Phytotaxa 177 (2): 101–117 www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) Article PHYTOTAXA ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.177.2.2 Botanical advances in Southwestern Amazonia: The flora of Acre (Brazil) five years after the first Catalogue HERISON MEDEIROS¹, FLÁVIO A. OBERMÜLLER², DOUGLAS C. DALY³*, MARCOS SILVEIRA4, WENDESON CASTRO5 & RAFAELA CAMPOSTRINI FORZZA¹ ¹Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, 22.460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil ²Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373- Cidade Universitária (Ilha do Fundão), 21941-599, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 3 Institute of Systematic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA 4 Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR-364, km 4, Distrito Industrial, 69.920-200, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil 5 Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR-364, km 4, Distrito Industrial, 69.920-200, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil *correspondence: ddaly@nybg.org Abstract Even though it is well known that the flora of Amazonia is severely under-documented, botanical research in the region has been stagnant for the past two decades or more. An exception to this trend has been the international collaboration in the state of Acre, Brazil. The objective of this study was to assess botanical progress in Southwestern Amazonia, specifically the evolution of our knowledge of the flora of the state of Acre five years after production of the first catalogue of its flora. Between 2006-2011, the Acre data-base recorded 2,110 determinations, and among these were 347 new records for Acre, representing an increase of 8.6% in the known flora, which as of 2011 comprised 4351 species. Of the new records, 6.6% (23) were new records for Brazil and 14.4% (50) represented genera new to Acre. The new records comprised 322 species of vascular plants and 22 of non-vascular plants. The most significant finding was that one of every six identifications was a new record for Acre; the total flora of Acre is estimated to be at about 8,000 species. Advances in documentation of the Acre flora have been achieved through institutional partnerships, attention to rescuing and “cleaning” data, mobilizing taxonomic specialists, distributing duplicates to herbaria with significant Amazon collections, and undertaking expeditions to regions of the state that were poorly known or unknown. Indeed, the botanical inventory of Amazonia overall and the management and conservation of the Amazon flora can be realized only through programs that are systematic, integrative and participatory. Every effort must be made to guarantee that the inventory of Amazonia proceeds at least as rapidly as deforestation and development. This necessarily means far greater investment in training, employing, and supporting the field work of productive taxonomists. Key words: biodiversity, botanical inventory, Brazilian Amazon, taxonomy Introduction The Brazilian Amazon represents 49.3% of that country’s territory (Kress et al. 1998), but in the admittedly incomplete checklist of Brazil’s vascular flora (Forzza et al. 2010) the Amazon accounted for only 36% of the total number of species recorded from Brazil. Moreover, the 11,793 Amazonian vascular plant species they recorded (Forzza et al. 2012) comprise 33% of the 40,000 species estimated to occur in the Amazon region (Mittermeier et al. 2003). Despite the Amazon’s high diversity and despite studies strongly suggesting that plant diversity in the region has been underestimated (Hopkins 2007), floristic inventory efforts have decreased substantially in the past 20 years (Hopkins 2007, Sobral & Stehmann 2009). One notable exception to this pattern is the state of Acre, located in Southwestern Amazonia on the frontier with Bolivia and Peru. There, floristic inventory was kept at a high rate via collaborative research between the Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC) and The New York Botanical Garden (NYBG) (Silveira et al. 1997), reaching a milestone with the publication of the first catalogue of the Acre flora in 2008 (Daly & Silveira 2008). Accepted by Manuel Belgrano: 31 May. 2014; published: 27 Aug. 2014 101 Even compared to the rest of Amazonia, Acre had been considered a “black hole” of plant diversity (Silveira et al. 1997). When the collaboration began, an intensive “rescue” of botanical data for the state recorded 2,500 species represented by ca. 8,000 collections, but at the time the Acre flora Catalogue went to press, the recorded flora was 4,004 species, represented by 25,000 collections, and various factors suggest that the total flora in reality must reach at least 8,000 species (Daly & Silveira 2008). As Acre occupies a zone of diverse formations in a crossroads of floristic affinities (Daly & Silveira 2008), various sources have identified the Southwestern Amazon Ecoregion as a conservation hot spot (Olson et al. 2001), as well as a priority for botanical inventory (Dinerstein et al. 1995, Olson et al. 1996, Ministério do Meio Ambiente-Brasil 2001). It is disturbing that the botanical inventory of Acre has by no means kept pace with the growth in development pressures. The southeastern part of Acre has been particularly hard-hit by increases in cattle-ranching, timber extraction and road-building, the latter including a new highway connecting Amazonia to the Pacific (Brown et al. 2002, Leonel et al. 2008). In this context, we present an update of progress in botanical knowledge of the Acre flora during the five years since the Catalogue manuscript was submitted for publication in 2006, and we evaluate those efforts and propose priorities for the next stages of botanical research in the region. Materials and Methods Study area Acre is located in the extreme southwest of the Brazilian Amazon, between 07° 07’ - 11° 08’ S and 66° 30’ -74° W. Its land cover is more than 164,000 km2, accounting for 4% of Brazil’s land mass (ZEE-Acre 2010). Most of the state’s territory lies between 110-350 m elevation but reaches 734 m along its borders with Peru. Annual rainfall in Acre ranges from 1600 mm in the southeast, with a long dry season, to 2750 mm in the northwest of the state, with a much shorter dry season. Almost all of Acre’s original vegetation cover was forest, and even now almost 90% of Acre is still forested. Vegetation on white sand is found in the northwestern corner of the state; it covers only 0.04% of the state but includes a number of formations and species not found elsewhere in Acre (Daly et al. in prep.). TABLE 1—Taxonomic specialists mobilized by the UFAC/NYBG in Acre for the period 2006–2011 (acronyms of the institutions according to Thiers 2014). Specialist Family Herbarium Adriana Sánchez Polygonaceae CU Cornelis C. Berg Moraceae and Urticaceae L Douglas Daly Burseraceae NY Eduardo Silva Leal Cyclanthaceae RB Haroldo Cavalcante Lima Fabaceae RB Fabián Michelangeli Melastomataceae NY Renato Goldenberg Melastomataceae UPCB Mário Araújo Terra Sapotaceae INPA Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez Sapindaceae US Pedro Fiaschi Araliaceae SPF Rafaela C. Forzza Bromeliaceae RB Riccardo Baldini Poaceae FT Sources of data The baseline for the floristic update is the Primeiro Catálogo da Flora do Acre, Brasil (Daly & Silveira 2008), which treated 4,004 species of vascular plants and bryophytes; the underlying data-base contains all available data, “rescued” from numerous sources, for botanical collections made in Acre since the pioneering expedition of Ernst Ule in 1901 and totals some 32,000 records. Prior to publication, the data were “cleaned” over a period of 18 months: each species was vetted by taxonomic specialists whenever possible, otherwise recent literature and herbaria were consulted. The published Catalogue was current up to 2006, when it went to press. Data current to the present are contained in the Acre flora database (http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/fsa), from which we extracted data up to 2011 for a five-year comparison. 102 • Phytotaxa 177 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press MEDEIROS ET AL. Also during the period 2006–2011, the UFAC-NYBG group conducted the second phase of the project Mobilizing Taxonomic Specialists for Acre, Brazil, supported by the Beneficia Foundation. This project brought 12 Brazilian and non-Brazilian specialists to Acre to conduct field work, identify existing herbarium collections, and give short courses to UFAC undergraduates (these specialists are listed in Table 1). The choice of specialists to invite was based on the relative diversity of their plant groups in Acre. The Mobilizing Taxonomic Specialists project conducted botanical exploration in 16 localities in 12 municipalities of Acre (Table 2), ranging from 1–16 days each. Ten of these localities were considered “black holes” (Silveira et al. 1997), i.e., unknown botanically or with very low Collection Density Indexes (CDI), calculated as the number of botanical collections registered per 100 km² for a given area. Five years after the Catalogue went to press, the IDCs, were calculated again to check progress in sampling the Flora. TABLE 2—Areas where botanical exploration was conducted during 2006–2011. Municipality Locality Reason(s) Acrelândia Seringal Porto Dias Much timber extraction; biological “Black hole” Bujarí Rio Andirá Reasonable access; high diversity of epiphytes; várzea forest. Cruzeiro do Sul BR-307 Vegetation complexes on white-sand soils, high diversity of habitats; ecosystems fragile and vulnerable Feijó Rio Jurupari “Black hole” after survey in the 1930s Jordão Rio Jordão Rio Tarauacá “black hole” High levels of diversity and of endemism; soils rich, presence of salão vegetation and rocky outcrops Mâncio Lima Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor High diversity of species and habitats; presence of endemics; submontane forests and forests on calcareous soils; affinities with the Andes; “black hole” Plácido de Castro Rio Abunã “Black hole;” várzea forest Porto Acre Reserva Florestal Humaitá Easy access; open forest with bamboo and palms Rio Branco Parque Zoobotânico, UFAC Parque Ambiental Chico Mendes Heavily disturbed areas, but discovery of new records and species new to science Sena Madureira Fazenda São Jorge I Forests managed for timber; “black hole” Senador Guiomard Fazenda Catuaba Rio Iquri Easy access; zone of impact of BR-364 highway; “black hole” Xapuri Projeto de Assentamento Cachoeira Forest managed for timber; “black hole” Results New records and the total Between 2006 and 2011, a total of 2,110 new determinations were entered into the data-base. These included 347 new records for Acre (Table 3), among them 325 species of angiosperms, 20 of pteridophytes, and two of bryophytes. The total documented flora of Acre as of 2011 comprised 4,351 species, an increase of 8.6% in five years. Of the new records, 23 (6.6%) were new records for Brazil, and 50 (14.4%) were genera new to Acre. THE FLORA OF ACRE (BRAZIL) Phytotaxa 177 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press • 103 The determinations also included 11 new taxa, some as yet unpublished, in the Annonaceae, Araceae, Burseraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lauraceae, Lecythidaceae, and Melastomataceae (Table 3). Of the 347 new records added between 2006–2011, 186 (53%) were identified from existing collections and 159 (47%) were field-identified by specialists brought to Acre specifically to improve documentation, thereby highlighting the efficacy of bringing taxonomic specialists into the effort. TABLE 3—Botanical novelties for Acre, 2006–2011: New records of species for Acre of families (NR-F), genera (NR-G), and species (NR-S); new records for Brazil (NR-B); and species new to science (SPNOV). Acronyms of the institutions according to Thiers (2014); the acronym LABEV is the collection of Laboratory of Botany and Plant Ecology of the Federal University of Acre. Family Species Status 2011 IdentifiedBy Voucher Aphelandra jacobinioides Lindau NR-S S.R. Profice 2011 I. Brasil 317 RB Angiosperms Acanthaceae Justicia potamogeton Lindau NR-S S.R. Profice 2011 F. Obermüller 381RB Justicia pygmaea Lindau NR-S S.R. Profice 2010 C. Pessôa 376 RB Justicia wallnoeferi Wassh. NR-B S.R. Profice 2010 C. Pessôa 372 RB Lepidagathis diffusa Nees NR-G S.R. Profice 2011 I. Brasil 353 RB Mendoncia hymenophyllacea Rizzini NR-S S.R. Profice 2011 M.H. Terra-Araújo 674 RB Mendoncia lindavii Rusby NR-S S.R. Profice 2010 C. Pessôa 190 RB Pseuderanthemum lanceolatum (Ruiz & Pav.) Wassh. NR-S D.C. Wasshausen D.C. Daly 13137 NY Pulchranthus variegatus (Aublet) V.M.Baum, J.L.Reveal & NR-S 2008 S.R. Profice 2010 M. Silveira 3693 RB J.W.Nowicke Sanchezia decora Leonard & L.B.Sm. NR-S E.A. Tripp 2008 B.A. Krukoff 5729 NY Sanchezia ferreyrae Leonard & L.B.Sm. NR-S E.A. Tripp 2008 M. Silveira 909 NY Sanchezia oblonga Ruiz & Pav. NR-S D.C. Wasshausen D.C. Daly 13159 NY 2008 Sanchezia pennellii Leonard NR-S E.A. Tripp 2008 C.A. Cid Ferreira 5121 NY Streblacanthus dubiosus (Lindau) V.M.Baum NR-S D.C. Wasshausen D.C. Daly 13229 NY Achariaceae Carpotroche brasiliensis (Raddi) A. Gray NR-S 2008 R. Marquete 2010 P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 14795 Amaranthaceae Blutaparon sp. NR-G I. Brasil 2007 RB I. Brasil 68 LABEV Hebanthe eriantha (Poir.) Pedersen NR-G M.S. Marchioretto S.R. Lowrie 139 NY Annona papilionella (Diels) H.Rainer NR-S 2008 P.J. M. Maas 2010 T.B. Croat 85213 NY Annona williamsii (Rusby ex R.E.Fr.) H. Rainer NR-S P.J. M. Maas 2010 R. Goldenberg 1331 NY Guatteria arenicola Maas & Erkens SPNOV P.J.M. Maas 2008 P.J.M. Maas 8980 NY Annonaceae Apocynaceae Guatteria duodecima Maas & Westra SPNOV P.J.M. Maas 2008 D.G. Campbell 8817 NY Guatteria meliodora R.E.Fr. NR-S P.J. M. Maas 2010 P. Fiaschi 3423 NY Guatteria pteropus Benth. NR-S P.J. M. Maas 2010 M.T.V.A. Campos 850 NY Guatteria rugosa R.E.Fr. NR-S P.J. M. Maas 2007 P.J.M. Maas 9247 NY Guatteria scytophylla Diels NR-S P.J. M. Maas 2010 P. Fiaschi 3379 RB Pseudomalmea diclina (R.E.Fr.) Chatrou NR-S P.J. M. Maas 2010 F.A. Michelangeli 1328 NY Xylopia cuspidata Diels NR-S P.J. M. Maas 2007 M. Alves 2560 NY Tassadia propinqua Decne. NR-S A. Rapini 2010 H.C. de Lima 6686 RB ......continued on the next page 104 • Phytotaxa 177 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press MEDEIROS ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Family Species Status 2011 IdentifiedBy Voucher Araceae Anthurium obliquatum Schott NR-S T.B. Croat 2006 T.B. Croat 62295 NY Anthurium wendlandii Schott NR-S T.B. Croat 2006 B.A. Krukoff 5353 NY Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott NR-S M.L.C. Soares 2011 T.B. Croat 85266 NY Araliaceae Heteropsis robusta (G.S.Bunting) M.L.Soares NR-S M.L.C. Soares 2011 G.T. Prance 12220 NY Heteropsis salicifolia Kunth NR-S M.C. Nadruz 2008 T.B. Croat 85540 NY Heteropsis steyermarkii G.S.Bunting NR-S M. L.C. Soares 2011 T.B. Croat 85269 NY Heteropsis tenuispadix G.S.Bunting NR-S M. L.C. Soares 2011 G.T. Prance 7821 NY Philodendron lupinum E.G.Gonç. & J.B.Carvalho SPNOV E.G. Gonçalves 2008 E.G. Goncalves 952 MO Philodendron victoriae G.S.Bunting NR-S M. L.C. Soares 2011 T.B. Croat 85581 NY Aralia sp. NR-G H. Medeiros 2010 H. Medeiros 726 NY Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch. NR-S P. Fiaschi 2008 D.C. Daly 8151 UFACPZ Dendropanax resinosus (Marchal) Frodir NR-S P. Fiaschi 2008 D.C. Daly 9052 UFACPZ Schefflera confusa (Marchal) Harms NR-S P. Fiaschi 2008 M. Silveira 814 UFACPZ Schefflera sp. nov. SPNOV P. Fiaschi 2011 P. Fiaschi 3309 NY Schefflera spruceana (Seem) Maguire, Steyermark & Frodir NR-S P. Fiaschi 2008 C.A. Cid Ferreira 8200 Clibadium armanii (Balbi) Sch.Bip. NR-S R.L. Esteves 2006 UFACPZ S.R. Lowrie 265 NY Conyza floribunda Kunth NR-S H.E. Robinson 2009 T.B. Croat 86071 NY Emilia fosbergii Nicolson NR-G H.E. Robinson 2009 T.B. Croat 85875 NY Ichthyothere sp. NR-G I. Brasil 2007 I. Brasil 66 RB Balanophoraceae Lophophytum mirabile Schott & Endl. subsp. mirabile NR-G L. Cardoso 2011 M.V.R. Castro 02 RB Begoniaceae Begonia glabra Aubl. NR-S E.L. Jacques 2009 P. Fiaschi 3284 NY Begonia humilis Dryand. NR-S E.L. Jacques 2011 C. Pessôa 226 NY Adenocalymma uleanum Kraenzl. NR-S R.G. Udulutsch 2008 L.G. Lohmann 397 NY Fridericia mutabilis (Bureau & K.Schum.) L.G.Lohmann NR-S L.G. Lohmann 2008 Asteraceae Bignoniaceae Boraginaceae Burmanniaceae Burseraceae Cactaceae Capparaceae L.G. Lohmann 550 NY Fridericia pearcei (Rusby) L.G.Lohmann NR-S L.G. Lohmann 2008 D.C. Daly 11520 NY Fridericia spicata (Bureau & Schum.) L.G.Lohmann NR-S L.G. Lohmann 2008 A.R.S. Oliveira 567 NY Handroanthus obscurus (Bureau ex K. Schum.) Mattos NR-S S.O. Grose 2006 C.A. Cid Ferreira 5243 NY Lundia laevis Kaehler SPNOV M. Kaehler 2011 D.C. Daly 13679 NY Pachyptera kerere (Aubl.) Sandwith NR-G L.G. Lohmann 2008 P.G. Delprete 7688 NY Cordia bicolor A.DC. NR-S O. Kosovsky 2011 J. Freitas 23 NY Heliotropium filiforme Lehm. NR-S O. Kosovsky 2009 P.G. Delprete 8201 NY Thismia sp. NR-G D.C. Daly 2009 J.G. Silva s/n LABEV Protium leptostachyum Cuatrec. NR-S D.C. Daly 2010 P.J.M. Maas 9242 NY Protium sp. nov. SPNOV D.C. Daly 2011 D.C. Daly 13758 NY Hylocereus sp. NR-G M.F. Freitas 2011 F. Obermüller 504 RB Pseudorhipsalis amazônica (K.Schum.) R.Bauer NR-G P.A. Meyers 2007 D.C. Daly 8957 UFACPZ Rhipsalis baccifera (J.S. Muell.) Stearn NR-G M. Kimnach 2007 P.G. Delprete 8544 UFACPZ Capparidastrum macrophyllum (Kunth) Hutch. NR-G X. Cornejo, 2006 B.A. Krukoff 5788 NY Capparidastrum sola (J.F. Macbr.) Cornejo & H.H.Iltis NR-S X. Cornejo 2006 M. Silveira 1463 NY Mesocapparis lineata (Dombey ex Pers.) Cornejo & H.H. Iltis NR-G X. Cornejo 2008 S.R. Lowrie 380 NY NR-S C. Sothes 2009 T.B. Croat 85259 NY Hirtella rodriguesii Prance NR-S G.T. Prance 2009 P. Fiaschi 3326 NY Clusiaceae Vismia schultesii N.Robson NR-S N.K.B. Robson 2006 I.S. Rivero 354 UFACPZ Commelinaceae Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan NR-G R.B. Faden 2011 Chrysobalanaceae Couepia subcordata Benth. ex Hook.f. J. Freitas 135 RB ......continued on the next page THE FLORA OF ACRE (BRAZIL) Phytotaxa 177 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press • 105 TABLE 3. (Continued) Family Species Status 2011 IdentifiedBy Voucher Connaraceae Rourea cuspidata Benth. ex Baker var. cuspidata NR-S E. Forero 2010 M. Alves 2541 NY Convolvulaceae Aniseia martinicensis (Jacq.) Choisy NR-G R. Simão-Bianchini P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 13631 Calycolobus glaber (Kunth.) House NR-S 2010 R.S. Bianchini 2006 NY B.A. Krukoff 5614 NY Ipomoea saopaulista O’Donell NR-S D.F. Austin 2007 D.C. Daly 11802 NY Jacquemontia martii Choisy NR-S M.T. Buril 2010 S.R. Lowrie 593 NY Operculina hamiltonii (Don) D.F.Austin & Staples NR-G D.F. Austin 2007 D.C. Daly 11591 NY Costaceae Costus spiralis (Jacq.) Roscoe NR-S P.J. M. Maas 2010 R. Goldenberg 1348 NY Cucurbitaceae Melothria dulcis Wunderlin NR-S L.F.P. Lima 2010 P.G. Delprete 8635 NY Cyperaceae Cyperus cayennensis (Lam.) Britton NR-S G. Davidse 1983 L.R. Marinho 54 NY Scleria stipularis Nees NR-S W. Thomas 2011 M. Silveira 1258 NY Dichapetalum pedunculatum (DC.) Baill. NR-G G.T. Prance 2010 P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 14852 Dichapetalum rugosum (Vahl) Prance NR-S G.T. Prance 2010 NY P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 14778 Diospyros longifolia (Spruce) Sleumer NR-S B. Wallnöfer 2008 NY M. Alves 2509 NY Diospyros poeppigiana A.DC. NR-S B. Wallnöfer 2010 D.C. Daly 13756 NY Amanoa guianensis Aubl. NR-S Unknow 2011 D.C. Daly 13778 NY Croton maasii Riina & P.E.Berry SPNOV R. Riina & P.E. Berry A. Rosas Jr. 288 NY Croton pachypodus G.L.Webster NR-S 2011 R. Riina 2010 D.G. Campbell 9792 NY Croton schiedeanus Schltdl. NR-S P.E. Berry 2011 F.A. Michelangeli 1335 NY Dichapetalaceae Ebenaceae Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae Croton spruceanus Benth. NR-S I. Cordeiro 2011 F.A. Michelangeli 1399 NY Croton tessmannii Mansf. NR-S P.E. Berry 2010 D.G. Campbell 10435 NY Croton yavitensis Croizat NR-S P.E. Berry 2009 G.T. Prance 7833 NY Dalechampia juruana Ule NR-S W.S. Armbruster 2006 J.E. Wilde 53 NY Drypetes variabilis Uittien NR-S M.H. Nee 2011 C. Figueiredo 839 NY Manihot baccata Allem NR-S M. Martins 2011 A. Rosas Jr. 309 NY Phyllanthus juglandifolius Willd. NR-S H. Esser 2008 C. Figueiredo 610 NY Abarema adenophora (Ducke) Barneby & J.W.Grimes NR-S R.D. Ribeiro 2009 H.C. Lima 6732 RB Acacia kuhlmannii Ducke NR-S M. de L. Rico-Arce L.G. Lohmann 381 NY Acacia macbridei Britton & Rose ex J.F. Macbr. NR-S 2007 M. de L. Rico-Arce A.R.S. de Oliveira 251 NY NR-G 2007 M. de L. Rico-Arce C. Ehringhaus 604 NY Albizia inundata (Mart.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes NR-S 2008 J. Fernandes 2010 P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 13657 Albizia niopoides (Spruce ex Benth.) Burkart NR-S M. de L. Rico-Arce NY D.C. Daly 13132 NY Amphiodon effusus Huber NR-G 2011 J.E. Meireles 2007 D.C. Daly 7087 NY Bauhinia cinnamomea DC. NR-S A.M.S. Fonseca Vaz D.C. Daly 13803 RB Bauhinia corniculata Benth. NR-S 2010 A.M.S. Fonseca Vaz H. Medeiros 453 RB Bauhinia guianensis (Vogel) Wunderlin var. kunthiana NR-S 2011 A.M.S. Fonseca Vaz N.A. Rosa 742 RB (Vogel) Wunderlin Browneopsis peruviana (J.F.Macbr.) Klitgaard NR-S 2006 B.B. Klitgaard 2010 D.C. Daly 11307 NY Clathrotropis nitida (Benth.) Harms NR-G R.D. Ribeiro 2008 C.A. Cid Ferreira 2553 NY Albizia duckeana L.Rico ......continued on the next page 106 • Phytotaxa 177 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press MEDEIROS ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Family Species Status 2011 IdentifiedBy Voucher Fabaceae Crotalaria incana L. NR-S M.F. Denecchi 2011 J.U.M. Santos 70 NY Crotalaria micans Link NR-S M.F. Denecchi 2011 H. Medeiros 19 NY Dalbergia inundata Spruce ex Benth. NR-S R.D. Ribeiro 2010 D.C. Daly 13748 NY Dipteryx polyphylla Huber NR-S R.B. Pinto & D.C. Daly 13312 NY V.M.C.R. Francisco Entada sp. NR-G 2009 V.F. Mansano & R.B. H. Medeiros 290 RB Hydrochorea gonggrijpii (Kleinhoonte) Barneby & NR-S Pinto 2011 R.D. Ribeiro 2009 J.W.Grimes Leptolobium nitens Vogel NR-S R.D. Ribeiro 2009 B.A. Krukoff 5474 RB Machaerium aristulatum (Spruce ex Benth.) Ducke NR-S F.L.R. Filardi 2011 H. Medeiros 288 RB Machaerium ferox (Mart. ex Benth.) Ducke NR-S R.D. Ribeiro 2010 P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 13675 Machaerium latifolium Rusby NR-S R.D. Ribeiro 2010 RB P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 13665 Machaerium quinata (Aubl.) Sandwith NR-S F.L.R. Filardi 2011 RB M. Silveira 3705 NY Mucuna sloanei Fawc. & Rendle NR-S T.M. Moura 2010 D.C. Daly 13722 NY Ormosia flava (Ducke) Rudd NR-S H.C. Lima 2011 D.C. Daly 13734 RB Parapiptadenia sp. NR-G M. L. Rico-Arce 2011 D.C. Daly 13222 NY Piptadenia duckeana Occhioni NR-S M. L. Rico-Arce 2011 D.C. Daly 13698 NY Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) J.F.Macbr. NR-S M.H. Nee 2010 L.C.L. Meneses Filho 1 NY Piptadenia minutiflora Ducke NR-S R.D. Ribeiro 2009 H.C. Lima 6762 RB Poiretia sp. NR-G R.B. Pinto 2011 M. Silveira 3971 RB Sesbania herbacea (Mill.) McVaugh NR-B F. Farruggia 2011 C. Pessôa 213 NY Tachigali amplifolia (Ducke) Barneby NR-S H.H. van der Werff C.A. Cid Ferreira 10026 NY Tachigali chrysophylla (Poepp.) Zarucchi & Herend. NR-S 2007 H.C. Lima 2009 H.C. Lima 6730 RB Tachigali fusca van der Werff SPNOV H.H. van der Werff D.C. Daly 8264 NY Tachigali schultesiana Dwyer NR-B 2007 H.C. Lima 2009 H.C. Lima 6709 RB Tachigali setifera (Ducke) Zarucchi & Herend. NR-S H.H. van der Werff D.G. Campbell 8312 NY Zygia ramiflora (Benth.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes NR-S 2007 R.D. Ribeiro 2009 H.C. Lima 6717 RB H.C. Lima 6760 RB Zygia stipularis (Benth.) L.Rico NR-S M.L. Rico-Arce 2011 H.C. Lima 6692 NY Gentianaceae Chelonanthus alatus (Aubl.) Pulle NR-G E.S. Leal 2011 G.T. Prance 12518 NY Gesneriaceae Columnea sanguinea (Pers.) Hanst. NR-S J. Rossini 2010 P. Fiaschi 3325 NY Hernandiaceae Sparattanthelium amazonum Mart. NR-S D.C. Daly & M. D.C. Daly 11550 NY Humiriaceae Schistostemon reticulatum (Ducke) Cuatrec. NR-S Silveira 2006 M.L. Kawasaki 2007 G.T. Prance 12600 NY Lauraceae Aiouea laevis (Mart.) Korsterm. NR-S S.H. Renner 2006 A. Ducke s/n (127842RB) Cryptocarya sp. NR-G M. Monge 2011 H. Medeiros 73 NY Endlicheria chalisea Chanderbali NR-S H.H. van der Werff P. Fiaschi 3429 NY Endlicheria paniculata (Spreng.) J.F. Macbr. NR-S 2009 A. Quinet 2011 H. Medeiros 396 RB Licaria deltoidea van der Werff SPNOV H.H. van der Werff A. Rosas Jr. 320 NY Nectandra cordata Rohwer NR-S 2009 J.G. Rohwer 2009 D.C. Daly 9961 NY Ocotea glomerata (Nees) Mez NR-S F. M. Alves 2008 C.A. Cid Ferreira 2564 NY ......continued on the next page THE FLORA OF ACRE (BRAZIL) Phytotaxa 177 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press • 107 TABLE 3. (Continued) Family Species Status 2011 IdentifiedBy Voucher Lauraceae Persea pseudofasciculata L.E.Kopp NR-G H.H. van der Werff P. Fiaschi 3430 NY Lecythidaceae Allantoma decandra (Ducke) S.A.Mori, Y.-Y.Huang & Prance NR-G Mayacaceae Melastomataceae N.A. Rosa 625 NY S.A. Mori 2011 D.C. Daly 12166 NY NR-G W.R. Anderson 2007 C. Figueiredo 918 NY Janusia sp. NR-G I. Brasil 2007 I. Brasil 99 LABEV Mascagnia australis C.E.Anderson NR-S A.M. Amorim 2010 Bronwenia wurdackii (B. Gates) W. R. Anderson & C. Cav. Davis Malvaceae Mori 2008 SPNOV Eschweilera sp. nov. Malpighiaceae 2009 Y.-Y. Huang & S. A. P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 15040 RB Niedenzuella mater-dei (Cuatrec.) W.R.Anderson NR-S W.R. Anderson 2007 A.R.S. de Oliveira 537 NY Niedenzuella stannea (Griseb.) W.R.Anderson NR-S W.R. Anderson 2009 C. Figueiredo 517 NY Tetrapterys stipulacea J.F.Macbr. NR-S W.R. Anderson 2006 D.C. Daly 10361 NY Pavonia castaneifolia A.St.-Hil. & Naudin NR-S P.A. Fryxell 2010 Wissadula excelsior (Cav.) K.Presl. NR-S M.G. Bovini 2011 I. Brasil 101 RB Mayaca sp. NR-F F. Obermüller 2007 F. Obermüller 339 RB Bellucia acutata Pilg. NR-S R. Goldenberg 2007 Blakea bracteata Gleason NR-S R. Goldenberg 2009 Clidemia dimorphica J.F.Macbr. NR-S Clidemia sprucei Gleason NR-S F.A. Michelangeli 2010 R. Goldenberg 2010 F.A. Michelangeli P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 14914 NY C.A. Cid Ferreira 8837 UFACPZ R. Goldenberg 964 UFACPZ F.A. Michelangeli 1382 NY R. Goldenberg 1399 NY T.B. Croat 85332 UFACPZ Clidemia tococoidea (DC.) Gleason NR-S Dissotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Triana NR-B Graffenrieda boliviensis Cogn. NR-S R. Goldenberg 2009 R. Goldenberg 930 NY Graffenrieda glandulosa R.Goldenb. & J.Meirelles SPNOV R. Goldenberg 2011 R. Goldenberg 940 NY Graffenrieda gracilis (Triana) L.O.Williams NR-S R. Goldenberg 2009 R. Goldenberg 935 NY Graffenrieda miconioides Naudim NR-S R. Goldenberg 2007 M. Silveira 1274 NY 2011 F.A. Michelangeli 2011 J. Freitas 197 NY Graffenrieda miconioides Naudim NR-S R. Goldenberg 2007 M. Silveira 1274 NY Macairea cuieirasii Renner NR-S R. Goldenberg 2007 W.A. Rodrigues 6039 RB Maieta poeppigii Mart. ex Cogn. NR-S Miconia alata (Aubl.) DC. NR-S R. Goldenberg 2007 T.B. Croat 62227 NY Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana NR-S R. Goldenberg 2009 R. Goldenberg 1002 NY Miconia alborufescens Naudim NR-S R. Goldenberg 2007 Miconia alternans Naudin NR-S R. Goldenberg 2009 Miconia ampla Triana NR-S Miconia cuspidata Naudin NR-S R. Goldenberg 2009 R. Goldenberg 1004 NY Miconia dichrophylla J.F.Macbr. NR-S R. Goldenberg 2010 R. Goldenberg 1358 NY Miconia dodecandra (Desr.) Cogn. NR-S R. Goldenberg 2007 I. da S. Rivero 224 UFACPZ Miconia duckei Cogn. NR-S R. Goldenberg 2010 F.A. Michelangeli 1432 NY Miconia egensis Cogn. NR-S R. Goldenberg 2010 C.A. Cid Ferreira 5151 NY F.A. Michelangeli 2010 F.A. Michelangeli 2011 R. Goldenberg 975 NY C.A. Cid Ferreira 9475 UFACPZ R. Goldenberg 1008 NY S.R. Lowrie 311 NY Miconia glandulifera Cogn. NR-S R. Goldenberg 2010 C.A. Cid Ferreira 2750 NY Miconia grandifolia Ule NR-S R. Goldenberg 2006 R. Goldenberg 972 NY ......continued on the next page 108 • Phytotaxa 177 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press MEDEIROS ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Family Species Melastomataceae Miconia gratissima Benth. ex Triana Miconia kavanayensis Wendack Status 2011 IdentifiedBy Voucher NR-S R. Goldenberg 2009 R. Goldenberg 1001 NY NR-S R. Goldenberg 2007 Miconia matthaei Naudim NR-S Miconia mazanana J.F.Macbr. NR-S F.A. Michelangeli 2011 R. Goldenberg 2009 F. A. Michelangeli C.A. Cid Ferreira 8249 UFACPZ F.A. Michelangeli 1343 NY R. Goldenberg 954 NY F.A. Michelangeli 1433 NY Miconia minutiflora (Bonpl.) DC. NR-S Miconia myriantha Benth. NR-S R. Goldenberg 2007 Miconia pachydonta Gleason NR-S R. Goldenberg 2007 Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC. NR-S R. Goldenberg 2007 Miconia pterocaulon Triana NR-S R. Goldenberg 2009 Miconia radulaefolia (Benth.) Naudim NR-S R. Goldenberg 2009 Miconia rimbachii Wurdack NR-B R. Goldenberg 2010 Miconia rufescens (Aubl.) DC. NR-S R. Goldenberg 2009 Miconia schunkei Wurdack NR-S R. Goldenberg 2009 R. Goldenberg 947 NY Miconia serrulata (DC.) Naudim NR-S R. Goldenberg 2007 T.B. Croat 62606 NY Miconia splendens (Sw.) Griseb. NR-S R. Goldenberg 2007 M.T.V.A. Campos 829 NY 2009 F.A. Michelangeli C.A. Cid Ferreira 8651 UFACPZ D.C. Daly 9002 NY C.A. Cid Ferreira 8741 UFACPZ R. Goldenberg 971 NY C.A. Cid Ferreira 8654 UFACPZ T.B. Croat 85088 NY C.A. Cid Ferreira 9482 UFACPZ F.A. Michelangeli 1432 NY Miconia stelligera Cogn. NR-S Miconia umbrosa Cogn. NR-S R. Goldenberg 2008 P.J.M. Maas 9178 UFACPZ Miconia wagneri J.F.Macbr. NR-S R. Goldenberg 2009 R. Goldenberg 950 NY Ossaea araneifera Markgr. NR-S Tococa stenoptera Gleason NR-B 2009 F.A. Michelangeli 2010 F.A. Michelangeli 2009 R. Goldenberg 958 NY P. Fiaschi 3368 NY Triolena hirsuta (Benth.) Triana NR-S S.S. Renner 2007 Meliaceae Guarea carapoides Harms NR-S T.D. Pennington 2008 C.A. Cid Ferreira 5132 NY Menispermaceae Orthomene hirsuta (Krukoff & Moldenke) Barneby & NR-S R. Ortiz-Gentry 2010 T.B. Croat 85740 NY NR-S A.L. Peixoto 2006 M. Silveira1666 RB Krukoff D.C. Daly 9091 NY Monimiaceae Mollinedia selloi (Spreng.) A.DC. Moraceae Dorstenia cayapia Vell. subsp. asaroides (Hooker) C.C.Berg NR-S C.C. Berg 2010 H. Medeiros 402 NY Dorstenia peruviana C.C.Berg NR-S C.C. Berg 2010 M. Alves 2435 UFACPZ Ficus boliviana C. C. Berg NR-S C.C. Berg 2010 H. Medeiros 559 NY Ficus castellviana Dugand NR-S C.C. Berg 2010 H. Medeiros 605 NY Ficus eximia Schott NR-S C.C. Berg 2010 H. Medeiros 574 NY Ficus mariae C. C. Berg, Emygdio & Carauta NR-S C.C. Berg 2010 H. Medeiros 571 NY Ficus ypsilophlebia Dugand NR-S C.C. Berg 2010 D.C. Daly 11162 NY Naucleopsis humilis C.C.Berg NR-S C.C. Berg 2010 H. Medeiros 460 NY Naucleopsis stipularis Ducke NR-S C.C. Berg 2010 H. Medeiros 432 NY Myrtaceae Calyptranthes brevispicata McVaugh NR-S M.L. Kawasaki 2010 D.C. Daly 13370 NY Calyptranthes krugioides McVaugh NR-S M.L. Kawasaki 2010 J. Freitas 209 NY Calyptranthes simulata McVaugh NR-S M.L. Kawasaki 2010 D.C. Daly13319 NY Eugenia protenta McVaugh NR-S M. Sobral 2006 Eugenia subterminalis DC. NR-S M.L. Kawasaki 2010 P.G. Delprete 8012 NY A. Rosas Jr. 256 NY ......continued on the next page THE FLORA OF ACRE (BRAZIL) Phytotaxa 177 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press • 109 TABLE 3. (Continued) Family Species Status 2011 IdentifiedBy Voucher Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa L. NR-S I. Brasil 2007 I. Brasil 98 NY Guapira oppositae (Vell.) Reitz NR-S C. Farney 2008 D.C. Daly 7045 RB Ochnaceae Roucheria columbiana Hallier NR-B C.N. Fraga 2009 A. Rosas Jr. 266 NY Olacaceae Ptychopetalum sp. NR-G I. Brasil 2007 I. Brasil 85 NY Opiliaceae Agonandra excelsa Griseb. NR-S R. Marquete 2009 D.C. Daly 13320 RB Orchidaceae Brassia chloroleuca Barb.Rodr. NR-S F. Obermüller 2008 F. Obermüller 432 LABEV Catasetum barbatum (Lindl.) Lindl. NR-G F. Obermüller 2010 H. Medeiros 457 LABEV Catasetum saccatum Lindl. NR-S F. Obermüller 2007 F. Obermüller 239 LABEV Cattleya luteola Lindl. NR-G F. Obermüller 2007 F. Obermüller 344 LABEV Cohniella cepula (Hoffmanns.) Carnevali & G.Romero NR-S F. Obermüller 2007 F. Obermüller 343 LABEV Dichaea morrisii Fawc. & Rendle NR-S F. Obermüller 2008 F. Obermüller 433 LABEV Epidendrum rigidum Jacq. NR-S F. Obermüller 2007 F. Obermüller 296 LABEV Epidendrum unguiculatum (C. Schweinf.) Garay & Dunst. NR-S E. Hágsater 2007 M. de Pardo 90 Eriopsis sceptrum Rchb. f. & Warsz. NR-G F. Obermüller 2008 F. Obermüller 436 LABEV Eulophia alta (L.) Fawc. & Rendle NR-G F. Obermüller 2010 H. Medeiros 439 Galeandra chapadensis Campacci NR-G F. Obermüller 2007 F. Obermüller 232 LABEV Habenaria sp. NR-G F. Obermüller 2007 F. Obermüller 252 LABEV Mormodes sp. NR-G F. Obermüller 2007 F. Obermüller 243 LABEV Ornithochilus sp. NR-G F. Obermüller 2010 H. Medeiros 375 LABEV Prosthechea vespa (Vell.) W.E.Higgins NR-S F. Obermüller 2007 F. Obermüller 342 LABEV Sarcoglottis sp. NR-G F. Obermüller 2008 F. Obermüller 439 LABEV Sobralia bletiae Rchb.f. NR-S F. Obermüller 2007 F. Obermüller 242 LABEV Stelis sp. NR-G F. Obermüller 2007 F. Obermüller 233 LABEV Vanilla palmarum (Salzm. ex Lindl.) Lindl. NR-S F. Obermüller 2007 F. Obermüller 234 LABEV Phytolaccaceae Microtea paniculata Moq. NR-S O. Kosovsky 2009 T.B. Croat 85419 NY Picramniaceae Picramnia juniniana J.F.Macbr. NR-S W. Thomas 2011 M. Pardo 160 NY Picramnia spruceana Engl. NR-S W. Thomas 2011 D.C. Daly 8397 NY Peperomia cowanii Yunck. NR-S E.F. Guimarães 2011 F. Obermüller 68 RB Piperaceae Piper aequale Vahl var. lasiocarpum C.DC. NR-S E.F. Guimarães 2008 T.B. Croat 85337 RB Piper atroglandulosum Tebbs NR-S A.J. Bornstein 2008 Piper multinodum C.DC. NR-S E.F. Guimarães 2011 R. Goldenberg 1328 RB Piper paraense (Miq.) C.DC. NR-S A.J. Bornstein 2008 Poaceae Paradiolyra micrantha (Kunth) Davidse & Zuloaga NR-G F.M. Ferreira 2010 D.C. Daly 13270 NY Polygalaceae Moutabea excoriata Mart. NR-S D.C. Daly 2006 C.A. Cid Ferreira 5156 NY Moutabea longifolia Poepp. & Endl. NR-S D.C. Daly 2006 D.C. Daly 8933 NY Polygala monticola Kunth NR-S J.F. Barêa Pastore G.A. Black s/n (5112983NY) NR-S 2006 J.M. Ricketson 2009 P. Fiaschi 3392 NY Cybianthus amplus (Mez) G.Agostini NR-S J.M. Ricketson 2009 P. Fiaschi 3373 NY Cybianthus buchtienii (Pax) G.Agostini NR-B M.F. Freitas 2010 D.C. Daly 12212 NY Proteaceae Roupala dielsii J. F.Macbr. NR-G D.C. Daly & F. P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 13664 Rubiaceae Borreria ocymifolia (Roem. & Schult.) Bacigalupo & NR-G Obermüller 2010 J. Jardim 2011 NY H. Medeiros 265 NY E.L.Cabral Chiococca nitida Benth. NR-S J. Jardim 2011 M. Silveira 4043 NY Primulaceae Ardisia guyanensis (Aubl.) Mez M. Alves 2423 NY D.C. Daly 8929 NY ......continued on the next page 110 • Phytotaxa 177 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press MEDEIROS ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Family Species Status 2011 IdentifiedBy Voucher Rubiaceae Cordiera pilosa (K. Krause) C.H.Perss. & Delprete NR-B D.C. Daly & H. E. Ule 5674 B Cordiera tenuifolia A.Rich. ex DC. NR-S Medeiros 2011 D.C. Daly & H. E. Ule 5843 B Faramea rectinervia Standl. NR-S Medeiros 2011 P.G. Delprete 2006 A.R.S. Oliveira 464 NY Pagamea guianensis Aubl. NR-S J. Jardim 2011 M. Silveira 3738 NY Pentagonia pachiteana Cornejo NR-B X. Cornejo 2006 A.R.S. Oliveira 674 NY Psychotria santaremica Mull.Arg. NR-S J. Jardim 2011 C. Pessôa 277 NY Ronabea emetica (L.f.) A.Rich. NR-G J. Jardim 2011 F.A. Michelangeli 1371 NY Sabicea panamensis Wernham NR-S S.A. Khan 2007 W.C. Steward P12819 NY Rutaceae Raputiarana subsigmoidea (Ducke) Emmerich NR-G J. El Ottra 2011 J.H.L. El Ottra 230 NY Sapindaceae Matayba guianenses Aubl. NR-S P. Acevedo-Rodríguez C.A. Cid Ferreira 9468 NY Paullinia alsmithii J.F. Macbr. NR-S 2009 G.V. Somner 2011 Paullinia castaneifolia Radlk. NR-S P. Acevedo-Rodríguez C. Figueiredo 171 NY Paullinia clathrata Radlk. NR-S 2009 P. Acevedo-Rodríguez D. Daly 8863 NY Paullinia connaracea Triana & Planch. NR-S 2009 P. Acevedo-Rodríguez P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 14961 Paullinia curvicuspis Raldk. NR-B 2009 NY P. Acevedo-Rodríguez I. S. Rivero 413 UFACPZ Paullinia eriocarpa Benth. ex Radlk. NR-B 2009 P. Acevedo-Rodríguez D.C. Daly 10132 UFACPZ Paullinia medullosa Raldk. NR-B 2009 P. Acevedo-Rodríguez I.S. Rivero 697 UFACPZ Paullinia largifolia Radlk. NR-S 2009 P. Acevedo-Rodríguez D.C. Daly 7364 UFACPZ Paullinia nitida Steud. NR-S 2009 P. Acevedo-Rodríguez P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 14985 Paullinia obovata (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. subsp. obovata NR-S 2009 UFACPZ P. Acevedo-Rodríguez D.C. Daly 11447 UFACPZ Paullinia paullinioides (Spruce ex Radlk.) Radlk. NR-S 2009 P. Acevedo-Rodríguez P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 14860 Paullinia selenoptera Radlk. NR-S 2009 NY P. Acevedo-Rodríguez D.C. Daly 8700 UFACPZ Paullinia sphaerocarpa Rich. NR-S 2009 P. Acevedo-Rodríguez T.B. Croat 85732 Paullinia spicata Benth. NR-S 2011 UFACPZ P. Acevedo-Rodríguez P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 15018 Paullinia stellata Radlk. NR-S 2009 P. Acevedo- Porocystis toulicioides Radlk. NR-G Rodríguez 2009 NY P. Acevedo-Rodríguez C.A. Cid Ferreira 9618 Serjania communis Cambess. NR-S 2009 UFACPZ P. Acevedo-Rodríguez P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 15024 Serjania deltoidea Radlk. NR-S 2009 NY P. Acevedo-Rodríguez P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 14892 Serjania didymadenia Radlk. NR-B 2009 NY P. Acevedo-Rodríguez C.A. Cid Ferreira 8677 Serjania erecta Radlk. NR-S 2009 UFACPZ P. Acevedo-Rodríguez P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 14836 2009 THE FLORA OF ACRE (BRAZIL) D.C. Daly 7750 NY NY P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 14958 NY ......continued on the next page Phytotaxa 177 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press • 111 TABLE 3. (Continued) Family Species Status 2011 IdentifiedBy Sapindaceae Serjania fuscifolia Radlk. NR-S P. Acevedo-Rodríguez L. Lima 41 UFACPZ Serjania nigricans Raldk. NR-S 2009 P. Acevedo-Rodríguez I. S. Rivero 438 UFACPZ Serjania paniculata Kunth NR-S 2009 P. Acevedo-Rodríguez P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 14839 Serjania pyramidata Radlk. NR-S 2009 NY P. Acevedo-Rodríguez P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 14788 Talisia megaphylla Sagot ex Radlk. NR-S 2009 NY P. Acevedo-Rodríguez C.A. Cid Ferreira 9650 Talisia macrophylla (Mart.) Radlk. NR-S 2009 UFACPZ P. Acevedo-Rodríguez C.A. Cid Ferreira 8234 Talisia cupularis Radlk. NR-S 2009 UFACPZ P. Acevedo-Rodríguez C.A. Cid Ferreira 8209 Talisia marleneana (Guarim) Acev.- Rodr. NR-S 2009 UFACPZ P. Acevedo-Rodríguez C.A. Cid Ferreira 8218 Vouarana anomala (Steyerm.) Acev.-Rodr. NR-S 2009 UFACPZ P. Acevedo-Rodríguez C. Figueiredo 1039 UFACPZ Pouteria penicillata Baehni NR-S 2009 A. Alves-Araújo 2010 D.C. Daly 7222 NY Pouteria viridis (Pittier) Cronq. NR-S A. Alves-Araújo 2010 D.C. Daly 7166 NY Scrophulariaceae Lindernia diffusa (L.) Wettst. NR-S O. Kosovsky 2008 T.B. Croat 62439 NY Siparunaceae Siparuna cymosa Tolm. NR-S A.L. Peixoto 2010 P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 14949 Solanaceae Cestrum megalophyllum Dunal NR-S M.H. Nee 2006 NY B.W. Nelson 600 NY Sapotaceae Voucher Solanum rhamphidacanthum Bitter NR-S M.H. Nee 2007 P.G. Delprete 7891 NY Solanum riparium Pers. NR-S M.F. Agre 2008 T.B. Croat 85785 NY Solanum uncinellum Lindl. NR-S C.E. Benítez de Rojas S.R. Lowrie 583 NY Thymelaeaceae Daphnopsis sp. NR-G & M.H. Nee 2008 D.C. Daly 2009 D.C. Daly 10087 UFACPZ Trigoniaceae Trigonia microcarpa Sagot ex Warm. NR-B J.R. Miguel & E.F. J. Freitas 35 NY Trigonia prancei E.Lleras NR-B Guimarães 2010 E.F. Guimarães 2009 T.B. Croat 62417 RB Boehmeria pavonii Wedd. NR-G R.L. Liesner 2007 D.C. Daly 11358 NY Coussapoa asperifolia Trécul subsp. rhamnoides (Standl.) NR-S C.C. Berg 2010 H. Medeiros 580 NY Akkermans & C.C.Berg Myriocarpa longipes Liebm. NR-B R.L. Liesner 2007 D.C. Daly 9843 NY Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. NR-S C.C. Berg 2010 H. Medeiros 557 NY Aegiphila hirsuta Moldenke NR-S F. França 2007 D.C. Daly 8115 NY Aegiphila martinicensis Jacq. NR-S F. França 2007 J.F. Pruski 3505 NY Aegiphila setiformis Rusby NR-S S. Atkins 2011 D.C. Daly 13715 NY Urticaceae Verbenaceae Aegiphila ulei (Hayek) B. Walln. NR-S S. Atkins 2011 D.C. Daly 13297 NY Gmelina arborea Roxb. NR-G S. Atkins 2011 J. Freitas 41 NY Priva lappulacea (L.) Pers. NR-G R.M. Harley 2009 T.B. Croat 86073 NY Vitex cymosa Bertero ex Spreng. NR-S S. Atkins 2011 M. Silveira 937 NY Violaceae Rinorea camptoneura (Radlk.) Melch. NR-S J.C. Madureira 2008 T.B. Croat 85636 NY Vochysiaceae Qualea rosea Aubl. NR-S L. Marcano-Berti C.A. Cid Ferreira 10636 NY 2007 Pteridophytes and Lycophytes ......continued on the next page 112 • Phytotaxa 177 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press MEDEIROS ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Family Species Status 2011 IdentifiedBy Voucher Aspleniaceae Asplenium discrepans Rosenst. NR-S R.C. Moran & J. C. Pessôa 177 NY Asplenium formosum Willd. NR-S Prado 2011 R.C. Moran & J. M. Silveira 4123 NY Cyatheaceae Cyathea lasiosora (Mett. ex Kuhn) Domin NR-B Prado 2011 M. Lehnert 2009 D.C. Daly 11603 NY Dryopteridaceae Arachniodes macrostegia (Hook.) R.M.Tryon & D.S.Conant NR-S R.C. Moran & J. R. Goldenberg 1013 NY Bolbitis aliena (Sw.) Alston NR-B Prado 2011 R.C. Moran 2009 T.B. Croat 85889 NY Bolbitis serratifolia (M.Martens ex Kaulf.) Schott NR-S R.C. Moran 2008 D.C. Daly 13365 NY Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott NR-S C. Mynssen 2010 C. Pessôa 271 RB Polypodiaceae Campyloneurum abruptum (Lindm.) B.León NR-S R.C. Moran 2011 D.C. Daly 12201 NY Pleopeltis polypodioides (L.) E.G.Andrews & Windham NR-S C. Mynssen 2009 D.C. Daly 13296 RB Adiantum diogoanum Glaz. ex Baker NR-S J. Prado 2007 D.C. Daly 9385 NY Pityrogramma trifoliata (L.) R.M.Tryon NR-S R.C. Moran & J. F.A. Michelangeli 1351 NY Pteris tripartita Sw. NR-S Prado 2010 R.C. Moran 2009 T.B. Croat 86100 NY Pteridaceae Pteris vittata L. NR-B R.C. Moran 2009 T.B. Croat 86081 NY Salviniaceae Salvinia minima Baker NR-S R.C. Moran 2011 I. Brasil 136 NY Selaginellaceae Selaginella lechleri Hieron. NR-B I.A. Valdespino 2010 M. Silveira 1364 NY Selaginella tarapotensis Baker NR-B R.C. Moran 2009 P. Fiaschi 3390 NY Tectaria longipinnata A.Rojas NR-B J. Prado 2009 M. Silveira 1229 NY Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris schunkei A.R.Sm. NR-B R.C. Moran & A. R. H. Medeiros 758 NY Thelypteris serrata (Cav.) Alston NR-S Smith 2011 R.C. Moran 2008 D.C. Daly 13315 NY Diplazium mattogrossense A.Sampaio NR-S C. Mynssen 2010 D.C. Daly 13271 NY Tectariaceae Woodsiaceae Bryophytes Fontinalaceae Hydropogon fontinaloides (Hook.) Brid. NR-F W.R. Buck 2011 G.T. Prance 12005 NY Hypnaceae Ectropothecium leptochaeton (Schwägr.) W.R.Buck NR-S W.R. Buck 2008 G.T. Prance 13046 NY Mobilizing taxonomic specialists After five years, the number of collections in those groups rose by 21.6% and the number of unidentified specimens in those groups fell to 15%. In addition to the many determinations, those visits resulted in a number of publications (e.g., Goldenberg & Meirelles 2011, Riina & Berry 2011, Taylor et al. 2011), and made publication of the Catalogue possible. Of the families covered in the specialist project, the ones that showed the greatest progress in proportion of specimens identified were the Melastomataceae and Sapindaceae (increases of 34% and 20%, respectively). Besides the visits, 11,483 specimens were sent to specialists at numerous herbaria in Brazil, the U.S., and Europe. “Collections” The botanical exploration conducted between 2006–2011 produced a total of 4,513 collections. The field work in the Rio Juruá basin produced the greatest number of new records (Figure 1), and within this region, 93% of the new records were collected in the Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor. The most significant locality was the municipality of Jordão, where no plant had ever been collected; that expedition made 465 collections, 31% of them field-identified to species. During the five-year period, the project increased the floristic “coverage” of Acre as measured by the Collection Density Index (CDI), which is the number of collections per 100 km2 (Figure 2). THE FLORA OF ACRE (BRAZIL) Phytotaxa 177 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press • 113 FIGURE 1—Distribution of new records by municipality and river basiny of Acre state according to the state Ecological-economic Zoning project (ZEE 2010) (AC=Acrelândia, AB=Assis Brasil, BU=Bujari, BR=Brasiléia, CA=Capixaba, CS=Cruzeiro do Sul, EP=Epitaciolânida, FE=Feijó, JO=Jordão, ML=Mâncio Lima, MT=Marechal Thaumaturgo, MU=Manoel Urbano, PA=Porto Acre, PC=Plácido de Castro, PW=Porto Walter, RA=Rodrigues Alves, RB=Rio Branco, SG=Senador Guiomard, SM=Sena Madureira, SR=Santa Rosa, TA=Tarauacá, XA=Xapuri, Empty= unknown). FIGURE 2—Collecting Density Index (number of botanical collections registered per 100 km²) over time in Acre. 114 • Phytotaxa 177 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press MEDEIROS ET AL. Discussion New records and the total flora Daly & Silveira (2008) estimated the total flora of Acre to be at least 8,000 vascular plants and bryophytes, based on these factors: • large number of undetermined collections (and the substantial number of plant groups for which there is no active specialist); • under-sampled life forms like aquatics and epiphytes; • large areas that are still superficially sampled; • in 2006, 44% of the species in the known flora were represented by only one collection from Acre; and above all, • on average, every six determinations yielded a new record for the state. That number has not changed, strongly indicating steep growth in the known flora for some years to come. Mobilizing taxonomic specialists The strategy of inviting taxonomic specialists on botanical expeditions in exchange for identification of specimens in their groups and feeback on patterns of diversity has been used to great effect in French Guiana (Mori et al. 1997) and at the Reserva Ducke near Manaus (Ribeiro et al. 1999). In both cases, the result was not only better treatments and faster publication but also considerable progress in the taxonomy of the groups involved. In Acre up to 2006, the data-base contained 3,541 collections in the groups covered by the specialists invited to Acre; 37% of the collections were unidentified at the time. In addition to advancing botanical inventory projects, the visits of taxonomic specialists also serve to attract and encourage young biologists into taxonomy. The Brazilian Amazon suffers from a lack of professional botanists (Sobral & Stehmann 2009), indeed there is only a handful of active (i.e., publishing) taxonomic specialists based at institutions in Amazonia. Increase in orphan groups One great challenge for botanical inventory is the lack of specialists for many groups. More than 20 flowering plant families in the Acre flora are “orphans” or, for some of the large families, they contain many orphan genera, as is the case with the Fabaceae s.l. and the Euphorbiaceae in its older circumscription. Orphan taxa comprise as much as 10% or more of the Acre flora. As in many other floristic projects, the solution for the Reserva Ducke and Checklist of the Flora of Brazil projects was to recruit graduate students to treat the smaller groups (Hopkins 2005, Forzza et al. 2010). Unfortunately, the pace of identifications is falling, because the number of orphan groups is increasing. The cadre of taxonomic specialists willing and able to identify large numbers of specimens is aging. In many instances, younger taxonomists are not taking their places, partly because of demands on the time of young professors and partly because the nature of graduate study in systematics has changed, and students are applying a much larger number of tools to smaller groups of plants (Daly et al. in prep.). Under these circumstances it will be difficult to meet the goal of documenting Acre’s and Brazil’s flora by the year 2020 as directed by the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (CDB 2010). “Black holes” After more than 100 years of botanical history in Acre, including 20 years of the collaborative research between UFAC and NYBG, as of 2006 there were still municipalities that had never been visited by botanists, notably Jordão. A brief field trip to Jordão yielded 25 new records, with most of the 465 collections still unidentified. The overall CDI for Acre is far from the proportion of one collection/km2 considered by Shepherd (2003) to be adequate for preparation of a regional flora. In an area where almost half the species are represented by at most one collection from that region (Daly & Silveira 2008), one must keep in mind that one or even two or a few specimens is not enough to document variation and distribution on the scale of the state. In 1970, the CDI for the state was 0.2/100 km2, rising to 16/100 km2 by 2006. Between 2006–2011, the CDI increased from 16/100 km2 to 21/100 km2, and as of 2011 only seven of Acre’s 22 municipalities were represented by fewer than 1,000 collections. The approach of identifying “black holes” of biodiversity and increasing the CDI in under-represented municipalities has been effective for an area the size of Acre, to the point where some sources consider Southwestern THE FLORA OF ACRE (BRAZIL) Phytotaxa 177 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press • 115 Amazonia to be well-collected (Vale & Jenkins 2012). In contrast, Schulmann et al. (2007) has estimated that 43% of the Brazilian Amazon has never been collected, 28% has been poorly documented, and only 2% can be considered well-collected. Emphasizing geographic gaps in sampling may not be a viable strategy for Amazonia as a whole because of the immensity and large number of sampling gaps, and it may be that strategies for future botanical inventory on a larger scale in Amazonia should focus on under-sampled vegetation types and regions indicated as most likely to harbor novel taxa (e.g., Hopkins 2007). Conclusions Acre is thus far the only region in Amazonian Brazil where an initiative to document a state flora is being implemented effectively. The key to its success thus far has been rescuing and “cleaning” and integrating data, forging institutional partnerships, addressing “black holes,” and mobilizing taxonomic specialists. Indeed, the botanical inventory of Amazonia overall and the management and conservation of the Amazon flora can be realized only through programs that are systematic, integrative and participatory. Every effort must be made to guarantee that the inventory of Amazonia proceeds at least as rapidly as deforestation and development. This necessarily means far greater investment in training, employing, and supporting the field work of productive taxonomists. The discovery of new records for the Acre flora, one for every six determinations, continues apace, meaning that botanists need to maintain the pace of their work, not just in Acre but in the Southwestern Amazon Ecoregion as a whole, rescuing data for the relevant parts of Peru and Bolivia and mounting tri-national expeditions, in order to advance botanical knowledge of this region of high importance for conservation. Acknowledgments The Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) awarded master’s fellowships to Herison Medeiros and Wendeson Castro. The Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) awarded research productivity fellowship to Rafaela Forzza and Ph.D thesis fellowship to Flávio A. Obermuller. We thank parataxonomists Edilson C. Oliveira, Irio Rivera and “Evandrinho” for their invaluable assistance in the field, and the taxonomic specialists whose identifications have made it possible to document so much of the Acre flora. 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