IAC 201CS and IAC 201CO: Crotalaria cultivars with high fresh matter yield and seed production
CULTIVAR RELEASE
IAC 201CS and IAC 201CO: Crotalaria cultivars
with high fresh matter yield and seed
production
Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology
21(2): e36292129, 2021
Brazilian Society of Plant Breeding.
Printed in Brazil
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/198470332021v21n2c38
Sara Regina Silvestrin Rovaris1, Gabriel de Moraes Cunha
Gonçalves1*, Jean Fausto de Carvalho Paulino2, Simone Daneluz
Gobbi3, Alisson Fernando Chiorato1 and Sérgio Augusto Morais
Carbonell1
Abstract: The cultivars IAC 201CS and IAC 201CO have a mean cycle of 100 and
110 days, mean 1000 seed weight of 18 and 6 grams, mean total fresh matter
weight of 26,287.81 and 36,174.12 kg ha-1, and mean seed weight of 812.57
and 1,017.09 kg ha-1, respectively.
Keywords: Crotalaria spectabilis Roth, Crotalaria ochroleuca G., plant breeding,
green manure.
INTRODUCTION
Crotalaria constitutes one of the largest genera of the Fabaceae family,
with around 690 species distributed across tropical and subtropical regions,
mainly in the southern hemisphere (Garcia et al. 2013). According to Pereira
(2006), Crotalaria (rattlebox/rattlepod) rapidly grows to protect bare soil and
provides large biomass production in a short period of time. As a green manure,
it supplies a large amount of nitrogen to the soil, helps to control weed growth,
and reduces the nematode population (Timossi et al. 2016).
Crotalaria ochroleuca G. is an annual leguminous shrub with a determinate,
upright growth habit. It adapts well to soil and climate conditions and, like
Crotalaria juncea L., has an upright semi-woody stem. It has narrow leaves, an
expressive proportion of stem in shoot biomass composition, and small seeds
of reniform shape of various colors (Silva et al. 2016). It is susceptible to attack
of the rattlebox moth Utetheisa ornatrix L. that, depending on intensity, can
compromise seed production (Barreto and Fernandes 2001).
Crotalaria spectabilis Roth is a shrub plant of upright determinate growth
habit, with a relatively early cycle, though initial development is slow, and it may
reach a height of 1.0 to 1.5 m (Aguiar et al. 2014). It is used as a cover crop or
green manure crop, like most Crotalarias, but also effectively acts as a trap plant
in control of root-knot nematodes in infested soils (Leal et al. 2012, Aguiar et al.
2014). Under high temperature and moisture conditions, a fungal disease, septoria
leaf spot/blotch (Septoria crotalariae), can arise in C. spectabilis, causing spots
on leaves and early leaf drop, even leading to death of the plant (Maringoni et al.
2012). According to Araújo et al. (2015), mulch from C. spectabilis crop residue
interferes in the population dynamics of coco-grass (Cyperus rotundus), with
reduction in the population and in the dry biomass of that weed.
*Corresponding author:
E-mail: gabriel_demoraes@hotmail.com
ORCID: 0000-0001-9745-0929
Received: 27 December 2021
Accepted: 08 March 2021
Published: 20 July 2021
Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Centro
de Análises e Pesquisa Tecnológica do
Agronegócio dos Grãos e Fibras, 13020-902,
Campinas, SP, Brazil
2
Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Centro
de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Recursos
Genéticos Vegetais, 13.020-902, Campinas,
SP, Brazil
3
Empresa Mato-grossense de Pesquisa, Assistência e Extensão Rural, 78.550-258, Sinop,
MT, Brazil
Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology - 21(2): e36292129, 2021
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SRS Rovaris et al.
As there is no supply of Crotalaria cultivars of the genera C. spectabilis and C. ochroleuca, the Instituto Agronômico
(IAC) aimed to develop Crotalaria cultivars to meet market demand for new alternatives of leguminous plants for use
as green manure. The cultivars IAC 201CO (C. ochroleuca) and IAC 201CS (C. spectabilis) show high potential for fresh
matter and seed production.
GENETIC ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT
The Crotalaria ochroleuca cultivar IAC 201CO was developed by IAC. In November 2017, natural populations of
Crotalaria ochroleuca belonging to the active germplasm bank (Banco Ativo de Germoplasma - BAG) of IAC were sown
in Campinas, São Paulo. From these populations, 400 plants were selected, based on characteristics of fresh matter
production (vigor) and the occurrence of rattlebox moth caterpillars Utetheisa ornatrix L. After evaluation of grain
yield, 31 progenies from the plants selected in the previous year were sown in Campinas in November 2018. These 31
progenies were identified as Gen CO 1 to Gen CO 31. From them, eight superior lines of C. ochroleuca were selected.
In April 2019, the 8 lines were sown in Campinas and Mococa, São Paulo, in a randomized block experimental design,
with four replications, for preliminary evaluation and seed multiplication.
In October to December 2019, eight lines plus a check variety, corresponding to the traditional genotype sown
by farmers, were sown in trials. The trials were conducted in six evaluation locations, three in the state of São Paulo:
Campinas, Votuporanga, and Mococa, and three in the state of Mato Grosso: Canarana, Sinop, and Sorriso (on two
dates) under a randomized block experimental design, with four replications. The area used for data collection was 4
m2 per plot. Due to its yield performance, the experimental line denominated Gen CO 23 was selected and given the
commercial name IAC 201CO.
The Crotalaria spectabilis cultivar, IAC 201CS, was developed by IAC. In November 2017, natural populations of
Crotalaria spectabilis belonging to the BAG of IAC were sown in Campinas, São Paulo. From these populations, 300
plants were selected based on the characteristics of fresh matter production (vigor) and the occurrence of disease
(Septoria crotalariae). After evaluation of grain yield, 37 progenies from plants selected in the previous year were sown
in Campinas in November 2018. These 37 progenies were identified as Gen CS 1 to Gen CS 37. From these progenies, 18
superior lines were selected. In April 2019, the 18 lines were sown in Campinas and Mococa, São Paulo, in a randomized
block experimental design, with four replications, selecting nine superior lines.
In October, November, and December 2019, the nine lines of C. spectabilis plus a check cultivar, corresponding to
the traditional genotype sown by farmers, were placed in trials for determination of plant technological qualities in six
locations, three in the state of São Paulo: Campinas, Votuporanga, and Mococa, and three in the state of Mato Grosso:
Canarana, Sinop, and Sorriso, in a randomized block experimental design, with four replications. The area used for data
collection was 4 m2 per plot. Due to its yield performance, the experimental line denominated Gen CS 37 was selected
and given the commercial name IAC 201CS.
YIELD POTENTIAL
The mean production values of total fresh matter weight (TFMW) considering all the environments in which the
trials were conducted exhibited variation from 26,287.81 to 22,645.11 kg ha-1 for the C. spectabilis lines (Table 1). For
C. ochroleuca (Table 2), the mean values of TFMW oscillated from 36,174.12 to 24,812.41 kg ha-1. The line Gen CS 37
had a high mean value of TFMW (26,287.81 kg ha-1), which was significant, and it exceeded the production of the check
variety by 16% (Table 1). The same situation was observed for the line Gen CO 23, which exhibited a mean value of
36,174.12 kg ha-1 for TFMW, statistically exceeding the check variety.
Regarding mean seed weight (SW), considering the mean values obtained in all the environments, the C. spectabilis
lines ranged from 812.57 to 606.50 kg ha-1. Once more, the Gen CS 37 line was highest, with a mean SW of 812.57 kg ha-1,
29% higher than the check variety (Table 3). In relation to C. ochroleuca, the Gen CO 23 line exceeded seed production
of the control variety by 13%, with a SW of 1,017.09 kg ha-1 (Table 4).
Due to their higher mean values for TFMW and for SW, the Instituto Agronômico (IAC) selected the Gen CS 37 line of
C. spectabilis and named it IAC 201CS, and the Gen CO 23 line of C. ochroleuca and named it IAC 201CO. The name of the
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Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology - 21(2): e36292129, 2021
IAC 201CS and IAC 201CO: Crotalaria cultivars with high fresh matter yield and seed production
cultivars regarding the IAC abbreviation corresponds to the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas; 20 is related to the year
of registration in the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture’s National Cultivar Registry (MAPA/RNC); 1 is the number of registry
of both Crotalaria species by IAC; and CS and CO correspond to the C. spectabilis and C. ochroleuca species, respectively.
The cultivars IAC 201CS and IAC 201CO were registered in the National Cultivar Registry (Registro Nacional de
Cultivares - RNC) of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture (Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento - MAPA)
on November 17, 2020, under number 46304 and 46303, respectively.
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS
The IAC 201CS cultivar has an annual cycle, with flowering at an average of 70 days and maturation at an average
of 100 days after emergence. Mean plant height was from 1.0 to 1.5 meters, and mean 1000 seed weight was 18 g. A
Table 1. Mean total fresh matter weight (TFMW) in kg ha-1, coefficient of variation (CV%), and least significant difference (LSD, Dunnett – p<0.05) of genotypes of Crotalaria spectabilis Roth considering six evaluation locations, as well as the combination of environments, 2019/20 crop year
Genotype of Crotalaria spectabilis
Gen CS 37
Gen CS 3
Gen CS 27
Gen CS 4
Gen CS 28
Gen CS 21
Gen CS 26
Gen CS 17
Gen CS 32
Check Variety
Overall Mean
CV (%)
LSD (kg ha-1)
Campinas
45,093.75
42,987.50
44,456.25
40,343.75
41,375.00
38,693.75
38,418.75
35,337.50
41,025.00
34,356.25
40,208.75
12.03
9,856.00
Mococa
19,061.88
15,317.50
16,110.63
15,091.88
16,058.75
14,531.25
15,273.75
14,423.75
12,002.50
15,935.00
15,380.68
18.34
5,744.22
TFMW (kg ha-1)
Analysis by location
Votuporanga
Sorriso
38,381.25
32,656.25
38,281.25
29,812.50
32,618.75
30,250.00
34,250.00
29,593.75
36,050.00
27,843.75
34,875.00
30,562.50
33,687.50
29,312.50
35,268.75
29,056.25
31,662.50
28,812.50
34,737.50
29,093.75
34,981.25
29,699.37
14.61
9.71
10,409.50
5,872.96
Sinop
12,727.50
15,088.75
12,265.63
15,538.75
13,095.00
12,030.63
12,711.88
13,359.38
8,755.00
9,607.50
12,518.00
17.83
4,546.88
Canarana
9,806.25
11,384.38
12,378.13
12,565.63
11,993.75
14,409.38
9,715.63
11,603.13
13,228.13
12,140.63
11,922.50
17.81
4,325.11
Combined
Analysis
26,287.81*
25,478.64*
24,679.89
24,563.95
24,402.7
24,183.75
23,186.66
23,174.79
22,580.93
22,645.11
24,118.43
14.69
2,770.75
* Dunnett test (p<0.05).
Table 2. Mean total fresh matter weight (TFMW) in kg ha-1, coefficient of variation (CV%), and least significant difference (LSD, Dunnett – p<0.05) of genotypes of Crotalaria ochroleuca G. considering six evaluation locations, as well as the combination of environments, 2019/20 crop year
Genotype of Crotalaria ochroleuca
Gen CO 23
Gen CO 29
Gen CO 2
Gen CO 5
Gen CO 19
Gen CO 18
Gen CO 15
Gen CO 12
Check variety
Overall mean
CV (%)
LSD (kg ha-1)
Campinas
Votuporanga
111.643.50
93.127.37
63.786.37
69.915.62
101.523.25
99.320.62
79.623.75
84.010.75
79.289.50
86.915.64
5.83
10.263.60
37.625.62
37.015.00
26.288.12
27.546.25
47.495.62
23.581.87
31.054.37
27.865.00
40.262.37
33.577.85
13.31
8.160.20
TFMW (kg ha-1)
Analysis by location
Sorriso
(Nov/2019) Sorriso (Dec/2019)
23.639.37
22.836.25
25.967.50
24.804.37
21.690.62
21.094.37
22.509.37
24.742.50
24.651.25
23.777.50
19.247.50
23.213.75
22.139.37
22.620.00
24.172.50
24.753.75
23.001.25
22.176.87
23.002.08
23.335.48
12.94
9.31
6.018.15
4.397.66
Sinop
Canarana
Combined
Analysis
7.405.00
6.499.37
4.351.25
5.222.50
6.895.00
8.141.87
4.994.37
5.968.75
8.313.75
6.421.32
15.21
1.976.16
13.895.00
12.781.87
11.663.75
12.900.00
10.593.12
13.943.75
14.900.00
13.903.75
13.603.25
13.131.61
5.99
1.593.06
36.174.12*
33.365.91
24.812.41
27.139.37
35.822.62*
31.241.56
29.221.98
30.112.42
31.107.83
30.999.80
9.96
2.386.91
* Dunnett test (p<0.05).
Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology - 21(2): e36292129, 2021
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SRS Rovaris et al.
Table 3. Mean seed weight (SW) in kg ha-1, coefficient of variation (CV%), and least significant difference (LSD, Dunnett – p<0.05) of
genotypes of Crotalaria spectabilis Roth considering six evaluation locations, as well as the combination of environments, 2019/20
crop year
Genotype of Crotalaria spectabilis
Campinas
306.73
404.82
314.48
360.71
356.03
307.12
313.69
337.18
312.93
289.47
330.31
9.10
61.24
Gen CS 4
Gen CS 37
Gen CS 28
Gen CS 17
Gen CS 32
Gen CS 27
Gen CS 3
Gen CS 21
Gen CS 26
Check variety
Overall mean
CV (%)
LSD (kg ha-1)
Mococa
1.776.12
966.50
1.220.63
1.158.13
1.333.13
828.13
1.825.00
976.88
1.408.13
1.367.37
1.286.00
15.14
396.71
SW (kg ha-1)
Analysis by location
Votuporanga
Sorriso
1.208.66
663.49
1.513.61
629.21
1.473.39
664.08
1.325.82
453.13
1.430.38
511.16
1.976.22
494.94
946.86
475.09
1.412.72
366.44
1.152.68
346.99
1.199.26
346.72
1.363.96
495.12
11.17
18.02
310.23
181.77
Sinop
61.89
55.89
91.27
86.26
73.35
64.72
41.79
60.49
35.57
72.67
64.39
8.08
10.60
Canarana
721.50
1,305.37
760.31
850.00
421.65
541.27
652.37
485.31
395.62
485.47
661.88
21.28
286.95
Combined
Analysis
789.73*
812.57*
754.02*
705.67
687.61
702.05
709.13
606.50
608.65
626.82
700.87
18.30
100.33
* Dunnett test (p<0.05).
Table 4. Mean seed weight (SW) in kg ha-1, coefficient of variation (CV%), and least significant difference (LSD, Dunnett – p<0.05) of
genotypes of Crotalaria ochroleuca G. considering seven evaluation locations, as well as the combination of environments, 2019/20
crop year
Genotype of Crotalaria ochroleuca
Gen CO 23
Gen CO 29
Gen CO 2
Gen CO 5
Gen CO 19
Gen CO 18
Gen CO 15
Gen CO 12
Check variety
Overall mean
CV (%)
LSD (kg ha-1)
Campinas
Mococa
140.47
199.52
221.48
176.13
188.10
175.00
206.83
187.37
237.54
192.49
6.32
24.62
464.19
494.25
346.41
237.18
313.98
376.74
428.36
363.36
220.46
360.55
15.39
112.23
SW (kg ha-1)
Analysis by location
Sorriso
Votuporanga (Nov/2019)
Sorriso (Dec/2019)
2.245.83
2.134.04
1.665.73
2.504.37
1.875.53
1.550.58
2.432.50
2.303.18
1.662.38
2.223.25
1.686.51
1.134.68
2.331.71
2.211.09
1.463.42
2.154.37
2.651.39
1.387.69
2.060.00
1.267.65
1.675.54
1.677.50
1.832.91
1.599.97
1.225.83
2.606.78
1.634.10
2.095.04
2.063.23
1.530.45
7.59
8.39
12.28
321.66
350.42
380.29
Sinop
Canarana
Combined
Analysis
292.20
219.43
269.39
330.81
153.58
266.73
180.39
297.24
157.70
240.83
15.22
74.13
177.17
158.91
168.28
162.82
137.92
157.91
157.97
156.57
172.37
161.10
6.70
21.86
1.017.09*
1.000.37*
1.057.66*
850.19
971.40
1.024.26*
853.82
873.56
893.54
949.10
12.29
83.17
* Dunnett test (p<0.05).
between-row spacing of 50 cm and 15-18 plants per linear meter is recommended, resulting in a mean population of
300.000 to 360.000 plants per hectare.
The IAC 201CO cultivar has an annual cycle with flowering at an average of 82 days and maturation at an average of
110 days after emergence. Mean plant height was from 1.5 to 2.0 meters and mean 1000 seed weight was 6 grams. A
between-row spacing of 50 cm and 15-18 plants per linear meter is recommended, resulting in a mean population of
300.000 to 360.000 plants per hectare.
TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS AND SEED PRODUCTION
Sowing of the IAC 201CS e IAC 201CO cultivars is recommended in October/November for the South/Southeast
region in the states of SC, RS, PR, SP, and MG, and for the Central West region in the states of MT, MS, GO, TO, and DF.
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Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology - 21(2): e36292129, 2021
IAC 201CS and IAC 201CO: Crotalaria cultivars with high fresh matter yield and seed production
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