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Mucuna pruriens in broiler diets
Ecosist. Recur. Agropec.
6(16):121-127,2019
Mucuna pruriens seeds given in broiler diets on growth performance and carcass yield
Semillas tratada de Mucuna pruriens en dietas para pollos de engorda sobre el comportamiento
productivo y rendimiento en canal
Luis Sarmiento-Franco1 , Francisco López-Sántiz1 , Ronald Santos-Ricalde1∗ , Carlos Sandoval-Castro1
1 Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán,
México.
∗ Corresponding author: rsantos@correo.uady.mx
Scientific note
received: April 27, 2018
accepted: November 07, 2018
ABSTRACT. The effects of Mucuna pruriens (MP) seeds soaked in water (WMP), acetic acid (AAMP) or calcium hydroxide
(CHMP) solution + boiling on both its L-Dopa content and the productive performance of broiler chickens were evaluated.
The experiment included a control without MP (C). The CHMP treatment reduced 71% of L-Dopa in comparison to AAMP
(53%) or WMP (41%). In the starter phase, the AAMP group had the lowest live weight gain (p < 0.05) and the highest feed
conversion ratio than C (p < 0.05). Broilers fed with CHMP and the C did not differ (p > 0.05). In the finisher phase, there
was not statistical difference in any of the variables evaluated (p > 0.05). Differences were not observed in carcass yield (p >
0.05), but the broilers fed with WMP or AAMP had a heavier liver than birds on C group (p < 0.05). Results showed that 25%
of CHMP can be used as ingredient in broiler diets.
Key words: Feed intake, L-Dopa, poultry, velvet bean, weight gain.
RESUMEN. Se evaluó el efecto de remojar semillas de Mucuna pruriens (MP) en soluciones con agua (AMP), ácido acético
(AAMP) o hidróxido de calcio (HCMP) + hervido sobre su contenido de L-Dopa y el rendimiento productivo de pollos de
engorda. El experimento incluyo un control sin MP (C). El tratamiento HCMP disminuyó 71% la L-Dopa comparado con
AAMP (53%) o AMP (41%). En la fase inicial, el grupo AAMP tuvo menos ganancia de peso (p < 0.05) y mayor conversión
alimenticia que el C (p < 0.05). El rendimiento productivo de los pollos alimentados con HCMP y C fueron similares (p >
0.05). En la fase final, el rendimiento productivo fue igual (p > 0.05). El rendimiento de canal fue similar (p > 0.05), pero
los pollos alimentadas con AMP o AAMP presentaron un hígado más pesado que los pollos del grupo C (p < 0.05). Los
resultados indicaron que 25% de HCMP podría incluirse como ingrediente en el alimento para pollos de engorda.
Palabras clave: Aves de corral, L-Dopa, frijol terciopelo, ganancia de peso.
INTRODUCTION
In developing countries, there is a large dependence on grains and oilseeds as the main source
of protein for livestock. The high demand for these
energy and protein sources causes a constant increment of grain prices. This situation has led to the
search for the use of under-utilized tropical legume
seeds in animal feeding. The ecological conditions
prevailing in the tropical regions allow the growth of
a large variety of species with nutritional potential.
Legumes are a good source of crude protein (CP,
DOI: 10.19136/era.a6n16.1815
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Siddhuraju and Becker 2005), amino acids (Mugendi
et al. 2010), and minerals (Arrivalagan et al. 2014).
Mucuna pruriens (L) DC. Var (Wight) Burck called
Velvet bean is originally from tropical Asia (Huisden et al. 2014) and has high CP content, carbohydrates and acceptable levels of fiber for animal
feeding (Safwat et al. 2015). This legume can be an
alternative to animal nutrition. However, it contains
a variety of toxic secondary metabolites such as phytates, trypsin inhibitors, L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
(L-Dopa), cyanogenic glycosides, tannins, oxalates,
saponins and lectins have been identified in M.
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Mucuna pruriens in broiler diets
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6(16):121-127,2019
pruriens (Iyayi et al. 2008), which reduce digestibility
of the diet (Bath and Karin 2009).
The heat labile characteristic of some
antinutritional factors reported for M. pruriens, such as
cyanogenic glycosides (Acamovic and Brooker 2005),
trypsin inhibitors, tannins (Siddhuraju and Becker
2001) and phenols (Preet and Punia 2000), allows
their elimination with thermic treatments (Del Carmen
et al. 1999, Iyayi et al. 2008). L-Dopa in M. pruriens
is not heat labile and solubilization is one way to eliminate it (Josephineand and Janardhanan 1992). Thus,
soaking of this seed with calcium hydroxide (Safwat
et al. 2015), water (Tuleun and Igba 2008) sodium
bicarbonate, citric acid and tamarind extract reduces
this metabolite (Siddhuraju and Becker 2001). Inclusion of 40% of MP in the starter phase and 60% in
finishing phase have been reported as an adequate
percentage for poultry diets (Vadivel et al. 2011). In
the same way, the inclusion of boiled MP is viable
up to 60% resulting in an improvement in productive
performance (Tuleun et al. 2009), however when raw
MP is toxid to birds (Tuleun and Igba 2008). Thus,
although MP contains several secondary metabolites,
some methods have been reported to be effective
to eliminate most L-Dopa and other toxic secondary
metabolites from the seeds, which allows its utilization
in broiler diets without compromising their productive
performance. Therefore, the objective of this study
was to evaluate the effect of soaked Mucuna pruriens
in tap water, acid or alkaline solution + boiling on its
L-Dopa content and on the growth performance of
broilers and carcass yield.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The study was carried out at the poultry production facility of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida,
Yucatan, Mexico. Animals were kept in a poultry
house with an ambient temperature between 22 24 ◦ C (CONAGUA 2016).
Processing methods and experimental diets
The treatments used to eliminate L-Dopa from
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MP seeds were: a) soaked seeds in water; b) soaked
seeds in acetic acid solution (200 ml L−1 ; pH = 3.0)
and c) soaked seeds in calcium hydroxide solution (40
g L−1 , pH = 12.3). Each batch was soaked during 24
h in plastic pots, after the seeds were rinsed with tap
water until the solution residues were eliminated. The
soaked seeds were boiled for 1 h in a metal buckets
in a gas stove, and were rinsed again with water, finally the boiled seeds were dried in an electric oven
for 48 h. Then, seeds were ground in a hammer mill
(Azteca R ) (particle size between one to two mm)
and stored at room temperature (22 - 25 ◦ C) in a
plastic container until diets elaboration. Four diets
were formulated: A) Control without MP (C); B) 25%
inclusion of soaked MP in tap water + boiling (WMP);
C) 25% inclusion of soaked MP in acetic acid solution
+ boiling (AAMP); D) 25% inclusion of soaked MP in
calcium hydroxide solution + boiling (CHMP).
Mucuna pruriens and diets composition
Chemical composition of treated MP seeds
and experimental diets were determined according to
AOAC (2000). The composition of treated MP seeds
are shown in Table 1, and the diets used during starter
and finishing phases are shown in Table 2 and 3. To
determine L-Dopa content the treated MP seeds were
extracted with a solvent mixture made up with acetonitrile, water and formic acid (50:50:1, respectively), the
extracts obtained were analyzed using a Smartline
UV Detector 2500 Knauer HPLC with a Hypersil Gold
HILIC column according to Takashi et al (2011).
Experimental animals
During the experiment, 96 sexed 21 days-old
Hubbard FLEX R chicks were used. The birds were
divided into two blocks with 48 birds each (first block
between August - September and the second block
between September - October). There were 24 replicates per treatment. Similar number of males and females were assigned to each treatment. The animals
were handled individually in metal cages (40 x 40 x
40 cm), when starting the trial the broiler chickens
were identified and weighed. The starter phase was
between week four and five of age and the finishing
phase comprised week six to seven. The animals had
DOI: 10.19136/era.a6n16.1815
ISSN: 2007-9028
E. ISSN: 2007-901X
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Mucuna pruriens in broiler diets
Ecosist. Recur. Agropec.
6(16):121-127,2019
Table 1. Chemical composition (%) of treated Mucuna pruriens seeds.
Treatment
Soacked in Water
Soacked in Acid
Soacked in Alkali
Dry matter
92.01
91.76
92.99
Crude protein
21.54
22.80
22.48
Table 2. Composition (%) and proximal analyses of experimental diets
containing treated Mucuna pruriens seeds during the starter phase.
Ingredient
Control
WMP
Maize
61.0
46.5
Mucuna pruriens seeds
25.0
Soybean meal
34.6
23.4
Calcium carbonate
1.5
1.6
Calcium orthophosphate
1.1
1.3
Vegetable oil
1.2
1.3
Methionine 99%
0.1
0.3
Lysine 99%
0.2
NaCl
0.3
0.3
Minerals premix1
0.1
0.1
Vitamins premix2
0.1
0.1
Total
100.0
100.0
Determined analysis
Dry matter
85.3
89.4
Crude protein
21.4
21.4
Crude fiber
0.9
2.1
Ether extract
1.6
2.4
Ash
6.1
4.7
Calculated analysis
Metabolizable energy
3.0
3.0
Calcium
0.8
0.8
Available phosphorus
0.4
0.4
Sodium
0.1
0.1
Arginine
0.9
1.0
Lysine
1.0
1.0
Methionine
0.5
0.5
Meth+Cys
0.8
0.8
Threonine
0.6
0.6
Tryptophan
0.2
0.2
AAMP
47.7
25.0
22.3
1.6
1.3
1.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.1
100.0
CHMP
47.4
25.0
22.6
1.6
1.3
1.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.1
100.00
89.0
21.4
2.7
3.3
3.5
89.0
21.4
2.4
3.0
4.4
3.0
0.8
0.4
0.1
0.9
1.0
0.5
0.8
0.6
0.2
3.0
0.8
0.4
0.1
0.9
1.0
0.5
0.8
0.6
0.2
1 Minerals premix: manganese, 65 mg; iodine, 1 mg; iron, 55 mg,
copper, 6 mg; zinc, 55 mg; selenium, 0.3 mg. 2 Vitamins premix: vita-
min A, 8,000 UI; vitamin D, 2,500 UI; vitamin E, 8 UI; vitamin K, 2 mg;
vitamin B12, 0.002 mg; riboflavin, 5.5 mg; pantothenate of calcium,
13 mg; niacin, 36 mg; choline, 500 mg; folic acid, 0.5 mg; thiamine, 1
mg; pyridoxine, 2.2 mg; biotin, 0.05 mg. WMP: seeds soaked I water
+ boiling, AAMP: seeds soaked in acid solution + boiling and CHMP:
seeds soaked in alkaline solition + boiling.
free access to water and were feed ad libitum.
Growth performance
Live weight gain (LWG) and feed intake (FI)
were registered weekly. The FI was determined by difference between the offered and the consumed food,
the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated as the
ratio between feed intake and live weight gain. At the
end of the rearing periods, all birds were slaughtered
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Ether extract
2.75
2.90
1.88
Crude fiber
7.99
7.91
7.92
Ash
2.15
2.19
5.38
Table 3. Composition (%) and proximal analyses of experimental diets
containing treated Mucuna pruriens seeds during the finishing phase.
Ingredient
Control
Water
Corn grain
69.0
54.6
Mucuna pruriens seeds
25.0
Soybean meal
26.9
15.5
Calcium carbonate
1.4
1.5
Calcium orthophosphate
1.1
1.2
Vegetable oil
1.0
1.1
Methionine 99%
0.2
0.3
Lysine 99%
0.1
0.4
Minerals premix1
0.1
0.1
Vitamins premix2
0.1
0.1
NaCl
0.3
0.3
Total
100.0
100.0
Determined analysis
Dry matter
87.8
89.0
Crude protein
19.6
19.6
Crude fiber
1.2
2.6
Ether extract
2.2
2.8
Ash
4.9
4.7
Calculated analysis
Metabolizable energy
3.1
3.1
Calcium
0.8
0.8
Available phosphorus
0.4
0.4
Sodium
0.1
0.1
Arginine
0.7
0.7
Lysine
1.0
1.0
Methionine
0.5
0.5
Meth+Cys
0.7
0.7
Threonine
0.5
0.5
Tryptophan
0.2
0.2
Acid
55.8
25.0
14.4
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.3
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.3
100.0
Alkaline
55.5
25.0
14.7
1.5
1.2
1.0
0.3
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.3
100.0
89.1
19.6
2.8
2.8
4.2
89.0
19.6
2.5
2.4
5.2
3.1
0.8
0.4
0.1
0.7
1.0
0.5
0.7
0.5
0.2
3.1
0.8
0.4
0.1
0.7
1.0
0.5
0.7
0.5
0.2
1 Minerals premix: manganese, 65 mg; iodine, 1 mg; iron, 55 mg,
copper, 6 mg; zinc, 55 mg; selenium, 0.3 mg. 2 Vitamins premix: vita-
min A, 8,000 UI; vitamin D, 2,500 UI; vitamin E, 8 UI; vitamin K, 2 mg;
vitamin B12, 0.002 mg; riboflavin, 5.5 mg; pantothenate of calcium, 13
mg; niacin, 36 mg; choline, 500 mg; folic acid, 0.5 mg; thiamine, 1 mg;
pyridoxine, 2.2 mg; biotin, 0.05 mg.
to determine carcass yield (CY) (carcass without
drumsticks and head), in addition the liver weight
(LW) was recorded.
Statistical analysis
The collected data were analyzed using
the General Linear Model (GLM of SAS) using a
randomized complete block design (SAS 2010). The
sex of the brolilers chickens was included as fixed
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Mucuna pruriens in broiler diets
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6(16):121-127,2019
effect in the statistical model. Least-Squares Means
were compared using the PDIFF option of SAS when
significant effects (p < 0.05) between treatments were
detected.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this study it was found that raw seeds contained 2.0% of L-Dopa (Table 4). This value was lower
than that reported by others studies (3.5 - 5.7%) (Dahouda et al. 2009, Cassani et al. 2016). The L-Dopa
content in MP has been associated to seed colors,
black varieties have a higher amount of this secondary
compound, whereas white varieties contain a lower
percentage and mottled varieties have intermediate
values (Gurumoorthi et al. 2003). Mixed seeds were
used in the current study, with predominance of white
seeds. Probably, for this reason L Dopa content was
lower in the current study compared to earlier studies.
CHMP treatment reduced 71.0% of L-Dopa content
(Table 4). This result is similar to previous reports
where soaked MP in sodium bicarbonate (pH = 8.5)
reduced L-Dopa 68.0% (Gurumoorthi et al. 2003).
Similarly, Ukachukwu and Szabo (2003) when soaked
MP in calcium hydroxide achieved 63.0% elimination
of L-Dopa relative to raw seeds.
Table 4. Quantification of L-Dopa in treated Mucuna pruriens seeds.
Sample
Raw seeds
Seeds soaked in water + boiling
Seeds soaked in acid solution + boiling
Seeds soaked in alkaline solution + boiling
Content (g kg−1 )
20.0
11.8
9.3
5.8
The reduction of L-Dopa content was lower
in AAMP and WMP treatment (Table 4). These
values are comparable to earlier reports. Siddhuraju and Becker (2001) found a reduction of 54.0%
with tamarind extract and 40.0% when citric acid was
used, while in other reports a reduction of only 27.0%
was reached when MP was soaked in water (Diallo
and Berhe 2003). The chemical structure of L-Dopa
allows its elimination easier in an alkaline medium
(Siddhuraju and Becker 2001). In the current study,
CHMP treatment (pH = 12.3) eliminated L-Dopa in
a greater proportion than the other treatments and
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would be the recommended treatment for MP for inclusion in broiler diets.
The inclusion of 25.0% of treated MP in diets
for broiler chickens did not affect FI (p > 0.05). This
inclusion level is higher than those recommended in
other studies, where MP was processed with different
treatments. Tuleun and Igba (2008) recommend an
inclusion of up to 20.0% of soaked seeds + boiling.
Iyayi et al. (2008) suggest 15.0% with MP soaked
in water and Akinmutimi and Okwu (2006) suggested
up to 10.0% inclusion of heated MP. Young birds are
more susceptible to L-Dopa because the ingestion of
this compound causes a reduction of animal growth
(Del carmen et al. 1999, Gurumoorthi et al. 2008).
In the current study, broilers in the AAMP group had
the lowest LWG and higher FCR compared to C (p <
0.05). Nevertheless, although the broilers from AAMP
treatment had the lowest daily live weight gain, this
was superior to the 41.8 g day−1 reported by Tuleun
et al. (2011).
When the three groups offered MP are compared, no significant differences were found for LWG
and FCR (p > 0.05), however broilers growth in the
CHMP treatment was similar to C (p > 0.05). These
results suggest that CHMP treatment improved MP
nutritive value. According to Tuleun and Patrick
(2007), soaking and boiling MP seeds increases the
digestibility of protein and carbohydrates compared to
raw seeds and when soaking is realized in an alkaline
solution it is further improves due to higher elimination
of L-Dopa, thus reducing its negative effect on birds
(Siddhuraju and Becker 2001).
During the finishing phase, there were not statistical differences (p > 0.05) in FI, LWG and FCR
between treatments (Table 6). These results indicate
that up to 25.0% of treated MP could be used in broiler
diets without affecting the performance. This level of
inclusion is higher to that recommended by Vadivel
and Pugalenthi (2010) with soaked MP in a sodium
bicarbonate solution + autoclaving (11%). Others
have suggested up to 10.0% of heated MP without
negative effects (Del Carmen et al. 1999) or up to
6.0% of roasted MP (Emenalom and Udedibie 1998).
Other authors have suggested levels not higher than
20.0% when using soaked MP in water + boiling,
DOI: 10.19136/era.a6n16.1815
ISSN: 2007-9028
E. ISSN: 2007-901X
Sarmiento-Franco et al.
Mucuna pruriens in broiler diets
Ecosist. Recur. Agropec.
6(16):121-127,2019
Table 5. Productive performance of broiler chicks fed diets containing Mucuna pruriens seeds
treated with water, an acid solution and an alkaline solution during the starter phase. Values
are least square means values ± standard deviation.
Initial live weight
Feed intake
Live weight gain
Feed conversion
(kg)
(kg)
(kg)
ratio
Control
0.71 ± 0.080a
1.82 ± 0.215a
1.03 ± 0.129a
1.78 ± 0.143b
WMP
0.73 ± 0.088a
1.76 ± 0.170a
0.95 ± 0.095ab
1.86 ± 0.148ab
AAMP
0.70 ± 0.089a
1.76 ± 0.249a
0.94 ± 0.149b
1.90 ± 0.289a
CHMP
0.75 ± 0.060a
1.80 ± 0.222a
0.98 ± 0.132ab
1.83 ± 0.101ab
Means within the same column with different superscript differ (p < 0.05). WMP: seeds soaked
I water + boiling, AAMP: seeds soaked in acid solution + boiling and CHMP: seeds soaked in
alkaline solition + boiling.
Treatments
Table 6. Productive performance during the finishing phase and carcass yield of broiler chicks fed diets containing Mucuna pruriens seeds treated with water, an acid solution and an alkaline solution. (Least square means values ± standard
deviation).
Feed intake
Liveweight gain
Feed conversion
Carcass yield
(kg)
(kg)
Ratio
(%)
Control
2.3 ± 0.3a
1.0 ± 0.1a
2.3 ± 0.2a
77.1 ± 3.5a
WMP
2.4 ± 0.4a
0.9 ± 0.2a
2.4 ± 0.2a
76.3 ± 2.9a
AAMP
2.4 ± 0.3a
1.0 ± 0.2a
2.4 ± 0.3a
75.6 ± 3.3a
CHMP
2.4 ± 0.3a
1.0 ± 0.2a
2.4 ± 0.2a
76.4 ± 3.2a
Means within the same column with different superscripts differ (p < 0.05).
Treatments
or fermented (Tuleun et al. 2009, Tuleun et al.
2011). The results obtained during this growing phase
suggest that WMP, AAMP or CHMP treatments were
sufficient to reduce L-Dopa present in MP, and the
broiler performance was not affected.
Table 6 shows the data regarding the carcass
yield. Broilers had an average carcass yield of 76.0 %
without statistical differences between treatments (p
> 0.05) However, birds fed with WMP or AAMP had
heavier livers than the C group (p < 0.05). There
were not differences in liver weight between broilers
fed CHMP in comparison to those in the C group (p >
0.05). According to Emenalom and Udedibie (1998)
and Emenalom and Nwachukwu (2006) toxic compounds in the diet causes an increase in liver size.
However, no effect on growth performance was observed in broilers fed MP in the present experiment.
Due to the higher growth rates of broiler in a short period of time the MP content after treatment possibly
did not affect the broiler performance in the finishing
phase, but a long term effect might be observed if
Liver weight
(g)
47.7 ± 7.2a
49.3 ± 10.1a
50.1 ± 10.5a
50.9 ± 6.4a
Liver (g)
/ carcass (kg)
22.4 ± 3.4b
24.6 ± 4.5a
25.1 ± 3.9a
24.4 ± 3.2ab
broilers are fed MP for longer periods of time. These
aspects warrant further research to assess the effect
of feeding MP in laying hens which are fed during
longer periods.
The alkaline solution was the most effective
treatment to reduce L-Dopa from M. pruriens seeds.
Broilers fed MP soaked seeds in acetic acid solution had lower growth rate during the starter phase.
Nevertheless, the presence of L-Dopa in the diet
did not affect negatively the performance of broilers
during the finishing phase; therefore 25.0% of M.
pruriens seeds soaked in alkaline solution and boiled
could be included in broiler diets without unfavorable
effects on feed intake, live weight gain and feed conversion ratio.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was founded by PRODEP (Red
Tematica 2015) and CONACYT (INFR-2016-01269108).
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