Manuscript to be reviewed
Kindia (Pavetteae, Rubiaceae), a new cliff-dwelling genus with
chemically profiled colleter exudate from Mt Gangan, Republic
of Guinea
Martin Cheek 1 , Sékou Magassouba 2 , Melanie-Jayne R. Howes 3 , Tokpa Doré
Molmou 2 , Aurélie Grall 1 , Charlotte Couch 1 , Isabel Larridon Corresp. 1, 5
1
2
3
2
, Saïdou Doumbouya
4
, Denise
Identification and Naming, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
Herbier National de Guinée, Université de Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, République de Guinée
Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
4
Centre d'Observation de Surveillance et d'Informations Environnementales, Ministère de l'Environnement et des Eaux et Forêts, Conakry, GuineaConakry
5
Department of Biology, Research Group Spermatophytes, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Corresponding Author: Isabel Larridon
Email address: i.larridon@kew.org
A new genus Kindia (Pavetteae, Rubiaceae) is described with a single species, K. gangan,
based on collections made in 2016 during botanical exploration of Mt Gangan, Kindia,
Republic of Guinea in West Africa. The Mt Gangan area is known for its many endemic
species including the only native non-neotropical Bromeliaceae Pitcairnia feliciana. Kindia
is the fourth endemic vascular plant genus to be described from Guinea. Based on
chloroplast sequence data, the genus is part of Clade II of tribe Pavetteae. In this clade, it
is sister to Leptactina sensu lato (including Coleactina and Dictyandra). Kindia gangan is
distinguished from Leptactina s.l. by the combination of the following characters: its
epilithic habit; several-flowered axillary inflorescences; distinct calyx tube as long as the
lobes; a infundibular-campanulate corolla tube with narrow proximal section widening
abruptly to the broad distal section; presence of a dense hair band near base of the corolla
tube; anthers and style deeply included, reaching about mid-height of the corolla tube;
anthers lacking connective appendages and with sub-basal insertion; pollen type 1; pollen
presenter (style head) winged and glabrous (smooth and usually hairy in Leptactina);
orange colleters producing a vivid red exudate, which encircle the hypanthium, and occur
inside the calyx and stipules. Kindia is a subshrub that appears restricted to bare, vertical
rock faces of sandstone. Fruit dispersal and pollination by bats is postulated. It is here
assessed as Endangered EN D1 using the 2012 IUCN standard. High resolution LC-MS/MS
analysis revealed over 40 triterpenoid compounds in the colleter exudate, including those
assigned to the cycloartane class. Triterpenoids are of interest for their diverse chemical
structures, varied biological activities, and potential therapeutic value.
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1
Kindia (Pavetteae, Rubiaceae), a new cliff-dwelling genus with chemically profiled colleter
2
exudate from Mt Gangan, Republic of Guinea
3
4
Martin Cheek1, Sékou Magassouba2, Melanie-Jayne R. Howes3, Tokpa Doré2, Saïdou
5
Doumbouya4, Denise Molmou2, Aurélie Grall1, Charlotte Couch1, Isabel Larridon1,5
6
7
1
Identification and Naming, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
8
2
Herbier National de Guinée, Université de Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, République de
9
Guinée
10
3
11
Kingdom
12
4
13
l'Environnement et des Eaux et Forêts, République de Guinée
14
5
Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United
Centre d'Observation de Surveillance et d'Informations Environnementales, Ministère de
Department of Biology, Research Group Spermatophytes, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
15
16
Corresponding author
17
Isabel Larridon,
18
i.larridon@kew.org
19
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ABSTRACT
21
A new genus Kindia (Pavetteae, Rubiaceae) is described with a single species, K. gangan, based
22
on collections made in 2016 during botanical exploration of Mt Gangan, Kindia, Republic of
23
Guinea in West Africa. The Mt Gangan area is known for its many endemic species including
24
the only native non-neotropical Bromeliaceae Pitcairnia feliciana. Kindia is the fourth endemic
25
vascular plant genus to be described from Guinea. Based on chloroplast sequence data, the genus
26
is part of Clade II of tribe Pavetteae. In this clade, it is sister to Leptactina sensu lato (including
27
Coleactina and Dictyandra). Kindia gangan is distinguished from Leptactina s.l. by the
28
combination of the following characters: its epilithic habit; several-flowered axillary
29
inflorescences; distinct calyx tube as long as the lobes; a infundibular-campanulate corolla tube
30
with narrow proximal section widening abruptly to the broad distal section; presence of a dense
31
hair band near base of the corolla tube; anthers and style deeply included, reaching about mid-
32
height of the corolla tube; anthers lacking connective appendages and with sub-basal insertion;
33
pollen type 1; pollen presenter (style head) winged and glabrous (smooth and usually hairy in
34
Leptactina); orange colleters producing a vivid red exudate, which encircle the hypanthium, and
35
occur inside the calyx and stipules. Kindia is a subshrub that appears restricted to bare, vertical
36
rock faces of sandstone. Fruit dispersal and pollination by bats is postulated. It is here assessed as
37
Endangered EN D1 using the 2012 IUCN standard. High resolution LC-MS/MS analysis
38
revealed over 40 triterpenoid compounds in the colleter exudate, including those assigned to the
39
cycloartane class. Triterpenoids are of interest for their diverse chemical structures, varied
40
biological activities, and potential therapeutic value.
41
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INTRODUCTION
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Plant conservation priorities are often poorly represented in national and global frameworks due
44
to a lack of publicly available biodiversity data to inform conservation decision making (Corlett,
45
2016; Darbyshire et al., 2017), despite the fact that one in five plant species are estimated to be
46
threatened with extinction mainly due to human activities (Brummitt et al., 2015; Bachman et al.,
47
2016). West Africa represents a priority target area for future efforts in botanical exploration to
48
inform conservation action and biological resource use (Sosef et al., 2017).
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Botanical exploration and new species discovery in Guinea
51
Guinea has numerous endemic species and a high diversity of species in the context of West
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Tropical African countries (c. 3000 species; Lisowski, 2009), including several endemic genera,
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i.e. Fleurydora A.Chev. (Ochnaceae), Feliciadamia Bullock (Melastomataceae), Cailliella Jacq.-
54
Fél. (Melastomataceae). Botanical exploration, discovery and publication of new species
55
appeared to have nearly stopped after Independence in 1958, with the exception of the work
56
carried out by S. Lisowski (1924–2002). His work resulted in the publication of several new
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species, e.g. Pseudoprosopis bampsiana Lisowski, Mikaniopsis camarae Lisowski and Bacopa
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lisowskiana Mielcarek, and the posthumously published ‘Flore de la République de Guinée’
59
(Lisowski, 2009). The other species new to science that were published in the period 1960–2010
60
were based on specimens collected in the French Colonial period, e.g. Phyllanthus felicis Jean
61
F.Brunel (1987) and Clerodendrum sylvae J.-G.Adam (1974). In recent years, this has begun to
62
change as botanical exploration, often associated with environmental impact assessments for
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more environmentally responsible mining companies such as Rio Tinto (Harvey et al., 2010;
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Magassouba et al., 2014), has restarted. Xysmalobium samoritourei Goyder (2009),
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Gymnosiphon samoritoureanus Cheek (Cheek & van der Burgt, 2010), Eriosema triformum
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Burgt (van der Burgt et al., 2012), Brachystephanus oreacanthus Champl. (Champluvier &
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Darbyshire, 2009), Striga magnibracteata Eb.Fisch. & I.Darbysh. (Fischer et al., 2011),
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Isoglossa dispersa I.Darbysh. & L.J.Pearce (Darbyshire et al., 2012), Eriocaulon
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cryptocephalum S.M.Phillips & Mesterházy (Phillips & Mesterházy, 2015), Napoleonea alata
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Jongkind (Prance & Jongkind, 2015) and Psychotria samouritourei Cheek (Cheek & Williams,
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2016) are examples of recent new discoveries from Guinea resulting from this impetus. Just
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across the border in Mali, Calophyllum africanum Cheek & Q.Luke (Cheek & Luke, 2016) was
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recently found, and in Ivory Coast Macropodiella cussetiana Cheek (Cheek & Ameka, 2016).
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Even a new rheophytic genus, Karima Cheek & Riina has come to light in Guinea (Cheek et al.,
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2016). Many of the new species being described are narrow endemics and are threatened by
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habitat clearance for subsistence agriculture, open-cast mining, urban expansion, quarrying
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(Couch et al., 2014) and invasive species (Cheek et al., 2013).
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Mt Gangan: a Tropical Important Plant Area
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The criteria of the Important Plant Areas (IPAs) programme, developed by Plantlife International
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(2004), offer a pragmatic yet scientifically rigorous means of delivering biodiversity datasets,
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enabling informed site-based conservation priorities (Darbyshire et al., 2017). IPAs are aligned
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to Target 5 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)’s ‘Global Strategy for Plant
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Conservation’ and so offer an important step towards fulfilling national CBD targets (Darbyshire
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et al., 2017). IPAs are identified on the basis of three criteria: the presence of threatened species,
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exceptional botanical richness and threatened habitats (Anderson, 2002; Plantlife International,
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2004). These criteria were recently revised for a global approach (Darbyshire et al., 2017), and
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are used in the Tropical Important Plant Areas programme of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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In Guinea, botanical exploration is used to aid in aligning the existing forest reserve network,
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which focuses on maintaining timber resources for exploitation, and the existing few National
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Parks protecting large mammals or wetlands, to cover global priority areas for plant conservation.
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The Mt Gangan area was identified as a prospective Tropical Important Plant Area
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(Larridon & Couch, 2016; Herbier National de Guinée, 2017; Darbyshire, continuously
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updated). Mt Gangan is an outlier of the Fouta Djallon Highlands of Guinea, and is an area of
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sandstone table mountains with sheer cliffs, frequent rock ledges, overhangs and caves. The rock
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formations create a variety of microhabitats and are inhabited by sparse small trees, shrubs,
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subshrubs and perennial herbs, many of which are rock specialists, such as Fegimanra afzelii
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Engl. Fleurydora felicis A.Chev., Clerodendrum sylvae, Phyllanthus felicis, Cyanotis
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ganganensis R.Schnell, Dissotis pygmaea A.Chev. & Jacq.-Fél., Dissotis humilis A.Chev. &
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Jacq.-Fél. and Melastomastrum theifolium (G.Don) A.Fern. & R.Fern var. controversum
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(A.Chev. & Jacq.-Fél.) Jacq.-Fél. (formerly Dissotis controversa (A.Chev. & Jacq.-Fél.) Jacq.-
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Fél.). Except Fegimanra afzelii, the abovementioned species are all either endemic or near-
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endemic to the Mt Gangan complex of precipitous sandstone table mountains. Mt Gangan is also
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home to Pitcairnia feliciana (A. Chev) Harms & Mildbr., the only non-neotropical Bromeliaceae
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(Porembski & Barthlott, 1999).
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A new Rubiaceae from Mt Gangan
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In February 2016, a survey was initiated of the vegetation types, plant species, and threats at Mt
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Gangan. During the survey an unusual Rubiaceae was observed with more or less sessile leaf
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rosettes (Cheek 18345), growing only on vertical faces of bare sandstone cliffs that form the
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flanks of parts of some of the sandstone table mountains that comprise Mt Gangan (Fig. 1).
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Cheek 18345 has fruits (Fig. 1) and only old, dried flowers. Because the old flowers were
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mistakenly interpreted as likely to have had valvate corolla aestivation, and because the
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inflorescences were axillary, with two-celled, fleshy fruits, containing numerous seeds, the
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species was initially placed in tribe Mussaendeae sensu Hepper & Keay (1963: 104), using the
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key to the tribes of Rubiaceae in the Flora of West Tropical Africa. Within this tribe, it keyed out
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as Sabicea Aubl. However, it matched no known species of that genus, being bizarre in several
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features, such as the epilithic habit, the red colleter exudate, and the seeds with a central
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excavation. Checks with all other genera of Rubiaceae in West Tropical Africa, and indeed
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tropical Africa, also produced no matches, leading to the hypothesis that this taxon represented a
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new genus to science. In June and September 2016, additional specimens (Cheek 18541A and
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Cheek 18602) of the taxon were obtained during the flowering season, at which time the corolla
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aestivation was found to be contorted to the left (Fig. 1), excluding it from Sabicea but consistent
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with Pavetteae (De Block et al., 2015), as was first indicated by the results of the molecular study
125
(see below). However, the axillary inflorescences are unusual in that tribe (De Block et al., 2015).
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In this study, morphological and chloroplast sequence data are employed to test the hypothesis
127
that the new Rubiaceae from Mt Gangan is: (1) part of tribe Pavetteae, and (2) represents a new
128
genus to science. To achieve this, we aim to investigate the overall morphology and the pollen
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morphology and compare them to those found in other tribe Pavetteae genera, and place the
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taxon in a molecular phylogenetic framework of the tribe. Ecology and conservation status of the
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new Rubiaceae are also investigated, as is the colleter exudate biochemistry because of its
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unusual red colour.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
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Ethics statement
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The specimens studied were collected as a part of field surveys for the ‘Important Plant Areas in
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the Republic of Guinea’ project funded by a Darwin Initiative grant of the Department of the
138
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) of the government of the United Kingdom.
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Permits to export these specimens were issued by the Ministère de l'Environnement et des Eaux
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et Forêts of the Republic of Guinea, Certificat d'Origine nº0000344 (date 21 June 2016) and
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nº0000399 (dated 28 October 2016). Specimens were collected under the terms of a
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Memorandum of Understanding between the Board of Trustees, RBG, Kew and the Herbier
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National de Guinée, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, renewed and extended for 5
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years in December 2015. The study area at Mt Gangan reported in this paper is controlled by the
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government of the Republic of Guinea and is not privately owned, nor protected. The taxon
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studied here is not yet a protected species.
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Taxonomy
149
The electronic version of this article in Portable Document Format (PDF) will represent a
150
published work according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
151
(ICN), and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published
152
under that Code from the electronic edition alone. In addition, new names contained in this work
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which have been issued with identifiers by IPNI (continuously updated) will eventually be made
154
available to the Global Names Index. The IPNI LSIDs can be resolved and the associated
155
information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID contained in this
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publication to the prefix "http://ipni.org/". The online version of this work is archived and
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available from the following digital repositories: PeerJ, PubMed Central, and CLOCKSS.
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Morphological study
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Herbarium material was examined with a Leica Wild M8 dissecting binocular microscope fitted
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with an eyepiece graticule measuring in units of 0.025 mm at maximum magnification. The
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drawing was made with the same equipment with a Leica 308700 camera lucida attachment. For
163
dissection, structures were first rehydrated by soaking in water with surfactant. The overall
164
morphology was documented, described and illustrated following botanical standard procedures
165
(Davis & Heywood, 1963). Information about habit, habitat, and distribution was taken from
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specimen labels and field observations.
167
Material of Cheek 18345, Cheek 18529, Cheek 18541A and Cheek 18602, the new
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Rubiaceae of Mt Gangan, was first compared morphologically against reference material of all
169
Pavetteae genera held at K. The study was then extended to include the BM, HNG, P and WAG
170
herbaria. Codes for cited herbaria follow Index Herbariorum (Thiers, continuously updated). The
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main online search address used for retrieving specimen data from P (which globally has the
172
largest holdings of herbarium specimens from the Republic of Guinea) was
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https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p00179355?listIndex=128&listCount=
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610; that for WAG was http://bioportal.naturalis.nl/geographic-search?language=en. Special
175
focus was given to taxa shown to be closely related by the molecular phylogenetic results. All
176
specimens marked ‘!’ have been seen.
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Pollen morphology has been shown to be useful in characterising clades, and sometimes
178
genera within tribe Pavetteae (De Block & Robbrecht, 1998). Pollen samples were collected from
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Cheek 18541A (K). Whole, unacetolysed anthers were placed on a stub using double-sided tape
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and sputter-coated with platinum in a Quorom Q150T coater for 30 s and examined in a Hitatchi
181
54700 scanning electron microscope at an acceleration voltage of 4kV.
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Molecular methods
184
In this study, previously published chloroplast sequence data was used (De Block et al., 2015),
185
supplemented with new sequences from selected regions (rps16 and trnT-F) (Appendix 1). The
186
DNA extraction protocol and material and methods for amplification and sequencing used in this
187
study follow De Block et al. (De Block et al., 2015).
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Sequences were assembled and edited in Geneious R8 (http://www.geneious.com; Kearse
189
et al., 2012), aligned using MAFFT 7 (Katoh, Asimenos & Toh, 2009; Katoh & Standley, 2013);
190
afterwards, alignments were checked manually in PhyDE 0.9971 (Müller et al., 2010). The
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alignments used to produce the phylogenies are available as a Supplementary File Data S1.
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Based on De Block et al. (2015), the alignments of the two chloroplast regions were
193
concatenated for the downstream analyses, each marker was treated as a separate partition, and
194
both partitions were analysed using the GTR+G model. Maximum likelihood (ML) analyses
195
were performed using RAxML 8.2.10 (Stamatakis, 2014). The search for an optimal ML tree
196
was combined with a rapid bootstrap analysis of 1000 replicates. Bayesian Inference (BI)
197
analyses were conducted in MrBayes 3.2.6 (Ronquist et al., 2012). Rate heterogeneity, base
198
frequencies, and substitution rates across partitions were unlinked. The analysis was allowed to
199
run for 100 million generations across four independent runs with four chains each, sampling
200
every 10000 generations. Convergence, associated likelihood values, effective sample size
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values and burn-in values of the different runs were verified with Tracer 1.5 (Rambaut et al.,
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2014). The first 25% of the trees from all runs were excluded as burn-in before making a
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majority-rule consensus of the 30000 posterior distribution trees using the “sumt” function. All
204
phylogenetic analyses were run using the CIPRES portal (http://www.phylo.org/; Miller, Pfeiffer
205
& Schwartz, 2010). Trees were drawn using TreeGraph2 (Stöver & Müller, 2010) and FigTree
206
1.4.3 (Rambaut, 2016), and adapted in Adobe Photoshop CS5.
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Ecology and conservation status
209
Field studies were conducted in the Mt Gangan complex north of Kindia in February (fruiting
210
season), June and September (flowering season) 2016, and in November 2017 (fruiting season).
211
Plants of the new taxon were mostly inaccessible on vertical sandstone cliffs, so were studied
212
and counted with binoculars. Voucher specimens were made in the usual way (Bridson &
213
Forman, 1998) from the few accessible plants that could be reached from the base of the cliffs.
214
The conservation assessment was prepared following IUCN (2012) with the help of Bachmann et
215
al. (2011). The distribution of the species was mapped using SimpleMappr (Shorthouse & David,
216
2010).
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LC-MS/MS analysis of colleter exudate
219
A sample of Cheek 18345 was prepared by extracting the colleter exudate fragments in
220
EtOH:MeOH: H2O (5:4:1) (1mg/ml) for 24 h, prior to centrifugation. The supernatant was then
221
subjected to LC–MS/MS analysis. Analyses were performed on a Thermo Scientific system
222
consisting of an ‘Accela’ U-HPLC unit with a photodiode array detector and an ‘LTQ Orbitrap
223
XL’ mass spectrometer fitted with an electrospray source (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA,
224
USA). Chromatography was performed with a 5 µl sample injection onto a 150 mm x 3 mm, 3
225
µm Luna C-18 column (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA) using the following 400µl/min
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mobile phase gradient of H2O/CH3CN/CH3CN +1% HCOOH: 90:0:10 (0 min), 0:90:10 (20 min),
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0:90:10 (25 min), 90:0:10 (27 min), 90:0:10 (30 min). The ESI source was set to record high
228
resolution (30 k resolution) MS1 spectra (m/z 125–2000) in negative mode and data dependent
229
MS2 and MS3 spectra using the linear ion trap. Detected compounds were assigned by
230
comparison of accurate mass data (based on ppm), and by available MS/MS data, with reference
231
to the published compound assignment system (Schymanski et al., 2014).
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233
RESULTS
234
Morphology
235
Characters separating the new Rubiaceae from Mt Gangan from its sister genus Leptactina are
236
provided in Table 1. A detailed description is given in the taxonomic treatment below.
237
The pollen grains (Fig. 2) are tricolporate, overall spheroidal, but usually triangular in
238
polar view 20–25 µm in diameter, with an apocolpium of 3.5–4.5 µm diameter, giving an
239
apocolpial index of 0.125. The mesocolpium sculpturing is microperforate- reticulate, the
240
reticulum units are obscurely pentagonal, about 900–1000 nm in diameter, the muri broad and
241
rounded, the central perforations c. 0.1 µm. The apocolpium exine sculpturing grades to
242
microporate. The colpi are about 4–6 µm wide at the equator, 2 µm wide at the poles. The colpal
243
membrane is densely granular, the granular units 0.2–0.5 µm diameter, the margin with the
244
mesocolpium well-defined but irregular, and the pores 3–5 µm in diameter.
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Molecular phylogeny
247
The concatenated ML and BI analyses did not significantly differ in topology, therefore the
248
results discuss the relationships shown in the majority consensus multiple-locus BI tree with the
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associated posterior probability (PP) values and the bootstrap (BS) values of the multiple-locus
250
ML tree (Supplementary Fig. S1), and summarised in Fig. 3. As the data used here is largely
251
based on the dataset used by De Block et al. (2015), the relationships recovered here largely
252
match those published in that study. Within a well-supported tribe Pavetteae (BS=100, PP=1),
253
four major clades (I–IV) were retrieved. However, although in De Block et al. (2015) Clade I
254
was retrieved as sister to a polytomy of Clades II–IV, in this study Clade I+III (BS=90, PP=0.99)
255
and Clade II+IV (BS=79, PP=0.87) are supported as separate clades. Clade I (BS = 100, PP = 1)
256
included the African genera Nichallea Bridson and Rutidea DC. Clade II (BS = 100, PP = 1)
257
comprised the African genus Leptactina Hook.f. sensu De Block et al. (2015) and the new
258
Rubiaceae from Mt Gangan, with the latter sister to Leptactina of which the monophyly is well
259
supported (BS=99, PP=1). Clade III (BS = 87, PP = 0.87) consisted of the paleotropical genus
260
Pavetta L., the monotypic East African genus Cladoceras Bremek. and the African species of
261
Tarenna Gaertn. In our BI analysis, the species Tarenna jolinonii N.Hallé was recovered as sister
262
to the rest of a weakly supported Clade III, as was found in the results of De Block et al. (2015).
263
However, in the ML analysis, this species was weakly supported as sister to Clade I. Clade IV
264
(BS = 92, PP = 1) included the East African monotypic genus Tennantia Verdc., Asian/Pacific
265
and Madagascan species of Tarenna, the Madagascan endemics Homollea Arènes, Robbrechtia
266
De Block and Schizenterospermum Homolle ex Arènes and the Afro-Madagascan genera
267
Paracephaelis Baill. and Coptosperma Hook.f. As in the results of De Block et al. (2015), the
268
nodes in this clade were poorly supported and the relationships between subclades remained
269
unclear.
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271
LC-MS/MS analysis of colleter exudate
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High resolution LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the detection of a range of triterpenoids in the
273
exudate, including those assigned as the cycloartane class (Table 2). This included a compound
274
eluting at the retention time (Rt) 14.3 min with m/z 499.3068 that was assigned the molecular
275
formula C30H44O6 from the observed [M - H]- ion, which is that of dikamaliartane A, or isomer.
276
Four compounds eluting at Rt 23.8, 25.3, 25.9 and 26.9 min were assigned the molecular formula
277
C30H46O4, from their observed [M - H]- ions, which is that of dikamaliartane D, F, or isomer. The
278
cycloartane triterpenoids, dikamaliartanes A, D and F, have previously been reported to occur in
279
dikamali gum, which is the colleter exudate of Gardenia gummifera L.f. and G. resinifera Roth.
280
(Kunert et al., 2009), in the Rubiaceae.
281
Also detected in the colleter exudate of Cheek 18345 by LC-MS were two compounds
282
eluting at Rt 20.8 and 21.8 min that were both assigned the molecular formula C30H50O5 from
283
their observed [M - H]- ions, which is that of gummiferartane 3, a cycloartane triterpenoid
284
previously reported to occur in G. gummifera (CCD, 2017). Chemically related triterpenoids are
285
gummiferartanes 4 and 9 that have the molecular formula C30H48O4 and also occur in G.
286
gummifera (CCD, 2017); four compounds were assigned with this molecular formula in the
287
colleter exudate, from their observed [M - H]- ions, eluting at Rt 24.3, 24.9, 25.7 and 27.8 min.
288
Other cycloartane triterpenoids have previously been reported to occur in species of Gardenia
289
(Kunert et al., 2009; CCD, 2017), with some of these in agreement with the molecular formulae
290
of the triterpenoids detected in the colleter exudate of Cheek 18345, as indicated in Table 2.
291
Other compounds detected in the colleter exudate of Cheek 18345 included those that
292
eluted at Rt 20.9 min with m/z 463.3281, and at Rt 21.6 min with m/z 391.3069, that were
293
assigned the molecular formulae C24H48O8 and C20H42O4, respectively. These molecular
294
formulae are those of 1,2,3,4-octadecanetetrol; 1-O-rhamnoside and 1,2,3,4-eicosanetetrol,
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respectively, which have been reported as components of the resin from Commiphora species in
296
other studies, as indicated in Table 2.
297
298
DISCUSSION
299
Employing chloroplast sequence data of tribe Pavetteae, largely based on De Block et al. (2015),
300
placed the new Rubiaceae from Mt Gangan as sister to the rest of Clade II of that study, in which
301
three genera, Leptactina, Dictyandra Hook.f. and Coleactina N.Hallé were traditionally
302
maintained, although the two latter genera were recently subsumed into Leptactina s.l. (De Block
303
et al., 2015). Morphologically, the new Rubiaceae from Mt Gangan was consistent with these
304
genera, especially Leptactina s.s. and Coleactina, yet showed significant character disjunctions,
305
sufficient to support generic status. The new genus shares with the other members of Clade II
306
large broad stipules and large calyx lobes, large flowers with pubescent corollas, intrusive
307
placentas with numerous ovules and numerous small, angular seeds. However, morphological
308
differences are marked (Table 1), notably the winged, glabrous pollen presenter (versus smooth
309
and usually hairy in Leptactina s.l.), the absence of staminal connective appendages, the
310
difference in ratio of calyx tube:lobe (calyx tube well-developed and conspicuous in the new
311
taxon, versus absent or minute in Leptactina s.l except in Leptactina papalis (N.Hallé) De Block,
312
formerly Coleactina papalis N.Hallé), the seeds being bicolored (however, the state of this
313
character is unknown for several species of Leptactina and other Pavetteae), and the corolla tube
314
having a narrow proximal part and a much wider and longer distal part (possibly unique in
315
Pavetteae). The new Rubiaceae from Mt Gangan is atypical and differs from the standard state in
316
all other genera of Pavetteae by having several-flowered axillary inflorescences (Fig. 4). This has
317
been confirmed by observing the species during several seasons to ensure that the origin of the
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318
inflorescence is not terminal. However, some species of Pavetta, such as P. mayumbensis
319
Bremek. also have such inflorescences, possibly by contraction of the short branches that bear
320
terminal inflorescences in most species of that genus. The tribe is generally characterised by
321
terminal inflorescences (De Block et al., 2015). However, in Clade II, the remarkable monotypic
322
genus Coleactina from Gabon and the Republic of Congo, now included in Leptactina s.l., and
323
the species Leptactina deblockiae Neuba & Sonké (Neuba et al., 2014) also have axillary
324
inflorescences, albeit 1-flowered and not several-flowered. Finally, the copious and conspicuous
325
bright red exudate from the apical bud of the new Rubiaceae from Mt Gangan appears to be
326
unique in Pavetteae and probably Rubiaceae. Colleter exudates are common in Rubiaceae, but
327
are usually inconspicuous. Conspicuous colleter-derived exudates are known in some genera in
328
tribe Coffeeae, e.g. Coffea L., and in genera of other tribes, such as Gardenia J.Ellis. Although
329
they are generally not reported in Pavetteae (Hallé, 1970; Bridson & Verdcourt, 1988; De Block
330
et al., 2015), copious colleter exudate is present in the Madagascan Pavetteae genus Robbrechtia
331
(De Block, 2003), and colleter exudate has also been observed in several other Pavetteae genera
332
(P. De Block, pers. comm.). We have observed colleter exudates in some specimens of
333
Leptactina (e.g. Fofana 188, Jacques-Felix 7422, both from Guinea, Leptactina senegambica
334
Hook.f.; Goyder 6258, from Angola, Leptactina benguellensis (Benth. & Hook.f.) Good, all K!).
335
As with all previously known Rubiaceae exudates except Gardenia (which is bright yellow,
336
Robbrecht pers. comm.), these are colourless or slightly yellow, and translucent, not bright red
337
and opaque as in the new Rubiaceae from Mt Gangan.
338
The palynological differences between Kindia and Leptactina s.l. are extensive. All
339
Leptactina s.l. have pollen type 2 (De Block & Robbrecht, 1998), i.e. the grains are circular to
340
quadrangular in polar view, (3–)4-zonocolporate, with an apocolpial index of 0.39–0.68. In
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comparison, those of the new Rubiaceae from Mt Gangan are pollen type 1 (De Block &
342
Robbrecht, 1998), since they are triangular in polar view (Fig. 2), 3-zonocolporate, with an
343
apocolpial index of 0.125.
344
Possession of pollen type 1 by Cheek 18541A rather than pollen type 2, is consistent with
345
its position as sister to Clade II since pollen type 1 ‘predominates in the whole of Rubiaceae and
346
can be considered primitive’ (Robbrecht, 1988), that is, plesiomorphic. Pollen type 1 also occurs
347
in Pavetteae Clades III and IV (De Block & Robbrecht, 1998; De Block et al., 2015). The four
348
apertures of pollen type 2 are considered as derived (De Block & Robbrecht, 1998) and likely
349
represent a synapomorphy for Leptactina s.l. in Clade II.
350
With the discovery, characterisation and placement of the new Rubiaceae of Mt Gangan
351
as sister to Clade II, re-interpretation of the polarity of some characters in the rest of the clade is
352
in order. Features of Leptactina papalis, previously interpreted as apomorphies for the genus
353
Coleactina now appear to be plesiomorphic with regard to the newly discovered taxon. These are:
354
the well-developed calyx tube, and the pair of involucral cups (cupular bracts) surrounding the
355
ovary (Fig. 4H). Alternatively, these features may have evolved independently in both L. papalis
356
and the new taxon. Additional potentially plesiomorphic characters for Clade II are the axillary
357
inflorescences found in several Leptactina species including L. papalis and L. deblockiae (Neuba
358
et al., 2014), and the new Rubiaceae of Mt Gangan. The newly discovered lineage, sister to the
359
rest of Clade II, may represent an evolutionary relict, as it is only known from a single
360
morphologically and molecularly isolated species, which is rare, with less than 100 individuals
361
found in the wild. The unexpected discovery of this lineage from West Africa, sister to
362
Leptactina s.l., which is most diverse in terms of species and morphology in Central Africa, e.g.
363
in Gabon (Hallé, 1970) may also provide insights into the geographical origins of Clade II.
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The unique habit of the new taxon within tribe Pavetteae may derive from adaptation to
365
its unusual epilithic habitat: narrow fissures in vertical sandstone cliff faces (Fig. 1A, B). In this
366
habitat, the well-developed aerial stems present in the rest of the tribe risk pulling the plants, by
367
their mass, from the tiny fissures and pockets in which they are rooted. This circumstance
368
appears to parallel the situation of Mussaenda epiphytica Cheek (tribe Mussaendeae, Rubiaceae;
369
Cheek, 2009), a rare epiphytic species, similarly threatened with extinction (Onana & Cheek,
370
2011; Lachenaud et al., 2013), in a genus of shrubs and twining terrestrial climbers. Mussaenda
371
epiphytica also appears to have mostly lost its ability to produce long stems, which was similarly
372
conjectured to be disadvantageous in an epiphytic life form (Cheek, 2009). Several species of
373
Leptactina are also subshrubs of nearly similar small stature to the new taxon, but these species
374
have underground rootstocks and are terrestrial.
375
Plant exudates, including resins and gums, can occur as complex mixtures of different
376
compound classes including carbohydrates, mono-, di- and tri-terpenoids (Rhourrhi-Frih et al.,
377
2012). In this study, the colleter exudate of the new Rubiaceae from Mt Gangan was subjected to
378
high resolution LC-MS/MS analysis for the first time to investigate the chemical composition
379
and over 40 triterpenoids were detected including those assigned as the cycloartane class. These
380
included those with the molecular formulae of dikamaliartanes A, D and F, or their isomers. The
381
cycloartane triterpenoids, dikamaliartanes A–F have previously been subjected to antimicrobial
382
assays using Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Mycobacteria but they did not reveal
383
significant activity against these human pathogens (Kunert et al., 2009). Any potential role they
384
may have against plant pathogens or as defence compounds requires further evaluation.
385
Cycloartane triterpenoids are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and it has been suggested
386
that cyclization of of (3S)-squalene 2,3-epoxide in higher plants occurs with formation of
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cycloartenol, which has been considered to have a role in sterol biosynthesis, analogous to that of
388
lanosterol in animals and fungi (Boar & Romer, 1975). Furthermore, some plant triterpenoids,
389
including those derived from cycloartane, have been suggested to have a function in cell
390
membrane composition (Nes & Heftmann, 1981), thus any evolutionary role they may have in
391
members of the new Rubiaceae from Mt Gangan would be of interest to explore in further
392
studies. Many triterpenoids of plant origin have been of interest for their chemical diversity,
393
biological activities and potential therapeutic applications (Hill & Connolly, 2017; Howes, 2018).
394
The triterpenoids detected in the exudate in this study would be of interest to explore further, not
395
only for their biological activities that might aid understanding of their rationale for synthesis by
396
this species, but also for their potential uses by humanity, if this can be done in a way consistent
397
with the conservation of this rare and threatened species.
398
399
TAXONOMIC TREATMENT
400
Kindia Cheek, gen nov.
401
Type: Kindia gangan Cheek
402
Diagnosis: differs from Leptactina s.l. in a corolla tube with a slender proximal part and an
403
abruptly much wider, longer distal part (not more or less cylindrical, or gradually widening); a
404
glabrous, winged pollen-presenter (not hairy, non-winged); an epilithic habit (not terrestrial,
405
growing in soil); a conspicuous opaque red colleter exudate (not translucent and colourless or
406
slightly yellow); and type 1 pollen (not type 2) (De Block & Robbrecht, 1998).
407
408
Epilithic subshrub, lacking underground rootstock. Stems short, unbranched, erect or appressed
409
to substrate, reiterating from base, completely sheathed in marcescent stipules, stem indumentum
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simple, short. Leaves opposite, petiolate, equal in shape and size at each node, each stem with 2–
411
3 pairs of leaves held ± appressed to the vertical substrate; blades simple, entire; domatia absent;
412
nervation pinnate; stipules broadly ovate, midline with a raised ridge; base of adaxial surface
413
with a mixture of hairs and standard type colleters (Robbrecht, 1988) producing a vivid red
414
exudate from the apical bud, conspicuous in dried specimens. Inflorescences axillary, opposite,
415
in successive nodes, pedunculate-fasciculate, 1–4(–6)-flowered; bracts cupular, 2, sheathing,
416
each with two large and two small lobes (Fig. 4H). Flowers 5-merous, homostylous. Ovary-
417
hypanthium sessile, cylindric, with a ring of orange colleters inserted above the base, continuous
418
with the calyx tube and about twice as long as broad; inside of the calyx tube with dense band of
419
colleters at base, calyx lobes 5, oblong-elliptic, about as long as tube. Corolla nearly twice as
420
long as calyx; tube infundibular-campanulate, exceeding calyx; outer surface densely sericeous,
421
inner surface subglabrous apart from a dense band of hairs just above the base; corolla lobes 5, at
422
anthesis elliptic-oblong, arching outwards (appearing broadly ovate when viewed from above Fig.
423
1C), with apiculus, post-anthesis drying elliptic-triangular (Fig. 4I), about one third as long as
424
tube, aestivation contorted to the left in bud. Stamens adnate to the corolla tube, five, inserted
425
midway up corolla tube, alternating with corolla lobes; anthers narrowly oblong, sessile, attached
426
near base, apical appendage not developed. Ovary 2-celled, placentation axile; placentae
427
intrusive, swollen, ovules numerous; style included, distal half hairy, basal part glabrous; pollen
428
presenter (stylar head) dilated, outer surface glabrous, fluted-ridged, with two appressed
429
stigmatic lobes at apex, apices tapering, acute, at same level as anthers. Fruit globose, ripening
430
greenish-yellow or white, glossy, semi-translucent, outer surface hairy; pericarp succulent, thick,
431
calyx persistent. Seeds numerous, truncated, 4–5-sided pyramidal (frustrums) glossy black; hilar
432
area white, deeply excavated with a thickening inside; embryo occupying c. 5-10% of the seed
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433
volume, horizontal, cotyledons barely detectable.
434
435
Kindia gangan Cheek sp. nov. —Figs. 1, 4
436
Type. Republic of Guinea, Kindia Prefecture, Mt Gangan area, Kindia-Télimelé Rd, km 7, N of
437
Mayon Khouré village, fr. 5 Feb. 2016, Cheek 18345 (holotype HNG!, isotypes BR!, K!, P!,
438
US!).
439
440
Perennial epilithic subshrub, multi-stemmed from base. Stems very short, appressed to substrate
441
or sometimes pendulous, not rooting at the nodes, woody, reiterating from base, completely
442
sheathed in persistent dark brown stipules, 5–6(–35) cm long, each stem with 2–3 pairs of leaves
443
held ± appressed to the substrate; internodes (2.5–)5 mm long, 5–7 mm diam.; indumentum
444
composed of short white patent hairs, 0.1–0.2 mm long. Leaves opposite, equal in shape and size
445
at each node; blade elliptic (-obovate), (7.5–)9.4–11.7 × (3.2–)4.2–6.6(–7) cm; apex obtuse to
446
shortly acuminate, acumen 1–2 mm long; base acute, abruptly decurrent to the upper 2–5 mm of
447
the petiole; upper blade surface bullate; indumentum white, subappressed, 0.1–0.3 mm long, 30 %
448
cover; midrib hairs 0.3–0.4 mm long, 80 % cover; midrib c. 1 mm broad, yellow drying white;
449
secondary nerves (7–)8–10(–11) on each side of the midrib; lower surface of blade with
450
indumentum as upper, denser, c. 40% cover; midrib 1.2–1.3 mm wide, showing 3 distinct
451
longitudinal areas; the central area raised, convex, 40% covered in hairs; the lateral areas flat, 90%
452
covered in hairs; domatia absent; secondary nerves arising at c. 60º from the midrib, curving near
453
the margin and looping towards the leaf apex and uniting with the nerve above
454
(brochidodromous); tertiary nerves conspicuous, raised, white puberulent scalariform (5–)6–8
455
between each pair of secondary nerves; quaternary nerves apparent only in the tertiary cells
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456
(areolae) towards the margin, each tertiary cell with 8–12 bullae (not always visible in the
457
pressed specimens). Petiole semi-circular in transverse section, 3–4 mm long at the distal-most
458
node, elongating to 6–10(–14) mm long at the second and third node from the apex. Interpetiolar
459
stipules broadly ovate 3–5.5 × 3–5 mm; apex acute or rounded to shortly acuminate; outer
460
surface midline with a raised ridge; indumentum as upper surface of leaf blade; adaxial surface
461
with colleters in line at the base, producing a vivid red exudate over the apical bud, conspicuous
462
in dried specimens; colleters standard type (Robbrecht 1988), orange, cylindric, 0.5–1.5 × 0.2
463
mm long, gradually tapering to a rounded apex, interspersed with bristly hairs 1–2 mm long at
464
stipule base, otherwise hairs sparse, 0.2–0.4 mm long, 10–20 % cover. Inflorescences axillary,
465
opposite, and in successive nodes, pedunculate-fasciculate, 1–4(–6)-flowered. Peduncle 4–15 ×
466
1.5–2.5 mm; indumentum as upper surface of leaf-blade; bracts cupular, 2, outer (proximal) bract
467
sheathing and concealing the smaller inner (distal) bract, 3.5–4 × 5–7 mm, 4-lobed, with the
468
large lobes (presumed of stipular origin) oblong-elliptic 4.5–6.5 × 2.5 mm and the short lobes
469
(presumed of leaf origin) triangular, 1–2 × 2 mm. Ovary-hypanthium sessile (pedicel absent),
470
partly concealed, and sunken in the axis below the insertion of the distal cupular bract (ovary
471
locules extending below the junction of ovary with distal cupular bract), free part (that part
472
which is not sunken into the axis) subcylindrical, 2 mm long, 4 mm in diameter at junction with
473
calyx, hairs white, more or less patent, 0.5 mm long; ring of orange colleters 0.5-0.75 mm long,
474
appressed, inserted about 1/3 up from base; calyx tube (3–)4–5(–10) × 4–5 mm at base, 5–6(–10)
475
mm wide at apex; calyx lobes 5, oblong elliptic, 7–11 × 2–3(–4.5) mm, apex acute; indumentum
476
on both surfaces 0.4–0.6(–1.1) mm long more or less patent, c. 50 % cover on tube, 20–30 %
477
cover on lobes; inner surface also with a dense band of colleters at base, extending in lines a
478
short distance up from the base of the calyx tube. Corolla white, infundibular-campanulate, 3–
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4.5 cm long pre-anthesis, at anthesis with lobes splayed, 4.2–4.3 cm wide at mouth including the
480
lobes; outer surface of corolla densely pale brown sericeous, hairs 0.5 mm long, covering the
481
surface; tube with two distinct sections, proximal and distal; proximal section slender, 6 × 2 mm,
482
glabrous inside in proximal part, middle portion of the proximal tube with a densely puberulent
483
band 1–2mm long, hairs white 2 mm long forming a seal with the style; distal section of corolla
484
tube abruptly wider, 2.2–2.6 × 1.4–1.6 cm, inner surface of distal section glabrous in proximal
485
2.2–2.4 cm, distalmost part of tube (at mouth) with thinly scattered hairs 0.1–0.2 mm long, 30–
486
40 % cover; lobes 5, glabrous inside, oblong-elliptic (appearing broadly ovate when viewed from
487
above as in Fig. 1C), 9–12 × 6.5–9(–16) mm, then extending into a filiform appendage 3–4 mm
488
long, apex acute, margins becoming involute post-anthesis. Stamens five, alternating with corolla
489
lobes; anthers sessile, elliptic c. 5-6 × 1 mm, attached near the base and inserted 1.5 cm from
490
corolla base. Disc bowl-shaped, 1 mm wide, 2 mm deep, glabrous, smooth. Ovary 2-celled,
491
placentation axile; placentae intrusive, shield-shaped, 2 × 1.25 mm, 0.5 mm thick (including
492
ovules); ovules 40-50 per locule, elliptic, 0.25 mm long; style included, 2.2 cm long, 1 mm diam.
493
at base, proximal 9–9.5 mm glabrous, median 5–6 mm patent-hairy with hairs 0.3–0.5 mm long,
494
distal 10.5–11 mm glabrous; pollen presenter (stylar head) dilated, with two appressed lobes 3 ×
495
1–1.2 mm, outer surface fluted-ridged, apices tapering, acute. Fruit globose, 9–10 mm diam.
496
sessile, ripening greenish-yellow or white, glossy, semi-translucent, outer surface with appressed
497
white hairs 0.6–0.9 mm long; pericarp succulent, 2–3 mm thick, calyx persistent. Seeds
498
numerous 30–50 per fruit, truncated, 4–5-sided, pyramid (frustum), 1.5–2 × 1.5–2 × 1.5 mm, the
499
proximal (hilar end) white, the distal two-thirds glossy black; epidermis with finger-print surface
500
pattern embryo minute, c. 0.3 mm long, cotyledons about 1/4 of length, not well demarcated.
501
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502
Distribution
503
République de Guinée, Kindia Prefecture, northeastern boundary of Mt Gangan area, west of
504
Kindia-Telimélé Rd (Fig. 5).
505
506
Ecology
507
The area of the Mt Gangan complex in which we found plants of Kindia consists of two parallel
508
ranges of small sandstone table mountains separated by a narrow N-S valley that appears to be a
509
geological fault. Bedding of the sandstone is horizontal. Uneven erosion on some slopes has
510
resulted in the formation of frequent rock ledges, overhangs and caves. In contrast other flanks of
511
the mountains are sheer cliffs extending 100 metres or more high and wide. It is on the cliff areas
512
at 230–540 m a.s.l that Kindia gangan occurs as the only plant species present, usually as
513
scattered individuals in colonies of (1–3–)7–15 plants, on the bare expanses of rock that are
514
shaded for part of the day due to the orientation of the cliffs or to overhangs or due to a partial
515
screen of trees in front of the rockfaces. Pitcairnia feliciana (Bromeliaceae), in contrast is found
516
in fully exposed sites where there is, due to the rock bedding, a horizontal sill in which to root.
517
These two species can grow within metres of each other if their cliff microhabitats occur in
518
proximity. The rock formations create a variety of other microhabitats, including vertical fissures,
519
caves, shaded, seasonally wet ledges, and are inhabited by sparse small trees, shrubs, subshrubs,
520
perennial and annual herbs, many of which are narrow endemic rock specialists. We speculate
521
that the seed of this species might be bat-dispersed because of the greenish yellow-white colour
522
of the berries (less attractive to birds than fruits which are e.g. red or black) and the position of
523
the plants high on cliff faces, where nothing but winged creatures could reach them, apart from
524
those few plants at the base of the cliffs. However, fruit dispersal is not always effected since we
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525
found numerous old dried intact fruits holding live seeds on the plants at the type locality in
526
February 2016. It is possible that the robust, large white flowers are pollinated by a small species
527
of bat since in June and September we saw signs of damage to the inner surface of the corolla
528
inconsistent with visits by small insects. The damage takes the form of brown spots on the inner
529
surface of the corolla tube. Freshly opened flowers do not have these spots, nor do all flowers,
530
only those few which show slight damage. The very broad, short corolla is not consistent with
531
pollination by sphingid moths (which prefer long, slender-tubed flowers), but this cannot be
532
ruled out.
533
534
Local names and uses
535
None are known. The local communities in the area when interviewed in November 2017, stated
536
that they had no uses nor names for the plant (Molmou & Doré, pers. obs.).
537
538
Etymology
539
The genus is named for the town and prefecture of Kindia, Guinea’s fourth city, and the species
540
is named for Mt Gangan to its north, which holds the only known location for the species. Both
541
names are derived as nouns in apposition.
542
543
Conservation status
544
Knowledge of Kindia gangan is based on 15 days of searching in sandstone rock outcrops
545
around the Mt Gangan complex in 2016-2017 by teams each comprising 3–5 botanists, together
546
with local community representatives. This area was previously visited by several excellent
547
botanists in the colonial period, notably by Jacques-Félix in 1934-37. Only 86 mature plants of
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548
Kindia gangan were seen at seven sites at two locations (as defined by IUCN, 2012). The two
549
locations are separated by 19 km. Within locations, the sites are separated by 150 m – 1.5 km.
550
The Extent of Occurrence and Area of Occupancy were calculated as 27.96 km2 and 20 km2
551
respectively (Bachmann et al., 2011). At each site (1–7–)10–20 plants occur gregariously.
552
Accordingly, since less than 250 mature individuals are known of this species, it is here assessed
553
as Endangered under Criterion D1 of IUCN (2012). It is to be hoped that more plants will be
554
found, enabling a lower assessment of the threat to this species. Currently, threats to the plants at
555
the two known locations of this species are low. Quarrying of sandstone for building
556
construction in nearby Kindia, Guinea's fourth city occurs nearby, but fortunately one of the
557
locations of Kindia gangan has no road access, so the known plants are not immediately
558
threatened, while at the second location, plants are within reach of roads and so more threatened
559
by future quarrying. It is to be hoped that further sites for the species will be found, lowering the
560
extinction risk of the species. As a precautionary measure it is intended to feature the species in a
561
poster campaign to raise public awareness, and to seedbank it in the newly created seed bank at
562
the University of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry and also at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
563
564
Additional specimens examined
565
Republic of Guinea, Kindia Prefecture, Mt Gangan area, Mt Gnonkaoneh, NE of Mayon Khoure
566
village which is W of Kindia-Télimelé rd., fl. 19 June 2016, Cheek 18529 (HNG!, K!); Mt
567
Khonondeh, NW of Mayon Khoure village which is W of Kindia to Télimelé rd., fl. 20 June
568
2017, Cheek 18545 (HNG!, K!). Mt Gnonkaoneh, NE of Mayon Khoure village, fl. 30 Sept.
569
2016, Cheek 18602 (HNG!, K!); near Kalakouré village, Kindia-Télimelé rd, fr. 1 Nov. 2017,
570
Doré 136 (HNG!, K!); Sougorunyah near Fritaqui village, fr. 6 Nov. 2017, Molmou 1669 (HNG!,
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571
K!); Kebe Figuia near Fritaqui village, fr. 6 Nov. 2017, sight observation by Doré and Molmou.
572
Additional observation (photo record): Mt Khonondeh, NW of Mayon Khoure village which is
573
W of Kindia to Télimelé rd., fl. 20 June 2017, Cheek 18541A.
574
575
CONCLUSIONS
576
Kindia, an endangered subshrub, restricted to bare, vertical rock faces of sandstone is described
577
and placed in Clade II of tribe Pavetteae as sister to Leptactina s.l. based on chloroplast sequence
578
data. The only known species, Kindia gangan, is distinguished from the species of Leptactina s.l.
579
by a combination of characters: an epilithic habit; several-flowered axillary inflorescences;
580
distinct calyx tube as long as the lobes; a infundibular-campanulate corolla tube with narrow
581
proximal section widening abruptly to the distal section; presence of a dense hair band near base
582
of the corolla tube; anthers and style deeply included, reaching about mid-height of the corolla
583
tube; anthers lacking connective appendages and with sub-basal insertion; pollen type 1; pollen
584
presenter winged and glabrous; orange colleters, which encircle the calyx-hypanthium, occur at
585
base and inside the calyx and stipules and produce vivid red exudate. High resolution LC-
586
MS/MS analysis revealed over 40 triterpenoid compounds in the colleter exudate, including
587
those assigned to the cycloartane class. Triterpenoids are of interest for their diverse chemical
588
structures, varied biological activities, and potential therapeutic value.
589
590
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
591
Professor Basile Camara, former Director General of the Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de
592
Conakry-Herbier National de Guinée, is thanked for arranging permits and for his long term
593
support and collaboration. Janis Shillito is thanked for typing the manuscript. Charlie Gore
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594
assisted with scanning electron microscopy. The authors would like to thank Dr Geoffrey C. Kite,
595
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for acquiring the LC-MS data. Three reviewers, Ds Petra De
596
Block, Dr Olivier Lachenaud and Prof. Elmar Robbrecht are thanked for constructive comments
597
on earlier drafts of the paper.
598
599
APPENDIX 1
600
Sampled plants and DNA sequences. For each plant the provenance, followed by collector and
601
collector number, herbarium for deposition of voucher specimen (in parentheses), and GenBank
602
accession numbers for rps16 and trnT-F. FTEA: Flora of tropical East Africa. Abbreviation ‘s.n.’
603
indicates no collection number. The newly generated sequences are in bold.
604
605
606
607
Tribe Alberteae: Razafimandimbisonia humblotii (Drake) Kainul. & B.Bremer—
Madagascar, Tosh et al. 263 (BR), KM592238, KM592145.
Tribe Coffeeae: Tricalysia semidecidua Bridson—Zambia, Dessein et al. 1093 (BR),
KM592279, KM592185.
608
Tribe Ixoreae: Ixora sp.—Thailand, Sudde 1487 (K), KM592208, KM592115.
609
Tribe Gardenieae: Euclinia longiflora Salisb.—Africa (country unknown), Van
610
611
612
Caekenberghe 348 (BR), KM592203, KM592110.
Gardenia rutenbergiana (Baill. ex Vatke) J.-F.Leroy—Madagascar, Groeninckx et al. 24
(BR), KM592204, KM592111.
613
Oxyanthus troupinii Bridson—Burundi, Niyongabo 115 (BR), KM592219, KM592126.
614
Tribe Mussaendeae: Pseudomussaenda flava Verdc.—Africa (country unknown), Van
615
616
Caekenberghe 60 (BR), KM592217, KM592124.
Tribe Pavetteae: Cladoceras subcapitatum (K.Schum. & K.Krause) Bremek.—Tanzania,
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617
Luke et al. 8351 (UPS), AM117290, KM592094.
618
Coptosperma bernierianum (Baill.) De Block—Madagascar, Schatz et al. 3764 (MO),
619
KJ815340, KJ815589; C. borbonicum (Hend. & Andr.Hend.) De Block—Comores, De Block
620
1389 (BR), KM592189, KM592096; C. borbonicum (Hend. & Andr.Hend.) De Block—Réunion,
621
Kainulainen 189 (S), KJ815342, KJ815591; C. borbonicum (Hend. & Andr.Hend.) De Block—
622
Unknown, Kroger et al. 56 (S), KJ815341, KJ815590; C. cymosum (Willd. ex Schult.) De
623
Block—Mauritius, Razafimandimbison et al. 843 (S), KJ815343, KJ815592; C. graveolens
624
(S.Moore) Degreef—Kenya, Mwachala 3711 (BR), KM592200, KM592107; C. humblotii
625
(Drake) De Block—Madagascar, Bremer et al. 5167 (S), KJ815345, KJ815594; C. littorale
626
(Hiern) Degreef—Mozambique, Luke et al. 9954 (UPS), KM592190, KM592097; C.
627
madagascariense (Baill.) De Block—Madagascar, De Block et al. 2238 (BR), KM592191,
628
KM592098; C. madagascariense (Baill.) De Block—Madagascar, Razafimandimbison 527
629
(UPS), KM592191, KM592098; C. mitochondrioides Mouly & De Block—Madagascar, Bremer
630
et al. 5127 (S), KJ815348, KJ815597; C. nigrescens Hook.f.—Madagascar, De Block et al. 535
631
(BR), KM592192, KM592099; C. nigrescens Hook.f.—Kenya, Luke & Luke 9030 (UPS),
632
KM592193, KM592100; C. peteri (Bridson) Degreef—Tanzania, Lovett & Congdon 2991 (BR),
633
KM592201, KM592108; C. supra-axillare (Hemsl.) Degreef—Madagascar, De Block et al. 1321
634
(BR), KM592194, KM592101; C. sp. nov. A—Madagascar, De Block et al. 720 (BR),
635
KM592199, KM592106; C. sp. nov. B—Madagascar, De Block et al. 796 (BR), KM592195,
636
KM592102; C. sp. nov. C—Madagascar, De Block et al. 1355 (BR), KM592196, KM592103; C.
637
sp. nov. D—Madagascar, De Block et al. 704 (BR), KM592197, KM592104; C. sp. nov. E—
638
Madagascar, De Block et al. 733 (BR), KM592198, KM592105.
639
Homollea longiflora Arènes—Madagascar, De Block et al. 767 (BR), KM592205,
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640
KM592112; H. perrieri Arènes—Madagascar, Morat 4700 (TAN), KM592206, KM592113.
641
Kindia gangan Cheek—Republic of Guinea, Cheek 18345 (K),MG708505, MG708506.
642
Leptactina arborescens (Welw. ex Benth. & Hook.f.) De Block—Ghana, Schmidt et al.
643
1683 (MO), KM592202, KM592109.; L. benguelensis (Welw. ex Benth. & Hook.f.)
644
R.D.Good—Zambia, Dessein et al. 1142 (BR), KM592209, KM592116; L. delagoensis K.Schum.—
645
Tanzania, Luke & Kibure 9744 (UPS), KM592210, KM592117; L. epinyctios Bullock ex
646
Verdc.—Zambia, Dessein et al. 1348 (BR), KM592211, KM592118; L. involucrata Hook.f.—
647
Cameroon, Davis 3028 (K), KM592212, KM592119; L. leopoldi-secundi Büttner—Republic of
648
Congo, Champluvier 5248 (BR), KM592213, KM592120; L. mannii Hook.f.—Gabon, Dessein
649
et al. 2518 (BR), KM592214, KM592121; L. papalis (N.Hallé) De Block—Gabon, Dessein et al.
650
2355 (BR), KM592188, KM592095; L. papyrophloea Verdc.—Tanzania, Luke & Kibure 9838
651
(UPS), KM592215, KM592122; L. pynaertii De Wild.—Republic of the Congo, Champluvier s.n.
652
(BR), KM592216, KM592123.
653
654
655
Nichallea soyauxii (Hiern) Bridson—Cameroon, Dessein et al. 1402 (BR), KM592218,
KM592125.
Paracephaelis cinerea (A.Rich. ex DC.) De Block—Madagascar, De Block et al. 2193
656
(BR), KM592220, KM592127; P. cinerea (A.Rich. ex DC.) De Block—Madagascar, Bremer et
657
al. 5122 (S), KJ815372, KJ815619; P. saxatilis (Scott-Elliot) De Block—Madagascar, De Block
658
et al. 2401 (BR), KM592221, KM592128; P. saxatilis (Scott-Elliot) De Block—Madagascar,
659
Razafimandimbison & Kroger 937 (S), KJ815374, KJ815622; P. sericea (Arènes) De Block,
660
Madagascar, De Block et al. 849 (BR), KM592207, KM592114; P. tiliacea Baill.—Madagascar,
661
Groeninckx et al. 113 (BR), KM592222, KM592129; P. trichantha (Baker) De Block—Aldabra
662
(Seychelles), Friedmann 833385 (UPS), KJ815376, KJ815624; P. sp.—Madagascar, De Block
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663
664
1174 (BR), AM117331, KJ815620.
Pavetta abyssinica Fresen.—Africa (unknown country), De Block 6 (BR), FM204726,
665
FM207133; P. agrostiphylla Bremek.—Sri Lanka, Bremer B. & K. 936 (UPS), KM592223,
666
KM592130; P. batesiana Bremek.—Gabon, Dessein et al. 2071 (BR), KM592224, KM592131;
667
P. hymenophylla Bremek.—Tanzania, Luke et al. 9101 (UPS), KM592225, KM592132; P.
668
indica L.—Sri Lanka, Andreasen 202 (UPS), KM592226, KM592133; P. sansibarica
669
K.Schum.—Kenya, Luke et al. 8326 (UPS), KM592227, KM592134; P. schumanniana F.Hoffm.
670
ex K.Schum.—Zambia, Dessein et al. 911 (BR), KM592228, KM592135; P. stenosepala
671
K.Schum.—Kenya, Luke et al. 8318 (UPS), KM592233, KM592140; P. suffruticosa
672
K.Schum.—Cameroon, Lachenaud et al. 838 (BR), KM592231, KM592138; P. tarennoides
673
S.Moore—Kenya, Luke et al. 8325 (UPS), KM592234, KM592141; P. ternifolia Hiern—Burundi,
674
Ntore 19 (BR), KM592235, KM592142; P. tetramera (Hiern) Bremek—Gabon, Van de Weghe
675
163 (BR), KM592236, KM592143; P. vaga S.T.Reynolds—Australia, Harwood 1290 (DNA),
676
KM592237, KM592144; P. sp. A of FTEA Bridson—Tanzania, Luke et al. 9134 (UPS),
677
KM592232, KM592139; P. sp. B—Vietnam, Davis et al. 4082 (K), KM592229, KM592136; P.
678
sp. C—Asia (country unknown), Van Caekenberghe 199 (BR), KM592230, KM592137.
679
680
681
Robbrechtia grandifolia De Block—Madagascar, Kårehed 311 (UPS), KM592239,
KM592146; R. milleri De Block—Madagascar, Bremer et al. 5295 (S), KM592240, KM592147.
Rutidea decorticata Hiern—Cameroon, Maurin 14 (K), KM592241, KM592148; R.
682
dupuisii De Wild.—Gabon, Dessein et al. 1802 (BR), KM592242, KM592149; R. ferruginea
683
Hiern—Cameroon, Dessein et al. 1674 (BR), KM592242, KM592150; R. fuscescens Hiern—
684
Tanzania, Luke et al. 9124 (UPS), KM592244, KM592151; R. membranacea Hiern—Liberia,
685
Adam 21433 (UPS), KM592245, KM592152; R. olenotricha Hiern—Ghana, Schmidt et al. 1731
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686
(MO), KM592246, KM592153; R. parviflora DC.—Liberia, Adam 20156 (UPS), KM592248,
687
KM592154; R. seretii De Wild.—Cameroon, Gereau 5588 (UPS), KM592249, KM592155.
688
Schizenterospermum grevei Homolle ex Arènes—Madagascar, De Block et al. 2167
689
(BR), KM592250, KM592156; S. rotundifolia Homolle ex Arènes—Madagascar, De Block et al.
690
771 (BR), KM592251, KM592157.
691
Tarenna alleizettei (Dubard & Dop) De Block—Madagascar, De Block et al. 1883 (BR),
692
KM592272, KM592178; T. alleizettei (Dubard & Dop) De Block—Madagascar, Kårehed 313A
693
(UPS), KJ815382, KJ815630; T. alpestris (Wight) N.P.Balakr.—India, De Block 1474 (BR),
694
KM592252, KM592158; T. asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K.Schum.—India, Auroville 998 (SBT),
695
KM592253, KM592159; T. bipindensis (K.Schum.) Bremek., Liberia, Jongkind 8495 (BR),
696
KM592255, KM592161; T. capuroniana De Block—Madagascar, De Block et al. 937 (BR),
697
KM592273, KM592179; T. capuroniana De Block—Madagascar, Bremer et al. 5041 (S),
698
KJ815386, KJ815634; T. depauperata Hutch.—China, Chow & Wan 79063 (UPS), KM592256,
699
KM592162; T. flava Alston—Sri Lanka, Klackenberg 440 (S), KM592257, KM592163; T.
700
fuscoflava (K.Schum.) S.Moore—Ghana, Schmidt et al. 2099 (MO), KM592258, KM592164; T.
701
gracilipes (Hayata) Ohwi—Japan, Van Caekenberghe 149 (BR), KM592259, KM592165; T.
702
grevei (Drake) Homolle—Madagascar, De Block et al. 959 (BR), KM592274, KM592180; T.
703
jolinonii N.Hallé—Gabon, Champluvier 6098 (BR), KM592260, KM592166; T. lasiorachis
704
(K.Schum. & K.Krause) Bremek.—Gabon, Wieringa 4432 (WAG), KM592261, KM592167; T.
705
leioloba (Guillaumin) S.Moore—New Caledonia, Mouly 174 (P), KM592262, KM592168; T.
706
microcarpa (Guillaumin) Jérémie—New Caledonia, Mouly 297 (P), KM592263, KM592169; T.
707
nitidula (Benth.) Hiern—Liberia, Jongkind 8000 (BR), KM592264, KM592170; T. pallidula
708
Hiern—Gabon, Dessein et al. 2215 (BR), KM592265, KM592171; T. pembensis J.E.Burrows—
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709
Mozambique, Luke et al. 10136 (UPS), KM592266, KM592172; T. precidantenna N.Hallé—
710
Gabon, Dessein et al. 2360 (BR), KM592267, KM592173; T. rhypalostigma (Schltr.) Bremek.—
711
New Caledonia, Mouly 182 (P), KM592268, KM592174; T. roseicosta Bridson—Tanzania,
712
Luke et al. 9170 (UPS), KM592269, KM592175; T. sambucina (G.Forst.) T.Durand ex Drake—
713
New Caledonia, Mouly et al. 364 (P), KM592270, KM592176; T. spiranthera (Drake)
714
Homolle—Madagascar, De Block et al. 946 (BR), KM592275, KM592181; T. thouarsiana
715
(Drake) Homolle—Madagascar, De Block et al. 655 (BR), KM592276, KM592182; T. uniflora
716
(Drake) Homolle—Madagascar, Bremer et al. 5230 (S), KM592277, KM592183; T. vignei Hutch.
717
& Dalziel—Republic of Guinea, Jongkind 8126 (BR), KM592271, KM592177.
718
719
720
721
Tennantia sennii (Chiov.) Verdc. & Bridson—Kenya, Luke et al. 8357 (UPS),
KM592278, KM592184.
Tribe Vanguerieae: Vangueria madagascariensis J.F.Gmel.—Africa (country
unknown), Delprete 7383 (NY), EU821636, –.
722
723
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Table 1(on next page)
Characters separating Kindia from Leptactina s.l., including Coleactina and Dictyandra
(i.e. the remainder of Pavetteae Clade II according to De Block et al., 2015).
Data for Leptactina morphology were taken from specimen measurements and from Hallé
(1970) and Neuba et al. (2014). Data for the pollen characters of Leptactina are based on De
Block & Robbrecht (1998).
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1
Table 1. Characters separating Kindia from Leptactina s.l., including Coleactina and Dictyandra (i.e. the remainder of Pavetteae
2
Clade II according to De Block et al., 2015). Data for Leptactina morphology were taken from specimen measurements and from
3
Hallé (1970) and Neuba et al. (2014). Data for the pollen characters of Leptactina are based on De Block & Robbrecht (1998).
Characters
Pollen: apocolpial index
Pollen aperture number
Anther attachment
Anther apical connective appendage
Style arms at anthesis
Corolla tube shape
Presence of a dense, discrete band of hairs near
base of corolla tube
Pollen presenter
Colleter exudate from apical bud
Leptactina s.l.
0.39-0.68
(3–)4
Sub-apical or medifixed (except subbasal in L. arborescens)
Present
Kindia
0.125
3
Sub-basal
Divergent (except L. pynaertii)
long narrow cylindrical sometimes
widening subtly at the throat (where
anthers are included)
Absent
Appressed together
Strongly infundibular-campanulate,
short proximal narrow section abruptly
widening to long, broad distal section
Present
Smooth, usually hairy
Usually not conspicuous; if
conspicuous, translucent, colourless
Longitudinally winged, glabrous
Conspicuous, opaque, bright red
4
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Absent
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Table 2(on next page)
Compounds assigned from LC-MS/MS analysis (negative mode) of the colleter exudate
from Cheek 18345.
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1
Table 2. Compounds assigned from LC-MS/MS analysis (negative mode) of the colleter exudate from Cheek 18345.
Assigned compound# (or isomer)
Trihydroxy-oxocycloartanoic acid
Pentahydroxy-(hydroxylmethyl) cycloartanoic acid
Epoxy-trihydroxy-cycloartenoic acid
Epoxy-trihydroxy-cycloartenoic acid
Epoxy-trihydroxy-cycloartenoic acid
Epoxy-trihydroxy-cycloartenoic acid
Trihydroxy-oxocycloartanoic acid
Trihydroxy-oxocycloartanoic acid
Dikamaliartane Aa
Trihydroxy-oxocycloartanoic acid
1,3-Dihydroxy-23-oxocycloartan-28-oic acid (= carinatin
A)b or 4,28-dihydroxy-26-oxo-3,4-secocycloart-24-en-3oic acid (= gardenoin J)c
1,3-Dihydroxy-23-oxocycloartan-28-oic acid (= carinatin
A)b or 4,28-dihydroxy-26-oxo-3,4-secocycloart-24-en-3oic acid (= gardenoin J)c
1,3-Dihydroxy-23-oxocycloartan-28-oic acid (= carinatin
A)b or 4,28-dihydroxy-26-oxo-3,4-secocycloart-24-en-3oic acid (= gardenoin J)c
1,3-Dihydroxy-23-oxocycloart-24-en-28-oic acid (=
gardenolic acid B)d
1,3-Dihydroxy-23-oxocycloartan-28-oic acid (= carinatin
A)b or 4,28-dihydroxy-26-oxo-3,4-secocycloart-24-en-3oic acid (= gardenoin J)c
1,3-Dihydroxy-23-oxocycloart-24-en-28-oic acid (=
gardenolic acid B)d
1,3-Dihydroxy-23-oxocycloart-24-en-28-oic acid (=
gardenolic acid B)d
1,3-Dihydroxy-23-oxocycloart-24-en-28-oic acid (=
gardenolic acid B)d
Epoxy-trihydroxy-cycloartenoic acid
1,3-Dihydroxy-23-oxocycloart-24-en-28-oic acid (=
(m/z)
Ion
ppm#
C30H48O6
C31H52O8
C30H46O6
C30H46O6
C30H46O6
C30H46O6
C30H48O6
C30H48O6
C30H44O6
C30H48O6
C30H48O5
503.3385
551.3596
501.3228
501.3225
501.3231
501.3229
503.3379
503.3380
499.3068
503.3384
487.3435
[M - H][M - H][M - H][M - H][M - H][M - H][M - H][M - H][M - H][M - H][M - H]-
1.366
1.230
1.112
0.993
1.910
1.372
0.154
0.273
0.556
1.247
1.195
15.9
C30H48O5
487.3433
[M - H]-
0.743
16.3
C30H48O5
487.3432
[M - H]-
0.559
16.5
C30H46O5
485.3274
[M - H]-
0.355
16.6
C30H48O5
487.3432
[M - H]-
0.682
17.3
C30H46O5
485.3276
[M - H]-
0.746
17.5
C30H46O5
485.3272
[M - H]-
0.016
17.8
C30H46O5
485.3280
[M - H]-
1.550
18.2
19.4
C30H46O6
C30H46O5
501.3228
485.3279
[M - H][M - H]-
1.292
1.303
Retention time
(min)
12.3
12.4
12.9
13.0
13.2
13.3
13.8
14.0
14.3
14.6
15.0
Molecular formula
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gardenolic acid B)d
1,3-Dihydroxy-23-oxocycloartan-28-oic acid (= carinatin
A)b or 4,28-dihydroxy-26-oxo-3,4-secocycloart-24-en-3oic acid (= gardenoin J)c
1,3-Dihydroxy-23-oxocycloart-24-en-28-oic acid (=
gardenolic acid B)d
1,3-Dihydroxy-23-oxocycloartan-28-oic acid (= carinatin
A)b or 4,28-gihydroxy-26-oxo-3,4-secocycloart-24-en-3oic acid (= gardenoin J)c
Gummiferartane 3e
1,2,3,4-Octadecanetetrol; 1-O- rhamnosidef
7-Hydroxy-3,4-secocycloarta-4(28),24-diene-3,26-dioic
acid; 3-Me ester or 4-hydroxy-3,4-secocycloart-24-en26,22-olid-3-oic acid; Me ester
23,26-Epoxy-6,28-dihydroxy-3,4-secocycloarta4(29),23,25-trien-3-oic acidg
1,2,3,4-Eicosanetetrolh
Gummiferartane 3e
1,3-Dihydroxy-23-oxocycloartan-28-oic acid (= carinatin
A)b or 4,28-dihydroxy-26-oxo-3,4-secocycloart-24-en-3oic acid (= gardenoin J)c
1,2,3,4-Octadecanetetrol; 1-O- rhamnosidef
1,2,3,4-Octadecanetetrol; 1-O- rhamnosidef
1,3-Dihydroxy-23-oxocycloartan-28-oic acid (= carinatin
A)b or 4,28-dihydroxy-26-oxo-3,4-secocycloart-24-en-3oic acid (= gardenoin J)c
Dihydroxy-methoxycycloartenoic acid or diepoxymethoxycycloartane-diol
1,3-Dihydroxy-23-oxocycloart-24-en-28-oic acid (=
gardenolic acid B)d
Dikamaliartane Da or Fa
Gummiferartane 4e or 9e
1,3-Dihydroxy-23-oxocycloart-24-en-28-oic acid (=
gardenolic acid B)d
Gummiferartane 4e or 9e
19.5
C30H48O5
487.3432
[M - H]-
0.682
19.9
C30H46O5
485.3272
[M - H]-
0.016
20.3
C30H48O5
487.3434
[M - H]-
0.928
20.8
20.9
21.0
C30H50O5
C24H48O8
C31H48O5
489.3549
463.3281
499.3435
[M - H][M - H][M - H]-
0.638
0.903
1.166
21.2
C30H44O5
483.3124
[M - H]-
1.619
21.6
C20H42O4
391.3069
0.863
21.8
22.0
C30H50O5
C30H48O5
489.3590
487.3433
[M +
HCOO][M - H][M - H]-
22.4
22.5
22.8
C24H48O8
C24H48O8
C30H48O5
463.3283
463.3283
487.3435
[M - H][M - H][M - H]-
1.378
1.443
1.318
23.0
C31H50O5
501.3589
[M - H]-
0.682
23.6
C30H46O5
485.3278
[M - H]-
1.179
23.8
24.3
24.5
C30H46O4
C30H48O4
C30H46O5
469.2968
471.3483
485.3283
[M - H][M - H][M - H]-
1.314
0.736
2.251
24.9
C30H48O4
471.3483
[M - H]-
0.608
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0.883
0.805
Manuscript to be reviewed
Dikamaliartane Da or Fa
Gummiferartane 4e or 9e
Dikamaliartane Da or Fa
6,25-Dihydroxy-29-nor-3,4-secocycloarta-4(28),23-dien3-oic acid; 25-Me ether, Me esteri or dihydroxymethylenecycloartanoic acid
Dikamaliartane Da or Fa
Gummiferartane 4e or 9e
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
25.3
25.7
25.9
26.4
C30H46O4
C30H48O4
C30H46O4
C31H50O4
469.3328
471.3489
939.67328
485.3647
[M - H][M - H][2M - H][M - H]-
0.973
1.966
1.423
2.177
26.9
27.8
C30H46O4
C30H48O4
469.3331
483.3482
[M - H][M - H]-
1.634
0.407
All compounds assigned by comparison of accurate mass data (based on ppm#), and by interpretation of available MS/MS spectra.
aReported to occur in Gardenia gummifera L.f. and G. lucida Roxb. (Kunert et al., 2009); the latter a synonym for G. resinifera Roth.
bOccurs in Gardenia carinata Wall. ex Roxb. (CCD, 2017).
cOccurs in Gardenia thailandica Tirveng. (CCD, 2017).
dOccurs in Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis (CCD, 2017).
eOccurs in Gardenia gummifera (CCD, 2017).
fConstituent of the resin of Commiphora opobalsamum (L.) Engl. (CCD, 2017); synonym for Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C.Chr.
gOccurs in Gardenia obtusifolia Roxb. ex Hook.f. (CCD, 2017).
hD-xylo-form (guggultetrol 20) occurs in Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Engl. resin (CCD, 2017).
iOccurs in Antirhea acutata (DC.) Urb. (CCD, 2017); synonym for Stenostomum acutatum DC.
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Figure 1
Photographs showing the cliff-dwelling habitat and the habit of Kindia gangan at Mt
Gangan, Kindia, Guinea.
(A) plants scattered on high sandstone cliff (Cheek 18345); (B) plant habit on cliff face
(Cheek 18541A); C frontal view of flower (Cheek 18541A); (D) side view of inflorescence
showing cupular bract (Cheek 18541A); (E) opened fruit showing ripe seeds (Cheek 18345).
Photos taken by Martin Cheek.
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Figure 2
Scanning electron micrographs of triangular pollen (unacetolysed) of Kindia gangan.
(A) polar view; (B) surface sculpturing. From Cheek 18541A.
*Note: Auto Gamma Correction was used for the image. This only affects the reviewing manuscript. See original source image if needed for review.
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Figure 3
Summary phylogenetic hypothesis based on the concatenated BI analysis.
Clades I–IV were numbered according to De Block et al. (2015).
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Figure 4
Kindia gangan Cheek.
(A) habit, with indication of bullate leaf surface; (b) plants in situ on rock face (from
photograph); (c) adaxial leaf indumentum around midrib; (d) abaxial leaf indumentum around
midrib; (e) inner face of stipule at second node; (f) secretory colleter from e; (g) flower, postanthetic; (h) peduncle and proximal cup of bracts with lobes (sheathing and concealing a
smaller distal cup of bracts) below flower; (i) corolla from post-anthetic flower cut
longitudinally and opened to display inner surface; (J) stigma; (k) transverse section of
mature fruit, empty of seeds but showing placenta (in the left locule); (l) seed, hydrated,
lateral view; (m) seed, dry, lateral view; (n) seed, dry, view from above. Scale bars: A, B = 5
cm; G, I, K = 1 cm; h = 5 mm; c, d, e, j = 2 mm; f, l, m, n = 1 mm. Drawn by Andrew Brown
based on Cheek 18345.
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Figure 5
Map of the distribution of Kindia gangan.
The distribution of the species was mapped using SimpleMappr.
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Petra de Block