threat, 1 species is endangered (EN) and 2
species have been evaluated as vulnerable (VU), 4 other
species have been categorised as not threatened (NT).
The remaining ten species have been found to be
categorized as species of least concern (LC).
Table 3: Endemic species occurring in Chilimo Forest.
No
Scientific name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Acanthus sennii
Conyza nana
Crotalaria rosenii
Impatiens rothii
Kalanchoe petitiana
Lippia adoensis
Maytenus addat
Mikaniopsis clematoides
Phragmenthera macrosolen
Polystachya rivae
Rhus glutinosa subsp.
glutinosa
Rhus glutinosa subsp.
neoglutinosa
Satureja paradoxa
Solanecio gigas
Thymus schimperi
Vernonia leopoldi
Vernonia rueppellii
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Status
Family
NT
EN
NT
LC
LC
LC
NT
LC
LC
VU
Acanthaceae
Asteraceae
Fabaceae
Balsaminaceae
Crassulaceae
Verbanaceae
Celastraceae
Asteraceae
Loranthaceae
Orchidaceae
VU
Anacardiaceae
LC
Anacardiaceae
NT
LC
LC
LC
LC
Lamiaceae
Asteraceae
Lamiaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Status of Some Selected Species
Some woody species of the Chilimo Forest are used
for many purposes. Moreover, these species are not
represented (if represented by few individual) by the
various stages of development. It is then quite clear that
such species that have been over utilized and lack
replacement would eventually disappear from the forest.
For example, Gnidia glauca, Ilex mitis and Maytenus
addat (see Table 4) are not represented by either seedling
or sapling stages, showing that these species are those
that need immediate conservation measures. Contrary to
this fact, some species though over utilized are
represented by better individuals (e.g., Podocarpus
falcatus and Scolopia theifolia) at different stages.
Species that are used for various purposes and yet
bearing pattern II type of population structure are those
that have good reproduction and recruitment (e.g.
Scolopia theifolia). Such species are those that don’t need
urgent conservation attention.
98
Teshome Soromessa and Ensermu Kelbessa
Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J., Jan-March 2014, 3(1): 90-100
Table 4: Status of some selected species of the Chilimo Forest. Note that the structure of these species is the one
discussed under population structure previously.
Species
Allophylus abyssinicus
Apodytes dimidiata
Bersama abyssinica
Calpurnea aurea
Ekebergia capensis
Galiniera saxifraga
Gnidia glauca
Hagenia abyssinica
Ilex mitis
Juniperus procera
Maytenus addat
Maytenus gracilipes
Myrica salicifolia
Nuxia congesta
Olea capensis
Olea europaea
Olinia rochetiana
Podocarpus falcatus
Prunus africana
Scolopia theifolia
Sideroxylon oxyacanthum
Seedlings
Saplings
404
9
365
8
22
22
21
1
33
5
43
57
44
907
2
14
2
259
23
236
28
306
162
CONCLUSIONS
Chilimo Forest is one of the remaining Afromontane
forests harbouring many endemic species. This forest is
ecologically, socially, economically and culturally very
important for the inhabitants residing near by who are
mostly dependent on forest product to make their living.
Loss of such a forest and the various threatened species
would have great implications for the environment,
biodiversity and socio-economic setup of the
communities. This forest harbours species that
economically and ecologically important. Yet some of
these species had population structures that showed
patterns with no or few individuals at lower size classes.
Such species requires urgent conservation measures that
will enhance healthy regeneration and guarantee
sustainable uses of these species. Some other
economically important species of this forest were not
represented in the seedling or sapling stages denoting
that they are under threat. It is therefore mandatory to
implement conservation measures (both in-situ and exsitu) for such species of the forest. Although Juniperus
procera and Podocarpus falcatus are both common in
Chilimo Forest, the former has been more affected than
the later being extracted for timber. However, the
condition seems improving, at least in forest patches
situated away from the urban centre. It has been
observed that the second most important timber tree
species, Podocarpus falcatus is regenerating at an
alarming rate, while Juniperus procera also shows
encouraging recovery.
11
50
28
128
1
107
Tree/
Shrub
40
5
20
6
18
6
1
5
1
90
2
72
3
20
2
90
80
167
25
69
10
Structural
pattern
Pattern I
IV
III
IV
II
III
IV
IV
IV
V
IV
II
IV
III
IV
III
III
II
III
II
II
No. of
uses
4
4
2
3
1
2
4
4
2
4
2
2
4
3
5
6
5
5
6
3
5
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to the staff members of Farm Africa in
Chilimo for their assistance and to the communities who
have been helpful during the field work and who were kind
enough to share their knowledge and experiences without
reservations.
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