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ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF INDIGOFERA TRITA
LINN.
Raju Senthil Kumar1 Kannaiyan Moorthy*2 Raja Vinodhini2 Thambidurai Punitha2
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Swamy Vivekanandha College of Pharmacy, Elayampalayam,
Tiruchengode, Namakkal - 637 205, Tamil Nadu, India.
2
Department of Microbiology, Vivekanandha College of Arts and Sciences for Women, Elayampalayam,
Tiruchengode, Namakkal - 637 205, Tamil Nadu, India.
*Email: abbaikannamoorthy@gmail.com
Abstract
An in vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of various extracts of Indigofera trita L. viz. petroleum
ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts were carried out. A total of 21 microorganisms (19 bacteria and 2 fungal
strains) were used for antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method and a standard procedure was used to identify the
phytochemical constituents. Petroleum ether extract showed moderate inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus (14.40
mm), S. epidermidis (14.20 mm), Salmonella paratyphi A (12.80 mm), Streptococcus mutans (12.20 mm), Escherichia coli,
Proteus vulgaris, S. typhi and Burkholderia cepacia (12.00 mm). The chloroform extract also showed antimicrobial activity
against S. epidermidis (14.20 mm), S. typhimurium (12.60 mm), S. paratyphi A, S. brunei and Yersinia enterocolitica (12.00 mm).
The acetone extract of I. trita showed considerable inhibitory activity against S. epidermidis (18.20 mm), S. typhimurium (14.60
mm), S. infantis (13.80 mm), S. aureus (13.40 mm), Y. enterocolitica (13.00 mm) and Enterobacter aerogenes (12.00 mm) were
documented. Ethanol extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis (18.60 mm), S. paratyphi A (14.60
mm), Y. enterocolitica (13.40 mm), S. typhi (12.40 mm), S. aureus, E. aerogenes, S. typhimurium and S. infantis (12.00 mm).
Aqueous extract of I. trita considerably inhibited S. epidermidis (13.80 mm), S. paratyphi A and Y. enterocolitica (12.20 mm), E.
aerogenes and Haemophilus parahaemolyticus (12.00 mm). All the five extracts showed a minimal antifungal activity when
compared to antibacterial activity. The result revealed that the antimicrobial properties of I. trita might be associated with the
presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, phytosterols and alkaloids.
Key words: Inidigofera trita, Phytoconstituents, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity, Disc diffusion method.
Introduction
Today’s health care systems relay largely on plant based materials (Kumar et al., 2012). In India, Ayurvedic system of
medicine has excited for over four thousand years and it was various parts of the plants that were used in siddha, ayurvedha and
unani medicine for the diseases of human beings (Palaniswamy et al., 2010). Plants contain a large number of naturally occurring
chemicals that have biological activity and also have a potential for producing new drug of great benefit to mankind (Dahikar et
al., 2009; Parekh and Chandren, 2006). Modern medicine has evolved from folk medicines and traditional system only after
through chemical and pharmaceutical screening (Boopathi and Sivakumar, 2011). In recent years, one of the more alarming trends
in clinical microbiology has been the increasing incidence of resistance to antimicrobial agents among pathogens causing various
diseases (Adwan et al., 2011). In addition, misuse of the antibiotics which can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance is
also a major health concern (Al-Bari et al., 2007). Recently the application of traditional medicinal plants and their products as
therapeutic agents has immensely increased throughout the globe (Vijayanand and Hemapriya, 2011). Medicinal plants have been
important source of products in treating common infections and overcoming the problems of resistance and side effects of
currently available antimicrobial agents (Hemaiswarya et al., 2008). Many plants have been employed because of their
antimicrobial traits which are due to compounds synthesized during secondary metabolism and it was specifically targeted against
the resistant microorganisms (Vijayanand and Hemapriya, 2011; Nostro et al., 2006). Moreover, the current costs of the
chemotherapeutic agents are unaffordable to the public especially in developing countries. Therefore. attempts must be directed
towards the development of effective natural, non-toxic drugs for treatment. Also their toxicity is very low when compared to the
currently available commercial antibiotics (Sarala et al., 2010). However, several active principles of many medicinal plants have
been isolated and introduced as valuable drugs in moderrn system of medicine. So, researchers are increasing and turning their
attention to natural products looking for new leads to develop better drugs against microbial infection (Saravanan et al., 2011).
The phytochemical research based on ethno-pharmacological information is generally considered to be an effective approach in
the discovery of new anti infective agents from higher plants (Duraipandiyan et al., 2006).
Indigofera trita L. (Family: Fabaceae), an under-shrub, is widely distributed in India, Ceylon, South Africa and North
Australia (Sanjappa, 1984). The plant is known as Kattuavuri and Punal murungai in Tamil Nadu. Indiofera trita has long been
used by tribes and native medicinal practitioners to treat diseases such as rheumatism, arthritis, inflammation, tumor and liver
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diseases (Nadkarni, 1996; Kirtikar and Basu, 1993). Literature review revealed that the plant I. trita is having antitumor
(Senthilkumar et al., 2007), hepatoprotective, antioxidant, (Senthilkumar et al., 2008), anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities
(Senthilkumar et al., 2009). Based on the above details, the present study is aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of
various extracts of I. trita against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms.
Materials and Methods
Collection of plant materials
The whole plant part of I. trita was collected from the foothill of Yercaud, Salem in the month of February 2008. The
plant was then authenticated by Dr. G.V.S. Murthy, joint Director, Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
(REF.BSI/SC/5/23/07-08/TECH-1384). A voucher specimen was preserved in our laboratory for future reference.
Extraction of Plant Materials
The plant materials were shade dried and pulverized. 250 g of powdered material was packed in Soxhlet apparatus and
subjected to continuous hot percolation for 8 h using 450 ml of petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and water as
solvent. All the extracts were concentrated under vacuum and dried in a dessicator.
Phytochemical Analysis
Various extracts of I. trita were analyzed for the phytochemical constituents viz., carbohydrates, glycosides, fixed oils,
fats, proteins, amino acids, saponins, tannins, phytosterol, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, gum and mucilage using
standard procedures described by Harbourne (1984), Hebert et al. (1984), Basset et al. (1985) and Kokate (1990).
Antimicrobial Screening
Source of microbial strains
Strains of human pathogenic microorganisms used in this study is as follows, three gram positive bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), Staphylococcus epidermidis (MTCC 435) and Streptococcus mutans (MTCC 890); sixteen
gram negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (MTCC 739), Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC 432), Enterobacter aerogenes (MTCC
111), Proteus vulgaris (MTCC 742), Proteus mirabilis (MTCC 425), Salmonella typhi (MTCC 733), Salmonella paratyphi A
(MTCC 735), Salmonella typhimurium (MTCC 98), Salmonella infantis (MTCC 1167), Salmonella enterica (MTCC 660),
Salmonella brunei (MTCC 1168), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 424), Burkholderia cepacia (MTCC 1617), Vibrio
parahaemolyticus (MTCC 451), Haemophilus parahaemolyticus (MTCC 1776) and Yersinia enterocolitica (MTCC 80); two
fungus, Candida albicans (MTCC 183) and Cryptococcus neoformans (clinical isolate). The microorganisms were originally
obtained from MICROBIAL TYPE CULTURE COLLECTION CENTRE (MTCC), INSTITUTE OF MICROBIAL
TECHNOLOGY, CHANDIGARH, INDIA. Cultures were maintained as respective agar slants in screw-capped bottles and stored
at 4˚C. All cultures were checked for viability and purity by regular plating.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) - Disc Diffusion Method (Determination of antimicrobial activity)
The antimicrobial activities of I. trita (petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extract) were tested
by disc diffusion method (Bauer- Kirby et al., 1966). The culture plates were prepared by pouring 20 ml of sterile Hi-sensitivity
(HIMEDIA- M 486) agar medium. The depth of the medium was approximately 4 mm. Three to four similar colonies of pure
cultures were inoculated with tryptone soy broth (HIMEDIA- M 323), further, it was incubated at 37˚C for 2-8 h and inoculum
size was adjusted to yield uniform suspension containing 105-106 cells/ml (McFarland’s standard). The agar surface of the plates
was swabbed in three directions, turning the plates at 60˚ between each swabbing. Confluent growth is desirable for accurate
results. The sterile discs (6 mm- HIMEDIA) were used for the loading plant extracts. Five different concentrations were prepared
(250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 μg) and loaded in appropriate discs. The impregnated discs were incubated at 37˚C for an hour.
The dried discs were placed over the surface of swabbed medium with equal distance to avoid the overlapping of the zones of
inhibition. Then discs were pressed gently on the surface of the medium. The prepared plates were refrigerated for 30 min (Prediffusion time). The plates were incubated at 37˚C for 16-18 h during which the activity was evidenced by the presence of zones
of inhibition surrounding the discs. Each experiment was done in triplicate. Specific standard antibiotic disc were used as control
against each microbial strain.
Results
The extractive yield values of I. trita against different solvents were recorded in Table 1. Based on extractive yields, it
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Acetone
Ethanol
Aqueous
Continuous
hot
percolation Method
Chloroform
Entire
plant
Yield in Percentage
Petroleum ether
trita
Material of extraction
Indigofera
Linn
Part used
Plant name
Table 1: Data showing the extractive values of Indigofera trita L.
2.2
2.43
3.34
3.9
4.8
520
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Carbohydrate
Glycosides
Fixed oils and Fats
Proteins and amino
acids
Saponins
Tannins
Phytosterol
Alkaloids
Phenolic compounds
Flavonoids
Gums
and mucilages
Table 2: Preliminary phytochemical Analysis results of various extracts of Indigofera trita L.
Petroleum
ether
+
-
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Chloroform
Acetone
Ethanol
Aqueous
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
Name of
extracts
the
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Table 3: Antimicrobial activity of Indigofera trita L. (petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts)
Zone of inhibition in mm
Name of the organisms
Standard antibiotic mcg/disc
Zone
mm
in
Petroleum
extract
ether
Chloroform
extract
Acetone extract
Ethanol extract
Aqueous extract
Mean ± SEM
Mean ± SEM
Mean ± SEM
Mean ± SEM
Mean ± SEM
Staphylococcus aureus
Amoxycillin (30)
28
14.40 ± 1.16
11.00± 0.44
13.40± 0.67
12.00 ± 0.00
13.20 ± 0.96
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Cloxacillin (5)
28
14.20 ± 1.06
14.20± 0.80
18.20± 1.62
18.60 ± 0.87
13.80 ± 0.37
Streptococcus mutans
Amoxycillin (30)
28
12.20 ± 1.46
11.60 ± 0.24
10.40 ± 0.24
10.40 ± 0.67
11.00 ± 0.00
Escherichia coli
Gatifloxacin (5)
30
12.00 ± 0.00
11.20 ± 0.20
11.20 ± 0.37
11.60 ± 0.24
11.00 ± 0.31
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Gatifloxacin (5)
20
10.00 ± 0.00
10.8 0± 0.37
10.60 ± 0.40
11.40 ± 0.24
11.40 ± 0.24
Enterobacter aerogenes
Gatifloxacin (5)
22
11.00 ± 0.00
11.40 ± 0.40
12.00± 0.00
12.00 ± 0.00
12.00 ± 0.00
Proteus mirabilis
Levofloxacin (5)
19
11.20 ± 0.20
10.40 ± 0.24
10.40 ± 0.24
11.20 ± 0.37
10.20 ± 0.20
Proteus vulgaris
Levofloxacin (5)
21
12.00 ± 0.00
-
11.00 ± 0.44
09.40 ± 0.60
11.00 ± 0.31
Salmonella typhi
Chloramphenicol (30)
22
12.00± 0.00
11.40 ± 0.24
10.80 ± 0.37
12.40 ± 0.40
09.20 ± 0.48
Salmonella paratyphi A
Chloramphenicol (30)
23
12.80 ± 0.48
12.00 ± 0.00
15.40 ± 1.50
14.60 ± 0.60
12.20 ± 0.73
Salmonella typhimurium
Chloramphenicol (30)
24
11.60 ± 0.24
12.60 ± 0.24
14.60 ± 0.81
12.00 ± 0.00
11.20 ± 0.20
Salmonella infantis
Chloramphenicol (30)
19
11.2 0± 0.20
11.60 ± 0.24
13.80 ± 0.37
12.00 ± 0.00
11.20 ± 0.20
Salmonella enterica
Chloramphenicol (30)
20
10.20 ± 0.20
11.00 ± 0.00
12.00 ± 0.77
11.60 ± 0.24
11.00 ± 0.63
Salmonella brunei
Chloramphenicol (30)
21
11.80 ± 0.20
12.00 ± 0.00
10.80 ± 0.48
10.60 ± 0.40
08.20 ± 0.48
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Amikacin (30)
20
11.00 ± 0.31
10.80 ± 0.37
10.80 ± 0.48
10.60 ± 0.24
10.60 ± 0.40
Burkholderia cepacia
Amikacin (30)
22
12.00 ± 0.00
10.80 ± 0.37
11.60 ±0.24
11.60 ± 0.24
10.80 ± 0.37
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Tetracycline (30)
23
10.80 ± 0.20
10.00 ± 0.89
10.40 ± 0.24
08.80 ± 0.48
10.00 ± 0.63
Haemophilus parahaemolyticus
Tetracycline (30)
29
10.80 ± 0.37
10.80 ± 0.37
11.60 ± 0.24
11.60 ± 0.67
12.00 ± 0.31
Yersinia enterocolitica
Ticarcillin (75)
22
11.80 ± 0.20
12.00 ± 0.00
13.00 ± 0.44
13.40 ± 0.24
12.20 ± 0.20
Candida albicans
Nystatin (100)
20
11.00 ± 0.44
10.60 ± 0.24
10.80 ± 0.37
10.00 ± 0.00
10.60 ± 0.24
Cryptococcus neoformans
Ketoconazole (10)
21
10.20 ± 0.20
10.20 ± 0.24
10.60 ± 0.24
10.00 ± 0.00
10.40 ± 0.24
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was confirmed that the yield gradually increased depending on the polarity of solvents (petroleum ether - 2.2%, chloroform 2.43%, acetone - 3.34%, ethanol - 3.9% and aqueous - 4.8%).
The screening of phytochemical analysis of I. trita revealed that the carbohydrates were present in all the extracts.
Glycosides, saponins, tannins, phenolic compounds and flavonoids were present in high polarity solvents (acetone, ethanol and
aqueous). Alkaloids were only present in chloroform and ethanolic extracts. Phytosterols, fixed oils and fats were found to be
present only in petroleum ether extract. Proteins and amino acids were present in all extracts except petroleum ether and none of
the extracts exhibited the presence of gums and mucilages (Table 2).
The antimicrobial activity of various extracts of I. trita (petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous)
were determined against 21 microorganisms including two fungi (Table 3). Petroleum ether extract showed moderate
antimicrobial activity against all tested organisms and the average zone of inhibition ranged from 10.20 ± 0.20 to 14.40 ± 1.16. S.
aureus (14.40 mm) and S. epidermidis (14.20 mm) were inhibited considerably by petroleum ether extract. 20 microorganisms
were moderately inhibited by chloroform extract, the mean zone of inhibition ranged from 10.20 ± 0.24 to 14.20 ± 0.80 and S.
epidermidis alone considerably inhibited 14.20 mm. Acetone extract of I. trita was effective against all tested organisms, the
mean zone of inhibition ranged from 10.40 ± 0.24 to 18.20 ± 1.62 and this extract showed considerable antimicrobial activity
against S. epidermidis (18.20 mm), S. paratyphi A (15.40 mm), S. typhimurium (14.60 mm), S. infantis (13.80 mm) and S. aureus
(13.40 mm). Ethanolic and aqueous extracts invariably inhibited all microorganisms. The ethanolic extract was effective against
S. epidermidis (18.20 mm), S. paratyphi A (14.60 mm) and Y. enterocolitica (13.40 mm) and aqueous extract considerably
inhibited S. epidermidis (13.20 mm). In overall assessment all the extracts were found to possess antimicrobial potentiality and it
should be further established with isolated compounds.
Discussion
The potential of higher plants as source for many new drugs are still largely unexplored. The use of medicinal plants
still plays a major role to establish the basic health needs in developing countries. Nearly 80% of the world population rely on
traditional medicine for primary health care, most of which involves the use of natural products (Sandhya et al., 2006). Plant
based antimicrobial compounds have enormous therapeutically potential value as they can serve the purpose without any side
effects that are often associated with synthetic antimicrobials (Sukanya et al., 2009). Plants extracts are potential sources of novel
antimicrobial compounds especially against microorganisms which is responsible for human infections (Joshi et al., 2011). The
first step towards this aspect is the in vitro screening of antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis (Tona et al., 1998).
Some of these observations have helped to identify the active principle which is associated with antimicrobial activities and in
developing drug for the therapeutic use in human beings (Mahesh and Satish, 2008). In recent years, the antibiotics have lost their
effectiveness due to the development of resistant strains of bacteria and which has mediated with resistant genes (Davies, 1994
and Service, 1995). The emergence of multidrug resistant strains is a serious threat and makes chemotherapy more difficult
(Sarala et al., 2010). Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases
(Berahou et al., 2007 and Salmao et al., 2008). The toxicity of new generation antibiotics discourages their use in treatment.
Moreover, the current cost of most of the chemotherapeutic agents is unbearable to the society especially in developing countries
like India (Sarala, 2010). Therefore attempts must be directed towards the development of effective natural, non-toxic drugs for
treatment of human infections. Based on literature there was no extensive research report on antimicrobial activity of I. trita. A
few reports only based on antitumor activity (Senthilkumar et al., 2007), antioxidant and hepatoprotective (Senthilkumar et al.,
2008), anti-inflammatory and anti-analgesic (Senthilkumar et al., 2009) were reported. The present work is a pioneer attempt and
has explored the antimicrobial properties I. trita. Preliminary phytochemical screening of I. trita consists of carbohydrates in all
extracts, phenolic compounds, tannins, glycosides, saponins and flavonoids present in high polar solvents (acetone, ethanol and
aqueous). Alkaloids were only present in chloroform and ethanolic extracts, phytosterol, fixed oils and fats were present in
petroleum ether extract, protein and aminoacids were present in all extracts except petroleum ether. Gum and mucilage were not
present in any of these extracts.
The antimicrobial activities of various extracts of I. trita revealed that all the extracts were effective against all tested
microorganisms invariably. The petroleum ether extract inhibited all microorganisms moderately and effective against S. aureus
and S. epidermidis, 20 microorganisms were moderately inhibited and effective against S. epidermidis with maximum zone of
inhibition. Acetone extract showed good inhibitory effect against all tested organisms and highly effective with S. epidermidis, S.
paratyphi A, S. typhimurium, S. infantis and S. aureus. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts also showed considerable antimicrobial
activity, the ethanolic extract inhibited considerably S. epidermidis, S. paratyphi A and aqueous extract effective against S.
epidermidis. In this present study antimicrobial properties explored with 21 microorganisms with five solvents and considerable
results were also documented. A research report was similarly studied with I. trita L. F. SPP. subulata (vahl ex poir) by Vinoth et
al. (2011) and ethanolic extract only showed moderate inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.
In overall assessments, the study result showed moderate inhibitory activity against almost all microorganisms and it is
probably due to presence of phytochemicals in the respective extracts. Many substances may be antimicrobial, but only few of
them will be potential therapeutic agents for the simple reasons that mammalian cells are more sensitive to chemical inhibitions
than microbial cells (Sivakumar et al., 2006). The crude products obtained from cheaper sources are often associated with a large
number of compounds that have discomforting abilities due to toxicity of drugs (Ramdas et al., 2006). Hence the herbal drugs
have to be subjected to extensive toxicological and clinical tests to confirm the prescribed status. Thus the ethnobotanical
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approach will be like a search for molecular diversity subjecting a wide variety of new molecules from plant sources and testing
them with as many different tests as possible (Muhammed et al., 2005).
The present study has proven a spectrum of antimicrobial activities, which facilitates a support to some medicinal uses
of a few medicinal plants. However further studies are certainly needed to isolate, characterize the phytoconstituents which will
be accounted for the antimicrobial properties against human pathogens.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Prof. Dr. M. Karunanithi, Chairman and Secretary, Vivekanandha Educational Institutions,
Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode, Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu for providing all the facilities for our research work.
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