Studies in the Arundinelleae (Gramineae). XII. Relationships
of Avundinella, Jansenella, Tvichoptevyx, and the
danthoniopsoids
J. B. PHIPPS
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Departmerzt of Plant Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario
Received August 20, 1971
PHIPPS,J. B. 1972. Studies in the Arundinelleae (Gramineae). XII. Relationships of Arrrr~cliriella,Janserrella, Trichopteryx, and the danthoniopsoids. Can. J. Bot. 50: 825-837.
This study details the results of phenetic taxonomic studies, using morphological data, on a small
group of genera and a major group whose interrelationships had been, in the past, confused. The results
indicate Arur~rlir~ellato be a large, homogeneous, and well-moated genus. Jarzsenella, its single species
previously described under Arirndinella, Danthoniopsis, and other genera, is now continued as a
well isolated monotypic. The danthoniopsoid group is well isolated from Ar~indinellaand Janser~ella
but it intergrades through Petrina parva to the trichopterygoids. Trichopteryx is well isolated from
Arunrlir~ellaand Jansenella but on one edge is close to the danthoniopsoids. Gilgiochloa, a monotypic
danthoniopsoid, is highly isolated.
PHIPPS,J. B. 1972. Studies in the Arundinelleae (Gramineae). XII. Relationships of Arrrr~rlinella,Jaoserlella, Trichopteryx, and the danthoniopsoids. Can. J. Bot. 50: 825-837.
Cet article dCcrit des etudes de taxonomie phCnCtique, basCes sur des caractitres inorphologiques,
effectuCes sur un petit groupe de genres et un groupe majeur dont les relations avaient auparavant CtC
embrouillCes. Les resultats indiquent qu'Arrmdinella est un gros genre homogene et bien dClimitC.
Jansenella, dont la seule espece a anterieurement etC placee entre autres dans les genres Arrrnrlir~ellaet
Danthoniopsis, est maintenant considbe comme un genre monotypique bien isolC. Le groupe danthoniopsoi'de est bien sCpare d'Arrmdinella et de Jan~senella,mais se rattache aux trichoptbygoides par
Petrina parva. Trichopteryx est bien isole d'Arur~dinellaet de Ja~~senella
mais se rapproche des danthoniopsoides. Gilgiochloa, Lln genre monotypique danthoniopsoi'de, est fortement isolC.
Introduction
The publication of the "Prelit.ilinary Taxitnetrics" (Phipps 1970) and the "Taxin7etrics of
the Main Group" (Phipps 1972) still leaves
obscure or even untouched the relationships of a
particular group of genera. These questions
constitute the residual taxonomic problems in
the Arundinelleae at the level of 106 morphological character phenetics. One of these still obscure
questions concerns the relationship of the danthoniopsoid (via Petrina yarva) - Trichoyteryx
boundary. It is clear that the increased density
of species in the present study should provide
significant clarification of the boundary. Another
problem concerns the relationships of Jansenella. The species of this monotypic genus has
been classified (Bor 1955) in the Arundinellean
genera Arundinella (three synonyms) and Dantlzoniopsis (once) as well as in the danthoniean
genus Danthonia and the avenean Avena. Phipps
has placed Jansenella in his major group A
(with Aarndinella). Thus, Arundinella and Dantlioniopsis should be included in a text of Jansenella's relationships. Since danthoniopsoid
genera are common to both problems it is op-
portune to combine the two questions in a single
study. Thus, Jansenella, Arundinella, the danthoniopsoids, and Trichoyteryx form the object
of this survey.
Materials
Materials represent herbarium specin~ensof the tribe
Arundinelleae belonging to the genera Arrrrrrlinella, Jansee el la, the major group danthoniopsoids, and Trichopteryx.
The 81 OTUs selected represent exemplar specimens (see
Phipps 1970, 1972) of each species of these genera available for study with a n adequate character suite. They f o m ~
a subset of 209 OTUs used in the overall Arundinellean
taximetric studies on generic limits and, to facilitate comparison with other papers, are assigned the numbers of
the full 209 set. Certain species of high phenetic variability
are represented by more than one O T U each, viz. Arrmdirlella nepnlensis, A. hispicla, and Xerorlanthia barbata. The
81 OTUs, with their provenance, are listed below in
Table 1, and in Table I of Phipps (1970).
Methods
( i ) Data Preparatior~
Each OTU was coded for 106 morphological characters
as listed in Table I1 of Phipps (1970). These characters
were coded and condensed according to the methods described in Phipps (1970) and are the same characters as
used in that paper.
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826
C A N A D I A N J O U R N A L OF BOTANY.
(ii) Numerical
Among the many techniques available in numerical
taxonomy those operating in Euclidean space were
favored. Consequently, for the classifications, the pair
functions chosen were absolute distance (Sokal 1961;
Orloci 19676) and relative distance (Orloci 1967b), both
of which were clustered by average distance sorting (Sokal
and Michener 1958) and sum of squares agglomeration
(Orloci 19676). Ordination of the q-correlation and qdispersion (Orloci 1967a) matrices was achieved by the
principal components method of Cooley and Lohnes
(1962). A somewhat fuller treatment of these techniques
may be found in Phipps (1970). The sort of the relative
distance matrix (see Table 2) is by nearest neighbor.
Results
Before commenting on the relationships between the OTUs that might be inferred from the
classifications, cluster analyses, and sort, it may
be observed that some significant differences
occur between the two average distance sorting
dendrograms (Figs. 2 and 4) and the two sums
of squares agglomeration dendrograms (Figs. 3
and 5). In each case the relative and absolute
distance pair are very similar. This indicates that
correlated size differences play only an insignificant role in the taxonomy of the group under
study here while the moating between the taxa
recognized is not strong enough for high (sum of
squares agglomeration) and lower (average distance sorting) center of gravity techniques to
produce the same hierarchies. In this way far
more is learned about the phenetic relationships
than when only a single method is involved.
The taximetric results are displayed as the
following six figures: four phenograms, Fig. 2
representing sum of squares agglon~erationof
absolute distance, Fig. 3, sum of squares agglomeration of relative distance, Fig. 4: average
distance sorting of absolute distance, and Fig. 5,
average distance sorting of relative distance,
VOL. 50, 1972
TABLE 1 (Conclrrded)
"
plrtnila (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Steud.
Schimper 1057 (US), Ethiopia
"
ber~galer~sis
(Spreng.) Druce
Parkinson 4164 (US), India
"
blepharipl~yllcr(Trim.) Trim. ex Hook. f.
Trimen in herb. K H2075-6611 (K),
Cevlon
clecenp~clalis(Kuntze) Janowsky
Rock 110 (US), Thailand
hookeri Munro ex Keng
King's collector, June 1888 (US).
. ..
Sikkim
khasear~aNees ex Steud.
US Natl. Herb. 927013 (US), India
leptochloa (Nees ex Steud.) Hook. f.
Janaki in US 1720996 (US), India
rr~etziiHochst. ex Miq.
Phipps S102, cult. (UWO), India
plrrplrrea Hochst. ex Steud.
Hohenacker 928 (US), India
spicata Dalz.
Bole 309 (UWO), India
trrberc~rlataMunro ex Lisboa
Gentry 13265 (US), India
villosa Arn. ex Steud.
Ballard 1223 (US), Ceylon
hispirla (Hurnb. and Bonpl.) Kuntze
Irwin and Soderstrom 6403 (US,
UWO), Brazil
fl~rviatilisHand.-Mazz.
Handel-Mazzetti 2708 (US), China
cl~eniiKeng
Rock 5884 (US), China
flavida Keng
Clernens and Clemens 4457 (US),
Vietnam
"
latifolin (Ridl.) Ohwi ex Jansen
Kanehira and Hatusima 13506 (A),
. ..
New Guinea
"
rrloritarra S. T. Blake
Blake 14143 (US), Australia
Loircletia sirr~rrlarrsC. E. Hubbard
Tisserant 3601 (K), Central African
Republic
"
rnrrrosa (Stapf) C. E. Hubbard
Phipps S 245/CC, cult. (UWO),
South West Africa
Trichopteryx rlelicatissir~~a
Phipps
Phipps S219/CE, cult. (UWO).
Zambia
elegar~t~rla
(Hook. f.) Stapf subsp.
stolzicrna (Henr.) Phipps
Vesev-FitzGerald 3937 (UWO).
173.
per~ixi~i~~.
TABLE I
Robinson 5383 (UWO), Malawi
gracillirna C. E. Hubbard
Identifications and source material of some of the 81 175.
Phipps S210/CD, cult. (UWO),
Jarisenella, Tricl~opteryx,
OTUs of the genera Ar~rr~rli,rella,
Zambia
and the major group danthoniopsoids used in this work.
Trin. (Malagasian)
198. Arlulrlil~ella~~epalernis
Others may be identified by referring to Phipps (1970)
Phipps S229/CB, cult. (UWO),
Malagasy
2. Anulrli,~ellahispirla (Hurnb. and Bonpl.) Kuntze
201.
"
r~epalerlsisTrin. (Indian)
Steyermark 60074 (US), Venezuela
Phipus S241/CD, cult. (UWO).
"
deppeana Nees
4.
~ndia
Sohns 1609 (US), Mexico
207.
"
~~epalensis
Trin. (Papuan)
6.
"
~~epalensis
Trin. (Rhodesian)
Brass 8664 (US), Papua
Crook 737 (SRGH, UWO),
209.
sp. ?A. caespitosa Janowsky
Rhodesia
Ohwi 1424 (US). Taiwan
'
PHIPPS: STUDIES I N ARUNDINELLEAE
-
TABLE 2
Part 1. Part of the sort of the relative distance matrix indicating five nearest neighbors for
danthoniopsoid OTUs, Tricltopteryx, and Jar~senella.OTUs in alphabetical order
0.325fD. wasaensis
0.4021D. intermedia
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0.4341 Loudetia anonlala
0.4521 Danthoniopsis viridis
0.3151 D. viridis
0.3681 D. westii
0.3411 D. viridis
0.3701 D. wasaensis
0.2761 D. wasaensis
0.3411 D. minor
0.2761 D. viridis
0.3701 D. minor
0.3421 D. viridis
0.3761 D. acutigluma
0.3171 G. scopulorun~
0.4671 Xerodanthia ?
barbata
0.3171 G. chimanimaniensis
0.4541 Xerodanthia stocksii
0.5761 Danthoniopsis
wasaensis
0.6161 Arundinella fuscata
0.3651 Danthoniopsis viridis
0.4281 Danthoniopsis
acutigluma
0.4971 Xerodanthia barbata
0.5291 Xerodanthia ?
barbata
0.3791 Loudetia ralnosa
0.4421 Arundinella
nepalensis (Angola)
0,3791 Loudetia anomala
0.4501 Loudetia simulans
0.3961 Danthoniopsis minor
0.4521 Danthoniopsis westii
0.4501 P. parva
0.4671 Danthoniopsis westii
Dantl~oniopsisacutigluma
0.327fD. viridis
0.4121D. minor
Danthoniopsis chevalieri
0.4441 Xerodanthia stocksii
0.4551 Petrina pruinosa
Dantl~o~~iopsis
intermedia
0.3481 D. wasaensis
0.4021 D. acutigluma
Danthoniopsis mirlor.
0.3441 D. westii
0.3961 Loudetia simulans
Darttltorriopsis viridis
0.3151 D. intermedia
0.3421 D. westii
Dantlloniopsis wasaertsis
0.3251 D. acutigluma
0.3731 Jacquesfelixia dinteri
Dantltoniopsis ~vestii
0.3441 D. minor
0.4061 D. wasaensis
Gazaclzloa chimanirnaniertsis
0.4481 Arundinella fluviatilis
0.376fD. westii
0.4451 Xerodanthia ? barbata
0.3551 D. minor
0.3551 D. intermedia
0.3271 D. acutigluma
0.3481 D. intermedia
0.3681 D. intermedia
0.4561 Danthoniopsis
wasaensis
0.4701 Petrina pruinosa
Gazachloa scoprrlorrim
0.4321 Xerodanthia barbata
0.4551 Petrina pruinosa
Gilgiocldoa ittdurata
0.5941 Jacquesfelixia dinteri
0.619/ Danthoniopsis westii
Jacquesfelixia dinteri
0.3731 Danthoniopsis
wasaensis
0.4311 Danthoniopsis
intermedia
Jartsenella grifithiarta
0.5161 Trichopterp
marungensls
0.547/ Danthoniopsis
chevalieri
Loudetia ailoinala
0.4221 Petrina pruinosa
0.4451 Petrina parva
0.6031 Trichopteryx
elegantula stolziana
0.4171 Danthoniopsis westii
0.5241 Petrina parva
0.4341 Danthoniopsis
chevalieri
0.4481 Loudetia simulans
Londetia ramosa
0.4251 Petrina pruinosa
0.4411 Xerodanthia stocksii
0.4601 Arundinella humilior
Loudetia simrilans
0.448fZoudetia anomala
0.4501 Loudetia ramosa
0.457/$anthoniopsis chevalieri
Petrinu Iignosa
0.450/'Loudetia anomala
0.4551 Xerodanthia stocksii
0.470/:Arundinella montana
828
C A N A D I A N J O U R N A L O F BOTANY.
VOL. 50, 1972
TABLE 2, Part 1 (Coriclrrded)
0.3951 Trichopteryx
dregeana
0.4761 Trichopteryx
marungensls
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0.4221 Loudetia anonlala
0.4381 Arundinella ?
caespitosa
0.4561 Jacquesfelixia dinteri
0.4831 Danthoniopsis
wasaensls
0.2401 T. delicatissima
0.4351 T. gracillima
0.2401 T. elegantula ssp.
stolziana
0.4281 T. gracillima
0.3461 T. gracillima
0.4011 T. marungensis
0.3131 T. perlaxa
0.4271 T. glanvillei
0.2731 T. delicatissima
0.4391 T. marungensis
0.2361 T. marungensis
0.3871 T. fruticulosa
0.2361 T. gracillima
0.4011 T. dregeana
0.3091 T. gracillima
0.3921 T. dregeana
0.4371 X. stocksii
0.4861 X. barbata
0.3341 X. ? barbata
0,4351 Trichopteryx
marungensls
0.3341 X. barbata
0.4671 Gazachloa
chimaninlaniensis
0.3761 X. ? barbata
0.4411 Petrina pruinosa
Petrino pnrvn
0.4451 Gazachloa scopulorum
-
0.4501 Petrina lignosa
0.4821 Trichopteryx gracillinla
Pefrinaprrrirrosa
0.4251 Loudetia ramosa
0.4411 Arundinella
cochinchinensis
Rot finya petiolata
0.4601 Loudetia anornala
0.4891 Danthoniopsis viridis
0.4311 Arundinella
berteroniana
0.4811 Arundinella fluviatilis
Trichopteryx elegarrf~tlassp. sto/ziorra
0.4071 T, nlar~lngensis
0.2841 T. glanvillei
0.4741 Xerodanthia barbata
Trichopferyx delicafissinra
0.3671 T. marungensis
0.2731 T. glanvillei
0.4331 T. perlaxa
Trichopferyx clregemra
0.3921 T. perlaxa
0.4301 T. fruticulosa
TrichopferyxfL11ficfr1osn
0.3871 T. gracillima
0.430/ T. dregeana
Trichopteryx glarivillei
0.2841 T. elegant~llassp.
stolziana
0.4531 T. gracillin~a
Trichop ferys grncillir?~a
0.3091 T. perlaxa
0.4281 T. delicatissi~lla
Triclropferys rrrar~trrgerrsis
0.3461 T. perlaxa
0.4071 T. elegantula ssp.
stolziana
0.3951 Petrina parva
0.4201 T. ~llarungensis
0.4271 T. fruticulosa
0.3461 T. dregeana
0.3671 T. delicatissinla
Tricl~op
feryx perlnxa
0,3461 T. rllarungensis
0.3131 T. fruticulosa
0.4331 T. delicatissima
Xeroclorrtlrin barbafa
0.4771 X. ? barbata
0.4751 Petrina lignosa
0.498/ Gazachloa scopulorun~
Xerorlarrtl~iabarbafo
0.4321 Gazachloa scopi~lorum
0.3991 X. stocksii
0.4551 Petrina pruinosa
Xerodatrfl~in? Bnrbafa
0.3761 X. stocksii
0.4551 Danthoniopsis
chevalieri
0.4771 X. barbata
Xerodarrfltia sfocksii
0.3991 X. barbata
0.4411 Loudetia ramosa
0.4371 X. barbata
829
PHIPPS: STUDIES IN ARUNDINELLEAE
TABLE 2
Part 2. All OTUs sorted b y nearest neighbor
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Relative
distance
OTU
0 . 3 18
0.318
0.319
0.325
0.330
A r a n ~ ~ e lprrvirrtilis
lu
hirtn
"
Aispida
"
rleppenrln
"
rlep~lensis(Angola)
(Malagasy)
"
firrva
"
n~ontnrln
"
cochincl~ir~ensis
'
lrispida
"
t~epaletrsis(India)
"
decempedalis
"
leptoclrlon
Trichopteryx gracillirnn
mnrrorgensis
Arrrtrditrella laxij7ora
Tric1;~pteryxdelicatissi~nn
elegatltrrlr! ssp. stolzintrn
Arrrtr(li~relIrchetrii
"
bleplrariphyllrr
prrrpurea
Triclropteryx glatlvillei
Drrntlronio~~sis
viridis
tvnsnetrsis
Arroldinelln itrtricata
"
prrbescens
"
11111~1ilior
"
trepaletrsis (Australia)
'
lntifolin (Rid].)Ohwi ex Jansen
"
mesoplrylln
? caespitosn
"
pahreri
Triclroptery,~perlnxtr
A rrrtrrlitrelln trervoscr
"
rrrpesfris
t~retzii
"
cotrftris
"
berterotrintm
"
,firseafa
Triclropteryx fi.rrticrrlosn
Arrrntli~lellrrlrolcoirles
"
birtirntricn
Dnn tlroniopsis itrtert11e(lin
Gazaclrlon chit~rmrinra~rietrsis
sco~rrlorrrr17
A~.rrtrflinellnciiirrta
effrrsn
"
thivaitesii
Danthotriopsis ncrrtiglrrt17n
Arutrditrelln betrralensis
0.334
0.337
0.341
0.342
0.342
0.342
0.347
0.347
0.355
0.362
0.362
0.365
? barbnm
Arrm(litrel1a trepnlensis var. ttlcrjor
Datrtlrot~iopsismitror
Arru1diirelln vnghrata
"
Irolcoides
Danthoniopsis tvestii
Trichopteryx rlregeann
Arrrtrflinelln spicafn
setosa
"
khaseana
"
pumila
Jncqrresfelixia ditrteri
T A B L E 2 (Cor~cl~r(1ed)
-
0.366
0.366
0.366
0.366
0.376
0.379
0.379
0.394
0.395
0.396
0.422
0.434
0.477
0.450
0.456
0.497
0.576
0.584
--
Arrr11f;linellar~eprrlerlsis(Rhodesia)
hirtn var. cleprrr~perntn
"
rlepnletrsis (Papua)
"
tr~bercr~lntn
Xerodarrthin stocksii
Lor~;letinrnmosn
anornnln
Ararrdi~inellaspicntn
Pefrinn pnrva
Lorrdetin sin~rrlnr~s
Petritra prrrit~osn
Dntrtlrotliopsis cl~evnlieri
Xerorlrrtlrlria barbatn
Petrinn ligtzosa
Rnrtrnyn petiolnla
Jotlsetrelln grifitllinrra
Gilgioclrlon indrrntn
Arr~nrlirrellaflavi(1n
and two scatter diagrams; Fig. 6 being the principal components of the q-dispersion and Fig. 7
the principal conlponents of the q-correlation
matrix. Figure 1 identifies the symbols used for
OTUs in the phenograms and scatter diagrams.
In general, the four taxa designated by the
title of this paper appear separate, but more
detailed comments are in order. Arunditlella, a s
suggested by the preliminary taximetrics, is demonstrated to be quite distinct from all the
other taxa investigated, both as to inclusion a n d
exclusion. This is so in each phenogram and on
the first two factors (accounting for 28% of the
variation in the dispersion coefficient and 23%
in the correlation coefficient) of each component
analysis.
MAJOR
GROUP
A.
?? JANSENELLA
MAJOR
A
GROUP D
DANTHONIOPSOIDS (SENS. PHIPPS,
LOUDETiA
SECT.
MAJOR
@
PLEIONEURA AND
GROUP
1964)
RATTRAYA
F
TRICHOPTERYX
FIG.1 . Symbols used in figures.
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VOL. 50, 1972
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835
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PHIPPS: STUDIES I N ARUNDINELLEAE
The danthoniopsoids, however, are not quite
so well ~solatedas Arundinella. Although the
larger part, consisting of all but two species,
consistently clusters together, these two species
vary in their placing. It is interesting to note
that the essential variation in results is as between the clustering procedures rather than the
kinds of distance used. In the two average distance sorting classifications (Figs. 2 and 4) only
one danthoniopsoid, Gilgiochloa indurata, is
split from the main group of danthoniopsoids.
It becomes the most isolated OTU on the dendrogram. However, under sum of squares agglomeration. Gilgiocl~loaindurata clusters at a relatively
high level with Jansenella grgffithiana and this
diad fuses higher still with a largely trichopterygoid group. However, this largely trichopterygoid group contains the diad Petrinaparva (OTU
165)-Trichopteryx dregeana (OTU 174).Thus, the
greater densification of this study (with no relevant
species absent) still fails to provide a completely
adequate danthoniopso~d-Trichopteryx boundary, though it is a little sharper than that reported
in the preliminary taximetrics (Phipps 1970).
The position of Trichopterys is thus seen to be
closest to one edge of the danthoniopsoids, but
no special closeness can be detected between it
and Ar~mdinellaor Jansenella.
i
TRlcHoPTERYX
I
+ 7U-0.61
.7810811
\--
/'
\
23
>
7
.';.
JANSENELLA
/-/
/
*711-0451
+261-1271 281j~,if2311hS1
+11-4.90.
\
\
I
68 1-0.721
*291-4 781
*910 421
1211-0691
DANTHONIOPSOIDS
,
'
__
,
/'
?210m' . , e : ~ ~ ~ 1 ' 3 1
+b1166'
-'
/"
6010 B,!\:
.rloql
.,I( 8GI
~371-0641
~5910181
171-4 01
46!-( 41
ARUNDINELLA
47(076
1501- 451
LOUDETIA
SECT.
PLElONEURA
AND
RATTRAYA
.531-1081
.MI-0041
,
!,
is,-l IS1
.%1-024)
'441-281
~511-1.151
.
~521-1
811
d91-2.61
FIG.7. Principal co~nponentsof q-dispersion (factor 3 values in parentheses).
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836
C A N A D I A N J O U R N A L O F BOTANY.
VOL. 50, 1973
Jansenella, as a result of these studies, stands taxa. Both stand between danthoniopsoid and
as one of the better demonstrated monotypics trichopterygoid OTUs, but evidently in different
of the tribe, rivalling Gilgiochloa in its dis- positions.
tinctiveness and isolation. Under the average
Conclusion
distance sorting classifications (Figs. 2 and 4) it
adds to the cluster of Trichopteryx, while under
This paper, of course, is specifically intended to
sum of squares agglomeratidn (Figs. 3 and 5) it deal, in part, with a very general taxonomic
clusters first with Gilgiocl~loa,the diad so formed problem, that of generic limits. The tribe Arunthen adding to Trichopteryx. The sort (Table 2) dinelleae, in fact, was consciously selected as a
indicates both that Jansenella is a verv distant tool in this regard because of the great conspecies, relative to any other in this study, and fusion over many of the generic limits in the
that its nearest neighbors are danthoniopsoids past. The nomenclatural history of Jansenella
and Trichopteryx. The apparent 'differences' in grrflthiana, among the taxa considered here,
the la cement of ~ a n s ~ n e l lare
a readilv ac- exemplifies this problem well, as does that of
couGed for on the grounds of the different Loudetia nnor??olo (OTU 93) and L. ranzosa
criteria used, respectively, between the two (OTU 94).
cluster-forming strategies and the sort. If high
The studies reported in this paper, then, concenter of gravity approaches are preferred, Jan- firm the high degree of naturalness and lack of
senella stands closest to the danthoniopsoids; relationship to other genera, of Arundinella, at
if a less strong center of gravity technique is least as studied in the light of 106-character
preferred, then the relationship is stronger to morphological phenetics. Jotzsenella is shown
Trichopteryx. It would be a mistake, of course, to be a very isolated monotypic genus and does
to view the diad of Jansenella-Gilgiochloa (Figs. not, perhaps, qualify for membership of major
3, 5) as a mutually closest relationship. Table 2 group A (Phipps 1966). It is closest to Trichopindicates to the contrary. The diad indicates terlyx in our present study, while the danthoniopmutual closeness only relative to the clusters soids are fairly homogeneous and distinct exformed at that cycle of agglomeration. Bor's cept for the isolation of Gilgiocl~loa and a
(1955) separatioil of Jansenella from Arundinella merging towards Trichopteryx in the genus
and later from Danthoniopsis is thus entirely Petrlina. Gilgiochloa, however, although very
confirmed in our present study.
distinct from the other danthoniopsoids, reJansenella's relation to Trichopteryx can be sembles them most in that suite of characteristics
presumed to lie n~ostlyin its characters of size specifically identifying this major group. Con(dwarfism) while in qualitative characters of the sequently, it would be premature to assign it to
spikelet the relation is more to the danthoniop- a new major group.
soids.
The sort of the relative distance matrix, which
Acknowledgments
is only presented in part and in which only the
The writer is grateful to the National Research
five nearest neighbors are reported (Table 2), is
of course confirmatory of the conclusions ob- Council of Canada for the award of operating
tained above. However, it naturally adds addi- grant number A-1726 under which this work
tional information of the kind that can onlv be was carried out.
discovered by single linkage analysis. For inN. L. 1955. Notes on Asiatic grasses: 23-Jatisetiella
stance, among the 50 Arundinella OTUs, other BOR,
Bor, a new genus of Indian grasses. Kew Bull. 1955:
Arundinellas are always among the five nearest
93-99.
neighbors (unpublished data). The same is true COOLEY,W. W., and P. R. LOHNES.1962. Multivariate
procedures for the behavioural sciences. John Wiley,
of Trichopteryx, except for T. dregeana, and T.
New York.
elegantula ssp. stolziana, while among the dan- ORLOCI,L. 19670. Data centering: a review and evaluation with reference to con~ponentanalysis. Syst. Zool.
thoniopsoids, sens. str. (Petrina parva and Gil16: 208-212.
giochloa always excepted), the first five nearest
19676. An agglomerative method for the classification of plant communities. J. Ecol. 55: 193-205.
OTUs are almost always other danthoniopsoids.
J. B. 1966. Studies in the Arundinelleae (GramGilgiochloa and Jansenella are not mutually PHIPPS,
ineae). 111. Check-list and key to genera. Kirkia. 5:
closest, but are, rather, distant from any other
235-258.
PHIPPS: STUDIES IN ARUNDINELLEAE
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by 199.201.121.12 on 06/03/13
For personal use only.
1970. Studies in the Arundinelleae (Gramineae).
X. Preliminary taximetrics. Can. J. Bot. 48: 2333-2356.
1972. Studies in the Arundinelleae (Gramineae).
XIII. Taximetrics of the loudetioid, danthoniopsoid,
and tristachyoid groups. Can. J. Bot. 50. In press.
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837
SOKAL,R. R. 1961. Distance as a measure of taxonomic
similarity. Syst. 2001.10: 70-79.
SOKAL,R. R., and C. D. MICHENER.
1958. A statistical
method for evaluating systematic relationships. Univ.
Kans. Sci. Bull. 38(22, Pt. 2): 1409-1438.
James Phipps