Academia.eduAcademia.edu
Download Free PDF
paper cover icon
Download Free PDF
paper cover thumbnail

Atlas of the tropical West African pollen flora

Atlas of the tropical West African pollen flora

Atlas of the tropical West African pollen flora

Atlas of the tropical West African pollen flora

Atlas of the tropical West African pollen flora

Profile image of Charlotte MillerCharlotte Miller

Related Papers

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

Palynological differentiation between genera of the Moraceae family and implications for Amazonian palaeoecology

2008 •

Michael Burn

The Moraceae family is one of the most abundant and ecologically important families in Neotropical rainforests and is very well-represented in Amazonian fossil pollen records. However, difficulty in differentiating palynologically between the genera within this family, or between the Moraceae and Urticaceae families, has limited the amount of palaeoecological information that can be extracted from these records. The aim of this paper is to analyse the morphological properties of pollen from Amazonian species of Moraceae in order to determine whether the pollen taxonomy of this family can be improved. Descriptive and morphometric methods are used to identify and differentiate key pollen types of the Moraceae (mulberry) and Urticaceae (nettle) families which are represented in Amazonian rainforest communities of Noel Kempff Mercado National Park (NKMNP), Northeast Bolivia. We demonstrate that Helicostylis, Brosimum, Pseudolmedia, Sorocea and Pourouma pollen can be identified in tropical pollen assemblages and present digital images of, and a taxonomic key to, the Moraceae pollen types of NKMNP. Indicator species, Maquira coriacea (riparian evergreen forest) and Brosimum gaudichaudii (open woodland and upland savanna communities), also exhibit unique pollen morphologies. The ability to recognise these ecologically important taxa in pollen records provides the potential for much more detailed and reliable Neotropical palaeovegetation reconstructions than have hitherto been possible. In particular, this improved taxonomic resolution holds promise for resolving long-standing controversies over the interpretation of key Amazonian Quaternary pollen records.

View PDF
The non-arboreal diversity of the Andaman Islands, India, based on pollen analysis The non-arboreal diversity of the Andaman Islands, India, based on pollen analysis

chenna kesava

This paper deals with the pollen morphology of 118 non-arboreal taxa (80 herbs and 38 shrubs) of the South Andaman Islands, India. Pollen morphology was investigated through an acetolysis method and using a trinocular light microscope. Size, shape, symmetry, polarity, apertural pattern and ornamentation are described for every species. Among 118 taxa, only three have heteropolar pollen grains. Prolate shape is dominant and found in 17 taxa while oblate shape is found only in Macrosolen cochinchinensis. Among the 12 apertural patterns, tricolporate is dominant and found in 48 taxa, whereas hexacolpate pollen is present in Ocimum tenuiflorum. Of the nine ornamentation types recorded, psilate and reticulate types are common; Barleria prionitis and Datura metel are distinct with scabrate and striate ornamentation. These observations are of immense value in taxonomical, melissopalynological, aeropalynological and palaeopalynological studies.

View PDF
The non-arboreal diversity of the Andaman Islands, India, based on pollen analysis

Ganga kailas Jangam

This paper deals with the pollen morphology of 118 non-arboreal taxa (80 herbs and 38 shrubs) of the South Andaman Islands, India. Pollen morphology was investigated through an acetolysis method and using a trinocular light microscope. Size, shape, symmetry, polarity, apertural pattern and ornamentation are described for every species. Among 118 taxa, only three have heteropolar pollen grains. Prolate shape is dominant and found in 17 taxa while oblate shape is found only in Macrosolen cochinchinensis. Among the 12 apertural patterns, tricolporate is dominant and found in 48 taxa, whereas hexacolpate pollen is present in Ocimum tenuiflorum. Of the nine ornamentation types recorded, psilate and reticulate types are common; Barleria prionitis and Datura metel are distinct with scabrate and striate ornamentation. These observations are of immense value in taxonomical, melissopalynological, aeropalynological and palaeopalynological studies.

View PDF
Pollen and spores of the uppermost Eocene Florissant Formation, Colorado: a combined light and scanning electron microscopy study

Johannes Martin Bouchal, Thomas Denk

The uppermost Eocene Florissant Formation, Rocky Mountains, Colorado, has yielded numerous insect, vertebrate and plant fossils. Three previous comprehensive palynological studies investigated sections of lacustrine deposits of the Florissant Formation and documented the response of plant communities to volcanic eruptive phases but overall found little change in plant composition throughout the investigated sections. These studies reported up to 150 pollen and spore phenotypes. In the present paper, we used a taxonomic approach to the investigation of dispersed pollen and spores of the Florissant Formation. Sediment samples from the shale units containing macrofossils were investigated using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The general picture of the palynoflora is in agreement with previous studies. However, the combined LM and SEM investigation provides important complementary information to previous LM studies. While a fairly large amount of previous pollen determinations could be confirmed, the purported taxonomic affinities of several pollen phenotypes need to be revised. For example, pollen referred to as Podocarpus or Podocarpidites sp. belongs to the Pinaceae Cathaya, Malus/Pyrus actually belongs to Dryadoideae, pollen of the form genus Boehlensipollis referred to as Proteaceae/Sapindaceae/Elaeagnaceae or Cardiospermum belongs to Sapindaceae but not to Cardiospermum, and pollen of Persicarioipollis sp. B with previously assumed affinities to Polygonaceae actually belongs to Thymelaeaceae. Pandaniidites and one type of Malvacipollis cannot be linked with Pandanaceae and Malvaceae. A few taxa are new records for Florissant (Ebenaceae: Diospyros; Menispermaceae; Trochodendraceae: Tetracentron). In general, SEM investigations complement the LM palynological studies and improve the identification of dispersed pollen and spores and enable integration of data from dispersed fossil pollen into a wide range of comparative morphological, taxonomic, evolutionary, biogeographic and phylogenetic studies.

View PDF
Miocene palynofloras of the Tınaz lignite mine, Muğla, southwest Anatolia: taxonomy, palaeoecology and local vegetation change

Johannes Martin Bouchal

Middle Miocene deposits exposed at the Tınaz lignite mine, Yatağan Basin, Muğla, southwestern Turkey, were palynologically investigated. The Tınaz lignite mine section belongs to the Eskihisar Formation. The lignite seam at the base of the section represents the uppermost part of the Turgut Member. Above, c. 65 m of clayey siltstone, limestone, and marls represent the Sekköy Member. Nine spores, zygospores and cysts of fungi and algae, seven moss and fern spores, 12 gymnosperm pollen types, and more than 80 angiosperm pollen taxa were recovered from the Tınaz lignite mine section. Three pollen zones were recognized, of which pollen zone 1 corresponds to the formation of the main lignite seam and reflects the change from a fluviatile to a lacustrine depositional setting. Pollen zones 2 and 3 and a transitional zone 2-3 reflect different stages of lake development and a shift in local vegetation from forested (pollen zones 1 and 2) to more open (transitional zone 2-3, zone 3). Interpreting changes in regional vegetation from pollen zones 1 to 3 is not straightforward as changes in the pollen spectra may be affected by changing contributions of airborne and water transported pollen and spores to the observed palynoassemblages. Age inference for the Tınaz lignite mine section has been complicated by the absence of datable ash layers, associated mammal faunas, or marine sediments. However, pollen zone 3 shares key features with the pollen spectrum recovered from the nearby mammal site Yenieskihisar (upper part of Sekköy Member) for which an age of 12.5-11.2 Ma has been suggested, and to the youngest pollen zone recovered from the mammal locality Çatakbağyaka, 10 km south of Tınaz, that probably represents mammal zone MN7/8 instead of MN5 or MN6 as previously suggested. In contrast, pollen zones 1 and 2 are fairly similar to the basal parts of the Çatakbağyaka pollen flora (uppermost parts of Turgut Member, basalmost parts of Sekköy Member). Furthermore, new mammal data from the Yatağan basin suggest that the layers below pollen zone 1 are MN4/5, and that carnivores cooccuring with pollen zone 1 in the main lignite seam of Eskihisar probably belong to MN6. Hence, a Langhian to Serravallian age can be inferred for pollen zones 1 and 2 of the Tınaz lignite mine section, and a late Serravallian age for pollen zone 3. Palaeobiogeographic relationships of the palynofloras are generally northern hemispheric, with many north temperate tree taxa showing modern disjunctions East Asia- NorthAmerica (Tsuga, Carya), East Asia- western Eurasia (Zelkova), East Asia- North America- western Eurasia (Liquidambar), or restricted to East Asia (Cathaya, Eucommia) or North America (Decodon). A few taxa belong to extinct lineages that have complex biogeographic patterns (Engelhardioideae, Cedrelospermum). The presence of Picrasma (Simaroubaceae) in the lower lignite layers of pollen zone 1 is remarkable, as the botanical affinities with the enigmatic flower Chaneya present in early to middle Miocene deposits of Turkey and Central Europe have recently been shown to be with Picrasma.

View PDF
Arboreal diversity of the Andaman Islands, India, based on pollen analysis

Ganga Kailas

View PDF
Palynological Characters and Their Systematic Significance In Naucleeae (Cinchonoideae, Rubiaceae)

2008 •

Bruce Kirchoff

View PDF

Grana

Combined LM and SEM study of the Middle Miocene (Sarmatian) palynoflora from the Lavanttal Basin, Austria: Part II. Pinophyta (Cupressaceae, Pinaceae and Sciadopityaceae)

2011 •

Barbara Meller

View PDF
Combined LM and SEM study of the middle Miocene (Sarmatian) palynoflora from the Lavanttal Basin, Austria: part III. Magnoliophyta 1 – Magnoliales to Fabales

Johannes Martin Bouchal, Friðgeir Grímsson

Previous studies on the palynoflora from the Lavanttal Basin show that it contains a rich assemblage of spores and gymnosperm pollen. Present and ongoing investigations of dispersed angiosperm pollen suggest a high diversity within this group, and due to the excellent preservation of the material, some rare pollen types are recognised. The Magnoliales to Fabales pollen record documented here contains 30 different taxa. Only a few pollen types are assigned to Magnoliids (four taxa); these are rare in the pollen record. Similarly, the Commelinids comprise five taxa and are also rare. Most of the angiosperm pollen originates from Eudicots (21 taxa). Of the angiosperm taxa documented here, Magnolia, Carex, Ranunculaceae, Platanus, Trochodendron, Buxus, Cercidiphyllum, Daphniphyllum, Distylium, Fortunearia, Parrotia, Parthenocissus, Vitis, Euphorbia, Salix and Papilionoideae are recorded for the first time from the Lavanttal Basin. This also includes the first fossil pollen record of Trochodendron worldwide and the first reliable pollen record of Daphniphyllum. Several of the taxa described here had a wide Northern Hemispheric distribution from the Eocene until the end of the Miocene. Also, key relatives of the fossil taxa are presently confined to humid warm-temperate environments, suggesting a very mild climate during the middle Miocene (Sarmatian) of the Lavanttal area. Some of the taxa encountered also support previous observations that the sediments of the Lavanttal Basin accumulated in a lowland wetland environment. This is based on pollen from aquatic taxa thriving in lakes, streams and swamps, and pollen from terrestrial plant taxa occupying margins of lakes and streams, backswamps, floodplains, river plains and hummocks. Other angiosperm pollen clearly originates from plants thriving on drier substrates, reflecting various vegetation units of the mixed evergreen/deciduous broad-leaved/conifer forests surrounding the wetland basin.

View PDF
Glossary of pollen and spore terminology

yi tong

View PDF
Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/revpalbo Research paper Atlas of the tropical West African pollen flora William D. Gosling a,⁎, Charlotte S. Miller a, Daniel A. Livingstone b a b Department of Environment, Earth & Ecosystems, Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research (CEPSAR), The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA a r t i c l e i n f o Available online 11 June 2013 Keywords: Africa identification key images pollen tropical a b s t r a c t The accurate and consistent identification of fossil pollen is essential to allow robust inferences to be drawn with regard to past climate and vegetation change. Identifications are best achieved through the direct inspection of reference material. Most substantial reference collections are held at prestigious universities in Europe or the United States of America which can restrict access for researchers trying to advance palynology in less developed countries. Digital imaging and fast spreading access to the internet means that it is now possible to produce and disseminate high quality images from pollen reference collections. In this paper we contribute to this growing body of work by presenting images of 364 pollen taxa from West Tropical Africa both as printed plates with a key, and within an associated online searchable database. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The accurate identification of fossil pollen and spores underpins our ability to reconstruct past vegetation and subsequently infer variation in the Earth's system. Palaeo-palynology can provide, among other things, evidence for past changes in climate (e.g. Overpeck et al., 1990; Davis and Shaw, 2001), biome (e.g. Jolly et al., 1998; Tarasov et al., 1998; Williams et al., 2004) and biodiversity (e.g. Rull, 1987; Brown, 1999; Odgaard, 1999) across the geological record. At one extreme the incredible resilience of pollen/spore chemistry (sporopollenin) allows palynology to provide evidence for the evolution of plants on timescales of millions of years (e.g. Crane et al., 1995; Wikström et al., 2001). Whilst at the other, the influence of human activity upon plants allows the actions of people within the landscape to be traced in the recent past (10–100s of years ago) (e.g. Brugam, 1978; Piperno and Flannery, 2001). The integrity of the information supplied by palynologists to all these areas is reliant on consistent typing or, where possible, identification of the specimens found in the fossil record. Since its inception morphological identification of pollen grains has been standard practice through comparison with modern material (von Post, 1916, reprinted 1967). Subsequently numerous atlases for pollen and spore identification have been produced from across the globe, including: (Faegri and Iversen, 1989; Moore et al., 1991; Roubik and Moreno, 1991; Colinvaux et al., 1999; Reille, 1999; Beug, 2004). The proliferation of pollen/spore atlases has facilitated the expansion of the field of palynology and helped with international standardization of identifications. In addition, as computing power has developed, there has been an increase in the ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 190 865 5147; fax: +44 190 865 5151. E-mail address: william.gosling@open.ac.uk (W.D. Gosling). 0034-6667/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2013.01.003 number, and sophistication, of online searchable pollen databases (e.g. Lezine, 2005; Bush and Weng, 2007; QPG, 2008). However, geographical coverage and access to images for pollen identification remains patchy. The most substantial atlases for African pollen and spore identification are: (i) in print (Reille, 1998, 1999), and (ii) online the African pollen database (Lezine, 2005). Both contain thousands of images of species within hundreds of families, and therefore provide good general coverage of taxa likely to be found in the fossil record. In addition, pollen/spore atlases for specific regions have also been produced, e.g. East Africa (Riollet and Bonnefille, 1976), as well as for individual countries: (i) Chad (Maley, 1970), (ii) Ethiopia (Bonnefille, 1971a,b), (iii) Ivory Coast (Ybert, 1979), (iv) Nigeria (Sowunmi, 1973, 1995), (v) South Africa (van Zinderen Bakker, 1953, 1956; van Zinderen Bakker and Coetzee, 1959; Scott, 1982), and (vi) Sudan (El Ghazali, 1993). In this paper we contribute to this body of knowledge by presenting c. 3000 images and identification keys for 364 pollen and spore taxa commonly found in tropical West Africa. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Selection of pollen and spore taxa Taxa were selected for inclusion within this tropical West African pollen atlas based upon two criteria: (i) they had been previously identified within fossil records obtained from terrestrial and marine settings within the region (Maley and Livingstone, 1983; Talbot et al., 1984; Lezine and Vergnaud-Grazzini, 1993; Elenga et al., 1994; Frédoux, 1994; Leroy and Dupont, 1994; Dupont et al., 2000), and/or (ii) they had been identified as significant in the regional flora (Hall and Swaine, 1981). 2 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 (continued) Table 1 (continued) 2.2. Organisation and presentation of images Images are presented on 129 plates showing both polar and equatorial views of the grain where it was possible to obtain images. Plates are organised by pollen morphology to allow ease of reference when examining fossil pollen material; following (Beug, 2004). The paper is accompanied by a searchable online database which integrates the images presented here with the c. 6000 images of N1000 taxa from the Neotropical Pollen database (Bush and Weng, 2007). To access a Freeware version of the complete revised Tropical Pollen Database download and unpack as appropriate the file TopicalPollenDB2013.zip file from cepsar-ftp.open.ac.uk/TropicalPollenDatabase. Please note due to the high number of pictures the file is large (2.77 GB) and an Apple Macintosh computer running Mac OS X 10.6 or higher is required to run the software. We hope that the combination of our images with those of Bush and Weng (2007) within a freeware format online will promote further expansion by other research groups which will lead to the eventual development of a comprehensive pan-tropical searchable online pollen and spore identification tool. 2.3. Provenance of specimens and image capture Images and descriptions of all pollen and spores were obtained from the reference collection of c. 30,000 specimens housed within the Department of Biology at Duke University which has been collected and curated by DAL. Reference material was sourced from herbaria and laboratories around the globe; full details for individual specimens can be found on the accompanying online database. Images were obtained using QCapture software (v. 3.1.1) with a QImaging Micropublisher 3.3 RTV camera mounted on a Nikon Eclipse 50i microscope. All images were taken through a Nikon Plan Fluor 40x/0.75 DIC M/N2 objective. 3. Terminology Terminology follows Punt et al. (2007). 4. Nomenclature Taxanomic nomenclature follows conventions of Beug (2004). To find images for a specific botanical Family or Species please use Table 1. Table 1 List of pollen species shown on plates ordered alphabetically by family, genus and species. Family Species Plate Acanthaceae Acanthaceae Acanthaceae Acanthaceae Achariaceae Achariaceae Achariaceae Achariaceae Aizoaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaryllidaceae Amaryllidaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Avicennia nitida A. officinalis Justicia cordata J. flava Caloncoba angolensis Dasylepis assinensis Grandidiera boivinii Kiggelaria africana Sesuvium sessile Alternanthera nodiflora A. repens Celosia patentiloba C. stuhlmanniana C. trigyna Crinum pauciflorum C. powellii Lannea humilis L. stuhlmannii L. triphylla Sclerocarya birrea Spondias mombin Artabotrys likimensis Piptostigma mayumbense LXIV LXXX XXVI XXVI LXXX LXV LVII CVIII XXVIII VII VII CXXIV CXXIV CXXIV XXI XXI LXXV LXVI LXVII LXXV LXXVI XVI VIII Family Species Plate Annonaceae Annonaceae Aphloiaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Aquifoliaceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Asparagaceae Asparagaceae Asparagaceae Asparagaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Boraginaceae Boraginaceae Boraginaceae Boraginaceae Brassicaceae Burseraceae Burseraceae Burseraceae Cannabaceae Cannabaceae Cannabaceae Cannabaceae Cannabaceae Capparaceae Capparaceae Cardioteridaceae Caryophyllaceae Caryophyllaceae Caryophyllaceae Celastraceae Celastraceae Celastraceae Celastraceae Celastraceae Celastraceae Celastraceae Centroplacaceae Chrysobalanaceae Chrysobalanaceae Chrysobalanaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae Commelinaceae Commelinaceae Connaraceae Convolvulaceae Uvaria kirkii Uvariopsis congensis Aphloia theiformis Baissea multiflora B. multiflora Funtumia latifolia Motandra guineensis Tabernaemontana retusa T. ventricosa Tylophora sylvatica Ilex mitis Culcasia dinklagei Lemna gibba Rhektophyllum congense Ancistrophyllum laurentii A. secundiflorum Borassus aethiopum B. aethiopum B. machadonis Calamus erectus C. gracilis Elaeis guineensis Eremospatha sp. Hyphaene natalensis H. ventricosa Phoenix reclinata Raphia farinifera R. ruffia Asparagus falcatus Chlorophytum floribundum Dracaena camerooniana D. reflexa Artemisia judaica A.sp. Centaurea dimorpha C. perrottetii Heliotropium bacciferum H. subulatum Trichodesma africanum Trichomanes mandiocanum Farsetia stenoptera Canarium schweinfurthii Commiphora campestris C. scheffleri Celtis integrifolia C. mildbraedii C. zenkeri Trema guinensis T. orientalis Ritchiea capparoides R. fragariodora Leptaulus daphnoides Cerastium indicum Drymaria cordata Lychnis sp. Cassine parvifolia Elaeodendron buchananii Hippocratea affinis H. africana Maytenus senegalensis Salacia kraussii S. pyriformis Centroplacus glaucinus Afrolicania elaeosperma Parinari curatellifolia P. holstii Combretum aculeatum C. gueinzii Guiera senegalensis Pteleopsis diptera Strephonema pseudocola Terminalia aemula T. brownii Aneilema johnstonii Commelina africana Agelaea heterophylla Calystegia sepium XI IV CXI XXIV XXVIII CXV XXIV XCI LXX XV XLI LXXXI XIV XCVII XVIII XVIII VII XIX XIX XVIII XVIII XVIII XIX XIX XIX XVIII XVIII XVIII XX XX XX XXI XCI XCI XC LXXXIX XLIV XLIV XCII VII XXXV XLIII XLIX L XXXIV XXXIII XXXIII XXIV XXIV LXI XCIX XXXII CXXIX CXXIV CXXVIII C XCIV LVI LVII LVI LVI CIV XLV XCIII XLII XLVIII CXXIII CXXIII CXXIII CXXIII LIX CXXIII CXXIII XXI XXI LV CXXV 3 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 (continued) Table 1 (continued) Table (continued) 1 (continued) Family Species Plate Family Species Plate Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Costaceae Davalliaceae Davalliaceae Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalaceae Dilleniaceae Dipterocarpaceae Ebenaceae Ebenaceae Ebenaceae Ericaceae Erythroxylaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Convolvulus trabutianus Hewittia sublobata Ipomoea donaldsonii Ipomoea ochracea Costus spectabilis Nephrolepis biserrata N. exaltata Dichapetalum mossambicense D. stuhlmannii Tetracera alnifolia Monotes kerstingii Diospyros abyssinica D. austroafricana D. mespiliformis Erica arborea Aneulophus africanus Alchornea cordifolia A. floribunda Anthostema aubryanum A. senegalense Argomuellera macrophylla Croton gratissimus C. macrostachyus Dichostemma sp. Discoglypremna caloneura Erythrococca bongensis Euphorbia cussonioides E. engleri E. grandicornis E. hypericifolia Macaranga schweinfurt Mallotus wrayi Martretia quadricornis Tetrorchidium didymostemon Afzelia bracteata A. quanzensis Berlinia bifoliolata B. grandiflora Brachystegia leonensis B. spiciformis B. spiciformis Cassia burttii C. longiracemosa Copaifera carrissoana C. gorskiana Crudia bracteata Cynometra alexandri C. pedicellata Daniella oliveri Detarium le-testui D. senegalense Dialium guianense Griffonia simplicifolia Guibourtia arnoldiana Hymenostegia afzelii Isoberlinia angolensis I. doka Paramacrolobium coeruleum Piliostigma reticulatum Baphia massaiensis B. obovata Indigofera leptoclada Lotus arabicus L. chazaliei Millettia oblata M. psilopetala M. tanaensis Ormocarpum kirkii O. sennoides Pericopsis angolensis P. laxiflora Pterocarpus abyssinicus P. lucens Rhynchosia memnonia R.sp. Sesbania goetzei CVI CXXVIII CXXVII CXXIX CXXV X X XXXI XXXIV XXXVI LXXII XCIII XCII XLIII IV XXXVI XLIX XLI LIV CIII XLVI XII XII XXXVII LI L XCVI XCV CII LXIX XLVIII LIII XLVII LXXXIII XXXVIII CXVII LXXVII XXXIX XXXVIII XXXVIII LXXXV CX CVIII CX LXXIII XLII LVIII CXI LXXVIII CVII XCVII LXXXII LXXIV LXXIV CXII LXVII LXVIII XXXVIII XXVII LII CXIV XLV CV XLIII XCIX XLVI CVII LXV CIII LXXXIV CXIII LXIX LXIX LXXXIV LXXXVIII LXXXVII Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Gentianaceae Gerrardinaceae Gunneraceae Hernandiaceae Hernandiaceae Icacinaceae Icacinaceae Icacinaceae Iridaceae Iridaceae Irvingiaceae Kirkiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lecythidaceae Lecythidaceae Lecythidaceae Lecythidaceae Lindsaeaceae Malpighiaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Marantaceae Meliaceae Menispermaceae Menispermaceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Myricaceae Myristicaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Nymphaeaceae Tephrosia elata T. nana Vigna fischeri V. luteola Acacia clavigera A. eggelingii A. seyal Aubrevillea platycarpa Calpocalyx brevibracteatus Dichrostachys cinerea D. glomerata D. unijuga Entada abyssinica E. pursaetha E. umbonata Mimosa strigillosa Parkia bussei Parkia inundabilis P. velutina Piptadenia africana Prosopis africana P. alpataco Xylia evansii Anthocleista grandiflora Gerrardina foliosa Gunnera chilensis Illigera appendiculata I. rhodantha Iodes kamerunensis I. ovalis I. ovalis Acidanthera brevicollis A. brevicollis Irvingia smithii Kirkia acuminata Leucas calostachys Premna maxima P. resinosa Vitex amboniensis V. doniana Napoleona imperialis Petersia africana Scytopetalum tieghemii S. tieghemii Lonchitis currori Acridocarpus macrocalyx Bombax brevicuspe B. buonopozense Ceiba pentandra Cola gigantea C. millenii C. nitida Corchorus fascicularis C. trilocularis Grewia bicolor G. glandulosa Hildegardia barteri Nesogordonia fertilis N. parvifolia Scaphopetalum letestui S. thonneri Sterculia tragacantha Triplochiton scleroxylon Sarcophrynium brachystachyum Turraeanthus africana Cissampelos mucronata Tiliacora funifera Antiaris toxicaria Bosqueia manongarivensis Chlorophora excelsa Ficus ingens Myrica sp. Pycnanthus dinklagei Eugenia michoacanensis Syzygium guineense Nymphaea caerulea CIX CIX XXX XXXI II I I LXXIX I XVI XVI VIII LII XXXII XXX IV III II III LXXXV LXXI LXXXVIII I XXXIII XL XXXV XIV VI XIV XXIV XXVII VI XXI LXXXII XXIX XXXVI XXXV XXXV XXXVI XXXVI XXXV XXXIX XXXVII LXVIII X LXXIII XXVIII XXVIII XXIX CI CI XCVIII LIX LXXVIII LXII CIV LXXXI XXX XXXI XI VIII LXXI XXX CVIII XXXIV XXXVII XI XXIII CXXVII XXIII XXIII XXII VII XXII XXII XI (continued on next page) 4 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 (continued) Table 1 (continued) Table (continued) 1 (continued) Family Species Plate Family Species Plate Nymphaeaceae Nymphaeaceae Nymphaeaceae Ochnaceae Olacaceae Olacaceae Oleaceae Orobanchaceae Pandaceae Pandanaceae Pandanaceae Passifloraceae Passifloraceae Pedaliaceae Pedaliaceae Periscaceae Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthaceae Piperaceae Plantaginaceae Plantaginaceae Plantaginaceae Poaceae Podocarpaceae Polygalaceae Polygalaceae Proteaceae Proteaceae Putranjivaceae Rhamnaceae Rhizophoraceae Rhizophoraceae Rhizophoraceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Salicaceae Salicaceae Salicaceae Salicaceae N. caerulea N. lotus N. lotus Lophira alata Coula edulis Heisteria parvifolia Olea hochstetteri Striga forbesii Microdesmis sp. Pandanus kirkii P. livingstonianus Adenia nicobarica Barteria acuminata Sesamum angustifolium S. indicum Medusandra richardsiana Amanoa strobilacea Bridelia micrantha Hymenocardia acida Maesobotrya barteri M. hirtella Securinega virosa Spondianthus preussii Thecacoris gymnogyne Uapaca bojeri U. heudelotii Peperomia sp. Plantago lanceolata P. major P. palmata Guaduella oblonga Podocarpus milanjianus Atroxima afzeliana Securidaca longepedunculata Protea susannae P. trichanthera Drypetes gerrardii Zizyphus mauritiana Cassipourea flanaganii Rhizophora mangle R. mucronata Cliffortia nitidula Hagenia abyssinica Prunus africana Pygeum africanum Rubus scheffleri Borreria densiflora B. ruelliae Crossopteryx febrifuga Diodia aulacosperma D. scandens Gaertnera paniculata Ixora aneimenodesma I. brachypoda Lasianthus africanus Mitracarpus hirtus M. verticillatus Mitragyna inermis Morinda citrifolia M. citrifolia Nauclea diderrichii N. esculenta Plectronia vulgaris Psychotria fractinervata P. goetzei Sabicea floribunda Fagara macrophylla Teclea villosa Vepris eugeniifolia V. gossweileri V. humbertii V. uguenensis Zanthoxylum procerum Calantica jalbertii Casearia engleri Dissomeria crenata Flacourtia indica XX X XX XCII XXVIII XXVIII LIII XXXIV CXIII XV VIII LV XIII CXIX CXVI XLIX LI CII XXXIII C LXVI XCVII LX XL LXXXIV CV X CXXIV CXXIV CXXVI XVII V CXXI CXXI XXVIII XXXII LXIV LXXXII LXVI XCVI XCVIII XLVIII LXXII XLVIII LXXIII LXII CXVI CXVI LX CXX CXVIII LXXXIII LIV LXXXVII XXIX CXIX CXX LXXXII XIII XXV CXII C XXIX XXXI XII XXVIII LIII LXXVII CXI CV LXII XL CVI LVIII XCIII CIX LXIV Salicaceae Salicaceae Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Sapotaceae Simaroubaceae Simaroubaceae Simaroubaceae Thymelaeaceae Thymelaeaceae Typhaceae Typhaceae Typhaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Violaceae Violaceae Vitaceae Vitaceae Xyridaceae Xyridaceae Xyridaceae Zygophyllaceae Zygophyllaceae Zygophyllaceae Homalium buchholzii Oncoba dentata Allophylus africanus Blighia unijugata B. wildemaniana Cardiospermum corindum C. grandiflorum Chytranthus obliquinervis C. sacleuxii Dodonaea viscosa Lecaniodiscus cupanioides Paullinia pinnata Placodiscus amaniensis Neolemonniera clitandrifolia Hannoa klaineana H. undulata Odyendea gabunenesis Dicranolepis oligantha D. usambarica Typha angustifolia T. australis T. capensis Musanga leo-errerae M. smithii Rinorea oblongifolia R. welwitschii Cissus petiolata C. quadrangularis Xyris aristata X. montana X. welwitschii Balanites aegyptiacus B. glaber Tribulus terrestris CX CVII XXVII LXI LVIII LXXIX XXX LXXXVI LXXXVI LXX LXXXVI XXXII CXII XCIV LXV LXV CVI CXXVI XIII XVII XVII XVII XXIII XXIII CXIII CXIII LX LXII IX IX IX XLVII XLV XIII 5. Polyads Plates I–III Key 1. Comprising eight grains –Comprising twelve grains –Comprising more than twelve grains 2. Surface psilate (Plate I: 1–3) –Surface scabrate (Plate I: 4–6) 3. Polyad diameter less than 40 μm –Polyad diameter greater than 40 μm (Plate II: 1–3) 4. Surface scabrate (Plate I: 7–9) –Surface psilate (Plate I: 10–12) 5. Polyad arrangement non-uniform –Polyad arrangement uniform (Plate III: 4–6) 6. Polyad diameter less than 110 μm (Plate II: 4–6) –Polyad diameter greater than 110 μm (Plate III: 1–3) 2. 3. 5. Calpocalyx brevibracteatus Xylia evansii 4. Acacia clavigera Acacia seyal Acacia eggelingii 6. Parkia velutina Parkia inundabilis Parkia bussei 6. Tetrads Plate IV Key 1. Visible collumnae –Invisible collumnae (Plate IV: 1–4) 2. Surface verrucate (Plate IV: 5–7) –Surface scabrate (Plate IV: 8–9) 7. Vesiculate Plate V Podocarpus milanjianus (Plate V: 1–6) 2. Erica arborea Mimosa strigillosa Uvariopsis congensis 5 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 10. Monocolpate 8. Inaperturate, including Polypodiaceae Plates VI–XVI Key 1. Surface reticulate –Surface echinate –Surface psilate –Surface reticulate –Surface foveolate (Plate VII: 4–7) –Surface verrucate –Surface gemmate (Plate VII: 1–3) –Surface perforate (Plate VI: 5–7) –Surface scabrate 2. Equatorial grain shape circular –Equatorial grain shape suboblate (Plate IX: 9–11) –Equatorial grain shape subprolate (Plate VIII: 10–13) –Equatorial grain shape rectangular (tall) (Plate IX: 1–8) 3. Equatorial grain diameter 9–11 (Plate X: 1–4) –Equatorial grain diameter 12–18 (Plate XI: 8–10) –Equatorial grain diameter 27–33 (Plate XI: 11–14) –Equatorial grain diameter 40–55 –Equatorial grain diameter 63–77 –Equatorial grain diameter 70–90 (Plate XII: 7–10) –Equatorial grain diameter 90–110 (Plate XIII 1–2) 4. Wall thickness 2 (Plate XII: 1–3) –Wall thickness 4 (Plate XII: 4–6) 5. Wall thickness 2 (Plate XIII 5–7) –Wall thickness 6 (Plate XIII: 3–4) 6. Equatorial grain shape circular –Equatorial grain shape suboblate (Plate VII: 8–11) –Equatorial grain shape oblate (Plate VI: 1–4) –Equatorial grain shape subprolate (Plate VIII: 14–17) 7. Equatorial grain diameter 17–23 –Equatorial grain diameter 36–44 (Plate XIV: 1–3) –Equatorial grain diameter 63–77 (Plate XIII: 8–10) –Equatorial grain diameter 81–99 (Plate XIV: 4–7) 8. Wall thickness 0.5 (Plate XIV: 8–11) –Wall thickness 1.5 (Plate XV: 1–4) 9. Equatorial grain shape circular –Equatorial grain shape suboblate –Equatorial grain shape subprolate 10. Polar grain shape circular (Plate XI: 1–4) –Polar grain shape quinquangular –Polar grain shape triangular (convex) (Plate X: 13–16) 11. Wall thickness 1(Plate VII: 16–19) –Wall thickness 2 (Plate VII: 12–15) –12. Equatorial grain diameter 35–45 (Plate XI: 5–7) –Equatorial grain diameter 50–70 (Plate VIII: 1–6) –13. Equatorial grain diameter 20–30 –Equatorial grain diameter 50–60 (Plate X: 11–12) 14. Wall thickness 1 (Plate X: 8–10) –Wall thickness 2 (Plate X: 5–7) 15. Equatorial grain shape circular (Plate XVI: 4–10) –Equatorial grain shape suboblate (Plate VIII: 7–9) 16. Equatorial grain diameter 150–200 (Plate XV: 5–6) –Equatorial grain diameter unknown (Plate XVI: 1–3) Plates XVIII–XXI Key 2. 6. 9. 14. Trichomanes mandiocanum 15. Borassus aethiopum Acidanthera brevicollis 16. 3. Xyris montana Scaphopetalum thonneri Xyris sp. (×2) Peperomia sp. Tiliacora funifera Scaphopetalum letestui 3. 5. Croton macrostachyus Dicranolepis usambarica Psychotria goetzei Croton gratissimus Morinda citrifolia Tribulus terrestris 7. Pycnanthus dinklagei Illigera rhodantha Pandanus livingstonianus 8. Iodes kamerunensis Barteria acuminata Illigera appendiculata Lemna gibba Pandanus kirkii 10. 12. 13. Nymphaea caerulea 11. Nymphaea lotus Alternanthera repens Alternanthera nodiflora Uvaria kirkii Piptostigma mayumbense 14. Lonchitis currori Nephrolepis biserrata Nephrolepis exaltata Dichrostachys sp. (×2) Dichrostachys unijuga Tylophora sylvatica Artabotrys likimensis –1. Surface psilate –Surface gemmate (Plate XIX: 6–8) –Surface perforate (Plate XXI: 4–6) –Surface foveolate –Surface scabrate –Surface echinate –Surface reticulate 2. Equatorial grain shape rectangular (tall) (Plate XVIII: 1–2) –Equatorial grain shape rhombic (tall) (Plate XVIII: 6–8) –Equatorial grain shape circular 3. Polar grain shape triangular (convex) (Plate XX: 4–6) –Polar grain shape circular (Plate XX: 1–3) 4. Equatorial grain shape rectangular (tall) (Plate XIX: 9–10) –Equatorial grain shape rhombic (tall) (Plate XIX: 11–13) 5. Equatorial grain shape subprolate –Equatorial grain shape rectangular (tall) (Plate XVIII: 3–6, Plate XVIII: 17–18, Plate XVIII: 19–21) 6. Polar grain shape triangular (convex) (Plate XVIII: 9–11) –Polar grain shape circular 7. Collumnae invisible (Plate XX: 7–9) –Collumnae visible (Plate XX: 10–11) 8. Wall thinner on pole (Plate XXI: 7–9) –Wall even 9. Equatorial grain size 50–60 (Plate XXI: 10–12) –Equatorial grain size 75–85 (Plate XXI: 13–15) –Equatorial grain size 85–95 (Plate XXI: 16–18) 10. Colpus length 1 –Colpus length 2 (Plate XXI: 1–3) –Colpus length 4 (Plate XXI: 12–13) –Colpus length 5 11. Collumnae invisible (Plate XVIII: 12–14) –Collumnae visible (Plate XIX: 4–5) 12. Equatorial grain size 35–45 (Plate XIX: 1–3) –Equatorial grain size 45–55 (Plate XVIII: 15–16) 2. Borassus aethiopum Acidanthera brevicollis 4. 5. 8. 10. Raphia ruffia Phoenix reclinata 3. Nymphaea lotus Nymphaea caerulea Hyphaene natalensis Hyphaene ventricosa 6. Raphia farinifera Calamus erectus Calamus gracilis Elaeis guineensis 7. Chlorophytum floribundum Asparagus falcatus Aneilema johnstonii 9. Commelina africana Crinum powellii Crinum pauciflorum 11. Dracaena reflexa Dracaena camerooniana 13. Ancistrophyllum secundiflorum Borassus machadonis Eremospatha sp. Ancistrophyllum laurentii 11. Syncolporate Plates XXII Key 1. Equatorial grain size 15–20 (Plate XXII: 7–10) –Equatorial grain size 20–25 (Plate XXII: 1–3) –Equatorial grain size 30–37 (Plate XXII: 4–6) Syzygium guineense Eugenia michoacanensis Myrcia sp. 12. Diporate Plates XXIII–XXV 9. Monoporate Plate XVII Key 1. Surface scabrate (Plate XVII: 1–2) –Surface reticulate 2. Pore size 1.5 μm (Plate XVII: 6–8) –Pore size 2 μm 3. Wall thickness 1 (Plate XVII: 3–5) –Wall thickness 1.5 (Plate XVII: 9–11) Guaduella oblonga 2. Typha angustifolia 3. Typha australis Typha capensis 1. Equatorial grain shape rectangular (tall) (Plate XXIII: 1–4) –Equatorial grain shape sub-prolate (Plate XXIII: 5–9) –Equatorial grain shape sub-oblate –Equatorial grain shape circular 2. Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate XXIII: 10–15) –Pore shape circular 3. Pore morphology thickened pore (Plate XXIII: 16–17) –Pore morphology plain (Plate XXIII: 18–19) 4. Pore shape irregular (Plate XXIV: 1–5) –Pore shape circular with annulus –Pore shape circular 5. Surface psilate (Plate XXIV: 6–9) Musanga smithii Musanga leo-errerae 2. 4. Chlorophora excelsa 3. Antiaris toxicaria Ficus ingens Iodes ovalis 5. 6. Baissea multiflora (continued on next page) 6 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate I. 1–3 Calpocalyx brevibracteatus, 4–6 Xylia evansii, 7–9 Acacia seyal, 10–12 Acacia eggelingii. 7 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate II. 1–3 Acacia clavigera, 4–6 Parkia inundabilis. –Surface scabrate (Plate XXIV: 10–12) 6. Pore morphology thickened pore (Plate XXIV: 13–19) –Pore morphology plain 7. Equatorial grain diameter 18–22 μm (Plate XXIV: 20–22) –Equatorial grain diameter 63–77 μm (Plate XXV: 1–2) Motandra guineensis Trema orientalis 7. Trema guinensis Morinda citrifolia 13. Dicolporate Plate XXVI Key 1. Pore size 10 μm (Plate XXVI: 1–6) –Pore size 4 μm (Plate XXVI: 7–11) Justicia cordata Justicia flava 14. Triporate Plate XXVIII–XXXIV Key 1. Surface granulate (Plate XXVII: 1–7) –Surface echinate –Surface psilate –Surface reticulate –Surface scabrate 2. Polar grain diameter 18–21 μm (Plate XXVII: 8–11) –Polar grain diameter 35–45 μm (Plate XXVII: 12–14) –Polar grain diameter 50–70 μm (Plate XXVIII: 1–3) 3. Polar grain shape circular –Polar grain shape triangular (convex) 4. Polar grain diameter 12–16 μm (Plate XXVIII: 4–6) Allophylus africanus 2. 3. 8. 17. Iodes ovalis Piliostigma reticulatum Bombax brevicuspe 4. 5. Sesuvium sessile –Polar grain diameter 20–30 μm (Plate XXVIII: 10–12) 5. Pore size 1–3 μm –Pore size 4–5 μm (Plate XXVIII: 19–21) 6. Pore morphology thickened pore (Plate XXVIII: 13–15) –Pore morphology thinning sexine 7. Polar grain diameter 8–12 μm (Plate XXVIII: 7–9) –Polar grain diameter 18–22 μm (Plate XXVIII: 16–18) 8. Pore morphology thickened pore –Pore morphology slightly extruded –Pore morphology extruded –Pore morphology plain –Pore morphology thinning sexine 9. Polar grain diameter 25–35 μm (Plate XXVIII: 22–24) –Polar grain diameter 40–50 μm (Plate XXIX: 1–6) –10. Polar grain diameter 14–16 μm (Plate XXIX: 10–15) –Polar grain diameter 45–55 μm (Plate XXIX: 16–18) –Polar grain diameter 60–80 μm (Plate XXIX: 7–9) 11. Polar grain diameter 36–44 μm (Plate XXX: 1–7) –Polar grain diameter 54–66 μm (Plate XXX: 8–10) 12. Polar grain shape circular –Polar grain shape triangular (convex) 13. Pore size ~3 μm (Plate XXX: 11–14) –Pore size ~5 μm (Plate XXX: 15–18) –Pore size ~6 μm (Plate XXX: 19–21) 14. Pore size ~6 μm (Plate XXXI: 1–6) –Pore size ~8 μm (Plate XXXI: 13–15) –Pore size ~25 μm (Plate XXXI: 16–17) 15. Polar grain diameter 10–15 μm (Plate XXXI: 7–12) –Polar grain diameter 36–45 μm (Plate XXXII: 1–3) –Polar grain diameter 45–55 μm 16. Pore shape circular (Plate XXXII: 4–6) Baissea multiflora 6. Protea susannae Sabicea floribunda 7. Coula edulis Heisteria parvifolia 9. 10. 11. 12. 15. Bombax buonopozense Plectronia vulgaris Lasianthus africanus Kirkia acuminata Ceiba pentandra Vigna fischeri Cardiospermum grandiflorum 13. 14. Triplochiton scleroxylon Nesogordonia fertilis Entada umbonata Nesogordinia parvifolia Vigna luteola Psychotria fractinervata Dichapetalum mossambicense Paullinia pinnata 16. Entada pursaetha (continued on next page) 8 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate III. 1–3 Parkia bussei, 4–6 Parkia velutina. 9 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate IV. 1–4 Erica arborea, 5–7 Mimosa strigillosa, 8–9 Uvariopsis congensis. –Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate XXXII: 7–13) 17. Polar grain shape circular –Polar grain shape triangular (convex) 18. Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate XXXII: 14–19) –Pore shape circular –Pore shape circular (with annulus) 19. Polar grain diameter 18–22 μm (Plate XXXIII: 1–4) –Polar grain diameter 27–33 μm (Plate XXXIII: 5–7) Protea trichanthera 18. 21. Leptaulus daphnoides 19. 20. Celtis zenkeri Celtis mildbraedii 20. Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate XXXIII: 8–13) –Pore morphology slightly extruded (Plate XXXIII: 14–17) 21. Polar grain diameter 10–15 μm (Plate XXXIV: 1–3) –Polar grain diameter 18–24 μm –Polar grain diameter 40–60 μm (Plate XXXIV: 4–7) 22. Wall thickness ~0.25 μm (Plate XXXIV: 8–9) –Wall thickness ~1.5 μm (Plate XXXIV: 10–14) Anthocleista grandiflora Hymenocardia acida Dichapetalum stuhlmannii 22. Turraeanthus africana Striga forbesii Celtis integrifolia 10 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate V. 1–6 Podocarpus milanjianus. 2. Equatorial grain shape rectangular (tall) (Plate XXXVII: 1–6) –Equatorial grain shape rhombic (tall) (Plate XXXVII: 7–12) –Equatorial grain shape circular (Plate XXXVIII: 19–20) 15. Tricolpate Plates XXXV–XXXIX Key 1. Surface psilate (Plate XXXV: 1–5) –Surface clavate/psilate (Plate XXXVI: 6–11) –Surface scabrate (Plate XXXV: 6–10) –Surface striate (Plate XXXIX: 6–11) –Surface reticulate Gunnera chilensis Vitex amboniensis Napoleona imperialis Berlinia grandiflora 2. –Equatorial grain shape rhombic (broad) (Plate XXXVIII: 7–12) –Equatorial grain shape suboblate (Plate XXXVIII: 1–6) –Equatorial grain shape prolate –Equatorial grain shape subprolate 3. Colp length 1 (Plate XXXVI: 1–5) Scytopetalum tieghemii Dichostemma sp. Paramacrolobium coeruleum Brachystegia leonensis Brachystegia spiciformis 3. 4. Leucas calostachys 11 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate VI. 1–4 Illigera rhodantha, 5–7 Acidanthera brevicollis. –Colp length 2 (Plate XXXVI: 24–26) 4. Polar grain shape triangular (convex) –Polar grain shape circular –Polar grain shape tri–lobate 5. Equatorial grain diameter 15–25 μm (Plate XXXVII: 13–18) Aneulophus africanus 5. 6. 8. Cissampelos mucronata –Equatorial grain diameter 40–50 (Plate XXXIX: 1–5) Petersia africana Premna maxima 6. Wall thickness b2 μm (Plate XXXV: 17–21) –Wall thickness N2 μm 7. 7. Equatorial grain diameter 27–37 μm (Plate XXXVI: 18–23) Tetracera alnifolia Premna resinosa –Equatorial grain diameter 40–50 μm (Plate XXXV: 22–27) Vitex doniana 8. Wall thickness 2 (Plate XXXVI: 12–17) –Wall thickness 3 (Plate XXXV: 11–16) Farsetia stenoptera –Wall thickness 10 (Plate XXXVIII: 13–18) Afzelia bracteata 16. Tricolporate Plates XL–CXIV Key 1. Equatorial grain shape circular –Equatorial grain shape oblate (Plate XL: 1–6) –Equatorial grain shape perprolate (Plate XL: 7–11) –Equatorial grain shape prolate –Equatorial grain shape rectangular (tall) –Equatorial grain shape rhombic (broad) –Equatorial grain shape rhombic (tall) 2. Gerrardina foliosa Thecacoris gymnogyne 3. 4. 5. 6. (continued on next page) 12 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate VII. 1–3 Borassus aethiopum, 4–7 Trichomanes mandiocanum, 8–11 Pycnanthus dinklagei, 12–15 Alternanthera nodiflora, 16–19 Alternanthera repens. –Equatorial grain shape sub-oblate –Equatorial grain shape sub-prolate –Equatorial grain shape undetermined 2. Surface psilate –Surface reticulate –Surface scabrate –Surface striate (Plate XL: 12–17) 3. Surface psilate 7. 8. 87. 11. 12. 13. Vepris uguenensis 27. –Surface reticulate –Surface striate 4. Surface psilate –Surface reticulate –Surface scabrate 5. Surface psilate (Plate XLI: 1–10) –Surface clavate/pilate (Plate XLI: 11–16) –Surface reticulate 28. 37. 9. 10. 40. Alchornea floribunda Ilex mitis 42. 13 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate VIII. 1–6 Piptostigma mayumbense, 7–9 Dichrostachys unijuga, 10–13 Scaphopetalum thonneri, 14–17 Pandanus livingstonianus. –Surface scabrate 6. Surface psilate –Surface striate –Surface reticulate –Surface scabrate (Plate LXXVIII: 4–7) 7. Surface psilate –Surface striate (Plate XLII: 1–7) –Surface reticulate –Surface scabrate (Plate XLII: 8–14) 8. Surface echinate –Surface psilate –Surface reticulate –Surface scabrate 43. 44. 46. 49. Daniella oliveri 53. Crudia bracteata 54. Parinari curatellifolia 60. 62. 65. 80. –Surface striate 9. Pore shape circular (Plate XLIII: 1–6) –Pore shape elliptic (broad) (Plate XLIII: 7–9) –Pore shape lalongate (Plate XLIII: 10–16) –Pore shape lolongate (Plate XLIV: 1–14) 10. Pore shape circular –Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate XLV: 1–6) 11. Pore shape circular –Pore shape elliptic (broad) (Plate XLV: 7–12) 12. Pore shape circular (Plate XLV: 13–18) –Pore shape circular with annulus –Pore shape concave –Pore shape lalongate (Plate XLVI: 1–8) 85. Diospyros mespiliformis Lotus chazaliei Canarium schweinfurthii Heliotropium sp. ×2 39. Balanites glaber 14. Centroplacus glaucinus Indigofera leptoclada 15. 16. Millettia psilopetala (continued on next page) 14 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate IX. 1–4 Xyris welwitschii, 5–8 Xyris aristata, 9–11 Xyris montana. 15 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate X. 1–4 Peperomia sp., 5–7 Nephrolepis exaltata, 8–10 Nephrolepis biserrata, 11–12 Lonchitis currori, 13–16 Nymphaea lotus. –Pore shape rectangular (broad) –Pore shape lolongate –Pore shape rhombic (tall) (Plate XLVI: 9–16) –Pore shape squared –Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate XLVII: 1–6) –Pore shape irregular (Plate XLVII: 7–12) 18. 21. Argomuellera macrophylla 23. Balanites aegyptiacus Martretia quadricornis –Pore shape undetermined (Plate XLVIII: 1–3) 13. Pore shape circular –Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate XLVIII: 4–9) –Pore shape lalongate (Plate XLVIII: 10–15) –Pore shape lolongate (Plate XLVIII: 16–22) Cliffortia nitidula 26. Parinari holstii Macaranga schweinfurt Prunus africana Alchornea cordifolia (continued on next page) 16 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XI. 1–4 Nymphaea caerulea, 5–7 Uvaria kirkii, 8–10 Tiliacora funifera, 11–14 Scaphopetalum letestui. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XII. 1–3 Psychotria goetzei, 4–6 Croton gratissimus, 7–10 Croton macrostachyus. 17 18 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XIII. 1–2 Dicranolepis usambarica, 3–4 Tribulus terrestris, 5–7 Morinda citrifolia, 8–10 Barteria acuminata. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XIV. 1–3 Iodes kamerunensis, 4–7 Illigera appendiculata, 8–11 Lemna gibba. 19 20 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XV. 1–4 Pandanus kirkii, 5–6 Tylophora sylvatica. 21 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XVI. 1–3 Artabotrys likimensis, 4–6 Dichrostachys cinerea, 7–10 Dichrostachys glomerata. 14. Pore morphology with an operculum (Plate XLIX: 1–8) –Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate XLIX: 9–12) 15. Pore morphology thickened pore (Plate XLIX: 14–18) –Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate L: 1–7) 16. Pore morphology thickened pore (Plate L: 8–16) –Pore morphology sunken pore –Pore morphology slightly extruded (Plate LI: 1–5) –Pore morphology extruded (Plate LI: 6–12) 17. Pore position mid-wall (Plate LII: 1–8) –Pore position corner (Plate LII: 9–15) 18. Pore morphology thickened pore –Pore morphology sunken pore 19. Colpus length full (Plate LIII: 1–6) –Colpus length N2/3 (Plate LIII: 7–12) 20. Polar grain shape circular (Plate LIII: 13–18) –Polar grain shape triangular (convex) (Plate LIV: 1–8) 21. Wall thickness even –Wall thinner on pole (Plate LIV: 9–16) 22. Polar grain shape tri-lobate (Plate LV: 1–7) –Polar grain shape circular (Plate LV: 8–15) 23. Visible collumnae –Invisible collumnae (Plate LVI: 1–3) 24. Polar grain shape tri-lobate (Plate LVI: 4–8) Medusandra richardsiana Commiphora campestris Commiphora scheffleri Erythrococca bongensis 17. Amanoa strobilacea Discoglypremna caloneura Entada abyssinica Baphia massaiensis 19. 20. Mallotus wrayi Fagara macrophylla Olea hochstetteri Ixora aneimenodesma 22. Anthostema aubryanum Agelaea heterophylla Adenia nicobarica 24. Salacia kraussii Maytenus senegalensis –Polar grain shape triangular (convex) 25. Equatorial grain diameter 17–25 μm (Plate LVI: 9–14) –Equatorial grain diameter 25–35 μm (Plate LVII: 1–8) 26. Pore morphology extruded (Plate LVII: 9–14) –Pore morphology slightly extruded (Plate LVIII: 1–8) 27. Pore shape lalongate (Plate LVIII: 9–13) –Pore shape rhombic (broad) (Plate LVIII: 14–20) 28. Colpus length full –Colpus length N2/3 29. Pore shape circular –Pore shape concave –Pore shape elliptic (tall) –Pore shape lalongate –Pore shape rhombic (broad) (Plate LIX: 1–6) –Pore shape squared (Plate LIX: 7–13) –Pore shape undetermined 30. Equatorial grain diameter 18–22 μm (Plate LX: 1–6) –Equatorial grain diameter 45–55 μm (Plate LX: 7–9) 31. Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate LXI: 1–6) –Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate LX: 10–17) 32. Pore morphology plain (Plate LXI: 7–13) –Pore morphology slightly extruded (Plate LXII: 1–7) 33. Pore morphology plain (Plate LXII: 8–13) –Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate LXIII: 1–5) 25. Hippocratea affinis Hippocratea africana Grandidiera boivinii Cynometra alexandri Calantica jalbertii Blighia wildemaniana 29. 35. 30. 31. 32. 33. Corchorus fascicularis Strephonema pseudocola 34. Crossopteryx febrifuga Cissus petiolata Ritchiea capparoides Spondianthus preussii Blighia unijugata Cissus quadrangularis Grewia bicolor Vepris humbertii (continued on next page) 22 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XVII. 1–2 Guaduella oblonga, 3–5 Typha australis, 6–8 Typha angustifolia, 9–11 Typha capensis. 34. Pore morphology plain (Plate LXIII: 6–11) –Pore morphology slightly extruded (Plate LXIV: 1–6) 35. Pore shape circular (Plate LXIV: 7–11) –Pore shape concave Rubus scheffleri Drypetes gerrardii Flacourtia indica 36. –Pore shape elliptic (broad) (Plate LXIV: 12–17) –Pore shape irregular (Plate LXV: 1–6) –Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate LXV: 7–15) –Pore shape rhombic (tall) (Plate LXV: 16–21) Avicennia nitida Dasylepis assinensis Hannoa sp. (×2) Ormocarpum kirkii (continued on next page) W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 23 Plate XVIII. 1–2 Raphia ruffia, 3–6 Raphia farinifera, 6–8 Phoenix reclinata, 9–11 Elaeis guineensis, 12–14 Ancistrophyllum secundiflorum, 15–16 Ancistrophyllum laurentii, 17–18 Calamus erectus, 19–21 Calamus gracilis. 24 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XIX. 1–3 Eremospatha sp., 4–5 Borassus machadonis, 6–8 Borassus aethiopum, 9–10 Hyphaene natalensis, 11–13 Hyphaene ventricosa. 36. Pore morphology thickened (Plate LXVI: 1–7) –Pore morphology extruded (Plate LXVI: 8–14) 37. Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate LXVI: 15–20, LXVII: 1–4) –Pore shape lolongate 38. Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate LXVII: 5–9) –Pore morphology plain (Plate LXVIII: 1–5) 39. Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate LXVIII: 6–12) –Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate LXIX: 1–7) 40. Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate LXIX: 8–13) –Pore shape lolongate (Plate LXIX: 14–19) –Pore shape rectangular (broad) 41. Colpus length 2/3 (Plate LXX: 1–7) –Colpus length 1/3 (Plate LXX: 8–13) Maesobotrya hirtella Cassipourea flanaganii Lannea sp. (×2) 38. Isoberlinia angolensis Isoberlinia doka Scytopetalum tieghemii Euphorbia hypericifolia Pterocarpus abyssinicus Pterocarpus lucens 41. Dodonaea viscosa Tabernaemontana ventricosa 42. Pore shape circular (Plate LXXI: 1–6) Sterculia tragacantha –Pore shape concave (Plate LXXI: 7–12) Prosopis africana –Pore shape lalongate (Plate LXXII: 1–8) Hagenia abyssinica –Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate LXXII: 9–16) Monotes kerstingii Copaifera gorskiana 43. Visible collumnae (Plate LXXIII: 1–6) –Invisible collumnae (Plate LXXIII: 7–12) Pygeum africanum Acridocarpus macrocalyx 44. Pore shape concave (Plate LXXIII: 13–18) –Pore shape lolongate 45. 45. Wall thickness even (Plate LXXIV: 1–7) Guibourtia arnoldiana Griffonia simplicifolia –Wall thicker on pole (Plate LXXIV: 8–14) 46. Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate LXXV: 1–6) Lannea humilis –Pore morphology sunken pore 47. –Pore morphology plain 48. 47. Colpus length full (Plate LXXV: 7–12) Sclerocarya birrea Spondias mombin –Colpus length N2/3 (Plate LXXVI: 1–6) Berlinia bifoliolata 48. Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate LXXVII: 1–6) –Pore shape rhombic (broad) (Plate LXXVII: 7–12) Teclea villosa 49. Pore shape circular 50. –Pore shape elliptic (broad) 51. –Pore shape rhombic (broad) 52. –Pore shape zonorate (Plate LXXVIII: 1–3) Corchorus trilocularis 50. Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate LXXIX: 1–6) –Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate LXXX: 1–6) 51. Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate LXXX: 7–12) –Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate LXXXI: 1–7) 52. Pore morphology plain (Plate LXXXI: 8–12) –Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate LXXXII: 1–7) 53. Pore morphology plain (Plate XXII: 7–10) –Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate LXXXII: 8–13) –Pore morphology extruded (Plate LXXXII: 14–17) 54. Pore shape circular –Pore shape elliptic (broad) –Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate LXXXII: 18–23) –Pore shape irregular –Pore shape lalongate (Plate LXXXIII: 1–7) –Pore shape squared (Plate LXXXIII: 8–13) –Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate LXXXIV: 1–3) 55. Pore morphology extruded (Plate LXXIX: 7–10) –Pore morphology thinning sexine –Pore morphology sunken pore 56. Polar grain shape triangular (convex) (Plate LXXXIV: 4–10) –Polar grain shape triangular (straight) (Plate LXXXIV: 11–18) 57. Wall thickness even (Plate LXXXV: 1–8) –Wall thinner on pole (Plate LXXXV: 9–14) 58. Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate LXXXVI: 1–20) –Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate LXXXVII: 1–6) –Pore morphology extruded (Plate LXXXVII: 7–14) 59. Visible collumnae (Plate LXXXVIII: 1–6) –Invisible collumnae (Plate LXXXVIII: 7–13) 60. Pore shape concave (Plate LXXXIX: 1–7) –Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate XC: 1–5) –Pore shape elliptic (tall) 61. Wall thickness even (Plate XCI: 1–7) –Wall thinner on pole (Plate XCI: 8–13) Aubrevillea platycarpa Caloncoba angolensis Avicennia officinalis Culcasia dinklagei Hildegardia barteri Zizyphus mauritiana Syzygium guineense Dialium guianense Irvingia smithii 55. 58. Mitragyna inermis 59. Tetrorchidium didymostemon Gaertnera paniculata Uapaca bojeri Cardiospermum corindum 56. 57. Pericopsis angolensis Rhynchosia memnonia Piptadenia africana Brachystegia spiciformis Sapindaceae sp. (x3) Sesbania goetzei Ixora brachypoda Rhynchosia sp. Prosopis alpataco Centaurea perrottetii Centaurea dimorpha 61. Artemisia judaica Artemisia sp. (continued on next page) W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XX. 1–3 Nymphaea caerulea, 4–6 Nymphaea lotus, 7–9 Chlorophytum floribundum, 10–11 Asparagus falcatus, 12–13 Dracaena camerooniana. 25 26 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XXI. 1–3 Dracaena reflexa, 4–6 Acidanthera brevicollis, 7–9 Aneilema johnstonii, 10–12 Commelina africana, 13–15 Crinum powellii, 16–18 Crinum pauciflorum. 27 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XXII. 1–3 Eugenia michoacanensis, 4–6 Myrica sp., 7–10 Syzygium guineense. 62. Pore shape circular –Pore shape circular with annulus (Plate XCI: 14–19) –Pore shape concave –Pore shape elliptic (broad) –Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate XCII: 1–5) –Pore shape rectangular (tall) (Plate XCII: 6–13) –Pore shape rhombic (broad) (Plate XCII: 14–19) 63. Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate XCIII: 1–7) –Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate XCIII: 8–13) 64. Colpus length 2/3 (Plate XCIII: 14–16) –Colpus length1/2 (Plate XCIV: 1–3) 65. Pore shape circular –Pore shape concave –Pore shape elliptic (broad) –Pore shape elliptic (tall) –Pore shape irregular –Pore shape lalongate –Pore shape lolongate –Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate XCIV: 4–10) –Pore shape rectangular (tall) (Plate XCV: 1–6) –Pore shape rhombic (broad) (Plate XCVI: 1–7) –Pore shape undetermined (Plate XCVI: 8–15) 66. Pore morphology sunken pore –Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate XCVII: 1–6) 67. Pore position mid-wall (Plate XCVII: 7–13) –Pore position corner 68. Equatorial grain diameter 27–33 μm (Plate XCVII: 14–17) –Equatorial grain diameter 50–60 μm (Plate XCVIII: 1–7) 69. Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate XCVIII: 8–14) –Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate XCIX: 1–7) –Pore morphology slightly extruded (Plate XCIX: 8–13) 70. Pore morphology sunken pore –Pore morphology extruded (Plate C: 1–8) –Pore morphology slightly extruded (Plate C: 9–15) 71. Equatorial grain diameter 25–30 μm (Plate C: 16–23) –Equatorial grain diameter 30–40 μm (Plate CI: 1–6) 72. Pore morphology thickened (Plate CI: 7–12) –Pore morphology extruded (Plate CII: 1–8) –Pore morphology slightly extruded (Plate CII: 9–14) –Pore morphology plain 90. Tabernaemontana retusa 63. 64. Lophira alata Trichodesma africanum Diospyros austroafricana Diospyros abyssinica Afrolicania elaeosperma Casearia engleri Neolemonniera clitandrifolia 66. 69. 70. 72. 75. 77. 79. Elaeodendron buchananii Euphorbia engleri Rhizophora mangle Euphorbia cussonioides 67. Rhektophyllum congense Securinega virosa 68. Detarium senegalense Cola nitida Rhizophora mucronata Ritchiea fragariodora Millettia oblata 71. Cassine parvifolia Nauclea esculenta Maesobotrya barteri Cola millenii Cola gigantea Bridelia micrantha Euphorbia grandicornis 73. 73. Pore position mid-wall (Plate CIII: 1–7) –Pore position corner 74. Extine type tectate (Plate CIII: 8–14) –Extine type semitectate (Plate CIV: 1–7) 75. Pore morphology sunken pore –Pore morphology thickened (Plate CIV: 8–13) 76. Polar grain shape circular (Plate CV: 1–6) –Polar grain shape triangular (convex) (Plate CV: 7–14) 77. Pore position corner (Plate CV: 15–20) –Pore position mid-wall 78. Pore size ~8 μm (Plate CVI: 1–6) –Pore size ~2 μm (Plate CVI: 7–12) 79. Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate CVI: 13–20) –Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate CVII: 1–8) –Pore morphology plain (Plate CVII: 9–15) 80. Pore shape concave (Plate CVII: 16–23) –Pore shape elliptic (broad) –Pore shape irregular (Plate CVIII: 1–7) –Pore shape lalongate –Pore shape lolongate –Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate CVIII: 8–12) Anthostema senegalense 74. Ormocarpum sennoides Salacia pyriformis 76. Grewia glandulosa Lotus arabicus Uapaca heudelotii Vepris gossweileri 78. Zanthoxylum procerum Odyendea gabunenesis Convolvulus trabutianus Millettia tanaensis Oncoba dentata Detarium le-testui 81. Kiggelaria africana 83. 84. Sarcophrynium brachystachyum 81. Pore morphology extruded 82. –Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate CVIII: 13–20) Cassia longiracemosa 82. Wall thickness ~3 μm (Plate CIX: 1–7) Tephrosia nana Tephrosia elata –Wall thickness ~1 μm (Plate CIX: 8–14) Dissomeria crenata 83. Pore morphology plain (Plate CIX: 15–19) –Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate CX: 1–8) Homalium buchholzii Cassia burttii 84. Colpi width ~15 μm (Plate CX: 9–14) –Colpi width ~ 35 μm (Plate CX: 15–20) Copaifera carrissoana 85. Pore shape circular 86. Vepris eugeniifolia –Pore shape lalongate (Plate CXI: 1–7) –Pore shape lolongate (Plate CXII: 1–6) Hymenostegia afzelii 86. Equatorial grain diameter 27–33 μm (Plate CXI: 8–15) Cynometra pedicellata –Equatorial grain diameter 35–50 μm (Plate CXI: 16–20) Aphloia theiformis 87. Pore morphology plain 88. –Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate CXII: 7–9) Placodiscus amaniensis –Pore morphology thickened 89. Nauclea diderrichii 88. Polar grain shape triangular (convex) (Plate CXII: 10–12) –Polar grain shape tri-lobate (Plate CXIII: 1–3) Microdesmis sp. 89. Visible collumnae (Plate CXIII: 6–7) Rinorea oblongifolia (continued on next page) 28 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XXIII. 1–4 Musanga smithii, 5–9 Musanga leo-errerae, 10–15 Chlorophora excelsa, 16–17 Antiaris toxicaria, 18–19 Ficus ingens. –Invisible collumnae (Plate CXIII: 4–5) 90. Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate CXIII: 8–15) –Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate CXIV: 1–6) Rinorea welwitschii Pericopsis laxiflora Baphia obovata Key Funtumia latifolia (Plate CXV: 1–3) 18. Stephanocolpate 17. Stephanoporate Plate CXV Plates CXVI–CXX Key 29 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XXIV. 1–5 Iodes ovalis, 6–9 Baissea multiflora, 10–12 Motandra guineensis, 13–19 Trema orientalis, 20–22 Trema guinensis. 1. Full length of grain –2/3 the full length of grain 2. 3. –½ the full length of grain –b1/3 the full length of grain (Plate CXVI: 1–7) –Colpi length undetermined 4. Borreria densiflora Borreria ruelliae (continued on next page) 30 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 20. Heterocolporate Plate CXXIII Key 1. Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate CXXIII: 1–6) –Pore shape elliptic (broad) (Plate CXXIII: 7–12) –Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate CXXIII: 13–17) –Pore shape concave –Pore shape squared (Plate CXXIII: 18–23) 2. Pore morphology extruded (Plate CXXIII: 24–29) –Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate CXXIII: 30–35) Combretum aculeatum Terminalia brownii Combretum gueinzii 2. Terminalia aemula Guiera senegalensis Pteleopsis diptera 21. Periporate Plates CXXIV–CXXIX Key 1. Pore shape irregular –Pore shape circular –Pore shape circular with annulus –Pore shape elliptic broad (Plate CXXIV: 1–4) 2. Surface pattern reticulate –Surface pattern scabrate (Plate CXXIV: 5–8) –Surface pattern verrucate (Plate CXXV: 1–3) –Surface pattern psilate (Plate CXXV: 4–6) 3. Pore section plain (Plate CXXIV: 9–14) –Pore section thinning sexine (Plate CXXIV: 15–18) 4. Surface pattern reticulate –Surface pattern echinate 5. Equatorial grain diameter 27–33 μm (Plate CXXIV: 19–22) –Equatorial grain diameter 36–44 μm (Plate CXXVI: 1–3) –Equatorial grain diameter 90–110 μm (Plate CXXVI: 4–7) 6. Equatorial grain diameter 20–30 μm (Plate CXXVII: 1–4) –Equatorial grain diameter 60–80 μm (Plate CXXVII: 5–8) –Equatorial grain diameter 80–120 μm 7. Wall thickness 5 μm (Plate CXXVIII: 5–6) –Wall thickness 12 μm (Plate CXXIX: 1–2) 8. Equatorial grain diameter 35–45 μm (Plate CXXVIII: 1–4) –Equatorial grain diameter 45–55 μm (Plate CXXIX: 3–6) 2. 4. 8. Plantago lanceolata 3. Celosia stuhlmanniana Calystegia sepium Costus spectabilis Celosia sp. (×2) Drymaria cordata 5. 6. Plantago major Plantago palmata Dicranolepis oligantha Bosqueia manongarivensis Ipomoea donaldsonii 7. Hewittia sublobata Ipomoea ochracea Lynchnis sp. Cerastium indicum Acknowledgements Collection and collation of the pollen images, development of the keys and preparation of this manuscript was funded by awards from the Royal Society (International Travel grant, #TG090002, WDG and DAL) and the Natural Environments Research Council (New Investigator Award, #NE/ G000824/1, WDG; and studentship #NE/H525054/1, CSM). Plate XXV. 1–2 Morinda citrifolia. Appendix. Supplementary data (Plate CXVI: 8–9, Plate CXVI: 10–11) Sesamum indicum 2. Equatorial grain shape subprolate (Plate CXVIII: 1–4) –Equatorial grain shape rectangular (broad) (Plate CXVIII: 1–6) 3. Equatorial grain shape circular (Plate CXIX: 1–5) –Equatorial grain shape suboblate (Plate CXIX: 6–9) Afzelia quanzensis Diodia scandens Mitracarpus hirtus Sesamum angustifolium Diodia aulacosperma Mitracarpus verticillatus 4. Surface baculate (Plate CXX: 1–6) –Surface reticulate (Plate CXX: 7–14) 19. Stephanocolporate Plates CXXI–CXXII Key 1. Polar grain shape elliptic (Plate CXXI: 1–7) –Polar grain shape circular (Plate CXXII: 1–7) Atroxima afzeliana Securidaca longepedunculata Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the online version at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2013.01.003. References Beug, H.-J., 2004. Leitfaden der Pollenbestimmung für Mitteleuropa und angrenzende Gebiete. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. Bonnefille, R., 1971a. Atlas des pollens d'Ethiopie. Adansonia 11, 463–518. Bonnefille, R., 1971b. Atlas des pollens d'Ethiopie principales especes des forests de montagne. Pollen Spores 13, 15–72. Brown, A.G., 1999. Biodiversity and Pollen analysis: modern pollen studies and the recent history of a floodplain woodland in S. W. Ireland. J. Biogeogr. 26, 19–32. Brugam, R.B., 1978. Pollen indicators of land-use change in southern Connecticut. Quat. Res. 9, 349–362. Bush, M.B., Weng, C., 2007. Introducing a new (freeware) tool for palynology. J. Biogeogr. 34, 377–380. Colinvaux, P.A., De Oliveira, P.E., Moreno, J.E., 1999. Amazon Pollen Manual and Atlas. Harwood Academic Press, New York. Crane, P.R., Friis, E.M., Pedersen, K.R., 1995. The origin and early diversification of angiosperms. Nature 374, 27–33. Davis, M.B., Shaw, R.G., 2001. Range shifts and adaptive responses to quaternary climate change. Science 292, 673–679. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XXVI. 1–6 Justicia cordata, 7–11 Justicia flava. 31 32 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XXVII. 1–7 Allophylus africanus, 8–11 Iodes ovalis, 12–14 Piliostigma reticulatum. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 33 Plate XXVIII. 1–3 Bombax brevicuspe, 4–6 Sesuvium sessile, 7–9 Coula edulis, 10–12 Baissea multiflora, 13–15 Sabicea floribunda, 16–18 Heisteria parvifolia, 19–21 Protea susannae, 22–24 Bombax buonopozense. 34 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XXIX. 1–6 Plectronia vulgaris, 7–9 Ceiba pentandra, 10–15 Lasianthus africanus, 16–18 Kirkia acuminata. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XXX. 1–7 Vigna fischeri, 8–10 Cardiospermum grandiflorum, 11–14 Triplochiton scleroxylon, 15–18 Nesogordonia fertilis, 19–21 Entada umbonata. 35 36 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XXXI. 1–6 Nesogordinia parvifolia, 7–12 Dichapetalum mossambicense, 13–15 Vigna luteola, 16–17 Psychotria fractinervata. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XXXII. 1–3 Paullinia pinnata, 4–6 Entada pursaetha, 7–13 Protea trichanthera, 14–19 Leptaulus daphnoides. 37 38 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XXXIII. 1–4 Celtis zenkeri, 5–7 Celtis mildbraedii, 8–13 Anthocleista grandiflora, 14–17 Hymenocardia acida. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XXXIV. 1–3 Dichapetalum stuhlmannii, 4–7 Turraeanthus africana, 8–9 Striga forbesii, 10–14 Celtis integrifolia. 39 40 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XXXV. 1–5 Gunnera chilensis, 6–10 Napoleona imperialis, 11–16 Farsetia stenoptera, 17–21 Premna maxima, 22–27 Premna resinosa. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XXXVI. 1–5 Leucas calostachys, 6–11 Vitex amboniensis, 12–17 Vitex doniana, 18–23 Tetracera alnifolia, 24–26 Aneulophus africanus. 41 42 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XXXVII. 1–6 Scytopetalum tieghemii, 7–12 Dichostemma sp., 13–18 Cissampelos mucronata. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XXXVIII. 1–6 Brachystegia spiciformis, 7–12 Brachystegia leonensis, 13–18 Afzelia bracteata, 19–20 Paramacrolobium coeruleum. 43 44 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XXXIX. 1–5 Petersia africana, 6–11 Berlinia grandiflora. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XL. 1–6 Gerrardina foliosa, 7–11 Thecacoris gymnogyne, 12–17 Vepris uguenensis. 45 46 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XLI. 1–10 Alchornea floribunda, 11–16 Ilex mitis. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XLII. 1–7 Crudia bracteata, 8–14 Parinari curatellifolia. 47 48 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XLIII. 1–6 Diospyros mespiliformis, 7–9 Lotus chazaliei, 10–16 Canarium schweinfurthii. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XLIV. 1–6 Heliotropium bacciferum, 7–14 Heliotropium subulatum. 49 50 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XLV. 1–6 Balanites glaber, 7–12 Centroplacus glaucinus, 13–18 Indigofera leptoclada. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XLVI. 1–8 Millettia psilopetala, 9–16 Argomuellera macrophylla. 51 52 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XLVII. 1–6 Balanites aegyptiacus, 7–12 Martretia quadricornis. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XLVIII. 1–3 Cliffortia nitidula, 4–9 Parinari holstii, 10–15 Macaranga schweinfurt, 16–22 Prunus africana. 53 54 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XLIX. 1–8 Alchornea cordifolia, 9–12 Medusandra richardsiana, 14–18 Commiphora campestris. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate L. 1–7 Commiphora scheffleri, 8–16 Erythrococca bongensis. 55 56 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LI. 1–5 Amanoa strobilacea, 6–12 Discoglypremna caloneura. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LII. 1–8 Entada abyssinica, 9–15 Baphia massaiensis. 57 58 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LIII. 1–6 Mallotus wrayi, 7–12 Fagara macrophylla, 13–18 Olea hochstetteri. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LIV. 1–8 Ixora aneimenodesma, 9–16 Anthostema aubryanum. 59 60 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LV. 1–7 Agelaea heterophylla, 8–15 Adenia nicobarica. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LVI. 1–3 Salacia kraussii, 4–8 Maytenus senegalensis, 9–14 Hippocratea affinis. 61 62 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LVII. 1–8 Hippocratea africana, 9–14 Grandidiera boivinii. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LVIII. 1–8 Cynometra alexandri, 9–13 Calantica jalbertii, 14–20 Blighia wildemaniana. 63 64 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LIX. 1–6 Corchorus fascicularis, 7–13 Strephonema pseudocola. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LX. 1–6 Crossopteryx febrifuga, 7–9 Cissus petiolata, 10–17 Spondianthus preussii. 65 66 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXI. 1–6 Ritchiea capparoides, 7–13 Blighia unijugata. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXII. 1–7 Cissus quadrangularis, 8–13 Grewia bicolor. 67 68 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXIII. 1–5 Vepris humbertii, 6–11 Rubus scheffleri. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXIV. 1–6 Drypetes gerrardii, 7–11 Flacourtia indica, 12–17 Avicennia nitida. 69 70 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXV. 1–6 Dasylepis assinensis., 7–9 Hannoa klaineana, 10–15 Hannoa undulata, 16–21 Ormocarpum kirkii. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXVI. 1–7 Maesobotrya hirtella, 8–14 Cassipourea flanaganii, 15–20 Lannea stuhlmannii. 71 72 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXVII. 1–4 Lannea triphylla, 5–9 Isoberlinia angolensis. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXVIII. 1–5 Isoberlinia doka, 6–12 Scytopetalum tieghemii. 73 74 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXIX. 1–7 Euphorbia hypericifolia, 8–13 Pterocarpus abyssinicus, 14–19 Pterocarpus lucens. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXX. 1–7 Dodonaea viscosa, 8–13 Tabernaemontana ventricosa. 75 76 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXI. 1–6 Sterculia tragacantha, 7–12 Prosopis africana. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXII. 1–8 Hagenia abyssinica, 9–16 Monotes kerstingii. 77 78 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXIII. 1–6 Copaifera gorskiana, 7–12 Pygeum africanum, 13–18 Acridocarpus macrocalyx. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXIV. 1–7 Guibourtia arnoldiana, 8–14 Griffonia simplicifolia. 79 80 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXV. 1–6 Lannea humilis, 7–12 Sclerocarya birrea. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXVI. 1–6 Spondias mombin. 81 82 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXVII. 1–6 Berlinia bifoliolata, 7–12 Teclea villosa. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXVIII. 1–3 Corchorus trilocularis, 4–7 Daniella oliveri. 83 84 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXIX. 1–6 Aubrevillea platycarpa, 7–10 Cardiospermum corindum. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXX. 1–6 Caloncoba angolensis, 7–12 Avicennia officinalis. 85 86 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXXI. 1–7 Culcasia dinklagei, 8–12 Hildegardia barteri. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXXII. 1–7 Zizyphus mauritiana, 8–13 Dialium guianense, 14–17 Irvingia smithii, 18–23 Mitragyna inermis. 87 88 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXXIII. 1–7 Tetrorchidium didymostemon, 8–13 Gaertnera paniculata. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXXIV. 1–3 Uapaca bojeri, 4–10 Pericopsis angolensis, 11–18 Rhynchosia memnonia. 89 90 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXXV. 1–8 Piptadenia africana, 9–14 Brachystegia spiciformis. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXXVI. 1–8 Lecaniodiscus cupanioides, 9–15 Chytranthus obliquinervis, 16–20 Chytranthus sacleuxii. 91 92 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXXVII. 1–6 Sesbania goetzei, 7–14 Ixora brachypoda. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXXVIII. 1–6 Rhynchosia sp., 7–13 Prosopis alpataco. 93 94 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate LXXXIX. 1–7 Centaurea perrottetii. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XC. 1–5 Centaurea dimorpha. 95 96 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XCI. 1–7 Artemisia judaica, 8–13 Artemisia sp., 14–19 Tabernaemontana retusa. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XCII. 1–5 Lophira alata, 6–13 Trichodesma africanum, 14–19 Diospyros austroafricana. 97 98 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XCIII. 1–7 Diospyros abyssinica, 8–13 Afrolicania elaeosperma, 14–16 Casearia engleri. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XCIV. 1–3 Neolemonniera clitandrifolia, 4–10 Elaeodendron buchananii. 99 100 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XCV. 1–6 Euphorbia engleri. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XCVI. 1–7 Rhizophora mangle, 8–15 Euphorbia cussonioides. 101 102 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XCVII. 1–6 Rhektophyllum congense, 7–13 Securinega virosa, 14–17 Detarium senegalense. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XCVIII. 1–7 Cola nitida, 8–14 Rhizophora mucronata. 103 104 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate XCIX. 1–7 Ritchiea fragariodora, 8–13 Millettia oblata. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate C. 1–8 Cassine parvifolia, 9–15 Nauclea esculenta, 16–23 Maesobotrya barteri. 105 106 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CI. 1–6 Cola millenii, 7–12 Cola gigantea. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CII. 1–8 Bridelia micrantha, 9–14 Euphorbia grandicornis. 107 108 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CIII. 1–7 Anthostema senegalense, 8–14 Ormocarpum sennoides. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CIV. 1–7 Salacia pyriformis, 8–13 Grewia glandulosa. 109 110 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CV. 1–6 Lotus arabicus, 7–14 Uapaca heudelotii, 15–20 Vepris gossweileri. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CVI. 1–6 Zanthoxylum procerum, 7–12 Odyendea gabunenesis, 13–22 Convolvulus trabutianus. 111 112 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CVII. 1–8 Millettia tanaensis, 9–15 Oncoba dentata, 16–23 Detarium le-testui. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CVIII. 1–7 Kiggelaria africana, 8–12 Sarcophrynium brachystachyum, 13–21 Cassia longiracemosa. 113 114 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CIX. 1–7 Tephrosia nana, 8–14 Tephrosia elata, 17–21 Dissomeria crenata. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CX. 1–8 Homalium buchholzii, 9–14 Cassia burttii, 15–20 Copaifera carrissoana. 115 116 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXI. 1–7 Vepris eugeniifolia, 8–16 Cynometra pedicellata, 16–20 Aphloia theiformis. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXII. 1–6 Hymenostegia afzelii, 7–9 Placodiscus amaniensis, 10–12 Nauclea diderrichii. 117 118 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXIII. 1–3 Microdesmis sp., 4–5 Rinorea welwitschii, 6–7 Rinorea oblongifolia, 8–15 Pericopsis laxiflora. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXIV. 1–6 Baphia obovata. 119 120 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXV. 1–3 Funtumia latifolia. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXVI. 1–7 Borreria densiflora, 8–9 Borreria ruelliae, 10–11 Sesamum indicum. 121 122 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXVII. 1–4 Afzelia quanzensis. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXVIII. 1–6 Diodia scandens. 123 124 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXIX. 1–5 Mitracarpus hirtus, 6–9 Sesamum angustifolium. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXX. 1–6 Diodia aulacosperma, 7–14 Mitracarpus verticillatus. 125 126 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXXI. 1–7 Atroxima afzeliana. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXXII. 1–7 Securidaca longepedunculata. 127 128 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXXIII. 1–6 Combretum aculeatum, 7–12 Terminalia brownii, 13–17 Combretum gueinzii, 18–23 Terminalia aemula, 24–29 Guiera senegalensis, 30–35 Pteleopsis diptera. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXXIV. 1–4 Plantago lanceolata, 5–8 Celosia stuhlmanniana, 9–11 Celosia patentiloba, 12–14 Celosia trigyna, 15–18 Drymaria cordata, 19–22 Plantago major. 129 130 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXXV. 1–3 Calystegia sepium, 4–6 Costus spectabilis. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXXVI. 1–3 Plantago palmata, 4–7 Dicranolepis oligantha. 131 132 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXXVII. 1–4 Bosqueia manongarivensis, 5–8 Ipomoea donaldsonii. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXXVIII. 1–4 Lychnis sp., 5–6 Hewittia sublobata. 133 134 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Plate CXXIX. 1–2 Ipomoea ochracea, 3–6 Cerastium indicum. W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 Dupont, L.M., Jahns, S., Marret, F., Ning, S., 2000. Vegetation change in equatorial West Africa: time-slices for the last 150 ka. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 155, 95–122. El Ghazali, G.E.B., 1993. A study on the pollen flora of Sudan. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 76, 99–345. Elenga, H., Schwartz, D., Vincens, A., 1994. Pollen evidence of late Quaternary vegetation and inferred climate changes in Congo. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 109, 345–356. Faegri, K., Iversen, J., 1989. Textbook of Pollen Analysis, 4th ed. Wiley, Chichester. Frédoux, A., 1994. Pollen analysis of a deep-sea core in the Gulf of Guinea: vegetation and climatic changes during the last 225,000 years B.P. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 109, 317–330. Hall, J.B., Swaine, M.D., 1981. Distribution and Ecology of Vascular Plants in a Tropical Rain Forest. Forest Vegetation in Ghana, The Hague, Junk. Jolly, D., Prentice, I.C., Bonnefille, R., Ballouche, A., Bengo, M., Brenac, P., Buchet, G., Burney, D., Cazet, J.P., Cheddadi, R., Edorh, T., Elenga, H., Elmoutaki, S., Guiot, J., Laarif, F., Lamb, H., Lezine, A.M., Maley, J., Mbenza, M., Peyron, O., Reille, M., Reynaud-Farrera, I., Riollet, G., Ritchie, J.C., Roche, E., Scott, L., Ssemmanda, I., Straka, H., Umer, M., Van Campo, E., Vilimumbalo, S., Vincens, A., Waller, M., 1998. Biome reconstruction from pollen and plant macrofossil data for Africa and the Arabian peninsula at 0 and 6000 years. J. Biogeogr. 25, 1007–1027. Leroy, S., Dupont, L., 1994. Development of vegetation and continental aridity in northwestern Africa during the Late Pliocene: the pollen record of ODP site 658. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 109, 295–316. Lezine, A.-M., 2005. African Pollen Database. http://medias.obs-mip.fr/apd/accueil.htm. Lezine, A.M., Vergnaud-Grazzini, C., 1993. Evidence of forest extension in West Africa since 22,000 BP: a pollen record from the eastern tropical Atlantic. Quat. Sci. Rev. 12, 203–210. Maley, J., 1970. Contributions a l'etude du Bassin tchadien Atlas de pollens du Tchad. Bulletin du Jardin botanique national de Belgique, 40, pp. 29–48. Maley, J., Livingstone, D.A., 1983. Extension d'un element montagnard dans le sud du Ghana (Afrique de l'Ouest) au Pleistocene superieur et a l'Holocene inferieur: premieres donnees polliniques. C. R. Soc. Seances Acad. Ser. II 296, 1287–1292. Moore, P.D., Webb, J.A., Collinson, M.E., 1991. Pollen Analysis, 2nd ed. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford. Odgaard, B.V., 1999. Fossil pollen as a record of past biodiversity. J. Biogeogr. 26, 7–17. Overpeck, J.T., Rind, D., Goldberg, R., 1990. Climate-induced changes in forest disturbance and vegetation. Nature 343, 51–53. Piperno, D.R., Flannery, K.V., 2001. The earliest archaeological maize (Zea mays L.) from highland Mexico: new accelerator mass spectrometry dates and their implications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98, 2101–2103. Punt, W., Hoen, P.P., Blackmore, S., Nilsson, S., Le Thomas, A., 2007. Glossary of pollen and spore terminology. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 143, 1–81. 135 QPG, 2008. Cambridge University Palynological Online Database. University of Cambridge, Cambridge. Reille, M., 1998. Pollen et spores d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord (supplement 2). Laboratoire de Botanique Historique et Palynologie, Marseille. Reille, M., 1999. Pollen et Spores d'Europe et d'Afrique du nord, 2nd edition. Laboratoire de Botanique Historique et Palynologie, Marseille. Riollet, G., Bonnefille, R., 1976. Pollen des Amaranthacées du Lac Rodolphe (Afrique orientale). Déterminations générique et spécifique. Pollen Spores 18, 67–92. Roubik, D.W., Moreno, P.J.E., 1991. Pollen and spores of Barro Colorado Island. Monographs in Systematic Botany, 36. Missouri Botanical Garden. Rull, V., 1987. A note on pollen counting in palaeoecology. Pollen Spores XXIX, 471–480. Scott, L., 1982. Late quaternary fossil pollen grains from the Transvaal, South Africa. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 36, 241–278. Sowunmi, M.A., 1973. Pollen grains of Nigerian plants. Grana Palynologica 13, 145–186. Sowunmi, M.A., 1995. Pollen of Nigerian plants. Grana 34, 120–141. Talbot, M.R., Livingstone, D.A., Palmer, P.G., Maley, J., Melack, J.M., Delibrias, G., Gulliksen, S., 1984. Preliminary results from sediment cores from Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana. Palaeoecol. Afr. 16, 173–192. Tarasov, P.E., Webb Iii, T., Andreev, A.A., Afanas'eva, N.B., Berezina, N.A., Bezusko, L.G., Blyakharchuk, T.A., Bolikhovskaya, N.S., Cheddadi, R., Chernavskaya, M.M., Chernova, G.M., Dorofeyuk, N.I., Dirksen, V.G., Elina, G.A., Filimonova, L.V., Glebov, F.Z., Guiot, J., Gunova, V.S., Harrison, S.P., Jolly, D., Khomutova, V.I., Kvavadze, E.V., Osipova, I.M., Panova, N.K., Prentice, I.C., Saarse, L., Sevastyanov, D.V., Volkova, V.S., Zernitskaya, V.P., 1998. Present-day and mid-Holocene biomes reconstructed from pollen and plant macrofossil data from the former Soviet Union and Mongolia. J. Biogeogr. 25, 1029–1053. van Zinderen Bakker, E.M., 1953. South African Pollen Grains and Spores I. A.A. Balkema, Amsterdam/Cape Town. van Zinderen Bakker, E.M., 1956. South African Pollen Grains and Spores II. A.A. Balkema, Amsterdam/Cape Town. van Zinderen Bakker, E.M., Coetzee, J.A., 1959. South African Pollen Grains and Spores III. A.A. Balkema, Amsterdam/Cape Town. von Post, L., 1916. reprinted 1967. Forest tree pollen in south Swedish peat bog deposits. Pollen Spores 9, 375–401 (English translation by M.B. Davis and K. Faegri from original 1916 lecture; Introduction by K. Faegri and J. Iversen). Wikström, N., Savolainen, V., Chase, M.W., 2001. Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 268, 2211–2220. Williams, J.W., Shuman, B.N., Webb Iii, T., Bartlein, P.J., Leduc, P.L., 2004. Late-Quaternary vegetation dynamics in north America: Scaling from taxa to biomes. Ecol. Monogr. 74, 309–334. Ybert, J.P., 1979. Altas des pollens de Côte d'Ivoire. ORSTOM, Paris.

RELATED PAPERS

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

Pollen morphology of alpine butterworts (Pinguicula L., Lentibulariaceae)

2010 •

C. Andreis, Mario Beretta, G. Rodondi

View PDF
A pollen atlas of premontane woody and herbaceous communities from the upland savannas of Guayana, Venezuela

Bibiana A Bilbao, Alejandra Leal, Juan Carlos Berrio

View PDF
A pollen inventory of endemic species from the Azores archipelago, Portugal

Maria Ventura

View PDF
Palynologycal recor of the last 20 million years in Panama

valentina ramirez

View PDF

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

Pollen morphology, ultrastructure and taphonomy of the Neuradaceae with special reference to Neurada procumbens L. and Grielum humifusum E.Mey. ex Harv. et Sond

2010 •

Frank Neumann, Svetlana Polevova, Louis Scott

View PDF
Effects of stepped-combustion on fresh pollen grains: morphoscopic, thermogravimetric, and chemical proxies for the interpretation of archeological charred assemblages. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 259 (2018) 142-158

Lorenzo Castellano

View PDF
PALYNOLOGICAL RECORD OF THE LAST 20 MILLION YEARS IN PANAMA

valentina ramírez valencia

View PDF
The middle Miocene palynofloras of the Salihpaşalar lignite mine (Yatağan Basin, southwest Anatolia): environmental characterisation and comparison with palynofloras from adjacent basins

Johannes Martin Bouchal

View PDF

Review of Palaeobotany and …

Palynological record of the Paleogene Río Leona Formation (southernmost South America): stratigraphical and paleoenvironmental implications

2009 •

Viviana Barreda

View PDF

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

Palynological study of heterostylous species of Melochia L. (Byttinerioideae-Malvaceae) occurring in Bahia, Brazil

2015 •

Marileide Saba

View PDF

Palynology

Palynoflora of the late Paleocene silicified shale at Almont, North Dakota, USA

2011 •

Melanie Devore, Michael Farabee

View PDF

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

Fossil myrtaceous pollen as evidence for the evolutionary history of Myrtaceae: A review of fossil Myrtaceidites species

2012 •

Mike Macphail

View PDF

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

An ultrastructural study of the araucarian pollen grain Cyclusphaera radiata Archangelsky from the Albian of Patagonia

2012 •

Sergio Archangelsky

View PDF
Combined LM and SEM study of the middle Miocene (Sarmatian) palynoflora from the Lavanttal Basin, Austria: part IV. Magnoliophyta 2 – Fagales to Rosales

Guido Grimm, Friðgeir Grímsson, Johannes Martin Bouchal, Barbara Meller

View PDF

Journal of Natural History Museum, Nepal

SEM investigation of pollen taxa in honeys from autochtone Apis cerana in Godavari, Lalitpur District, Nepal

2012 •

Khum N . Paudayal

View PDF
Early angiosperm diversification in the Albian of southeast Australia: implications for flowering plant radiation across eastern Gondwana

Stephen Gallagher, Anne-Marie Tosolini, Vera Korasidis

View PDF

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

Pollen morphology of NW European representatives confirms monophyly of Rubieae (Rubiaceae)

2003 •

E. F Smets, S. Dessein

View PDF
A Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) south polar palynoflora from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand

Chris Mays

View PDF
Pollen morphology and exine ultrastructure of selected species of Waltheria L. (Byttnerioideae-Malvaceae)

Marileide Saba, Francisco de Assis R Santos

View PDF
POLLENDIVERSITY OF ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS OF NIRMAL FOREST DIVISION IN ADILABAD DISTRICT, TELANGANA STATE, INDIA.

prabhakar rathnapur

View PDF
Tertiary Alangium (Alangiaceae) in eastern Australia: evidence from pollen

1996 •

Alan Partridge

View PDF

Grana

Pollen morphology and ultrastructure of Tephrosia Pers. (Leguminosae -Papilionoideae -Millettieae): a taxonomic approach for native and cultivated species in Brazil

2019 •

Cynthia F P Luz, Cynthia Fernandes Pinto da Luz

View PDF
Denk, T., Grímsson, F., Zetter, R. 2012. Fagaceae from the Early Oligocene of Central Europe: persisting New World and emerging Old World biogeographic links. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 169: 7–20.

Thomas Denk, Friðgeir Grímsson

View PDF

innspub.net

Pollen morphology of Convolvulus L. populations in Markazi Province, Iran

2015 •

Mitra Noori, INNSPUB Journals

View PDF
Pollen of Bauhinia L. and Phanera Lour. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) from the Brazilian Caatinga

Francisco de Assis R Santos

View PDF

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

Pollen morphology and taxonomy of the subtribe Diocleinae (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Phaseoleae

1981 •

Tony Kavanagh

View PDF
Aponogeton pollen from the Cretaceous and Paleogene of North America and West Greenland: Implications for the origin and palaeobiogeography of the genus

2014 •

Friðgeir Grímsson

View PDF

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

Comparative ultrastructure of three early cretaceous gymnosperm pollen grains: Araucariacites, Balmeiopsis and Callialasporites

1994 •

Sergio Archangelsky

View PDF
Mid-cretaceous greenhouse environments and floral ecosystems of the south polar region (75-80°s): the tupuangi formation, Chatham Islands, Zealandia

Chris Mays

View PDF

Late Cainozoic Floras of …

Systematic Palaeobotany

2011 •

Friðgeir Grímsson, Thomas Denk

View PDF
Fossil pollen grains of Asteraceae from the Miocene of Patagonia: Barnadesioideae affinity

Luis Palazzesi

View PDF

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

Discriminating fossil evergreen and deciduous Quercus pollen: A case study from the Miocene of eastern China

2007 •

Barbara Mohr

View PDF

Plant Systematics and Evolution

Fagaceae pollen from the early Cenozoic of West Greenland: revisiting Engler’s and Chaney’s Arcto-Tertiary hypotheses

2014 •

Friðgeir Grímsson, Guido Grimm

View PDF

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

Pollen and spore biostratigraphy of the mid-Cretaceous Tupuangi Formation, Chatham Islands, New Zealand

2013 •

Chris Mays

View PDF

Palynology

MIDDLE EOCENE TERRESTRIAL PALYNOMORPHS FROM THE DOLIME MINERALS AND GULF HAMMOCK QUARRIES, FLORIDA, U.S.A

2006 •

David Dilcher

View PDF

Grana

Low taxonomic resolution of papillate Cupressaceae pollen (former Taxodiaceae) impairs their applicability for palaeo-habitat reconstruction View supplementary material

2020 •

Johannes Martin Bouchal

View PDF

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

Angiosperm pollen grains of San Just site (Escucha Formation) from the Albian of the Iberian Range (north-eastern Spain)

2010 •

Javier Ferrer, Denise Pons

View PDF

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

Pollen morphological survey of Pentas (Rubiaceae–Rubioideae) and its closest allies

2000 •

Suzy Huysmans, Elmar Robbrecht

View PDF
Fossil pollen grains of Asteraceae from the Miocene of Patagonia: Nassauviinae affinity

Luis Palazzesi

View PDF
Pliocene reversal of late Neogene aridification

Kale Sniderman, Jon Woodhead, Greg Jordan

View PDF

RELATED TOPICS

EcologyQuaternary GeologyPollen MorphologyPalaeoecologyPollen analysis