Madagascar Grass Atlas Linah M. Rabarivola, Henintsoa Razanajatovo, Velosoa Razafiniary, Andriambolantsoa Rasolohery, Hélène Ralimanana, Maria S. Vorontsova Authors contact adresses Linah M. Rabarivola, Henintsoa Razanajatovo, Velosoa Razafiniary, Andriambolantsoa Rasolohery, Hélène Ralimanana: Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre - Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Lot II J 131 B Ambodivoanjo Ivandry, 101 Antananarivo Madagascar Maria S. Vorontsova Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK First published in 2019 by the Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre - Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Lot II J 131 B Ambodivoanjo Ivandry, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar Prepared within the project “Alien, native and endemic grasses of Madagascar” funded by Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and European Union (EU) Front cover images, left to right, grasses endemic to Madagascar: Andropogon trichozygus, Tristachya betsileensis, Chasechloa madagascariensis. Back cover images, left to right, grasses which are native but not endemic: Oplismenus burmannii, Chloris barbata. Printed in Madagascar by MYE CONTENTS Aknowledgement .............................................................................................................iv Introduction .....................................................................................................................1 Data used in the production of the atlas .........................................................................3 Production of the maps ...................................................................................................3 Results ..............................................................................................................................4 Map distribution for each taxon ......................................................................................22 References ........................................................................................................................167 Index to Latin names ........................................................................................................169 iii Acknowledgments This project was supported by the GBIF BID program and the European Union under the project title Alien, native and endemic grasses of Madagascar (BID-AF2017-0103-SMA). We are grateful to Marc Pignal and the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) Paris herbarium who facilitated the data transcription by sending us the Madagascar Poaceae specimen images held at the MNHN herbarium. We thank Denis Filer from the University of Oxford who created the BRAHMS Poaceae database. Dr Solo Rapanarivo and Letsara Rokiman (Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza) are acknowledged for sharing the Madagascar grass specimen data held at the TAN herbarium and facilitating access to the TAN herbarium for specimen verification during this project. Thank you to Rija Rajaonson (REBIOMA) for providing the current version of Madagascar protected area basemap for this Atlas. We are grateful to Professor Jeannoda Vololoniana for her support and advice. We thank the Madagascar Biodiversity Information Facility (MadBIF) team, especially Andry Jean Marc Rakotomanjaka (our project mentor) for his assistance and help during the project implementation. And a special thank you to Stuart Cable (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) and all KMCC staff for their advice and help during this project. iv INTRODUCTION Madagascar has a unique heritage in terms of biodiversity. Its separation from Africa set the backdrop for the unique evolution of its flora and fauna. Its isolated island nature gave rise to high endemism and explosive speciation. Of its estimated 12,000 vascular plant species, 83% are unique to Madagascar (Madagascar Catalogue, 2019). Its richness in ecosystems and biodiversity have led to its classification as a megabiodiverse country (Mittermeier et al, 2007). Madagascar is home to sixteen contrasting vegetation types defined by Moat and Smith (2007): humid forest, western dry forest, south western dry spiny forest-thicket, bare rock, degraded south western dry spiny forest, western sub-humid forest, mangroves, water, wetland, south western coastal bushland, tapia forest, littoral forest, western humid forest, cultivation, degraded humid forest, plateau grasslandwooded grassland mosaic and wooded grassland-bushland. The dominant vegetation type is the plateau grassland-wooded and grassland-bushland mosaic, covering approximately 65 % of the island (map: vegetation in Madagascar). Research on Madagascar’s grasses is a growing area of interest because of their significance for the national economy as well as conservation. The grass family is the most economically important plant family and has always been closely involved in people’s lives. Grasses provide food: rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and breadwheat (Triticum aestivum). Grasses also provide food for cattle and building material. Some invasive species threaten crop harvests and conservation of protected areas (FAOSTAT, 2019). Poaceae are one of the largest plant families in Madagascar with an estimated 541 species (Vorontsova et al., 2016). The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew began research on the Poaceae of Madagascar in the 1980s through taxonomic work on the bamboos carried out by Soejatmi Dransfield (see Dransfield 2003). With the growth of KMCC a variety of projects have been carried across Madagascar including checklisting (Nanjarisoa et al. 2017), new records for the country (Vorontsova et al. 2014), and an identification guide (Vorontsova et al. 2018). Five new species have been described: Andropogon itremoensis (Vorontsova et al. 2013), two species of Panicum (Vorontsova 2014), Sartidia isaloensis (Vorontsova et al. 2015) and Digitaria bosseri (Vorontsova 2017). Knowledge has been built on rare endemic grasses: Lecomtella (Besnard et al. 2013), Chasechloa (Silva et al. 2017), and all genera designated as endemic (Vorontsova & Rakotoarisoa 2014). Collaborations have been strengthened between RBG Kew and Malagasy institutions, particularly the University of Antananarivo. In spite of this recent progress in Madagascar grass taxonomy there has been a lack of data on species distributions in Madagascar, a knowledge gap affecting both researchers and policy makers. The majority of specimens are held at the MNHN and available online, but unfortunately internet access is not always available to researchers given its cost and low speed in Madagascar. The Grass Atlas of Madagascar presented here is an output of the GBIF BID project to compile these data and make them accessible to users though the GBIF portal (Rabarivola et al. 2019). It is a reference document on the distribution of Poaceae in Madagascar, which we hope will be useful to decision-makers, researchers and managers of protected areas in Madagascar. 1 Map: Vegetation in Madagascar (Moat & Smith 2007). 2 1. Data used in the production of the atlas • Creation of Madagascar Grass database To facilitate the compilation and storage of data, a database was created using the Botanical Records and Herbarium Management System (BRAHMS). All existing records from Maria Vorontsova’s research and from Parc Botanique et Zoologique Herbarium (TAN) database were reconciled. Most of the Madagascar Poaceae specimens are held at Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle herbarium in Paris (MNHN). Images of these specimens were sent to Madagascar to be transcribed and georeferenced by the Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre (KMCC). Around 12,000 collections were transcribed during one year and registered in the database. • Geographical coordinates Most specimens collected after 1980 have GPS coordinates. For older specimens from MNHN and TAN herbaria, georeferencing was carried out where precise locality notes were available. For specimens with non-specific localities like “Madagascar”, “southern part of Madagascar”, or “Betsileo”, the geographical coordinates were impossible to infer, and these localities are not included in the atlas. For georeferencing the authors used online georeferencing tools listed below, the unpublished KMCC gazetteer, and the georeferencing methodology outlined by Vest (2016). • Nomenclature and taxonomy All Poaceae names were checked and assigned to preliminary accepted species concepts by Maria Vorontsova. The authors would like to emphasize that the identification and species delimitation for Malagasy Poaceae are very incomplete and this atlas represents the current best available knowledge, soon to be out of date. • Quality control Specimen collection and occurrence data were verified by Linah Rabarivola and Maria Vorontsova. During the data compilation process they checked all records registered, corrected them as needed, and verified the taxonomic placement. Deduplication was carried out. Map visualisation of all geographical records for each species was also carried out, doubtful occurrence points and outliers were investigated, and corrected when necessary. 2. Production of the maps The maps were created using ArcGIS pro online developed by the ESRI (Environmental System Research Institute Arc GIS Pro 2.2.3) with custom Python scripts. The first step of map production was the projection of the Madagascar shapefile, followed by the shapefile of the current protected areas of Madagascar provided by REBIOMA. The second step is the extraction of all taxa with coordinates from BRAHMS into Excel as a comma separated value (csv) file. One map represents one taxon, usually a species but sometimes subspecies or varieties. The taxon occurrence data points projected on the maps were classified into three levels of certainty and coded with different colours: - High accuracy: with GPS coordinates Medium accuracy: georeferenced, confident to 1 degree square 3 - Low accuracy: georeferenced, but assignment to 1 degree square not certain All data points of Madagascar Poaceae taxa recorded in the Madagascar grass database were mapped in this atlas. 3. Results The final database of Madagascar Poaceae includes 14,670 collection events of which 12,430 have been assigned coordinates. According to this data compilation, Madagascar is home to an estimated 522 species of grasses (Poaceae) vouchered in herbaria (Table 1). These data are preliminary as neither identification nor taxonomy have been completed; some species common to Madagascar are not represented in herbaria, such as the invasive bamboo Phyllostachys aurea (André) Rivière & C. Rivière. 51% of species are endemic to Madagascar, higher than 40% estimated by Vorontsova (2016): an inconsistency which highlights the need for better species knowledge. 72 specimen groups are not identified to species level, e.g. Aristida sp. High quality data are not currently available on the native versus alien nature of Madagascar’s Poaceae species: historic literature compilation by Kull (2012) is not in agreement with CABI (2019) or with corresponding data from Bosser (1969). Our data compilation from Bosser (1969), WCSP (2019), and Madagascar Catalogue (2019) suggests that 36% of Madagascar’s Poaceae are native but not endemic, and 13% are introduced. The authors do not recommend citation of these figures due to their unreliable nature. The following table presents the list of all maps in this atlas and the distribution ranges of these taxa. 4 Table 1: List of Poaceae taxon maps and areas of native occurrence as compiled from Bosser (1969), WCSP (2019), and Madagascar Catalogue (2019). Taxon Acrachne perrieri (A.Camus) S.M.Phillips Acroceras boivinii (Mez) A.Camus Acroceras calcicola A.Camus Acroceras ivohibense A.Camus Acroceras tenuicaule A.Camus Acroceras sp.nov. Acroceras sp. Agrostis elliotii Hook. ex Scott-Elliot Agrostis humbertii A.Camus Agrostis marojejyensis A.Camus Agrostis tsaratananensis A.Camus Agrostis tsiafajavonensis A.Camus Agrostis tsitondroinensis A.Camus Agrostis sp. Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf Alloteropsis paniculata (Benth.) Stapf Alloteropsis semialata (R.Br.) Hitchc. Andropogon andringitrensis (A.Camus) Voronts. Andropogon chinensis (Nees) Merr. Andropogon eucomus subsp. eucomus Andropogon eucomus subsp. huillensis (Rendle) Sales Andropogon humbertii A.Camus Andropogon ibityensis A.Camus Andropogon imerinensis Bosser Andropogon itremoensis Voronts. Andropogon ivohibensis A.Camus Andropogon trichozygus Baker Andropogon tsaratananensis A.Camus Andropogon sp. Anthoxanthum madagascariense Stapf Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Anthoxanthum sp. Aristida adscensionis L. Aristida ambongensis A.Camus Native to Madagascar Comoros, Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar, Hainan to Tropical Asia, N. Australia Tropical Africa, W. Indian Ocean Tropical & Subtropical Old World Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, SW. Arabian Peninsula, India to S. China and Indo-China Uganda and S. Africa, Comoros, Madagascar Central African Republic to Ethiopia and S. Africa, Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Central Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Macaronesia, Europe to Mongolia, NW. Africa Tropical & Subtropical Madagascar 5 Table 1 (continued): List of Poaceae taxon maps and areas of native occurrence as compiled from Bosser (1969), WCSP (2019), and Madagascar Catalogue (2019). Taxon Aristida barbicollis Trin. & Rupr. Aristida congesta Roem. & Schult. Aristida cumingiana Trin. & Rupr. Aristida decaryana A.Camus Aristida junciformis Trin. & Rupr. Aristida rufescens Steud. Aristida similis Steud. Aristida tenuissima A.Camus Aristida sp. Arthraxon antsirabensis A.Camus Arundinella nepalensis Trin. Arundinella sp. Avena sativa L. Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv. Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. ex Schult. & Schult.f. Bambusa vulgaris Nees Bambusa sp. Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T.Blake Bothriochloa insculpta (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) A.Camus Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A.Camus Bothriochloa sp. Brachiaria antsirabensis A.Camus Brachiaria bemarivensis A.Camus Brachiaria comorensis (Mez) A.Camus Brachiaria dimorpha A.Camus Brachiaria epacridifolia (Stapf) A.Camus Brachiaria fragrans A.Camus Brachiaria fruticulosa A.Camus Brachiaria humbertiana A.Camus Brachiaria jubata (Fig. & De Not.) Stapf Brachiaria lactea (Mez) A.Camus Brachiaria lateritica A.Camus Brachiaria leandriana Bosser Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf Brachiaria nana Stapf Native to Ethiopia and S. Africa, Madagascar Dry parts of Africa, Madagascar Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Queensland Madagascar Nigeria to Kenya and S. Africa, Madagascar Mayotte, N. Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Africa, S. Arabian Peninsula, Indian Subcontinent to Indo-China, N. & E. Australia Cultigen from W. Asia Tropical & Subtropical America Nepal to Taiwan China (Yunnan) to Indo-China Tropical & Subtropical Old World Sicilia, S. Greece, Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Indian Subcontinent W. Indian Ocean, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to W. Pacific Madagascar Madagascar Tropical Africa to Swaziland, Comoros, Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Tropical Africa, Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Sahara to Angola, N. Africa to Syria, SW. Arabian Peninsula Madagascar 6 Table 1 (continued): List of Poaceae taxon maps and areas of native occurrence as compiled from Bosser (1969), WCSP (2019), and Madagascar Catalogue (2019). Taxon Brachiaria perrieri A.Camus Brachiaria pseudodichotoma Bosser Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc. Brachiaria subrostrata A.Camus Brachiaria tsiafajavonensis A.Camus Brachiaria umbellata (Trin.) Clayton Brachiaria sp. nov. Brachypodium humbertianum A.Camus Brachypodium madagascariense A.Camus & H.Perrier Brachypodium perrieri A.Camus Brachypodium sp. Briza maxima L. Briza minor L. Bromus andringitrensis A.Camus Bromus pectinatus Thunb. Bromus trichodes (Schult. & Schult.f.) Kunth Bromus sp. Calamagrostis emirnensis (Baker) T.Durand & Schinz Cathariostachys capitata (Kunth) S.Dransf. Cathariostachys madagascariensis (A.Camus) S.Dransf. Cathariostachys sp. Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. Cenchrus ciliaris L. Cenchrus echinatus L. Cenchrus (Pennisetum pseudotriticides) ined. Cenchrus sp. Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv. Chasechloa egregia (Mez) A.Camus Chasechloa madagascariensis (Baker) A.Camus Chloris barbata Sw. Chloris gayana Kunth Chloris humbertiana A.Camus Native to Madagascar Madagascar Africa to Tropical & Subtropical Asia S. Arabian Peninsula, Tropical Asia to W. Pacific Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa, W. Indian Ocean Madagascar Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa, W. Indian Ocean Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Macaronesia to Medit. Macaronesia, Medit. and Iran Madagascar Sahara to Kenya, Madagascar La Reunion Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Sahara Desert and in western Africa Africa to NW. India Sicilia, S. Greece, Africa, Arabian Peninsula to Indian Subcontinent Central & S. U.S.A. to Tropical & Subtropical America Madagascar W. & W. Central Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Pacific Madagascar Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical Old World Macaronesia, Tropical & S. Africa, Arabian Peninsula Madagascar 7 Table 1 (continued): List of Poaceae taxon maps and areas of native occurrence as compiled from Bosser (1969), WCSP (2019), and Madagascar Catalogue (2019). Taxon Chloris pycnothrix Trin. Chloris virgata Sw. Chloris sp. Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Chrysopogon humbertianus A.Camus Chrysopogon serrulatus Trin. Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty Chrysopogon sp. Cleistachne sorghoides Benth. Coelachne africana Pilg. Coelachne simpliciuscula Munro ex Benth. Coelachne sp. Coix lacryma-jobi L. Craspedorhachis africana Benth. Ctenium concinnum Nees Cymbopogon caesius (Hook. & Arn.) Stapf Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W.Watson Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov. Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. Cymbopogon sp. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Cynodon plectostachyus (K.Schum.) Pilg. Cynodon radiatus Roth Cynodon sp. Cyphochlaena madagascariensis Hack. Cyphochlaena sclerioides (A.Camus) Bosser Cyrtococcum bosseri A.Camus Cyrtococcum deltoideum (Hack.) A.Camus Cyrtococcum humbertianum A.Camus Cyrtococcum multinode (Lam.) Clayton Cyrtococcum patens (L.) A.Camus Cyrtococcum tamatavense A.Camus Cyrtococcum sp. Dactylis glomerata L. (introduced) Native to Africa to SW. Arabian Peninsula, S. Tropical America Temp. & Subtropical America Indian Ocean, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Pacific Madagascar Ethiopia to S. Africa, Madagascar, Afghanistan to W. Malesia Indo-China to Malesia Ethiopia to S. Africa, S. Arabian Peninsula, India Cameroon to Ethiopia and S. Trop. Africa, Madagascar Madagascar, S. China to Tropical Asia Indian Subcontinent to Taiwan and Peninsula Malaysia S. Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, W. Indian Ocean, Arabian Peninsula to Indian Subcontinent Indian Subcontinent to Indo-China Tropical Africa to Botswana, Madagascar South Sudan to S. Africa and Indo-China Sahara & Sahel to Iran and Kenya Temp. & Subtropical Old World to Australia Ethiopia to E. Tropical Africa Madagascar, Tropical & Subtropical Asia Comoros, Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar E. Tropical Africa, W. Indian Ocean Tropical & Subtropical Asia to W. Pacific Madagascar Macaronesia, Medit. to Temp. Eurasia 8 Table 1 (continued): List of Poaceae taxon maps and areas of native occurrence as compiled from Bosser (1969), WCSP (2019), and Madagascar Catalogue (2019). Taxon Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Dactyloctenium australe Steud. Dactyloctenium capitatum A.Camus Dactyloctenium ctenoides (Steud.) Bosser Dactyloctenium geminatum Hack. Dactyloctenium giganteum B.S.Fisher & Schweick. Dactyloctenium sp. Daknopholis boivinii (A.Camus) Clayton Decaryella madagascariensis A.Camus Decaryochloa diadelpha A.Camus Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf Dichanthium aristatum (Poir.) Hubbard Dichanthium sp. Diectomis fastigiata Kunth Digitaria abyssinica (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf Digitaria adscendens (Kunth) Henrard Digitaria andringitrensis A.Camus Digitaria ankaratrensis A.Camus Digitaria argyrotricha (Andersson) Chiov. Digitaria atrofusca (Hack.) A.Camus Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler Digitaria debilis (Desf.) Willd. Digitaria didactyla Willd. Digitaria fulva Bosser Digitaria glauca A.Camus Digitaria horizontalis Willd. Digitaria humbertii A.Camus Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers. Digitaria madagascariensis Bosser Digitaria manongarivensis A.Camus Digitaria perrieri A.Camus Digitaria perrottetii (Kunth) Stapf Digitaria planiculmis Henrard Digitaria psammophila Henrard Digitaria pseudodiagonalis Chiov. Digitaria radicosa (Presl.) Miq. Native to Trop. & Subtrop. Old World Kenya to S. Africa, Madagascar Madagascar Kenya to Mozambique, W. Indian Ocean Ethiopia to S. Africa, Madagascar Kenya to S. Africa, Madagascar Kenya to Mozambique, Aldabra, Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar India (West Bengal) to China (Yunnan) Tropical & Subtropical Old World India to China (Yunnan) and Malesia Tropical & Subtropical Tropical & S. Africa to Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Peninsula Malaysia, New Guinea, SE. Queensland Tropical & Subtropical Old World Madagascar Madagascar Somalia to KwaZulu-Natal Tropical Africa, Madagascar W. Indian Ocean, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to N. Australia Tropical & Subtropical Old World S. Europe to Africa Malawi to Mozambique , W. Indian Ocean Madagascar W. Madagascar Tropical & SubtropicalAmerica, Cape Verde, W. & W. Central Tropical Africa Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical Old World Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Tropical Africa, Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Pacific 9 Table 1 (continued): List of Poaceae taxon maps and areas of native occurrence as compiled from Bosser (1969), WCSP (2019), and Madagascar Catalogue (2019). Taxon Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Digitaria setifolia Stapf Digitaria thouarsiana (Flugge) A.Camus Digitaria velutina (Forssk.) P.Beauv. Digitaria violascens Link Digitaria sp. Dimeria madagascariensis A.Camus Dimeria manongarivensis A.Camus Dimeria perrieri A.Camus Dimeria sp. Dinebra panicea (Retz.) P.M. Peterson & N.Snow Dinebra perrieri (A.Camus) Bosser Diplachne fusca P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. Diplachne sp. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. Echinochloa haploclada (Stapf) Stapf Echinochloa jubata Stapf Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam.) Hitchc. & Chase Echinochloa stagnina (Retz.) P.Beauv. Echinochloa sp. Ehrharta stipoides Labill. Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Eleusine sp. Elionurus tristis Hack. Enneapogon cenchroides (Licht. ex Roem. & Schult.) Hubbard Enteropogon prieurii (Kunth) Clayton Enteropogon sechellensis (Benth.) T.Durand & Schinz Enteropogon sp. Eragrostis aethiopica Chiov. Eragrostis ambohibengensis A.Camus Eragrostis ambositrensis A.Camus Eragrostis ambrensis A.Camus Native to Medit. to Central Asia and Malesia Ethiopia to S. Africa, Madagascar, S. China to Indo-China Cameroon to Kenya and S. Africa, Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula Tropical & Subtropical Asia to N. & E. Australia Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical Asia, America SW. Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical to N. America Madagascar, Africa, Asia, New World S. & E. Europe to Asia, W., E. & S. Tropical Africa to S. Africa, Madagascar Ethiopia to Swaziland Tanzania to S. Africa Caucasus to Japan and Philippines Africa to Arabian Peninsula Africa, Tropical Asia Jawa to New Zealand Arid parts of Africa and Asia Tropical & Subtropical Old World Madagascar Africa to India Africa to NW. India Somalia to Mozambique, W. Indian Ocean Ethiopia to S. Africa, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar 10 Table 1 (continued): List of Poaceae taxon maps and areas of native occurrence as compiled from Bosser (1969), WCSP (2019), and Madagascar Catalogue (2019). Taxon Eragrostis aspera (Jacq.) Nees Eragrostis atrovirens (Desf.) Trin. ex Steud. Eragrostis bemarivensis A.Camus Eragrostis betsileensis A.Camus Eragrostis boinensis A.Camus Eragrostis boivinii Steud. Eragrostis capensis (Thunb.) Trin. Eragrostis capuronii A.Camus Eragrostis chabouisii Bosser Eragrostis chapelieri (Kunth) Nees Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Janch. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R.Br. Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees Eragrostis cylindriflora Hochst. Eragrostis gangetica (Roxb.) Steud. Eragrostis gummiflua Nees Eragrostis hildebrandtii Jedwabn. Eragrostis humbertii A.Camus Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin. Eragrostis lateritica Bosser Eragrostis macilenta Steud. Eragrostis majungensis A.Camus Eragrostis mandrarensis A.Camus Eragrostis minor Host Eragrostis perrieri A.Camus Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv. Eragrostis plana Nees Eragrostis racemosa (Thunb.) Steud. Eragrostis sambiranensis A.Camus Eragrostis sarmentosa (Thunb.) Trin. Eragrostis stolonifera A.Camus Eragrostis tenella (L.) Roem. & Schult. Eragrostis tenuifolia L. Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. Eragrostis viguieri A.Camus Eragrostis sp. Eriochloa meyeriana (Nees) Pilg. Eriochloa parvispiculata Hubbard Native to Africa, Arabian Peninsula, S. India, IndoChina Tropical & Subtropical Old World Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Congo to Ethiopia and S. Africa, Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Old World Tropical & Subtropical Old World Cameroon to Eritrea and S. Africa Africa Africa, Indian Subcontinent to Borneo S. Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical Old World Madagascar Tropical Africa, Madagascar, SW. Arabian Peninsula, India Madagascar Madagascar Old World Madagascar Old World S. Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Eritrea to S. Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar Madagascar Chad (Tibesti), S. Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical Old World Tropical & Subtropical Old World Tropical & Subtropical Asia to N. & E. Queensland Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, Aldabra, Madagascar, SW. Arabian Peninsula Kenya to S. Africa, Madagascar 11 Table 1 (continued): List of Poaceae taxon maps and areas of native occurrence as compiled from Bosser (1969), WCSP (2019), and Madagascar Catalogue (2019). Taxon Eriochloa procera (Retz.) Hubbard Eriochloa subulifera Stapf Eriochloa sp. Euclasta condylotricha (Steud.) Stapf Eulalia villosa (Spreng.) Nees Festuca camusiana Saint-Yves Festuca perrieri A.Camus Festuca sp. Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze Halopyrum mucronatum (L.) Stapf Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf Heteropholis benoistii A.Camus Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. Heteropogon melanocarpus (Elliott) Benth. Heteropogon sp. Hickelia alaotrensis A.Camus Hickelia madagascariensis A.Camus Hickelia perrieri (A.Camus) S.Dransf. Hickelia sp. Hitchcockella baronii A.Camus Humbertochloa bambusiuscula A.Camus & Stapf Hyparrhenia cymbaria (L.) Stapf Hyparrhenia diplandra (Hack.) Stapf Hyparrhenia filipendula (Hochst.) Stapf Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf Hyparrhenia newtonii (Hack.) Stapf Hyparrhenia nyassae (Rendle) Stapf Hyparrhenia rudis Stapf Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf Hyparrhenia schimperi (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Andersson ex Stapf Native to Ethiopia to Mozambique, Madagascar, Trop. & Subtrop. Asia to Australia Aldabra (Assumption Island), Madagascar Tropical Africa to India, Mexico to W. Central Brazil Ethiopia to S. Africa, Madagascar, India to China (Yunnan) Madagascar Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical Old World Egypt to Mozambique, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula to Indian Subcontinent Tropical & Subtropical Old World to Borneo Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical to S. Central Europe Africa to China (Yunnan), Tropical & Subtropical America Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Nigeria to Eritrea and S. Africa, Comoros, Madagascar, India Tropical Africa, Madagascar, S. China to Indo-China, Sulawesi Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to E. Australia Africa, Medit. to Pakistan Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar, SE. China to Indo-China and New Guinea Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar, Indo-China Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, W. Indian Ocean, S. Central China to Indo-China Ethiopia to S. Africa, Madagascar 12 Table 1 (continued): List of Poaceae taxon maps and areas of native occurrence as compiled from Bosser (1969), WCSP (2019), and Madagascar Catalogue (2019). Taxon Hyparrhenia variabilis Stapf Hyparrhenia sp. Hyperthelia dissoluta (Nees ex Steud.) Clayton Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv. Isachne ciliaris A.Camus Isachne humbertiana A.Camus Isachne humicola A.Camus Isachne mauritiana Kunth Isachne muscicola A.Camus Isachne sp. Ischaemum heterotrichum Hack. Ischaemum koleostachys Hack. Ischaemum polystachyum Presl. Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. Ischaemum sp. Lasiorhachis hildebrandtii (Hack.) Stapf Lasiorhachis perrieri (A.Camus) Bosser Lasiorhachis viguieri (A.Camus) Bosser Lasiorhachis sp. Lecomtella madagascariensis A.Camus Leersia hexandra Sw. Leersia perrieri (A.Camus) Launert Leptaspis zeylanica Steud. Leptocarydion vulpiastrum (De Not.) Stapf Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth Leptochloa sp. Lepturus anadabolavensis A.Camus Lepturus androyensis A.Camus Lepturus boinensis A.Camus Lepturus humbertianus A.Camus Lepturus perrieri A.Camus Lepturus radicans (Steud.) A.Camus Lepturus repens (J.R.Forst.) R.Br. Lepturus sp. Lolium temulentum L. Loudetia filifolia Schweick. Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E.Hubb. Maltebrunia leersioides Kunth Native to Ethiopia to S. Africa, Yemen, Comoros, Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Medit. to Africa and Afghanistan Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Tropical Africa, W. Indian Ocean Madagascar W. Indian Ocean, Nicobar Islands W. Indian Ocean Tropical & Subtropical Old World Tropical Africa, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to W. Pacific Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar (Andringitra Massif) Tropical & Subtropical Madagascar Tropical Africa, W. Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka, Malesia to Papuasia Eritrea to S. Africa, Madagascar, SW. Arabian Peninsula Tropical & Subtropical to N. America S. Madagascar S. Central Madagascar NW. Madagascar Madagascar SW. Madagascar Kenya to S. Tropical Africa, W. Indian Ocean, India Somalia to KwaZulu-Natal and Pacific Macaronesia, N. Africa, Temp. Eurasia S. Africa, Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Madagascar 13 Table 1 (continued): List of Poaceae taxon maps and areas of native occurrence as compiled from Bosser (1969), WCSP (2019), and Madagascar Catalogue (2019). Taxon Maltebrunia sp. Megastachya madagascariensis (Lam.) Chase Megastachya mucronata (Poir.) P.Beauv. Megastachya sp. Melinis minutiflora P.Beauv. Melinis nerviglumis (Franch.) Zizka Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka Melinis sp. Merxmuellera ambalavaoensis (A.Camus) Conert Merxmuellera macowanii (Stapf) Conert Merxmuellera tsaratananensis (A.Camus) Conert Merxmuellera sp. Microchloa kunthii Desv. Microstegium nudum (Trin.) A.Camus Moorochloa eruciformis (Sm.) Veldkamp Nastus ambrensis A.Camus Nastus aristatus A.Camus Nastus borbonicus J.F.Gmel. Nastus decaryanus A.Camus Nastus elongatus A.Camus Nastus emirnensis (Baker) A.Camus Nastus humbertianus A.Camus Nastus lokohoensis A.Camus Nastus madagascariensis A.Camus Nastus manongarivensis A.Camus Nastus perrieri A.Camus Nastus tsaratananensis A.Camus Nastus sp. Neostapfiella chloridiantha A.Camus Neostapfiella humbertiana A.Camus Neostapfiella perrieri A.Camus Neostapfiella sp. Neyraudia arundinacea (L.) Henrard Native to Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Congo to SW. Ethiopia and S. Africa, Madagascar Africa to Arabian Peninsula Madagascar S. Africa, Madagascar Madagascar Africa, Arabian Peninsula, India to China (Yunnan) and Indo-China, Arizona to Texas and Central America, W. South America to N. Argentina Uganda to S. Africa, Tropical & Subtropical Asia. Medit. to Indo-China and Africa Madagascar Madagascar La Reunion Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Tanzania to Malawi, Madagascar, Hainan to Tropical Asia Oldeania humbertii (A.Camus) D.Z.Li, Y.X.Zhang & Madagascar Haev. Oldeania ibityensis (A.Camus) D.Z.Li, Y.X.Zhang & Madagascar Haev. 14 Table 1 (continued): List of Poaceae taxon maps and areas of native occurrence as compiled from Bosser (1969), WCSP (2019), and Madagascar Catalogue (2019). Taxon Oldeania itremoensis D.Z.Li, Y.X.Zhang & Haev. Oldeania madagascariensis (A.Camus) D.Z.Li, Y.X.Zhang & Haev. Oldeania marojejyensis (A.Camus) D.Z.Li, Y.X.Zhang & Haev. Oldeania perrieri (A.Camus) D.Z.Li, Y.X.Zhang & Haev. Oldeania sp. Olyra latifolia L. Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P.Beauv. Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv. Oplismenus flavicomus Mez Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P.Beauv. Oplismenus sp. Oryza longistaminata A.Chev. & Roehr. Oryza punctata Kotschy ex Steud. Oryza sativa L. Oryza sp. Oxyrhachis gracillima (Baker) Hubbard Panicum ambositrense A.Camus Panicum andringitrense A.Camus Panicum ankarense A.Camus Panicum brevifolium L. Panicum capuronii A.Camus Panicum cinctum Hack. Panicum crystallinum Judz. & Voronts. Panicum cupressifolium A.Camus Panicum danguyi A.Camus Panicum dregeanum Nees Panicum flacourtii A.Camus Panicum humbertii A.Camus Panicum humile Steud. Panicum ibitense A.Camus Panicum inconspicuum Voronts. Panicum luridum Hack. ex Scott-Elliot Panicum malacotrichum Steud. Panicum manongarivense A.Camus Panicum mitopus K.Schum. Panicum novemnerve Stapf Panicum palackyanum A.Camus Native to Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Mexico to Tropical America, Tropical Africa, Comoros, Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical Old World Tropical & Subtropical Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Cultigen from China Sierra Leone, Nigeria to Cameroon, Tanzania to S. Africa, Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Tropical Africa, W. Indian Ocean, Tropical & Subtropical Asia Madagascar Madagascar Central Madagascar. Madagascar Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical Old World Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Tanzania, Madagascar S. Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Madagascar 15 Table 1 (continued): List of Poaceae taxon maps and areas of native occurrence as compiled from Bosser (1969), WCSP (2019), and Madagascar Catalogue (2019). Taxon Panicum perrieri A.Camus Panicum pleianthum Peter Panicum spergulifolium A.Camus Panicum subalbidum Kunth Panicum subhystrix A.Camus Panicum trichocladum K.Schum. Panicum voeltzkowii Mez Panicum vohitrense A.Camus Panicum sp. Paratheria prostrata Griseb. Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Paspalum distichum L. Paspalum notatum Flügge Paspalum nutans Lam. Paspalum paniculatum L. Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Paspalum vaginatum Sw. Paspalum virgatum L. Paspalum sp. Pentameris andringitrensis (A.Camus) Galley & H.P.Linder Pentameris sp. Perotis arenacea (Judz.) P.M. Peterson Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze Perotis patens Gand. Perotis sp. Perrierbambus madagascariensis A.Camus Perrierbambus tsarasaotrensis A.Camus Perrierbambus sp. Phalaris canariensis L. Phragmites mauritianus Kunth Phragmites sp. Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Munro Poa ankaratrensis A.Camus & H.Perrier Poa annua L. Poa madecassa A.Camus Poa perrieri A.Camus Poa sp. Poecilostachys bakeri (Schinz) Hubbard Poecilostachys baronis Stapf Native to Madagascar Kenya to Mozambique, Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Aldabra, Madagascar Madagascar W. Tropical Africa to Ethiopia and Namibia, Madagascar, Tropical America Tropical & Subtropical America SE. & S. Brazil to S. South America U.S.A. to Tropical & Subtropical America Peru to Brazil and N. Argentina Tropical America Mexico to Tropical America Tropical & Subtropical Old World Tropical & Subtropical America Tropical & Subtropical America Madagascar SW. Madagascar W. Tropical Africa to Tanzania, W. Indian Ocean, Tropical & Subtropical Asia Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Canary Islands, Morocco Tropical & S. Africa, W. Indian Ocean China (Guizhou, S. Hunan) Madagascar Temp. Old World to Tropical Mountains Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar 16 Table 1 (continued): List of Poaceae taxon maps and areas of native occurrence as compiled from Bosser (1969), WCSP (2019), and Madagascar Catalogue (2019). Taxon Poecilostachys confertiflora A.Camus Poecilostachys geminata (Baker) Hack. Poecilostachys gougerotiana A.Camus Poecilostachys hildebrandtii Hack. Poecilostachys humbertii A.Camus Poecilostachys mainborondroensis A.Camus Poecilostachys marojejyensis A.Camus Poecilostachys muscicola A.Camus Poecilostachys sp. Pogonarthria squarrosa (Roem. & Schult.) Pilg Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Pseudechinolaena camusiana Bosser Pseudechinolaena madagascariensis (A.Camus) Bosser Pseudechinolaena moratii Bosser Pseudechinolaena perrieri A.Camus Pseudechinolaena polystachya (Kunth) Stapf Pseudechinolaena tenuis Bosser Pseudobromus ambilobensis A.Camus Pseudobromus breviligulatus Stapf ex A.Camus Pseudobromus humbertianus A.Camus Pseudobromus tenuifolius A.Camus Pseudobromus sp. Pseudolasiacis bathiei (A.Camus) A.Camus Pseudolasiacis leptolomoides (A.Camus) A.Camus Pseudolasiacis neoperrieri (A.Camus) A.Camus Pseudolasiacis neoperrieri var. leroyana Bosser & Florens Pseudolasiacis sp. Rhytachne rottboellioides Desv. Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton Saccharum officinarum L. Saccharum sp. Sacciolepis africana Hubbard & Snowden Sacciolepis curvata (L.) Chase Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase Sacciolepis micrococca Mez Native to Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, Madagacar Arabian Peninsula, Afghanistan to Taiwan and Tropical Asia Macaronesia, W. & S. Europe to Temp. E. Asia, N. Africa to Tanzania. Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical Madagascar Central Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Comoros, Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical Old World to N. & NE. Australia New Guinea Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Kenya to S. Africa, W. Indian Ocean, India, Sri Lanka Tropical & Subtropical Old World to N. & E. Australia Tropical Africa, Madagascar 17 Table 1 (continued): List of Poaceae taxon maps and areas of native occurrence as compiled from Bosser (1969), WCSP (2019), and Madagascar Catalogue (2019). Taxon Sacciolepis myosuroides (R.Br.) A.Camus Sacciolepis viguieri A.Camus Sacciolepis sp. Sartidia isaloensis Voronts., Razanatsoa & Besnard Sartidia perrieri (A.Camus) Bourreil Schizachyrium bemarivense A.Camus Schizachyrium brevifolium (Sw.) Buse Schizachyrium exile (Hochst.) Pilg. Schizachyrium platyphyllum (Franch.) Stapf Schizachyrium sanguineum (Retz.) Alston Schizachyrium sp. Schoenefeldia gracilis Kunth Sclerodactylon macrostachyum (Benth.) A.Camus Sclerodactylon sp. Secale sp. Setaria barbata (Lam.) Kunth Setaria bathiei A.Camus Setaria bosseri A.Camus Setaria humbertiana A.Camus Setaria madecassa A.Camus Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) T.Durand & Schinz Setaria perrieri A.Camus Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Setaria sagittifolia Walp. Setaria scottii (Hack.) A.Camus Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf & Hubbard ex Moss Setaria taolanensis A.Camus Setaria vatkeana K.Schum. Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv. Setaria (Camusiella fiherenensis) Setaria sp. Sirochloa parvifolia (Munro) S.Dransf. Sokinochloa australis S.Dransf. Sokinochloa bosseri S.Dransf. Sokinochloa brachyclada S.Dransf. Native to Cameroon to Ethiopia and S. Africa, Madagascar, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to N. Australia Madagascar Central & S. Central Madagascar Central Madagascar Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical Tropical & S. Africa, Indian Subcontinent to Myanmar Tropical Africa, Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical Sahara and Sahel to India E. Tanzania to NE. Mozambique, W. Indian Ocean, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Tropical & Subtropical Old World Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula Madagascar Old World Ethiopia to S. Africa, Madagascar, SW. Arabian Peninsula Madagascar Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar 18 Table 1 (continued): List of Poaceae taxon maps and areas of native occurrence as compiled from Bosser (1969), WCSP (2019), and Madagascar Catalogue (2019). Taxon Sokinochloa chapelieri (A.Camus) S.Dransf. Sokinochloa chiataniae S.Dransf. Sokinochloa perrieri (A.Camus) S.Dransf. Sokinochloa viguieri (A.Camus) S.Dransf. Sokinochloa sp. Sorghastrum incompletum (Presl.) Nash Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Sorghum sp. Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay Sporobolus bosseri A.Camus Sporobolus centrifugus (Trin.) Nees Sporobolus coromandelianus (Retz.) Kunth Sporobolus elatior Bosser Sporobolus fimbriatus (Trin.) Nees Sporobolus halophilus Bosser Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br. Sporobolus ivakoanyensis A.Camus Sporobolus molleri Hack. Sporobolus paniculatus (Trin.) T.Durand & Schinz Sporobolus perrieri A.Camus Sporobolus pilifer (Trin.) Kunth Sporobolus pyramidalis P.Beauv. Sporobolus rigidifolius (Trin.) Mez ex Veldkamp Sporobolus stapfianus Gand. Sporobolus subtilis Kunth Sporobolus subulatus Hack. Sporobolus tenuissimus (Schrank.) Kuntze Sporobolus tsiafajavonensis A.Camus Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth Sporobolus sp. Stenotaphrum dimidiatum (L.) Brongn. Stenotaphrum oostachyum Baker Stenotaphrum unilaterale Baker Native to Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Tropical Africa, Mexico to Venezuela, Bolivia to W. Brazil Africa, Indian Subcontinent Cultigen from African Sahel Macaronesia to Central Asia and Indo-China Nigeria to Ethiopia and S. Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Sri Lanka Madagascar Congo to South Sudan and S. Africa, Madagascar Eritrea to S. Africa, W. Indian Ocean, Arabian Peninsula to S. Central China, Jawa, New Guinea Madagascar Ethiopia to S. Africa Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical America Madagascar Cape Verde, Tropical & S. Africa Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical Tropical & Subtropical America, Africa to Arabian Peninsula Tropical Africa, W. Indian Ocean Niger to Ethiopia and S. Africa, Madagascar W. Tropical Africa to Tanzania and S. Africa, Madagascar S. Africa, Madagascar S. Mexico to Tropical America Central Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical Coastal Kenya to S. Africa, W. Indian Ocean, Indian Subcontinent to Peninsula Malaysia NW. & Central Madagascar Central Madagascar 19 Table 1 (continued): List of Poaceae taxon maps and areas of native occurrence as compiled from Bosser (1969), WCSP (2019), and Madagascar Catalogue (2019). Taxon Stenotaphrum sp. Stipagrostis ciliata (Desf.) De Winter Styppeiochloa hitchcockii (A.Camus) Cope Styppeiochloa sp. Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) Kuntze Thuarea involuta (G.Forst.) R.Br. ex Sm. Thuarea perrieri A.Camus Trachypogon spicatus (L.f.) Kuntze Tragus berteronianus Schult. Tragus sp. Trichanthecium brazzavillense (Franch.) Zuloaga & Morrone Trichanthecium parvifolium (Lam.) Zuloaga & Morrone Tricholaena monachne (Trin.) Stapf & Hubbard Trichopteryx dregeana Nees Tripogonella minima (A.Rich.) P.M. Peterson & Romasch. Trisetopsis elongata (Hoschst.A.Rich.) Röser & A.Wölk Trisetopsis milanjiana (Rendle) Röser & A.Wölk Trisetopsis sp. Tristachya betsileensis A.Camus Tristachya humbertii A.Camus Tristachya (Isalus isalensis) Tristachya sp. Triticum aestivum L. Urelytrum agropyroides (Hack.) Hack. Urochloa arrecta (Hack. ex T.Durand & Schinz) Morrone & Zuloaga Urochloa brizantha (A.Rich.) R.D.Webster Urochloa eminii (Mez) Davidse Urochloa glumaris (Trin.) Veldkamp Urochloa maxima (Jacq.) R.D.Webster Native to Canary Islands, Sahara to Pakistan, S. Africa Madagascar Indian Subcontinent to N. Thailand, Andaman Islands Madagascar, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Pacific Madagascar Tropical & Subtropical America, Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Africa, Arabian Peninsula to China Madagascar Tropical America, Tropical & S. Africa, Madagascar Ghana to Togo, Kenya to S. Africa, W. Indian Ocean, Pakistan Congo to S. Africa, Madagascar Africa Nigeria to Eritrea and S. Tropical Africa, Madagascar Ethiopia to Malawi, Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar A cultigen from Transcaucasia to Israel and NW. Iran, S. Pakistan to NW. India Ghana to Tanzania and S. Africa, Madagascar Ethiopia to S. Africa, Madagascar Tropical & South Africa, West Indian Ocean, SW. Arabian Peninsula Ivory Coast to Kenya and Zambia W. Indian Ocean, China (Yunnan) to Tropical Asia and Pacific Tropical & S. Africa, W. Indian Ocean, Arabian Peninsula 20 Table 1 (continued): List of Poaceae taxon maps and areas of native occurrence as compiled from Bosser (1969), WCSP (2019), and Madagascar Catalogue (2019). Taxon Urochloa panicoides P.Beauv. Urochloa plantaginea (Link) R.D.Webster Urochloa ramosa (L.) T.Q.Nguyen Urochloa reptans (L.) Stapf Urochloa sp. Valiha diffusa S.Dransf. Viguierella madagascariensis A.Camus Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C.Gmel. Yvesia madagascariensis A.Camus Zea mays L. Zea mexicana (Schrad.) Kuntze Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. Poaceae, genus not known Native to Egypt to S. Africa and Indo-China Caribbean to S. Tropical America Africa to Tropical & Subtropical Asia Arabian Peninsula, Afghanistan to Pacific Madagascar Madagascar Europe to Taiwan and Sri Lanka, Macaronesia to Arabian Peninsula and Kenya Madagascar Central & SW. Mexico to W. Guatemala Mexico (Chihuahua to N. Oaxaca) Tropical & Subtropical Asia to NW. Pacific 21 Map distribution for each taxon 22 Map distribution for each taxon 23 Map distribution for each taxon 24 Map distribution for each taxon 25 Map distribution for each taxon 26 Map distribution for each taxon 27 Map distribution for each taxon 28 Map distribution for each taxon 29 Map distribution for each taxon 30 Map distribution for each taxon 31 Map distribution for each taxon 32 Map distribution for each taxon 33 Map distribution for each taxon 34 Map distribution for each taxon 35 Map distribution for each taxon 36 Map distribution for each taxon 37 Map distribution for each taxon 38 Map distribution for each taxon 39 Map distribution for each taxon 40 Map distribution for each taxon 41 Map distribution for each taxon 42 Map distribution for each taxon 43 Map distribution for each taxon 44 Map distribution for each taxon 45 Map distribution for each taxon 46 Map distribution for each taxon 47 Map distribution for each taxon 48 Map distribution 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taxon 158 Map distribution for each taxon 159 Map distribution for each taxon 160 Map distribution for each taxon 161 Map distribution for each taxon 162 Map distribution for each taxon 163 Map distribution for each taxon 164 Map distribution for each taxon 165 Map distribution for each taxon 166 References: Besnard G, Christin PA, Malé PJG, Coissac E, Ralimanana H, Vorontsova MS. 2013. Phylogenomics and taxonomy of Lecomtelleae (Poaceae), an isolated panicoid lineage from Madagascar. Annals of Botany 112: 1057-1066. Bosser, J. 1969. Graminées des pâturages et des cultures à Madagascar. Orstom. CABI, 2019. Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/isc. (Retrieved March 2019). Dransfield S. 2003. Poaceae, Bambuseae, bamboos. In: The natural history of Madagascar (eds SM Goodman, JP Benstead), pp. 467–471. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. FAOSTAT. 2019. Statistics Division. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Available at http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/ (Retrieved March 2019). Kull CA, Tassin J, Moreau S, Ramiarantsoa HR, Blanc-Pamard C, Carrière SM. 2012. The introduced flora of Madagascar. Biological Invasions 14: 875-888. Madagascar Catalogue. 2019. Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, U.S.A. & Antananarivo, Madagascar. http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Madagascar (Retrieved March 2019). Mittermeier RA, Brooks T, Fonseca G, Brito D. 2007. Les pays de mégadiversité. Regards sur la Terre 2008: 153-154. Moat J, Smith P. 2007. Atlas of the Vegetation of Madagascar. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew: 18-21. Nanjarisoa OP, Besnard G, Ralimanana H, Jeannoda V, Vorontsova MS. 2017. Grass survey of the Itremo Massif records endemic central highland grasses. Madagascar Conservation & Development 12. Rabarivola ML, Vorontsova M, Razanajatovo H, Razafiniary V, Ralimanana H. 2019. All herbarium specimens of grasses from Madagascar and the surrounding islands: family Poaceae, sector AFM. Version 1.22. Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre - Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/51pabx (Retrieved March 2019 via GBIF.org). Rabarivola ML, Razafiniary V, Razanajatovo H, Rapanarivo SH, Ralimanana H, Vorontsova M. 2019. All herbarium specimens of grasses held at TAN herbarium. Version 1.7. Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre - Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/v6mfx2 (Retrieved March 2019 via GBIF.org). Rabarivola ML, Razanajatovo H, Razafiniary V, Ralimanana H, Vorontsova M. 2019. Research database of Madagascar grasses compiled by Maria Vorontsova. Version 1.2. Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre - Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/umduhk (Retrieved March 2019 via GBIF.org). Rabarivola ML, Razafiniary V, Razanajatovo H, Ralimanana H, Vorontsova M. 2019. Book by Jean Bosser: Graminées des pâturages et des cultures à Madagascar, 1969. Version 1.8. 167 Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre - Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/0p8oq0 (Retrieved March 2019 via GBIF.org). Silva C, Besnard G, Piot A, Razanatsoa J, Oliveira RP, Vorontsova MS. 2017. Museomics resolve the systematics of an endangered grass lineage endemic to north-western Madagascar. Annals of Botany 119: 339-351. Vest F. 2016. Géoréférencement des occurrences d'observ ation de taxons et représentation cartographique dans Ginco. Version: 0.4 du 09/05/2016. Vorontsova MS, Ratovonirina G, Randriamboavonjy T. 2013. Revision of Andropogon and Diectomis (Poaceae: Sacchareae) in Madagascar and the new Andropogon itremoensis from the Itremo Massif. Kew Bulletin 68(2): 193-207. Vorontsova MS. 2014. Two new species of Panicum sensu lato (Poaceae: Panicoideae) from Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 69: 9511. Vorontsova MS, Rakotoarisoa SE. 2014. Endemic non-bambusoid genera of grasses (Poaceae) in Madagascar: review of current knowledge. Malagasy Nature 8: 14-34. Vorontsova MS, Nanjarisoa OP, Besnard G. 2014. Three new grass records for Madagascar. In: M. Callmander & P. Phillipson (eds.), Notes on the flora of Madagascar 36. Candollea 69(1): 8587. Vorontsova MS, Haevermans T, Haevermans A, Razanatsoa J, Lundgren MR, Besnard G. 2015. The Genus Sartidia (Poaceae: Aristidoideae) in Madagascar. Systematic Botany 40: 448-453. Vorontsova MS, Besnard G, Forest F, Malakasi P, Moat J, Clayton WD, Ficinski P, Savva GM, Nanjarisoa OP, Razanatsoa J, Randriatsara FO, Kimeu JM, Luke WRQ, Kayombo C, Linder HP. 2016. Madagascar’s grasses and grasslands: anthropogenic or natural? Proc. R. Soc. B 2016 283 20152262. Vorontsova MS. 2017. Digitaria bosseri (Poaceae: Panicoideae), a new species from Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 72: 29. Vorontsova MS, Dransfield S, Renvoize S, Besnard G, McRobb A, Razanatsoa J, Nanjarisoa OP, Rakotoarisoa SE, Ralimanana H. 2018. Identification guide to grasses and bamboos in Madagascar. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. WCSP. 2019. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://apps.kew.org/wcsp (Retrieved March 2019). List of web tools used for georeferencing: - Geonames: https://www.geonames.org/ - Getamap: http://www.getamap.org/ - Google map: https://www.google.co.za/maps/ - Schatz GE, Lescot M. 2003. Gazetteer to Malagasy Botanical Collecting Localities http://mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/madagascar/gazetteer/ 168 Index to latin names This index includes all Poaceae names this project has encountered on herbarium specimens. The names marked in bold are accepted, and correspond to maps (arranged in alphabetical order by genus). The names not in bold include invalid names, illegitimate names, and all synonyms not currently accepted: the relevant accepted name is indicated after the equal sign to enable the relevant map to be identified. The generic delimitation of the Poaceae has undergone recent changes due to the realignment of the classification to reflect monophyletic evolutionary units as genera. The modern classification system is adopted here following Vorontsova et al. (2018). In some cases where the new combinations have not yet been made for the modern generic placement the species is listed in the correct genus with the old name placed in brackets, e.g. Cenchrus (Pennisetum pseudotriticides) ined. We do not intend to publish any new names in this atlas. Acrachne perrieri (A.Camus) S.M.Phillips 22 Acroceras bosseri A.Camus = Acroceras boivinii (Mez) A.Camus 22 Acroceras boivinii (Mez) A.Camus 22 Acroceras calcicola A.Camus 22 Acroceras ivohibense A.Camus 22 Acroceras lateriticum A.Camus = Acroceras boivinii (Mez) A.Camus 22 Acroceras mandrarense A.Camus = Acroceras boivinii (Mez) A.Camus 22 Acroceras manongarivense A.Camus = Acroceras boivinii (Mez) A.Camus 22 Acroceras sambiranense A.Camus = Panicum malacotrichum Steud. 118 Acroceras seyrigii A.Camus = Acroceras boivinii (Mez) A.Camus 22 Acroceras tenuicaule A.Camus 23 Acroceras sp.nov. 23 Acroceras sp. 23 Agrostis elliotii Hook. ex Scott-Elliot 23 Agrostis emirnensis (Baker) Bosser = Calamagrostis emirnensis (Baker) T.Durand & Schinz 43 Agrostis humbertii A.Camus 24 Agrostis marojejyensis A.Camus 24 Agrostis tsaratananensis A.Camus 24 Agrostis tsiafajavonensis A.Camus 24 Agrostis tsitondroinensis A.Camus 25 Agrostis sp. 25 Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf 25 Alloteropsis paniculata (Benth.) Stapf 25 Alloteropsis semialata (R.Br.) Hitchc. 26 Alloteropsis semialata var. ecklonii Stapf = Alloteropsis semialata (R.Br.) Hitchc. 26 Andropogon andringitrensis (A.Camus) Voronts. 26 Andropogon bicornis Forssk. = Cymbopogon caesius (Hook. & Arn.) Stapf 51 Andropogon chinensis (Nees) Merr. 26 169 Index to latin names Andropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. = Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. 87 Andropogon eucomus subsp. eucomus 26 Andropogon eucomus subsp. huillensis (Rendle) Sales 27 Andropogon fastigiatus Sw. = Diectomis fastigiata Kunth 60 Andropogon huillensis Rendle = Andropogon eucomus subsp. huillensis (Rendle) Sales 27 Andropogon humbertii A.Camus 27 Andropogon ibityensis A.Camus 27 Andropogon imerinensis Bosser 27 Andropogon itremoensis Voronts. 28 Andropogon ivohibensis A.Camus 28 Andropogon lepidus Nees = Hyparrhenia cymbaria (L.) Stapf 89 Andropogon rufus (Nees) Kunth = Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf 91 Andropogon trichozygus Baker 28 Andropogon tsaratananensis A.Camus 28 Andropogon vohiboryensis A.Camus = Andropogon ivohibensis A.Camus 28 Andropogon sp. 29 Anthoxanthum madagascariense Stapf 29 Anthoxanthum odoratum L. 29 Anthoxanthum sp. 29 Aristida adscensionis L. 30 Aristida adscensionis var. mandrarensis A.Camus = Aristida adscensionis L. 30 Aristida ambongensis A.Camus 30 Aristida angustata Stapf = Aristida junciformis Trin. & Rupr. 31 Aristida barbicollis Trin. & Rupr. 30 Aristida chaetophylla Steud. = Aristida adscensionis L. 30 Aristida congesta Roem. & Schult. 30 Aristida congesta subsp. barbicollis (Trin. & Rupr.) De Winter = Aristida barbicollis Trin. & Rupr. 30 Aristida congesta subsp. congesta = Aristida congesta Roem. & Schult. 30 Aristida cumingiana Trin. & Rupr. 31 Aristida decaryana A.Camus 31 Aristida depressa Retz. = Aristida adscensionis L. 30 Aristida junciformis Trin. & Rupr. 31 Aristida lommelii Mez = Aristida barbicollis Trin. & Rupr. 30 Aristida mauritiana Kunth = Aristida adscensionis L. 30 Aristida multicaulis Baker = Aristida rufescens Steud. 31 Aristida perrieri A.Camus = Sartidia perrieri (A.Camus) Bourreil 139 Aristida rufescens Steud. 31 Aristida similis Steud. 32 Aristida tenuissima A.Camus 32 170 Index to latin names Aristida sp. 32 Arthraxon antsirabensis A.Camus 32 Arundinaria humbertii A.Camus = Oldeania humbertii (A.Camus) D.Z.Li, Y.X.Zhang & Haev. 109 Arundinaria ibityensis A.Camus = Oldeania ibityensis (A.Camus) D.Z.Li, Y.X.Zhang & Haev. 109 Arundinaria madagascariensis A.Camus = Oldeania madagascariensis (A.Camus) D.Z.Li, Y.X.Zhang & Have 110 Arundinaria marojejyensis A.Camus = Oldeania marojejyensis (A.Camus) D.Z.Li, Y.X.Zhang & Haev. 110 Arundinella ecklonii Nees = Arundinella nepalensis Trin. 33 Arundinella nepalensis Trin. 33 Arundinella sp. 33 Arundo madagascariensis Kunth = Neyraudia arundinacea (L.) Henrard 109 Avena sativa L. 33 Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv. 33 Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. ex Schult. & Schult.f. 34 Bambusa vulgaris Nees 34 Bambusa sp. 34 Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T.Blake 34 Bothriochloa glabra (Roxb.) A.Camus = Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T.Blake 34 Bothriochloa insculpta (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) A.Camus 35 Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A.Camus 35 Bothriochloa sp. 35 Brachiaria antsirabensis A.Camus 35 Brachiaria arrecta (T.Durand & Schinz) Stent = Urochloa arrecta (Hack. ex T.Durand & Schinz) Morrone & Zuloaga 161 Brachiaria bemarivensis A.Camus 36 Brachiaria bemarivensis var. benoistii (A.Camus) Bosser = Brachiaria bemarivensis A.Camus 36 Brachiaria benoistii A.Camus = Brachiaria bemarivensis A.Camus 36 Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Stapf = Urochloa brizantha (A.Rich.) R.D.Webster 162 Brachiaria capuronii A.Camus = Brachiaria comorensis (Mez) A.Camus 36 Brachiaria comorensis (Mez) A.Camus 36 Brachiaria eruciformis (Sm) Griseb. = Moorochloa eruciformis (Sm.) Veldkamp 104 Brachiaria dimorpha A.Camus 36 Brachiaria epacridifolia (Stapf) A.Camus 36 Brachiaria fragrans A.Camus 37 Brachiaria fruticulosa A.Camus 37 Brachiaria humbertiana A.Camus 37 Brachiaria jubata (Fig. & De Not.) Stapf 37 Brachiaria lactea (Mez) A.Camus 38 Brachiaria lateritica A.Camus 38 Brachiaria leandriana Bosser 38 Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf 38 171 Index to latin names Brachiaria nana Stapf 39 Brachiaria perrieri A.Camus 39 Brachiaria pseudodichotoma Bosser 39 Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf 39 Brachiaria reptans (L.) C.A.Gardner & C.E.Hubb. = Urochloa reptans (L.) Stapf 163 Brachiaria ruziziensis R.Germ. & C.M.Evrard = Urochloa eminii (Mez) Davidse 162 Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc. 40 Brachiaria subrostrata A.Camus 40 Brachiaria tsiafajavonensis A.Camus 40 Brachiaria umbellata (Trin.) Clayton 40 Brachiaria sp. nov. 41 Brachypodium humbertianum A.Camus 41 Brachypodium madagascariense A.Camus & H.Perrier 41 Brachypodium perrieri A.Camus 41 Brachypodium sp. 42 Briza maxima L. 42 Briza minor L. 42 Bromus andringitrensis A.Camus 42 Bromus pectinatus Thunb. 43 Bromus trichodes (Schult. & Schult.f.) Kunth 43 Bromus sp. 43 Calamagrostis emirnensis (Baker) T.Durand & Schinz 43 Camusia perrieri (A.Camus) Lorch = Acrachne perrieri (A.Camus) S.M.Phillips 22 Camusiella fiherenensis Bosser = Setaria (Camusiella fiherenensis) 145 Camusiella vatkeana (K.Schum.) Bosser = Setaria vatkeana K.Schum. 145 Cathariostachys capitata (Kunth) S.Dransf. 44 Cathariostachys madagascariensis (A.Camus) S.Dransf. 44 Cathariostachys sp. 44 Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone 44 Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. 45 Cenchrus ciliaris L. 45 Cenchrus echinatus L. 45 Cenchrus melanostachyus A.Camus = Cenchrus ciliaris L. 45 Cenchrus perinvolucratus Stapf & C.E.Hubb. = Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. 45 Cenchrus (Pennisetum pseudotriticides) ined. 45 Cenchrus sp. 46 Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv. 46 Centotheca mucronata (P.Beauv.) Hack. = Megastachya mucronata (Poir.) P.Beauv. 101 Cephalostachyum chapelieri Munro = Sokinochloa chapelieri (A.Camus) S.Dransf. 147 Cephalostachyum madagascariense A.Camus = Cathariostachys madagascariensis (A.Camus) S.Dransf. 44 Cephalostachyum peclardii A.Camus = Cathariostachys capitata (Kunth) S.Dransf. 44 172 Index to latin names Cephalostachyum perrieri A.Camus = Sokinochloa perrieri (A.Camus) S.Dransf. 147 Cephalostachyum viguieri A.Camus = Sokinochloa viguieri (A.Camus) S.Dransf. 147 Chasechloa egregia (Mez) A.Camus 46 Chasechloa humbertiana A.Camus = Chasechloa madagascariensis (Baker) A.Camus 46 Chasechloa madagascariensis (Baker) A.Camus 46 Chloris barbata Sw. 47 Chloris boivinii A.Camus = Daknopholis boivinii (A.Camus) Clayton 58 Chloris gayana Kunth 47 Chloris humbertiana A.Camus 47 Chloris ramosissima A.Camus = Daknopholis boivinii (A.Camus) Clayton 58 Chloris pycnothrix Trin. 47 Chloris virgata Sw. 48 Chloris sp. 48 Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. 48 Chrysopogon humbertianus A.Camus 48 Chrysopogon serrulatus Trin. 49 Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty 49 Chrysopogon sp. 49 Cleistachne sorghoides Benth. 49 Coelachne africana Pilg. 50 Coelachne madagascariensis Baker = Coelachne simpliciuscula Munro ex Benth. 50 Coelachne simpliciuscula Munro ex Benth. 50 Coelachne sp. 50 Coix lacryma-jobi L. 50 Craspedorhachis africana Benth. 51 Craspedorhachis africana var. madecassa Benth. = Craspedorhachis africana Benth. 51 Craspedorhachis perrieri A.Camus = Dinebra perrieri (A.Camus) Bosser 68 Ctenium concinnum Nees 51 Ctenium somalense (Chiov.) Chiov. = Ctenium concinnum Nees 51 Cymbopogon afronardus Stapf = Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle 52 Cymbopogon caesius (Hook. & Arn.) Stapf 51 Cymbopogon excavatus (Hoscht.) Stapf ex Burtt Davy=Cymbopogon caesius (Hook.&Arn.) Stapf 51 Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W.Watson 51 Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov. 52 Cymbopogon giganteus var. madagascariensis Chiov. = Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov. 52 Cymbopogon hirtus (L.) Thomson = Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov. 52 Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle 52 Cymbopogon plicatus Stapf = Cymbopogon caesius (Hook. & Arn.) Stapf 51 Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. 52 Cymbopogon sp. 52 173 Index to latin names Cynodon arcuatus J.Presl = Cynodon radiatus Roth 53 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 53 Cynodon dactylon subsp. sublinearis (L.) Pers. = Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 53 Cynodon plectostachyus (K.Schum.) Pilg. 53 Cynodon radiatus Roth 53 Cynodon sp. 53 Cyphochlaena madagascariensis Hack. 54 Cyphochlaena sclerioides (A.Camus) Bosser 54 Cyrtococcum bosseri A.Camus 54 Cyrtococcum deltoideum (Hack.) A.Camus 54 Cyrtococcum humbertianum A.Camus 55 Cyrtococcum multinode (Lam.) Clayton 55 Cyrtococcum nossibeense A.Camus = Panicum pleianthum Peter 119 Cyrtococcum patens (L.) A.Camus 55 Cyrtococcum tamatavense A.Camus 55 Cyrtococcum sp. 56 Dactylis glomerata L. 56 Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. 56 Dactyloctenium australe Steud. 56 Dactyloctenium capitatum A.Camus 57 Dactyloctenium ctenoides (Steud.) Bosser 57 Dactyloctenium geminatum Hack. 57 Dactyloctenium giganteum B.S.Fisher & Schweick. 57 Dactyloctenium perrieri A.Camus = Acrachne perrieri (A.Camus) S.M.Phillips 22 Dactyloctenium sp. 58 Daknopholis boivinii (A.Camus) Clayton 58 Danthonia ambalavaoensis A.Camus = Merxmuellera ambalavaoensis (A.Camus) Conert 103 Danthonia macowanii Stapf = Merxmuellera macowanii (Stapf) Conert 103 Danthonia tsaratananensis A.Camus = Merxmuellera tsaratananensis (A.Camus) Conert 103 Decaryella madagascariensis A.Camus 58 Decaryochloa diadelpha A.Camus 58 Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro 59 Dichanthium andringitrense A.Camus = Andropogon andringitrensis (A.Camus) Voronts. 26 Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf 59 Dichanthium aristatum (Poir.) Hubbard 59 Dichanthium sp. 59 Diectomis fastigiata Kunth 60 Digitaria abyssinica (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf 60 Digitaria adscendens (Kunth) Henrard 60 Digitaria andringitrensis A.Camus 60 174 Index to latin names Digitaria ankaratrensis A.Camus 61 Digitaria argyrotricha (Andersson) Chiov. 61 Digitaria atrofusca (Hack.) A.Camus 61 Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. 61 Digitaria biformis Willd. = Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. 61 Digitaria camusiana Henrard = Digitaria didactyla Willd. 62 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 62 Digitaria debilis (Desf.) Willd. 62 Digitaria didactyla Willd. 62 Digitaria divaricata Henrard = Digitaria velutina (Forssk.) P.Beauv. 66 Digitaria fulva Bosser 62 Digitaria glauca A.Camus 63 Digitaria horizontalis Willd. 63 Digitaria horizontalis var. porrantha Henr. = Digitaria horizontalis Willd. 63 Digitaria humbertii A.Camus 63 Digitaria lemeeana A.Camus = Digitaria abyssinica (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf 60 Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers. 63 Digitaria madagascariensis Bosser 64 Digitaria manongarivensis A.Camus 64 Digitaria marginata Link = Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 62 Digitaria minutiflora Stapf = Digitaria pseudodiagonalis Chiov. 65 Digitaria perrieri A.Camus 64 Digitaria perrottetii (Kunth) Stapf 64 Digitaria planiculmis Henrard 65 Digitaria psammophila Henrard 65 Digitaria pseudodiagonalis Chiov. 65 Digitaria radicosa (Presl.) Miq. 65 Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. 66 Digitaria seminuda Stapf = Digitaria atrofusca (Hack.) A.Camus 61 Digitaria setifolia Stapf 66 Digitaria thouarsiana (Flugge) A.Camus 66 Digitaria timorensis (Kunth) Balansa = Digitaria radicosa (Presl.) Miq. 65 Digitaria truncata A.Camus = Digitaria didactyla Willd. 62 Digitaria velutina (Forssk.) P.Beauv. 66 Digitaria violascens Link 67 Digitaria sp. 67 Dimeria madagascariensis A.Camus 67 Dimeria manongarivensis A.Camus 67 Dimeria perrieri A.Camus 68 175 Index to latin names Dimeria sp. 68 Dinebra panicea (Retz.) P.M. Peterson & N.Snow 68 Dinebra perrieri (A.Camus) Bosser 68 Diplachne fusca P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. 69 Diplachne sp. 69 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 69 Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. 69 Echinochloa haploclada (Stapf) Stapf 70 Echinochloa holubii (Stapf) Stapf = Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam.) Hitchc. & Chase 70 Echinochloa jubata Stapf 70 Echinochloa madagascariensis Mez = Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. 69 Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch 70 Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam.) Hitchc. & Chase 70 Echinochloa stagnina (Retz.) P.Beauv. 71 Echinochloa sp. 71 Echinolaena boiviniana A.Camus = Chasechloa egregia (Mez) A.Camus 46 Echinolaena madagascariensis Baker = Chasechloa madagascariensis (Baker) A.Camus 46 Ehrharta stipoides Labill. 71 Eleusine africana Kenn.-O'Byrne = Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. 71 Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. 71 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. 72 Eleusine sp. 72 Elionurus tristis Hack. 72 Enneapogon cenchroides (Licht. ex Roem. & Schult.) Hubbard 72 Enneapogon mollis Lehm. = Enneapogon cenchroides (Licht. ex Roem. & Schult.) Hubbard 72 Enteropogon prieurii (Kunth) Clayton 73 Enteropogon leptophyllus Benth. = Enteropogon sechellensis (Benth.) T.Durand & Schinz 73 Enteropogon sechellensis (Benth.) T.Durand & Schinz 73 Enteropogon sp. 73 Eragrostis aethiopica Chiov. 73 Eragrostis aethiopica var. insularis A. Camus = Eragrostis aethiopica Chiov. 73 Eragrostis ambohibengensis A.Camus 74 Eragrostis ambositrensis A.Camus 74 Eragrostis ambrensis A.Camus 74 Eragrostis aspera (Jacq.) Nees 74 Eragrostis atrovirens (Desf.) Trin. ex Steud. 75 Eragrostis bemarivensis A.Camus 75 Eragrostis betsileensis A.Camus 75 Eragrostis boinensis A.Camus 75 Eragrostis boivinii Steud. 76 176 Index to latin names Eragrostis chalcantha Trin. = Eragrostis racemosa (Thunb.) Steud. 81 Eragrostis capensis (Thunb.) Trin. 76 Eragrostis capuronii A.Camus 76 Eragrostis chabouisii Bosser 76 Eragrostis chapelieri (Kunth) Nees 77 Eragrostis chloromelas Steud. = Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees 77 Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Janch. 77 Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R.Br. 77 Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees 77 Eragrostis cylindriflora Hochst. 78 Eragrostis gangetica (Roxb.) Steud. 78 Eragrostis gummiflua Nees 78 Eragrostis hildebrandtii Jedwabn. 78 Eragrostis humbertii A.Camus 79 Eragrostis horizontalis Peter = Eragrostis cylindriflora Hochst. 78 Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin. 79 Eragrostis lateritica Bosser 79 Eragrostis lobata Trin. = Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R.Br. 77 Eragrostis macilenta Steud. 79 Eragrostis majungensis A.Camus 80 Eragrostis mandrarensis A.Camus 80 Eragrostis mauritii Steud. = Eragrostis tenella (L.) Roem. & Schult. 82 Eragrostis megastachya (Koeler) Link = Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Janch. 77 Eragrostis minor Host 80 Eragrostis namaquensis Nees ex Schrad. = Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin. 79 Eragrostis passa Rendle = Eragrostis macilenta Steud. 79 Eragrostis perrieri A.Camus 80 Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv. 81 Eragrostis plana Nees 81 Eragrostis poaeoides P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schul = Eragrostis minor Host 80 Eragrostis racemosa (Thunb.) Steud. 81 Eragrostis sambiranensis A.Camus 81 Eragrostis sarmentosa (Thunb.) Trin. 82 Eragrostis stolonifera A.Camus 82 Eragrostis tenella (L.) Roem. & Schult. 82 Eragrostis tenuifolia L. 82 Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. 83 Eragrostis viguieri A.Camus 83 177 Index to latin names Eragrostis vulgaris Coss. & Germ. = Eragrostis minor Host 80 Eragrostis sp. 83 Eriochloa borumensis Stapf. = Eriochloa meyeriana (Nees) Pilg. 83 Eriochloa meyeriana (Nees) Pilg. 83 Eriochloa parvispiculata Hubbard 84 Eriochloa procera (Retz.) Hubbard 84 Eriochloa subulifera Stapf 84 Eriochloa sp. 84 Euclasta condylotricha (Steud.) Stapf 85 Eulalia villosa (Spreng.) Nees 85 Festuca camusiana Saint-Yves 85 Festuca camusiana subsp. madecassa St Yves = Festuca camusiana Saint-Yves 85 Festuca camusiana var. brevipaleata St.-Yves = Festuca camusiana Saint-Yves 85 Festuca camusiana var. genuina St.-Yves = Festuca camusiana Saint-Yves 85 Festuca perrieri A.Camus 85 Festuca sp. 86 Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze 86 Halopyrum mucronatum (L.) Stapf 86 Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf 86 Heteropogon allionii (DC.) Roem. & Schult. = Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. 87 Heteropholis benoistii A.Camus 87 Heteropogon betafensis A.Camus = Heteropogon melanocarpus (Elliott) Benth. 87 Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. 87 Heteropogon melanocarpus (Elliott) Benth. 87 Heteropogon sp. 87 Hickelia alaotrensis A.Camus 88 Hickelia madagascariensis A.Camus 88 Hickelia perrieri (A.Camus) S.Dransf. 88 Hickelia sp. 88 Hitchcockella baronii A.Camus 89 Humbertochloa bambusiuscula A.Camus & Stapf 89 Hyparrhenia cymbaria (L.) Stapf 89 Hyparrhenia diplandra (Hack.) Stapf 89 Hyparrhenia dissoluta (Nees ex Steud.) C.E.Hubb. = Hyperthelia dissoluta (Nees ex Steud.) Clayton 92 Hyparrhenia filipendula (Hochst.) Stapf 90 Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf 90 Hyparrhenia lecomtei (Franch.) Stapf = Hyparrhenia newtonii (Hack.) Stapf 90 Hyparrhenia newtonii (Hack.) Stapf 90 Hyparrhenia nyassae (Rendle) Stapf 90 Hyparrhenia rudis Stapf 91 178 Index to latin names Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf 91 Hyparrhenia schimperi (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Andersson ex Stapf 91 Hyparrhenia variabilis Stapf 91 Hyparrhenia vulpina Stapf = Hyparrhenia nyassae (Rendle) Stapf 90 Hyparrhenia sp. 92 Hyperthelia dissoluta (Nees ex Steud.) Clayton 92 Imperata arundinacea Cirillo = Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv. 92 Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv. 92 Isachne ciliaris A.Camus 92 Isachne humbertiana A.Camus 93 Isachne humicola A.Camus 93 Isachne mauritiana Kunth 93 Isachne mauritiana var. bojeri C.E.Hubb.= Isachne mauritiana Kunth 93 Isachne mauritiana var. hispidula Scott-Elliot = Isachne mauritiana Kunth 93 Isachne muscicola A.Camus 93 Isachne sp. 94 Isalus isalensis (A.Camus) Phipps = Tristachya (Isalus isalensis) 160 Ischaemum fasciculatum Brongn. = Ischaemum polystachyum Presl. 94 Ischaemum heterotrichum Hack. 94 Ischaemum koleostachys Hack. 94 Ischaemum polystachyum Presl. 94 Ischaemum purpurascens Stapf = Ischaemum polystachyum Presl. 94 Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. 95 Ischaemum sp. 95 Lasiorhachis hildebrandtii (Hack.) Stapf 95 Lasiorhachis perrieri (A.Camus) Bosser 95 Lasiorhachis viguieri (A.Camus) Bosser 96 Lasiorhachis sp. 96 Lecomtella madagascariensis A.Camus 96 Leersia hexandra Sw. 96 Leersia perrieri (A.Camus) Launert 97 Leptaspis cochleata Thwaites = Leptaspis zeylanica Steud. 97 Leptaspis comorensis A.Camus = Leptaspis zeylanica Steud. 97 Leptaspis zeylanica Steud. 97 Leptocarydion vulpiastrum (De Not.) Stapf 97 Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth 97 Leptochloa panicea (Retz.) = Dinebra panicea (Retz.) P.M. Peterson & N.Snow 68 Leptochloa panicea subsp. panicea = Dinebra panicea (Retz.) P.M. Peterson & N.Snow 68 Leptochloa sp. 98 Lepturus anadabolavensis A.Camus 98 Lepturus androyensis A.Camus 98 179 Index to latin names Lepturus boinensis A.Camus 98 Lepturus humbertianus A.Camus 99 Lepturus perrieri A.Camus 99 Lepturus radicans (Steud.) A.Camus 99 Lepturus repens (J.R.Forst.) R.Br. 99 Lepturus sp. 100 Lolium temulentum L. 100 Loudetia filifolia Schweick. 100 Loudetia filifolia ssp. humbertiana A. Camus = Loudetia filifolia Schweick. 100 Loudetia madagascariensis (Baker) Bosser = Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E.Hubb. 100 Loudetia perrieri A.Camus = Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E.Hubb. 100 Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E.Hubb. 100 Loudetia simplex subsp. stipoides (Nees) C.E.Hubb. = Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E.Hubb. 100 Loudetia stipoides (Hack.) Conert = Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E.Hubb 100 Loudetia stipoides f. typica A. Camus = Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E.Hubb. 100 Loudetia stipoides subsp. pallida (Hack.) Conert = Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E.Hubb. 100 Loudetia stipoides subsp. pallida A.Camus = Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E.Hubb. 100 Loudetia stipoides var. pseudarundinacea A. Camus = Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E.Hubb. 100 Maltebrunia leersioides Kunth 101 Maltebrunia petiolata Aug.DC. = Maltebrunia leersioides Kunth 101 Maltebrunia sp. 101 Megastachya madagascariensis (Lam.) Chase 101 Megastachya mucronata (Poir.) P.Beauv. 101 Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K.Simon & Jacobs = Urochloa maxima (Jacq.) R.D.Webster 162 Megastachya sp. 102 Melinis minutiflora P.Beauv. 102 Melinis monachne (Trin.) Pilg. = Tricholaena monachne (Trin.) Stapf & Hubbard 158 Melinis nerviglumis (Franch.) Zizka 102 Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka 102 Melinis sp. 103 Merxmuellera ambalavaoensis (A.Camus) Conert 103 Merxmuellera macowanii (Stapf) Conert 103 Merxmuellera tsaratananensis (A.Camus) Conert 103 Merxmuellera sp. 104 Microchloa kunthii Desv. 104 Microlaena stipoides (Labill.) R.Br. = Ehrharta stipoides Labill. 71 Microstegium nudum (Trin.) A.Camus 104 Miscanthidium antsirabense A.Camus = Lasiorhachis viguieri (A.Camus) Bosser 96 Moorochloa eruciformis (Sm.) Veldkamp 104 Nastus ambrensis A.Camus 105 180 Index to latin names Nastus aristatus A.Camus 105 Nastus borbonicus J.F.Gmel. 105 Nastus capitatus (Kunth) S.Dransf. = Cathariostachys capitata (Kunth) S.Dransf. 44 Nastus decaryanus A.Camus 105 Nastus elongatus A.Camus 106 Nastus emirnensis (Baker) A.Camus 106 Nastus humbertianus A.Camus 106 Nastus lokohoensis A.Camus 106 Nastus madagascariensis A.Camus 107 Nastus manongarivensis A.Camus 107 Nastus perrieri A.Camus 107 Nastus tsaratananensis A.Camus 107 Nastus sp. 108 Neostapfiella chloridiantha A.Camus 108 Neostapfiella humbertiana A.Camus 108 Neostapfiella perrieri A.Camus 108 Neostapfiella sp. 109 Neyraudia arundinacea (L.) Henrard 109 Neyraudia madagascariensis (Kunth) Hook.f. = Neyraudia arundinacea (L.) Henrard 109 Ochlandra capitata (Kunth) E.G.Camus = Cathariostachys capitata (Kunth) S.Dransf. 44 Oldeania humbertii (A.Camus) D.Z.Li, Y.X.Zhang & Haev. 109 Oldeania ibityensis (A.Camus) D.Z.Li, Y.X.Zhang & Haev. 109 Oldeania itremoensis D.Z.Li, Y.X.Zhang & Haev. 110 Oldeania madagascariensis (A.Camus) D.Z.Li, Y.X.Zhang & Haev. 110 Oldeania marojejyensis (A.Camus) D.Z.Li, Y.X.Zhang & Haev. 110 Oldeania perrieri (A.Camus) D.Z.Li, Y.X.Zhang & Haev. 110 Oldeania sp. 111 Olyra latifolia L. 111 Oplismenus africanus J.M.Wood = Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P.Beauv. 112 Oplismenus baronii A.Camus = Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P.Beauv. 111 Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P.Beauv. 111 Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv. 111 Oplismenus gracillimus Mez = Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P.Beauv. 111 Oplismenus humbertianus A.Camus = Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P.Beauv. 111 Oplismenus flavicomus Mez 112 Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P.Beauv. 112 Oplismenus sylvaticus (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. = Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv. 111 Oplismenus undulatus P.Beauv. = Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P.Beauv. 112 Oplismenus sp. 112 Oryza longistaminata A.Chev. & Roehr. 112 181 Index to latin names Oryza punctata Kotschy ex Steud. 113 Oryza sativa L. 113 Oryza sp. 113 Oxyrhachis gracillima (Baker) Hubbard 113 Panicum ambositrense A.Camus 114 Panicum andringitrense A.Camus 114 Panicum ankarense A.Camus 114 Panicum bathiei A.Camus = Pseudolasiacis bathiei (A.Camus) A.Camus 135 Panicum bicuspidatum A.Camus = Panicum subalbidum Kunth 120 Panicum brevifolium L. 114 Panicum brevifolium subsp. maria Stendal = Panicum brevifolium L. 114 Panicum burmanni Retz. = Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P.Beauv. 111 Panicum capuronii A.Camus 115 Panicum cinctum Hack. 115 Panicum cinctum var. macarika = Panicum cinctum Hack. 115 Panicum colonum L. = Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 69 Panicum comorense Mez = Brachiaria comorensis (Mez) A.Camus 36 Panicum conjugatum P.J.Bergius = Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius 121 Panicum coursii A. Camus = Pseudolasiacis leptolomoides (A.Camus) A.Camus 135 Panicum crystallinum Judz. & Voronts. 115 Panicum cupressifolium A.Camus 115 Panicum danguyi A.Camus 116 Panicum decaryanum A.Camus = Trichanthecium brazzavillense (Franch.) Zuloaga & Morrone 158 Panicum dregeanum Nees 116 Panicum dubium Lam. = Panicum brevifolium L. 114 Panicum flacourtii A.Camus 116 Panicum humbertii A.Camus 116 Panicum humile Steud. 117 Panicum ibitense A.Camus 117 Panicum ikopense A.Camus = Panicum cinctum Hack. 115 Panicum inconspicuum Voronts. 117 Panicum leptolomoides A.Camus = Pseudolasiacis leptolomoides (A.Camus) A.Camus 135 Panicum luridum Hack. ex Scott-Elliot 117 Panicum mahafalense A.Camus = Urochloa maxima (Jacq.) R.D.Webster 162 Panicum mandrarense A.Camus = Panicum voeltzkowii Mez 120 Panicum malacotrichum Steud. 118 Panicum manongarivense A.Camus 118 Panicum maximum Jacq. = Urochloa maxima (Jacq.) R.D.Webster 162 Panicum mitopus K.Schum. 118 Panicum monachne Trin = Tricholaena monachne (Trin.) Stapf & Hubbard 158 182 Index to latin names Panicum morombense A.Camus = Panicum voeltzkowii Mez 120 Panicum multinode Lam. = Cyrtococcum multinode (Lam.) Clayton 55 Panicum neohumbertii A.Camus = Panicum mitopus K.Schum. 118 Panicum neoperrieri A.Camus = Pseudolasiacis neoperrieri (A.Camus) A.Camus 135 Panicum novemnerve Stapf 118 Panicum nossibense Steud. = Brachiaria umbellata (Trin.) Clayton 40 Panicum palackyanum A.Camus 119 Panicum parvifolium Lam. = Trichanthecium parvifolium (Lam.) Zuloaga & Morrone 158 Panicum perrieri A.Camus 119 Panicum perrieri var. ankaratrensis A.Camus = Panicum perrieri A.Camus 119 Panicum pleianthum Peter 119 Panicum pseudowoeltzkowii A.Camus = Panicum voeltzkowii Mez 120 Panicum scottii Hack. = Setaria scottii (Hack.) A.Camus 144 Panicum spergulifolium A.Camus 119 Panicum subalbidum Kunth 120 Panicum subhystrix A.Camus 120 Panicum trichocladum K.Schum. 120 Panicum tsaratananense A.Camus = Panicum danguyi A.Camus 116 Panicum umbellatum (Trin.) Clayton = Brachiaria umbellata (Trin.) Clayton 40 Panicum uvulatum Stapf = Panicum mitopus K.Schum. 118 Panicum voeltzkowii Mez 120 Panicum vohitrense A.Camus 121 Panicum vohitrense var. lokohoense A.Camus = Panicum vohitrense A.Camus 121 Panicum walense Mez = Panicum humile Steud. 117 Panicum sp. 121 Paratheria prostrata Griseb. 121 Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius 121 Paspalum commersonii Lam. = Paspalum scrobiculatum L. 123 Paspalum dilatatum Poir. 122 Paspalum distichum L. 122 Paspalum heteropodium Steud. = Paspalum nutans Lam. 122 Paspalum notatum Flügge 122 Paspalum nutans Lam. 122 Paspalum paniculatum L. 123 Paspalum polystachyum R.Br. = Paspalum paniculatum L. 123 Paspalum scrobiculatum L. 123 Paspalum vaginatum Sw. 123 Paspalum virgatum L. 123 Paspalum sp. 124 Pennisetum americanum (L.) K.Schum. = Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone 44 Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br. = Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone 44 183 Index to latin names Pennisetum pseudotriticoides A.Camus = Cenchrus (Pennisetum pseudotriticides) ined. 45 Pennisetum triticoides Baker = Cenchrus (Pennisetum pseudotriticides) ined. 45 Pennisetum typhoides (Burm. f.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. = Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone 44 Pennisetum typoides var. cumbu = Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone 44 Pentameris andringitrensis (A.Camus) Galley & H.P.Linder 124 Pentaschistis andringitrensis A.Camus = Pentameris andringitrensis (A.Camus) Galley & H.P.Linder 124 Pentameris sp. 124 Perotis arenacea (Judz.) P.M. Peterson 124 Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze 125 Perotis patens Gand. 125 Perotis sp. 125 Perrierbambus madagascariensis A.Camus 125 Perrierbambus tsarasaotrensis A.Camus 126 Perrierbambus sp. 126 Phalaris canariensis L. 126 Phragmites mauritianus Kunth 126 Phragmites sp. 127 Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Munro 127 Poa ankaratrensis A.Camus & H.Perrier 127 Poa annua L. 127 Poa madecassa A.Camus 128 Poa perrieri A.Camus 128 Poa sp. 128 Poecilostachys alleizettei A.Camus = Poecilostachys mainborondroensis A.Camus 130 Poecilostachys ambositrensis A.Camus = Poecilostachys bakeri (Schinz) Hubbard 128 Poecilostachys analabensis A.Camus = Poecilostachys baronis Stapf 129 Poecilostachys analamazaotrensis A.Camus = Poecilostachys hildebrandtii Hack. 130 Poecilostachys bakeri (Schinz) Hubbard 128 Poecilostachys baronis Stapf 129 Poecilostachys bathiei A.Camus = Poecilostachys baronis Stapf 129 Poecilostachys bromoïdes Stapf = Poecilostachys baronis Stapf 129 Poecilostachys capuronii A.Camus = Poecilostachys hildebrandtii Hack. 130 Poecilostachys confertiflora A.Camus 129 Poecilostachys decaryana A.Camus = Poecilostachys mainborondroensis A.Camus 130 Poecilostachys festucacea (Mez) A.Camus = Poecilostachys baronis Stapf 129 Poecilostachys geminata (Baker) Hack. 129 Poecilostachys gougerotiana A.Camus 129 Poecilostachys hildebrandtii Hack. 130 Poecilostachys humbertii A.Camus 130 Poecilostachys leandrii A.Camus = Poecilostachys bakeri (Schinz) Hubbard 128 Poecilostachys mainborondroensis A.Camus 130 Poecilostachys marojejyensis A.Camus 130 184 Index to latin names Poecilostachys mollis Stapf = Poecilostachys baronis Stapf 129 Poecilostachys muscicola A.Camus 131 Poecilostachys onibensis A.Camus = Poecilostachys hildebrandtii Hack. 130 Poecilostachys perrieri A.Camus = Poecilostachys bakeri (Schinz) Hubbard 128 Poecilostachys stapfii A.Camus = Oplismenus flavicomus Mez 112 Poecilostachys tsaratananensis A.Camus = Oplismenus flavicomus Mez 112 Poecilostachys viguieri A.Camus = Poecilostachys bakeri (Schinz) Hubbard 128 Poecilostachys sp. 131 Pogonarthria squarrosa (Roem. & Schult.) Pilg 131 Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack. 131 Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. 132 Pseudechinolaena camusiana Bosser 132 Pseudechinolaena madagascariensis (A.Camus) Bosser 132 Pseudechinolaena moratii Bosser 132 Pseudechinolaena perrieri A.Camus 133 Pseudechinolaena polystachya (Kunth) Stapf 133 Pseudechinolaena tenuis Bosser 133 Pseudobromus ambilobensis A.Camus 133 Pseudobromus biflorus A.Camus = Pseudobromus breviligulatus Stapf ex A.Camus 134 Pseudobromus breviligulatus Stapf ex A.Camus 134 Pseudobromus humbertianus A.Camus 134 Pseudobromus tenuifolius A.Camus 134 Pseudobromus sp. 134 Pseudolasiacis bathiei (A.Camus) A.Camus 135 Pseudolasiacis leptolomoides (A.Camus) A.Camus 135 Pseudolasiacis neoperrieri (A.Camus) A.Camus 135 Pseudolasiacis neoperrieri var. leroyana Bosser & Florens 135 Pseudolasiacis sp. 136 Redfieldia hitchcockii A. Camus = Styppeiochloa hitchcockii (A.Camus) Cope 156 Rhynchelytrum nerviglume (Franch.) Chiov. = Melinis nerviglumis (Franch.) Zizka 102 Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E.Hubb. = Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka 102 Rhynchelytrum roseum (Nees) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. = Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka 102 Rhynchelytrum setifolium (Stapf) Chiov. = Melinis nerviglumis (Franch.) Zizka 102 Rhytachne caespitosa (Baker) Bosser = Rhytachne rottboellioides Desv. 136 Rhytachne rottboellioides Desv. 136 Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton 136 Saccharum hildebrandtii (Hack.) Clayton = Lasiorhachis hildebrandtii (Hack.) Stapf 95 Saccharum officinarum L. 136 Saccharum perrieri (A.Camus) Clayton = Lasiorhachis perrieri (A.Camus) Bosser 95 185 Index to latin names Saccharum viguieri (A.Camus) Clayton = Lasiorhachis viguieri (A.Camus) Bosser 96 Saccharum sp. 137 Sacciolepis africana Hubbard & Snowden 137 Sacciolepis auriculata Stapf = Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase 137 Sacciolepis curvata (L.) Chase 137 Sacciolepis delicatula Mez = Sacciolepis myosuroides (R.Br.) A.Camus 138 Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase 137 Sacciolepis micrococca Mez 138 Sacciolepis myosuroides (R.Br.) A.Camus 138 Sacciolepis viguieri A.Camus 138 Sacciolepis sp. 138 Sartidia isaloensis Voronts., Razanatsoa & Besnard 139 Sartidia perrieri (A.Camus) Bourreil 139 Schizachyrium ambalavense A.Camus = Schizachyrium sanguineum (Retz.) Alston 140 Schizachyrium bemarivense A.Camus 139 Schizachyrium brevifolium (Sw.) Buse 139 Schizachyrium domingense (Spreng. ex Schult.) Nash = Schizachyrium sanguineum (Retz.) Alston 140 Schizachyrium exile (Hochst.) Pilg. 140 Schizachyrium platyphyllum (Franch.) Stapf 140 Schizachyrium sanguineum (Retz.) Alston 140 Schizachyrium sp. 140 Schizostachyum bosseri A.Camus = Sirochloa parvifolia (Munro) S.Dransf. 146 Schizostachyum perrieri A.Camus = Oldeania perrieri (A.Camus) D.Z.Li, Y.X.Zhang & Haev. 110 Schoenefeldia gracilis Kunth 141 Sclerodactylon juncifolium Stapf = Sclerodactylon macrostachyum (Benth.) A.Camus 141 Sclerodactylon macrostachyum (Benth.) A.Camus 141 Sclerodactylon sp. 141 Secale sp. 141 Setaria barbata (Lam.) Kunth 142 Setaria bathiei A.Camus 142 Setaria bosseri A.Camus 142 Setaria chevalieri Stapf = Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) T.Durand & Schinz 143 Setaria glauca (L.) P.Beauv. = Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone 44 Setaria humbertiana A.Camus 142 Setaria isalensis A.Camus = Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. ex Moss 144 Setaria madecassa A.Camus 143 Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) T.Durand & Schinz 143 Setaria pallide-fusca (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. = Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. 143 Setaria perrieri A.Camus 143 Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. 143 Setaria sagittifolia Walp. 144 186 Index to latin names Setaria scottii (Hack.) A.Camus 144 Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf & Hubbard ex Moss 144 Setaria taolanensis A.Camus 144 Setaria trinervia Stapf = Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf & Hubbard ex Moss 144 Setaria vatkeana K.Schum. 145 Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv. 145 Setaria (Camusiella fiherenensis) 145 Setaria sp. 145 Sirochloa parvifolia (Munro) S.Dransf. 146 Sokinochloa australis S.Dransf. 146 Sokinochloa bosseri S.Dransf. 146 Sokinochloa brachyclada S.Dransf. 146 Sokinochloa chapelieri (A.Camus) S.Dransf. 147 Sokinochloa chiataniae S.Dransf. 147 Sokinochloa perrieri (A.Camus) S.Dransf. 147 Sokinochloa viguieri (A.Camus) S.Dransf. 147 Sokinochloa sp. 148 Sorghastrum bipennatum (Hack.) Pilg. = Sorghastrum incompletum (Presl.) Nash 148 Sorghastrum incompletum (Presl.) Nash 148 Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf 148 Sorghum bipennatum (Hack.) Stapf = Sorghastrum incompletum (Presl.) Nash 148 Sorghum caffrorum (Thunb.) P.Beauv. = Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 148 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 148 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 149 Sorghum roxburghii Stapf = Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 148 Sorghum verticilliflorum (Steud.) Stapf = Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf 148 Sorghum sp. 149 Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay 149 Sporobolus bosseri A.Camus 149 Sporobolus capensis Kunth = Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay 149 Sporobolus centrifugus (Trin.) Nees 150 Sporobolus coromandelianus (Retz.) Kunth 150 Sporobolus elatior Bosser 150 Sporobolus festivus Hochst. ex A.Rich. = Sporobolus stapfianus Gand. 153 Sporobolus fimbriatus (Trin.) Nees 150 Sporobolus halophilus Bosser 151 Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br. 151 Sporobolus ivakoanyensis A.Camus 151 Sporobolus mauritianus Hubb. = Sporobolus rigidifolius (Trin.) Mez ex Veldkamp 153 Sporobolus minutiflorus (Trin.) Link = Sporobolus tenuissimus (Schrank.) Kuntze 154 187 Index to latin names Sporobolus molleri Hack. 151 Sporobolus namaquensis Nees ex Schrad. = Sporobolus paniculatus (Trin.) T.Durand & Schinz 152 Sporobolus paniculatus (Trin.) T.Durand & Schinz 152 Sporobolus patulus Hack. = Sporobolus paniculatus (Trin.) T.Durand & Schinz 152 Sporobolus patulus var. stenothyrsus A.Camus = Sporobolus paniculatus (Trin.) T.Durand & Schinz 152 Sporobolus perrieri A.Camus 152 Sporobolus pilifer (Trin.) Kunth 152 Sporobolus pyramidalis P.Beauv. 152 Sporobolus rigidifolius (Trin.) Mez ex Veldkamp 153 Sporobolus stapfianus Gand. 153 Sporobolus subtilis Kunth 153 Sporobolus subulatus Hack. 153 Sporobolus tenuissimus (Schrank.) Kuntze 154 Sporobolus tsiafajavonensis A.Camus 154 Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth 154 Sporobolus sp. 154 Stenotaphrum dimidiatum (L.) Brongn. 155 Stenotaphrum madagascariense Kunth = Stenotaphrum dimidiatum (L.) Brongn. 155 Stenotaphrum oostachyum Baker 155 Stenotaphrum unilaterale Baker 155 Stenotaphrum sp. 155 Stipagrostis ciliata (Desf.) De Winter 156 Styppeiochloa hitchcockii (A.Camus) Cope 156 Styppeiochloa sp. 156 Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) Kuntze 156 Thuarea involuta (G.Forst.) R.Br. ex Sm. 157 Thuarea perrieri A.Camus 157 Thuarea sarmentosa Pers. = Thuarea involuta (G.Forst.) R.Br. ex Sm. 157 Toliara arenacea Judz. = Perotis arenacea (Judz.) P.M.Peterson 124 Trachypogon plumosus (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Nees = Trachypogon spicatus (L.f.) Kuntze 157 Trachypogon polymorphus Hack. [nom illegitimate] = Trachypogon spicatus (L.f.) Kuntze 157 Trachypogon spicatus (L.f.) Kuntze 157 Tragus berteronianus Schult. 157 Tragus sp. 158 Trichanthecium brazzavillense (Franch.) Zuloaga & Morrone 158 Trichanthecium parvifolium (Lam.) Zuloaga & Morrone 158 Tricholaena grandiflora Hochst. ex A.Rich. = Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka 102 Tricholaena monachne (Trin.) Stapf & Hubbard 158 Tricholaena rosea Nees = Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka 102 Trichopteryx dregeana Nees 159 Trichopteryx stipoides (Hack.) Hackel ex Elliott = Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E.Hubb. 100 188 Index to latin names Tripogon mandrarensis A.Camus = Tripogonella minima (A.Rich.) P.M. Peterson & Romasch. 159 Tripogon minimus (A.Rich.) A.Camus P.M. Peterson & Romasch. = Tripogonella minima (A.Rich.) P.M. Peterson & Romasch. 159 Tripogonella minima (A.Rich.) P.M. Peterson & Romasch. 159 Trisetopsis elongata (Hoschst.A.Rich.) Röser & A.Wölk 159 Trisetopsis milanjiana (Rendle) Röser & A.Wölk 159 Trisetopsis sp. 160 Tristachya betsileensis A.Camus 160 Tristachya humbertii A.Camus 160 Tristachya (Isalus isalensis) 160 Tristachya sp. 161 Triticum aestivum L. 161 Urelytrum agropyroides (Hack.) Hack. 161 Urelytrum humbertianum A.Camus = Urelytrum agropyroides (Hack.) Hack. 161 Urelytrum madagascariense A.Camus = Urelytrum agropyroides (Hack.) Hack. 161 Urelytrum squarrosum Hackel = Urelytrum agropyroides (Hack.) Hack. 161 Urochloa arrecta (Hack. ex T.Durand & Schinz) Morrone & Zuloaga 161 Urochloa brizantha (A.Rich.) R.D.Webster 162 Urochloa eminii (Mez) Davidse 162 Urochloa glumaris (Trin.) Veldkamp 162 Urochloa maxima (Jacq.) R.D.Webster 162 Urochloa panicoides P.Beauv. 163 Urochloa plantaginea (Link) R.D.Webster 163 Urochloa ramosa (L.) T.Q.Nguyen 163 Urochloa reptans (L.) Stapf 163 Urochloa sp. 164 Valiha diffusa S.Dransf. 164 Vetiveria zizanoides (L.) Nash = Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty 49 Viguierella madagascariensis A.Camus 164 Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C.Gmel. 164 Yvesia madagascariensis A.Camus 165 Zea mays L. 165 Zea mexicana (Schrad.) Kuntze 165 Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. 165 Zoysia tenuifolia Thiele = Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. 165 Poaceae genus not known 166 189