GSA DATA REPOSITORY ITEM 2010262 Quaternary origin of the inverse latitudinal diversity gradient among southern Chilean mollusks Steffen Kiel & Sven N. Nielsen 1 Figure 4 Tables Figure DR1. Rarefaction curves for the early Miocene (A) and the late Pliocene-early Pleistocene (B), based on the data of Tables DR1 and DR2. 1 Table DR1. Early Miocene species, their occurrences and specimen counts. Juvenile specimens of superabundant species were not counted because they tend to obscure ecologic pattern (cf. Olszewski and Kidwell, 2007). Species Acanthina chattertoni Acanthina katzi Acanthina sp. Acesta sp. Acteocina n. sp. Acteon chilensis Acteon sp. Acteon sp. A Acteon sp. B Acteon sp. C Acteon sp. D Adelomelon alta Adelomelon obesa Aequipecten sp. Agathistoma antiqua Agathistoma chilena Alvania chilensis Amalda n. sp. Ameranella verruculosa Amiantis domeykoana Amiantis navidadensis Anachis sp. Anadara lirata Anomia crepiduliformis Anomia sp. Arca sp. Architectonica karsteni Astele chilensis Austrocominella sp. 1 Austrocominella sp. 2 Austrofusus cleryanus Austrofusus nodulifer Austrofusus sp. 1 Austrofusus sp. 2 Austrotoma echinulatus Awheaturris quisquilia Bathybembix mcleani Bathytoma sp. 1 Bathytoma sp. 2 Bedeva sp. 1 Bedeva sp. 2 Borsonella sp. Borsonia sp. 1 Borsonia sp. 2 Buccinaria sp. Navidad Ranquil Lacui 1 43 Los Chonos 3 1 5 9 146 46 25 6 338 2 21 2 1 8 200 1 1 113 1 16 3 1 21 1 3 1 3 31 33 2 5 2 1 1 2 59 229 1 1 2 1 6 21 3 2 1 1 1 14 1 2 29 34 3 18 3 1 1 3 7 1 6 20 2 Bulbus n. sp. Bulla acutiuscula Bulla ovulum Bulla sp. Bulla triticum Caecum sp. Calliostoma covacevichi Calliostoma kleppi Calliostoma mapucherum Calliostoma sp. Cancellaria medinae Cancellaria nassariformis Cancellaria reyesi Cancellaria rudolphi Cancellaria sp. Cantharus sp. Cantrainea sp. Carditella sp. Caryocorbula sp. Cerithiopsis pyrgiscus Cerithiopsis sp. Chilina sp. Chione chiloensis Chione coquandi Chione rodulfi Choromytilus chorus Chorus sp. Circomphalus patagonica Cirsotrema sp. Clio sp. Cochlespira n. sp. Columbella sp. Comitas sp. Crassatellites sp. Crassilabrum wattersi Crassostrea sp. Crenella sp. Crepidula sp. 1 Crepidula sp. 2 Crepipatella sp. Cucullaea alta Cucullaea chilensis Dalium n. sp. Dentimargo sp. Diloma miocenica Diodora fragilis Diodora pupuyana Diodora sp. 1 Diodora sp. 2 Diplodonta sp. 1 2 308 232 14 318 1 3 1 1 2 14 113 6 250 8 16 4 3 8 6 1 2 401 5 5 1 2 6 2 2 4 400 1 12 2 1 1 3 271 1 3 201 56 1 1 1 31 3 6 12 1 1 1 2 5 5 2 1 14 3 1 2 6 2 1 5 3 44 133 6 2 2 1 2 2 8 3 Discotectonica navidadensis Distorsio ringens Dosina semilaevis Echinophoria monilifera Echinophoria sp. Ennucula sp. Eulima antarctica Exilia alanbeui Fagnastesia matanzana Fagnastesia venefica Falsilunatia sp. Ficus distans Ficus gayana Fissurella sp. 1 Fissurella sp. 2 Fusiguraleus hordeum Gemmula sp. Gibbula poeppigii Glycymeris colchaguensis Glycymeris ibariformis Glycymeris sp. 1 Glycymeris sp. 2 Glycymeris taverai Grandeliacus antu Haurokoa sp. Imbricaria chiloensis Incatella hupei Incatella leptogramma Incatella trilirata Inquisitor lingulacaninus Intitectonica inti Ipunina vladimiri Ireneia calandrellii Ireneia testudinaria Iselica sulcosa Jupiteria sp. 1 Jupiteria sp. 2 Kellia sp. Kurtzia sp. 1 Kurtzia sp. 2 Lahillia angulata Lamprodomina dimidiata Ledella sp. Leionucula lebuensis Lembulus sp. Limopsis sp. Lucinoma promaucana Macron vermeiji Mactra oblonga Magnatica chiloensis 4 23 1 57 9 200 24 2 1 11 1 11 8 24 10 3 4 3 1 42 73 27 1 1 48 18 1 11 3 362 5 1 2 729 9 23 1 5 17 5 15 1 2 101 3 21 3 1 2 4 2 18 6 19 1 105 66 3 30 1 4 1 41 306 4 6 1 5 2 5 221 4 52 1 134 38 2 1 2 281 2 402 4 2 13 1 2 400 3 37 4 Magnatica subsolida Maoridaphne n. sp. Marginella n. sp. Marshallena polypleurus Matanziella vidali Miomelon pelantaroi Miraclathurella darwini Mitra martini Mitrella sp. Modiolus sp. Monilea riorapelensis Mulinia sp. Muricidae n. gen.1, n. sp. Muricidae n. gen.2, n. sp. Muricidae n. gen.3, n. sp. Muricidae n. gen.4 rhopalicus Muricidae n. gen.4 subclavatus Musculus sp. Mysella sp. Mytilus sp. Nacella intiforma Nacella nielseni Nassarius diminutivum Naticidae n.gen. striolata Neilo volckmanni Nemocardium sp. Nerita chilensis Neverita pachystoma Neverita sp. Nihonia sp. 1 Nihonia sp. 2 Nucella medinae Nucula sp. Nuculana sp. Nuculanidae n.gen., n.sp. Odostomia obtusa Olivancillaria claneophila Olivancillaria matanzana Onoba sp. Pachycymbiola vidali Palaeomelon domeykoana Palaeomelon jeffi Palaeomelon taverai Panopea chiloensis Panopea ibari Panopea sp. Penion domeykoanus Penion oncodes Penion sp. Penion subreflexus 50 8 25 3 64 1 1 1 2 2 16 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 18 2 3 2 63 1 1 1 194 11 278 4 2 3 200 23 4 19 2 5 4 2 4 1 1 22 4 2 500 23 67 25 1 2 11 128 2 1 1 2 4 9 3 2 2 107 1 4 410 1 2 38 3 15 4 1 2 3 4 15 15 12 5 12 1 Penion subregularis Peonza benjamina Peonza pyruliformis Perissodonta chilensis Pilosabia sp. Pinna semicostata Pitar baylii Pitar colchaguana Polinices famula Polinices medinae Polinices n. sp. Polinices sp. Propeamussium sp. Ptychosyrinx pseudodiscors Ptychosyrinx sp. 1 Ptychosyrinx sp. 2 Ptychosyrinx sp. 3 Pycnodonte n. sp. pyramidellid sp. A pyramidellid sp. B pyramidellid sp. C pyramidellid sp. D pyramidellid sp. E pyramidellid sp. F pyramidellid sp. G pyramidellid sp. H pyramidellid sp. I Pyrula exigua Ranella chilena Ranellidae n. gen., n. sp. Saccella oxyrrhyncha Sassia armata Scaphander brevicula Scaphander remondi Scaphander sp. Septifer sp. Sinum pullum Sinum subglobosum Solariella n. sp. Solatisonax bieleri Solemya sp. Solen crucis Stramonita zinsmeisteri Strombus medinae Struthiochenopus bandeli Struthiochenopus n. sp. Struthiochenopus philippii Tagelus sp. Tegula austropacifica Tegula matanzensis 9 1 55 50 4 7 1 50 25 1 4 139 33 1 8 1 1 1 39 4 1 4 22 1 2 7 1 11 3 8 8 10 11 7 1 26 47 28 3 141 86 464 84 8 26 13 4 1 11 29 9 203 95 11 111 4 2 5 161 12 1 5 3 1 1 5 2 6 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 20 1 75 1 1 1 6 Tellidora sp. Tellina sp. Tellina sp. 2 Terebra undulifera Teredo sp. Testallium cepa Torinista bahamondei Torinista chonos Torinista taverai Trachycardium multiradiatum Triumphis maitenlahuensis Trochita araucana Trochita costellata Trophon climacodes Trophon ovallei Trophon sp. 1 Trophon sp. 2 Trophon sp. 3 Turbonilla acicula Turbonilla sp. Turbonilla subcylindrica turrid sp. A turrid sp. AA turrid sp. AB turrid sp. AC turrid sp. AD turrid sp. AE turrid sp. AF turrid sp. AH turrid sp. AL turrid sp. AM turrid sp. B turrid sp. C turrid sp. D turrid sp. E turrid sp. F turrid sp. G turrid sp. H turrid sp. I turrid sp. L turrid sp. M turrid sp. N turrid sp. O turrid sp. P turrid sp. Q turrid sp. R turrid sp. S turrid sp. T turrid sp. U turrid sp. V 6 8 1 26 3 19 3 7 1 1 18 50 27 3 1 1 4 20 14 2 1 5 5 2 36 1 434 21 39 5 2 1 1 4 1 4 1 5 62 8 4 2 2 3 3 2 13 3 5 10 20 4 2 1 1 1 1 7 turrid sp. W turrid sp. X turrid sp. Y turrid sp. Z Turritella ambulacrum Turritella pseudosuturalis Xanthochorus kuscheli Xenophora paulinae Xenostrobus sp. Xymene n. sp. Xymenella sp. Yoldia sp. 1 Yoldia sp. 2 Zeacuminia costellata Zeacuminia n. sp. Zonaria frassinettii Zygochlamys hupeanus Zygochlamys simpsoni Total # of specimens 1 1 1 1 10 187 2 6 1 1 1 8 19 1 2 3 88 3 55 2 10025 11 8 1028 8 2 2754 1 2 1015 Table DR2. Late Pliocene-early Pleistocene species, their occurrences and specimen counts. Juvenile specimens of superabundant species were not counted because they tend to obscure ecologic pattern (cf. Olszewski and Kidwell, 2007). Species Acanthina unicornis Acar pusilla Adelomelon ancilla Adelomelon reconditus Agathistoma patagonicum Agladrillia fuegoensis Argobuccinum ranelliforme Argopecten purpurata Austrofusus fontainei Austrofusus loisae Barnea lamellosa Bela paesleri Bostrycapulus calyptraeformis Brachidontes granulata Bulla subambigua Caecum chilense Cancellaria buccinoides Cerithiopsis sp. Chama pellucida Chione sp. Chlorostoma ater Chlorostoma luctuosum Choromytilus chorus Chorus doliaris Chorus giganteus Chorus grandis Clinocardium sp. Clio promaucana Concholepas concholepas Crassilabrum crassilabrum Crassostrea transitoria Crepidula coquimbensis Crepipatella dilatata Crepipatella sp. Crucibulum quiriquinae Cryptogemma senex Cumingia mutica Cyclocardia velutinus Cyclostremiscus trigonatus Darina solenoides Diodora inaequalis Diplodonta inconspicua Drillia janseni Eatoniella latina Echinolittorina peruviana Coquimbo 4 2 Tubul Guafo Guamblín 1 1 3 1 3 8 19 23 1 1 27 13 7 1 62 10 2 40 2 22 4 3 23 19 8 23 3 4 10 66 42 1 61 11 49 22 1 21 1 4 1 25 1 1 2 10 1 2 9 70 66 Echinophoria monilifera Ennucula grayi Ensis macha Epitonium magellanicus Eurhomalea rufa Euspira guamblinensis Euspira patagonica Fissurella maxima Fissurella nigra Fissurella picta Fissurella sp. Fusinus sp. Fusitriton magellanicus Fusiturricula sp. Glycymeris ovata Glycymeris sp. Hindsiclava ignorata Incatella chilensis Incatella cingulata Iselica chilensis Jupiteria sp. Kaitoa cosmophila Leionucula barrosi Limatula covacevichi Liotia cancellata Lottia orbignyi Lucinoma sp. Macoma inornata Macrocallista pannosa Mactra sp. Malletia chilensis Mesodesma donacium Mitrella unifasciata Mulinia chilota Mulinia edulis Muregina marijkeae Mysella mabillei Mytilus sp. Nassarius gayi Nassarius taeniolatus Nucula subaraucana Nuculana sp. 1 Nuculana sp. 2 Oliva peruviana Omalogyra atomus Pandora cistula Panopea chiloensis Panopea sp. 1 Pecten n.sp. Penion crassus 7 7 13 70 39 3 4 5 41 50 13 4 79 3 64 2 1 1 21 1 2 9 53 3 260 22 243 3 1 13 2 8 2 2 8 2 9 58 1 1 9 13 6 30 6 24 1 77 1 71 1 87 23 25 1 3 75 1 60 2 40 1 2 11 10 Penion diversum Perumytilus purpuratus Petricolaria rugosa Phos chilensis Polinices sp. Polinices uber Priene scabrum Prisogaster niger Protothaca thaca Psammotreta tenuicula Ptychosyrinx subaequalis Retrotapes exalbidus Retrotapes lenticularis Retrotapes sp. Rissoina inca Sassia kampyla Sassia leucostomoides Scaphander interruptus Scurria araucana Scurria ceciliana Scurria plana Scurria scurra Scurria variabilis Scurria zebrina Semele corrugata Tagelus dombeii Tegula tridentata Tellina sp. Thyasira chilensis Tindariopsis sulculata Trigonostoma tuberculosum Trochita trochiformis Trophon covacevichi Trophon geversianus Trophon huilliche Trophon parcus Trophon sp. Trophon vetulus turrid sp. AG turrid sp. AH turrid sp. AI turrid sp. AJ turrid sp. AK Xanthochorus buxeus Xanthochorus cassidiformis Xymenopsis dispar Xymenopsis hero Zygochlamys hupeanus Zygochlamys patagonica Total # of specimens 5 3 4 1 3 6 77 49 4 71 16 54 70 46 3 5 5 4 12 2 88 6 1 8 1 8 13 2 6 6 30 185 3 5 26 250 4 76 5 9 9 3 6 1 21 2 9 1 3 5 13 1 4 122 16 3 25 1 1599 317 1004 11 913 7 728 Table DR3. Literature data included in our analysis. The species and species counts provided in these references are included in Tables DR1 and DR2. Reference Philippi (1887) Tavera (1979) Frassinetti and Covacevich (1993) Watters and Fleming (1972) Frassinetti (2001, 2004) Frassinetti (1997, 2000) Frassinetti and Covacevich (1995) Fossil location(s) All of south-central Chile Navidad area, early Miocene Navidad area, early Miocene Chiloé, early Miocene Chonos Archipelago, early Miocene Guafo Island, late Pliocene Guamblín Island, late Pliocene-early Pleistocene 12 Table DR4. The 20 most species-rich extant gastropod genera on the Chilean Pacific coast and their species numbers between 40°S and 60°S. Habitat Mostly hard substrate Neogene Southern Hemisphere fossil record Chile, Pleistocene Under rocks None Rocky shore Chile, PlioPleistocene Chile, Miocene Chile, Miocene Chile, Miocene Chile, Miocene Southern Patagonia, Quaternary Chile, Miocene None Original # of species 21 Revised # of species 4 13 n.a.* 12 8** 11 7 11 n.a. Hardground 11 n.a. Fissurella (Fissurellidae) Pareuthria (Buccinidae) 10 n.a. Intertidal hardgrounds Rocky shore 10 9 Bela (Turridae) 9 n.a. Variable Eatoniella (Eatoniellidae) Savatieria (Buccinidae) 8 n.a. 8 3 Intertidal hardgrounds Soft bottom Hydrobia (Hydrobiidae) Natica (Naticidae) 8 n.a. 8 4*** Littoridina (Littorinidae) Admete (Cancellariidae) 7 n.a.**** 6 5* Photinula (Trochidae) 6 4 Trophon (Muricidae) Glypteuthria (Buccinidae) Adelomelon (Volutidae) 6 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 Genus (family) Xymenopsis (Muricidae) Lamellaria (Lamellariidae) Collisella (Lottiidae) Patinigera (Nacellidae) Calliostoma (Calliostomatidae) Onoba (Rissoidae) Margarites (Trochidae) Revision (Pastorino and Harasewych, 2000) (Espoz et al., 2004) (Valdovinos and Rüth, 2005) (Castellanos and Fernández, 1976) (Castellanos and Fernández, 1975) (Pastorino, 2005a) (Pastorino, 2005b) (Castellanos, 1992) (Wiggers and VeitenheimerMendes, 2008) Reference to first occurrence (Nielsen and Valdovinos, 2008) late Palaeocene Pleistocene (Sepkoski, 2002) early Miocene (Watters and Fleming, 1972) Cenozoic Eocene (Hickman and McLean, 1990); Mesozoic occurrences doubtful (Sepkoski, 2002) Miocene, ?Maastrichtian Eocene (Sohl, 1992; Finger et al., 2007) (Beu, 2009) Eocene (Sepkoski, 2002) Miocene (Sepkoski, 2002) None Holocene (Aguirre et al., 2008) Variable None ? uncertain due to limited shell characters Soft bottom Chile, n.a. Miocene Southern Patagonia, Quaternary Chile, Lo Danian Abarca Rocky shore Soft bottom Soft bottom (Petit and Harasewych, 2005) (Smith, 1905) First occurrence early Pleistocene Unclear hardground (Herm, 1969) (Aguirre et al., 2008) (Sepkoski, 2002) Southern Patagonia, Quaternary Chile, Miocene None Quaternary (Aguirre et al., 2008) late Oligocene (Griffin and Pastorino, 2005) Soft bottom Chile, Miocene ?Eocene, Miocene (Nielsen and Frassinetti, 2007) Rocks None Cretaceous (Kiel and Bandel, 2001) Mostly hard substrate Soft bottom n.a. The number of revised species includes valid species considered as belonging to other genera; *genera identified as being highly polymorphic in polar regions (cf., (Clarke, 1978); **all species transferred to Scurria and “Lottia”; ***none of the revised species belongs to Natica sensu strictu; ****Members of this genus are considered as extremely variable (Aguirre and Urrutia, 2002); n.a. = not available. 13 References Cited Aguirre, M.L., Hlebszevitsch Savalscky, J.C., and Dellatorre, F., 2008, Late Cenozoic invertebrate paleontology of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, with emphasis on molluscs, in Rabassa, J.O., ed., The late Cenozoic of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, Volume 11: Developments in quaternary Sciences: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 285-325. 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Griffin, M., and Pastorino, G., 2005, The genus Trophon Monfort, 1810 (Gastropoda:Muricidae) in the Tertiary of Patagonia: Journal of Paleontology, v. 79, p. 296-311. 14 Herm, D., 1969, Marines Pliozän und Pleistozän in Nord- und Mittel-Chile unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Entwicklung der Mollusken: Zitteliana, v. 2, p. 1-159. Hickman, C.S., and McLean, J.H., 1990, Systematic revision and suprageneric classification of trochacean gastropods: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series, v. 35, p. 1-169. Kiel, S., and Bandel, K., 2001, Trochidae (Archaeogastropoda) from the Campanian of Torallola in northern Spain: Acta Geologica Polonica, v. 51, p. 137-154. Nielsen, S.N., and Frassinetti, D., 2007, The Neogene Volutidae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) from the Pacific coast of Chile: Journal of Paleontology, v. 81, p. 82-102. 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Sepkoski, J.J., 2002, A compendium of fossil marine animal genera: Bulletins of American Paleontology, v. 363, p. 1-563. Smith, E.A., 1905, On a small collection of Mollusca from Tierra del Fuego: Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, v. 6, p. 333-339. Sohl, N.F., 1992, Upper Cretaceous gastropods (Fissurellidae, Haliotidae, Scissurellidae) from Puerto Rico and Jamaica: Journal of Paleontology, v. 66, p. 414-434. Tavera, J., 1979, Estratigrafía y paleontología de la Formación Navidad, Provincia de Colchagua, Chile (Lat. 30°50'-34°S): Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile, v. 36, p. 1-176. Valdovinos, C., and Rüth, M., 2005, Nacellidae limpets of the southern end of South America: taxonomy and distribution: Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, v. 78, p. 497-517. Watters, W.A., and Fleming, C.A., 1972, Contributions to the geology and palaeontology of Chiloe Island, southern Chile: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, v. 263, p. 369-408. Wiggers, F., and Veitenheimer-Mendes, I.L., 2008, Taxonomic review of the genus Adelomelon (Gastropoda; Volutidae), based on type material: Brazilian Journal of Biology, v. 68, p. 843-850. 15