The Families of Angiosperms |
Alternatively Asteraceae Dum. (nom. altern.).
Including Acarnaceae Link, Ambrosiaceae Dum. & Link (reduced, anemophilous Heliantheae), Anthemideae (Anthemidaceae) Link, Arctotidaceae Bessey, Calendulaceae Link, Carduaceae Dum., Cassiniaceae Sch. Bip., Cichoraceae (Cichoriaceae) Juss., Coreopsideae (Coreopsidaceae) Link, Cynaraceae Juss., Echinopaceae Dum., Echinopiaceae Link corr. Bullock, Echinopsidaceae Link, Eupatoriaceae Link, Heleniaceae Bessey, Helianthaceae Bessey, Helichrysaceae Link corr. Bullock, Inulaceae Bessey, Lactucaceae Bessey, Mutisiaceae Burnett, Nucamentaceae Hoffmgg., Partheniaceae Link, Perdicieae (Perdiciaceae) Link, Ritroneae (Ritronaceae) Hoffmgg. & Link, Senecionidaceae (Senecionaceae) Bessey, Spurionucaceae Dulac, Vernoniaceae Bessey
Habit and leaf form. Herbs (mostly), or trees (rarely), or arborescent, or shrubs (rarely), or lianas (rarely); laticiferous (nearly all Lactucoideae (Liguliflorae)), or non-laticiferous, without coloured juice (nearly all Asteroideae (Tubuliflorae)); bearing essential oils, or without essential oils; resinous, or not resinous. Normal plants, or switch-plants. Leaves well developed, or much reduced (sometimes). Plants non-succulent, or succulent (a few). Annual, or biennial, or perennial; with a basal aggregation of leaves, or without conspicuous aggregations of leaves. Self supporting (usually), or climbing (rarely); the climbers stem twiners, or scrambling; Mikania twining anticlockwise. Hydrophytic (very rarely, e.g. species of Bidens, Cotula), or helophytic, or mesophytic, or xerophytic; the hydrophytes rooted. Leaves of hydrophytes submerged and emergent. Leaves alternate (usually), or opposite (less often), or whorled (rarely); when alternate, spiral; herbaceous, or leathery, or fleshy, or membranous, or modified into spines; petiolate to sessile; sheathing, or non-sheathing. Leaf sheaths with free margins. Leaves gland-dotted, or not gland-dotted; aromatic, or foetid, or without marked odour; simple, or compound; peltate (occasionally), or not peltate. Lamina dissected, or entire; pinnatifid, or palmatifid, or runcinate, or spinose. Leaves exstipulate (nearly always), or stipulate (rarely). Lamina margins entire, or crenate, or serrate, or dentate; flat, or revolute, or involute. Leaf development not graminaceous; leaves becoming compound from primordial lobes. Domatia occurring in the family (known only from a Vernonia species); manifested as pits.
General anatomy. Plants with laticifers (articulated, mainly in the Cichorieae), or without laticifers. The laticifers in leaves, or in stems, or in roots, or in flowers, or in the fruits (in all or different combinations of these).
Leaf anatomy. The leaf lamina variously dorsiventral, or bifacial, or centric (but generaly dorsiventral). Hydathodes present (occasionally), or absent. Stomata mainly confined to one surface, or on both surfaces; usually anomocytic, or anisocytic. Hairs usually present (the family exhibiting numerous kinds); eglandular and glandular (the former represented by diverse types - shaggy, candelabra-like, bladder-like, peltate scales, etc.; the glanduar hairs with uniseriate or multiseriate stalks and unicellular or multicellular heads, sometimes depressed below the leaf surface resulting in pellucid dots, sometimes laticiferous); seemingly exclusively multicellular. Multicellular hairs uniseriate, or multiseriate; branched, or simple. Complex hairs present, or absent. Adaxial hypodermis occasionally present, or absent. Lamina with secretory cavities (commonly), or without secretory cavities. Secretory cavities when present, generally containing resin, or containing latex. The mesophyll containing crystals, or without crystals. The crystals when present, variously raphides, or druses, or solitary-prismatic. Minor leaf veins with phloem transfer cells (58 genera), or without phloem transfer cells (Barnadesia and Eupatorium only).
Axial (stem, wood) anatomy. Young stems with solid internodes, or with spongy internodes, or with hollow internodes. Pith with diaphragms, or without diaphragms. Secretory cavities present (commonly), or absent; when present, generally with resin, or with latex. Cork cambium present, or absent (with interxylary cork recorded, e.g. in Artemisia). Nodes unilacunar, or tri-lacunar, or multilacunar; exhibiting on either side a trace which divides, contributing the outermost lateral traces to each of the opposite leaves (rarely - e.g., in Argyroxiphium), or without split-lateral traces. Primary vascular tissues in a cylinder, without separate bundles (in woody forms), or comprising a ring of bundles (generally, in the familiar herbaceous forms), or comprising two or more rings of bundles; generally collateral. Internal phloem present (very rarely, but recorded in Lactuca and Launea), or absent. Cortical bundles present (commonly, in various configurations), or absent. Medullary bundles present (not uncommonly, these usually collateral but occasionally centric or incomplete), or absent. Secondary thickening absent (?), or developing from a conventional cambial ring, or anomalous. The anomalous secondary thickening when present, via concentric cambia, or from a single cambial ring. Primary medullary rays wide, or mixed wide and narrow, or narrow. The axial xylem with vessels.
The wood ring porous to diffuse porous. The vessels typically very small to small; variously solitary, or radially paired, or in radial multiples, or clustered, or in tangential arcs. The vessel end-walls typically only slightly oblique; simple (usually), or scalariform and simple, or reticulately perforated and simple. The vessels without vestured pits; with spiral thickening (commoner in temperate species), or without spiral thickening. The axial xylem with tracheids (usually), or without tracheids (?); with vasicentric tracheids (sometimes), or without vasicentric tracheids; with fibre tracheids (but rarely recorded), or without fibre tracheids; usually with libriform fibres; including septate fibres (rarely), or without septate fibres. The fibres with spiral thickening (very rarely), or without spiral thickening. The parenchyma typically rather sparse and paratracheal. The secondary phloem stratified into hard (fibrous) and soft (parenchymatous) zones (very rarely), or not stratified. Included phloem present (e.g. Chrysanthemoides, Stoebe), or absent. The wood storied, or partially storied, or not storied.
Reproductive type, pollination. Unisexual flowers present, or absent. Plants gynomonoecious (commonly, with hermaphrodite disk florets and female ray florets), or hermaphrodite, or monoecious, or dioecious, or androdioecious (rarely), or gynodioecious (rarely), or polygamomonoecious. Pollination entomophilous (mostly), or anemophilous (in the Anthemideae, which include significant hayfever plants); mechanism conspicuously specialized (via stylar modification, with active presentation, and the Cynareae also with irritable stamens), or unspecialized (anemophilous forms).
Inflorescence, floral, fruit and seed morphology. Flowers aggregated in inflorescences; in heads. The ultimate inflorescence units racemose (but the primary capitula sometimes in cymose secondary heads). Inflorescences nearly always indeterminate heads, but sometimes primary heads reduced to single florets are grouped into secondary heads e.g. Echinops; with involucral bracts; usually more or less, often spectacularly pseudanthial. Flowers bracteate (the bracts forming an involucre in one to several series); minute to small; regular, or regular and somewhat irregular, or regular and very irregular (those in each head all alike and ligulate-zygomorphic (Lactucoideae), or (in Asteroideae) variously all tubular-actinomorphic, or combining central actinomorphic and marginal ray florets); (4–)5 merous; cyclic; tricyclic, or tetracyclic.
Perianth with distinct calyx and corolla, or petaline (calyx sometimes absent e.g. Ambrosia and relatives); (1–)3–35; 1 whorled, or 2 whorled. Calyx when present, (1–)2–30 (of scales, awns or bristles constituting the pappus); represented by bristles (commonly), or not represented by bristles; 1 whorled; persistent, or not persistent; often accrescent (becoming the pappus); open in bud. Corolla 1–3 (ligulate florets), or (4–)5 (disk florets); 1 whorled; gamopetalous; valvate; unequal but not bilabiate (ligulate), or regular, or unequal but not bilabiate and regular, or bilabiate (in Mutisieae).
Androecium 3–5. Androecial members adnate; coherent; 1 whorled. Stamens 3–5; oppositisepalous (inserted on the corolla tube, alternating with the lobes); filantherous (with short filaments). Anthers cohering (nearly always, forming a tube around the style with a few exceptions among anemophilous Anthemideae); basifixed; dehiscing via longitudinal slits; tetrasporangiate (usually), or bisporangiate (occasionally); usually appendaged. The anther appendages apical, or apical and basal. Endothecium developing fibrous thickenings. Anther epidermis persistent. Microsporogenesis simultaneous. The initial microspore tetrads tetrahedral, or isobilateral, or decussate. Anther wall initially with one middle layer; of the dicot type. Tapetum amoeboid, or glandular (rarely). Pollen grains aperturate, or nonaperturate (perhaps, occasionally?); mostly 3 aperturate; colporate (commonly), or colpate, or porate, or zoniaperturate; lophate (notably in most Lactucoideae), or not lophate (usually spinulose); 3-celled (in 46 genera).
Gynoecium 2 carpelled. The pistil 1 celled. Gynoecium syncarpous; synovarious to synstylovarious; inferior. Ovary 1 locular. Gynoecium median. Epigynous disk usually present (around the base of the style). Styles 2; partially joined; attenuate from the ovary. Stigmas 2; dry type; papillate; Group II type. Placentation basal. Ovules in the single cavity 1; ascending; non-arillate; anatropous; unitegmic; tenuinucellate. Endothelium differentiated. Embryo-sac development Polygonum-type, or Chrysanthemum-type (or unspecified). Polar nuclei fusing prior to fertilization, or not fusing (when apomictic). Antipodal cells formed; 2, or 3 (sometimes becoming multinucleate); proliferating (rarely, with up to 60 cells), or not proliferating. Embryogeny asterad.
Fruit non-fleshy; indehiscent; a cypsella (almost invariably), or a drupe (occasionally). The drupes with one stone. Dispersal unit the remains of the flower (i.e. the cypsella). Dispersal commonly by wind, via the hairy pappus. Seeds non-endospermic (or endosperm very thin). Cotyledons 2 (expanded); occasionally rolled (but usually planoconvex). Embryo achlorophyllous (17/21); straight (oily).
Seedling. Germination phanerocotylar.
Physiology, phytochemistry. C3, or C4, or CAM, or C3-C4 intermediate. C3 physiology recorded directly in Acanthospermum, Achillea, Ambrosia, Arctium, Artemisia, Aster, Baccharis, Bahia, Bebbia, Bidens, Blainvillea, Caputia, Centaurea, Ceruana, Chrysactinea, Chrysanthemum, Cirsium, Clappia, Coreocarpus, Coreopsis, Cosmos, Dicoma, Dyssodia, Echinops, Encelia, Erodiophyllum, Eupatorium, Flaveria, Franseria, Galinsoga, Goldmanella, Grangea, Grangeopsis, Grindelia, Guizotia, Gymnolaena, Haplopappus, Helianthus, Heterospermum, Hidalgoa, Hofmeisteria, Hymenoclea, Isocoma, Iva, Lactuca, Lagenophora, Leucactinia, Liatris , Matricaria, Myriactis, Nicolletia, Oligochaeta, Parthenium, Peucephyllum, Plagiocheilus, Pluchia, Pulicaria, Rhynchospermum, Schizotrichia, Solenogyne, Solidago, Sonchus, Stephanomeria, Strotheria, Tagetes, Taraxacum, Thelesperma, Tragopogon, Trichoptilium, Trichospira, Urbinella, Varilla, Vernonia, Xanthium, Zinna. C4 physiology recorded directly in Chrysanthellum, Eryngiophyllum, Flaveria, Glossocardia, Glossogyne, Isostigma, Pectis. CAM recorded directly in Aeonium, Aster, Kleinia, Notonia, Othonna, Senecio. C3-C4 intermediacy in Flaveria (10 species) and Parthenium hysterophorus. Anatomy C4 type (Chrysanthellum, Flaveria, Parthenium, Pectis), or non-C4 type (numerous genera). Sugars transported as sucrose, or as sugar alcohols + oligosaccharides + sucrose. Inulin recorded (very widespread). Cyanogenic (rarely), or not cyanogenic. Cynogenic constituents phenylalanine-derived, or of Hegnauers Group C. Polyacetylenes recorded. Alkaloids present, or absent. Anthraquinones detected (3 genera); polyacetate derived. Verbascosides detected (Echinacea). Arbutin present, or absent. Iridoids not detected. Saponins/sapogenins present, or absent. Proanthocyanidins absent (with the exception of Cosmos bipinnatus, with a trace of cyanidin). Flavonols present (mostly), or absent; kaempferol, or quercetin, or kaempferol and quercetin. Ellagic acid practically always absent (absent from 40 species and 28 genera, with a positive record only for Tagetes patula). Ursolic acid present. Aluminium accumulation not found (but many accumulate selenium). Sieve-tube plastids S-type.
Geography, cytology. Frigid zone, temperate, sub-tropical, and tropical. Cosmopolitan. X = 2–19(+). Supposed basic chromosome number of family: 9.
Taxonomy. Subclass Dicotyledonae; Tenuinucelli. Dahlgrens Superorder Asteriflorae; Asterales. Cronquists Subclass Asteridae; Asterales. APG III core angiosperms; core eudicot; Superorder Asteranae; campanulid. APG IV Order Asterales.
Species about 13000. Genera about 1500; Aaronsohnia, Abrotanella, Acamptopappus, Acanthocephalus, Acanthocladium, Acanthodesmos, Acantholepis, Acanthospermum, Acanthostyles, Achillea, Achnophora, Achnopogon, Achyrachaena, Achyrocline, Achyropappus, Achyrothalamus, Acilepidopsis, Acilepis, Acmella, Acomis, Acourtia, Acrisione, Acritopappus, Acroptilon, Actinobole, Actinoseris, Actites, Adelostigma, Adenanthellum, Adenocaulon, Adenocritonia, Adenoglossa, Adenoon, Adenopappus, Adenophyllum, Adenostemma, Adenothamnus, Aedesia, Aegopordon, Aequatorium, Aetheolaena, Aetheorhiza, Ageratella, Ageratina, Ageratinastrum, Ageratum, Agoseris, Agrianthus, Ainsliaea, Ajania, Ajaniopsis, Alatoseta, Albertinia, Alcantara, Alciope, Aldama, Alepidocline, Alfredia, Aliella, Allagopappus, Allardia, Alloispermum, Allopterigeron, Almutaster, Alomia, Alomiella, Alvordia, Amauria, Amberboa, Amblyocarpum, Amblyolepis, Amblyopappus, Amboroa, Ambrosia, Ameghinoa, Amellus, Ammobium, Amolinia, Ampelaster, Amphiachyris, Amphiglossa, Amphipappus, Amphoricarpos, Anacantha, Anacyclus, Anaphalioides, Anaphalis, Anaxeton, Ancathia, Ancistrocarphus, Ancistrophora, Andryala, Angelphytum, Angianthus, Anisochaeta, Anisocoma, Anisopappus, Anisothrix, Antennaria, Anthemis, Antillia, Antiphiona, Antithrixia, Anura, Anvillea, Apalochlamys, Aphanactis, Aphanostephus, Aphyllocladus, Apodocephala, Apopyros, Aposeris, Apostates, Arbelaezaster, Archibaccharis, Arctanthemum, Arctium, Arctogeron, Arctotheca, Arctotis, Argyranthemum, Argyroglottis, Argyrovernonia, Argyroxiphium, Aristeguietia, Arnaldoa, Arnica, Arnicastrum, Arnoglossum, Arnoseris, Arrhenechthites, Arrojadocharis, Arrowsmithia, Artemisia, Artemisiopsis, Asaemia, Asanthus, Ascidiogyne, Aspilia, Asplundianthus, Aster, Asteridea, Asteriscus, Asteromoea, Asteropsis, Asterothamnus, Astranthium, Athanasia, Athrixia, Athroisma, Atractylis, Atractylodes, Atrichantha, Atrichoseris, Austrobrickellia, Austrocritonia, Austroeupatorium, Austrosynotis, Axiniphyllum, Ayapana, Ayapanopsis, Aylacophora, Aynia, Aztecaster, Baccharidopsis, Baccharis, Baccharoides, Badilloa, Baeriopsis, Bafutia, Bahia, Bahianthus, Baileya, Balduina, Balsamorhiza, Baltimora, Barkleyanthus, Barnadesia, Barroetea, Barrosoa, Bartlettia, Bartlettina, Basedowia, Bebbia, Bedfordia, Bejaranoa, Bellida, Bellis, Bellium, Belloa, Berardia, Berkheya, Berlandiera, Berroa, Berylsimpsonia, Bidens, Bigelowia, Bishopalea, Bishopanthus, Bishopiella, Bishovia, Blainvillea, Blakeanthus, Blakiella, Blanchetia, Blennosperma, Blennospora, Blepharipappus, Blepharispermum, Blepharizonia, Blumea, Blumeopsis, Boeberastrum, Boeberoides, Bolanosa, Bolocephalus, Boltonia, Bombycilaena, Borkonstia, Borrichia, Bothriocline, Brachanthemum, Brachionostylum, Brachyactis, Brachyclados, Brachyglottis, Brachylaena, Brachyscome, Brachythrix, Bracteantha, Brickellia, Brickelliastrum, Bryomorphe, Buphthalmum, Burkartia, Cabreriella, Cacalia, Cacaliopsis, Cacosmia, Cadiscus, Caesulia, Calea, Calendula, Callicephalus, Callilepis, Callistephus, Calocephalus, Calomeria, Calostephane, Calotesta, Calotis, Calycadenia, Calycoseris, Calyptocarpus, Camchaya, Campovassouria, Camptacra, Campuloclinium, Canadanthus, Cancrinia, Cancriniella, Cardopatium, Carduncellus, Carduus, Carlina, Carminatia, Carpesium, Carphephorus, Carphochaete, Carramboa, Carterothamnus, Carthamus, Cassinia, Castanedia, Castrilanthemum, Catamixis, Catananche, Catatia, Cavalcantia, Cavea, Celmisia, Centaurea, Centaurodendron, Centauropsis, Centaurothamnus, Centipeda, Centratherum, Cephalipterum, Cephalopappus, Cephalorrhynchus, Cephalosorus, Ceratogyne, Ceruana, Chacoa, Chaenactis, Chaetadelpha, Chaetanthera, Chaetopappa, Chaetoseris, Chamaechaenactis, Chamaegeron, Chamaemelum, Chamaepus, Chaptalia, Chardinia, Cheirolophus, Chersodoma, Chevreulia, Chiliadenus, Chiliocephalum, Chiliophyllum, Chiliotrichiopsis, Chiliotrichum, Chimantaea, Chionolaena, Chionopappus, Chlamydophora, Chloracantha, Chondrilla, Chondropyxis, Chresta, Chromolaena, Chromolepis, Chronopappus, Chrysactinia, Chrysactinium, Chrysanthellum, Chrysanthemoides, Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthoglossum, Chrysocephalum, Chrysocoma, Chrysogonum, Chrysolaena, Chrysoma, Chrysophthalmum, Chrysopsis, Chrysothamnus, Chthonocephalus, Chucoa, Chuquiraga, Cicerbita, Ciceronia, Cichorium, Cineraria, Cirsium, Cissampelopsis, Cladanthus, Cladochaeta, Clappia, Clibadium, Cnicothamnus, Cnicus, Coespeletia, Coleocoma, Coleostephus, Colobanthera, Columbiadoria, Comaclinium, Comborhiza, Commidendrum, Complaya, Condylidium, Condylopodium, Conocliniopsis, Conoclinium, Conyza, Coreocarpus, Coreopsis, Corethamnium, Correllia, Corymbium, Cosmos, Cotula, Coulterella, Cousinia, Cousiniopsis, Craspedia, Crassocephalum, Cratystylis, Cremanthodium, Crepidiastrum, Crepis, Critonia, Critoniadelphus, Critoniella, Critoniopsis, Crocidium, Cronquistia, Cronquistianthus, Croptilon, Crossostephium, Crossothamnus, Crupina, Cuatrecasanthus, Cuatrecasasiella, Cuchumatanea, Cullumia, Curiotalinoides, Cuspidia, Cyanthillium, Cyathocline, Cyathomone, Cyclolepis, Cylindrocline, Cymbolaena, Cymbonotus, Cymbopappus, Cynara, Cyrtocymura, Dacryotrichia, Dahlia, Damnamenia, Damnxanthodium, Dasycondylus, Dasyphyllum, Daveaua, Decachaeta, Decastylocarpus, Decazesia, Delairea, Delamerea, Delilia, Dendranthema, Dendrocacalia, Dendrophorbium, Dendrosenecio, Dendroseris, Denekia, Desmanthodium, Dewildemania, Diacranthera, Dianthoseris, Diaphractanthus, Diaspananthus, Dicercoclados, Dichaetophora, Dichrocephala, Dichromochlamys, Dicoma, Dicoria, Dicranocarpus, Didelta, Dielitzia, Digitacalia, Dimeresia, Dimerostemma, Dimorphocoma, Dimorphotheca, Dinoseris, Diodontium, Diplazoptilon, Diplostephium, Dipterocome, Dipterocypsela, Disparago, Dissothrix, Distephanus, Disynaphia, Dithyrostegia, Dittrichia, Doellingeria, Dolichoglottis, Dolichorrhiza, Dolichothrix, Dolomiaea, Doniophyton, Dorobaea, Doronicum, Dracopis, Dresslerothamnus, Dubautia, Dubyaea, Dugesia, Duhaldea, Duidaea, Duseniella, Dymondia, Dyscritogyne, Dyscritothamnus, Dysodiopsis, Dyssodia, Eastwoodia, Eatonella, Echinacea, Echinocoryne, Echinops, Eclipta, Edmondia, Egletes, Eirmocephala, Eitenia, Ekmania, Elachanthus, Elaphandra, Elephantopus, Eleutheranthera, Ellenbergia, Elytropappus, Embergeria, Emilia, Emiliella, Encelia, Enceliopsis, Endocellion, Endopappus, Engelmannia, Engleria, Enydra, Epaltes, Epilasia, Episcothamnus, Epitriche, Erato, Erechtites, Eremanthus, Eremosis, Eremothamnus, Eriachaenium, Ericameria, Ericentrodea, Erigeron, Eriocephalus, Eriochlamys, Eriophyllum, Eriothrix, Erlangea, Erodiophyllum, Erymophyllum, Eryngiophyllum, Erythradenia, Erythrocephalum, Espejoa, Espeletia, Espeletiopsis, Ethulia, Eucephalus, Euchiton, Eumorphia, Eupatoriastrum, Eupatorina, Eupatoriopsis, Eupatorium, Euphrosyne, Eurybiopsis, Eurydochus, Euryops, Eutetras, Euthamia, Evacidium, Ewartia, Ewartiothamnus, Exomiocarpon, Facelis, Farfugium, Faujasia, Faxonia, Feddea, Feldstonia, Felicia, Femeniasia, Fenixia, Ferreyranthus, Ferreyrella, Filago, Filifolium, Fitchia, Fitzwillia, Flaveria, Fleischmannia, Fleischmanniopsis, Florestina, Floscaldasia, Flosmutisia, Flourensia, Flyriella, Formania, Foveolina, Freya, Fulcaldea, Gaillardia, Galactites, Galeana, Galeomma, Galinsoga, Gamochaeta, Gamochaetopsis, Garberia, Garcibarrigoa, Garcilassa, Gardnerina, Garhadiolus, Garuleum, Gazania, Geigeria, Geissolepis, Geraea, Gerbera, Geropogon, Gibbaria, Gilberta, Gilruthia, Gladiopappus, Glaziovianthus, Glossarion, Glossocardia, Glossopappus, Glyptopleura, Gnaphaliothamnus, Gnaphalium, Gnephosis, Gochnatia, Goldmanella, Gongrostylus, Gongylolepis, Goniocaulon, Gonospermum, Gorceixia, Gorteria, Gossweilera, Goyazianthus, Grangea, Grangeopsis, Graphistylis, Gratwickia, Grauanthus, Grazielia, Greenmaniella, Grindelia, Grisebachianthus, Grosvenoria, Guardiola, Guayania, Guevaria, Guizotia, Gundelia, Gundlachia, Gutierrezia, Gymnanthemum, Gymnarrhena, Gymnocondylus, Gymnocoronis, Gymnodiscus, Gymnolaena, Gymnopentzia, Gymnosperma, Gymnostephium, Gynoxys, Gynura, Gypothamnium, Gyptidium, Gyptis, Gyrodoma, Haastia, Haeckeria, Haegiela, Handelia, Haplocarpha, Haploesthes, Haplopappus, Haplostephium, Harleya, Harnackia, Hartwrightia, Hasteola, Hatschbachiella, Hazardia, Hebeclinium, Hecastocleis, Hedypnois, Helenium, Helianthella, Helianthus, Helichrysopsis, Helichrysum, Heliocauta, Heliomeris, Heliopsis, Helipterum, Helminthotheca, Helogyne, Hemisteptia, Hemizonia, Henricksonia, Heptanthus, Herderia, Herodotia, Herrickia, Hesperevax, Hesperodoria, Hesperomannia, Heteracia, Heteranthemis, Heterocoma, Heterocondylus, Heterocypsela, Heteroderis, Heterolepis, Heteromera, Heteromma, Heteropappus, Heteroplexis, Heterorhachis, Heterosperma, Heterothalamus, Heterotheca, Hidalgoa, Hieracium, Hilliardia, Hilliardiella, Hinterhubera, Hippia, Hippolytia, Hirpicium, Hispidella, Hochstetteria, Hoehnephytum, Hoffmanniella, Hofmeisteria, Holocarpha, Holocheilus, Hololeion, Hololepis, Holozonia, Homognaphalium, Homogyne, Hoplophyllum, Huarpea, Hubertia, Hughesia, Hulsea, Humeocline, Hyalis, Hyalochaete, Hyalochlamys, Hyaloseris, Hyalosperma, Hybridella, Hydroidea, Hydropectis, Hymenocephalus, Hymenoclea, Hymenolepis, Hymenonema, Hymenopappus, Hymenostemma, Hymenothrix, Hymenoxys, Hyoseris, Hypacanthium, Hypericophyllum, Hypochaeris, Hysterionica, Hystrichophora, Ichthyothere, Idiothamnus, Ifloga, Ighermia, Iltisia, Imeria, Inezia, Inula, Inulanthera, Inulopsis, Iocenes, Iodocephalus, Iogeton, Ionactis, Iostephane, Iotasperma, Iphiona, Iphionopsis, Iranecio, Irwinia, Ischnea, Ismelia, Isocarpha, Isocoma, Isoetopsis, Isostigma, Iva, Ixeridium, Ixeris, Ixiochlamys, Ixiolaena, Ixodia, Jacmaia, Jaegeria, Jalcophila, Jaliscoa, Jamesianthus, Jaramilloa, Jasonia, Jaumea, Jefea, Jeffreya, Jessea, Joseanthus, Jungia, Jurinea, Jurinella, Kalimeris, Karelinia, Karvandarina, Kaschgaria, Kaunia, Keysseria, Kinghamia, Kingianthus, Kippistia, Kirkianella, Kleinia, Koanophyllon, Koehneola, Koelpinia, Krigia, Kyrsteniopsis, Lachanodes, Lachnophyllum, Lachnorhiza, Lachnospermum, Lactacella, Lactuca, Lactucella, Lactucosonchus, Laennecia, Laestadia, Lagascea, Lagedium, Lagenithrix, Lagenophora, Laggera, Lagophylla, Lamprachaenium, Lamprocephalus, Lamyropappus, Lamyropsis, Langebergia, Lantanopsis, Lapsana, Lapsanastrum, Lasianthaea, Lasiocephalus, Lasiolaena, Lasiopogon, Lasiospermum, Lasthenia, Launaea, Lawrencella, Layia, Lecocarpus, Leibnitzia, Leiboldia, Lembertia, Lemoorea, Leontodon, Leontopodium, Lepidaploa, Lepidesmia, Lepidolopha, Lepidolopsis, Lepidonia, Lepidophorum, Lepidophyllum, Lepidospartum, Lepidostephium, Leptinella, Leptocarpha, Leptoclinium, Leptorhynchos, Leptostelma, Lescaillea, Lessingia, Lessingianthus, Leucactinia, Leucanthemella, Leucanthemopsis, Leucanthemum, Leucheria, Leucoblepharis, Leucocyclus, Leucogenes, Leucomeris, Leucophyta, Leucoptera, Leunisia, Leuzea, Leysera, Liabellum, Liabum, Liatris, Libanothamnus, Lidbeckia, Lifago, Ligularia, Limbarda, Lindheimera, Lipochaeta, Litogyne, Litothamnus, Litrisa, Llerasia, Logfia, Lomatozona, Lonas, Lopholaena, Lophopappus, Lordhowea, Lorentzianthus, Loricaria, Lourteigia, Loxothysanus, Lucilia, Luciliocline, Lugoa, Luina, Lulia, Lundellianthus, Lycapsus, Lychnophora, Lycoseris, Lygodesmia, Machaeranthera, Macowania, Macrachaenium, Macraea, Macroclinidium, Macropodina, Macvaughiella, Madagaster, Madia, Mairia, Malacothrix, Mallotopus, Malmeanthus, Malperia, Mantisalca, Marasmodes, Marshallia, Marshalljohnstonia, Marticorenia, Matricaria, Mattfeldanthus, Mattfeldia, Matudina, Mauranthemum, Mausolea, Mecomischus, Megalodonta, Melampodium, Melanodendron, Melanthera, Merrittia, Metalasia, Metastevia, Mexerion, Mexianthus, Micractis, Microcephala, Microglossa, Microgynella, Microliabum, Micropsis, Micropus, Microseris, Microspermum, Mikania, Mikaniopsis, Milleria, Millotia, Minuria, Miricacalia, Miyamayomena, Mniodes, Monactis, Monarrhenus, Monogereion, Monolopia, Monoptilon, Montanoa, Monticalia, Moonia, Moquinia, Morithamnus, Moscharia, Msuata, Mulgedium, Munnozia, Munzothamnus, Muschleria, Mutisia, Mycelis, Myopordon, Myriactis, Myriocephalus, Myripnois, Myxopappus, Nabalus, Nananthea, Nannoglottis, Nanothamnus, Nardophyllum, Narvalina, Nassauvia, Nauplius, Neblinaea, Neja, Nelsonianthus, Nemosenecio, Neocabreria, Neocuatrecasia, Neohintonia, Neojeffreya, Neomirandea, Neomolina, Neopallasia, Neotysonia, Nesomia, Nestlera, Neurolaena, Neurolakis, Nicolasia, Nicolletia, Nidorella, Nikitinia, Nipponanthemum, Nivellea, Nolletia, Nothobaccharis, Nothocalais, Noticastrum, Notobasis, Notoseris, Nouelia, Novenia, Oaxacania, Oblivia, Ochrocephala, Oclemena, Odixia, Odontocline, Oedera, Oiospermum, Oldenburgia, Olearia, Olgaea, Oligactis, Oliganthes, Oligocarpus, Oligochaeta, Oligoneuron, Oligothrix, Olivaea, Omalotheca, Omphalopappus, Oncosiphon, Ondetia, Onopordum, Onoseris, Oonopsis, Oparanthus, Ophryosporus, Opisthopappus, Oreochrysum, Oreoleysera, Oreostemma, Oritrophium, Orochaenactis, Osbertia, Osmadenia, Osmiopsis, Osmitopsis, Osteospermum, Otanthus, Oteiza, Othonna, Otopappus, Otospermum, Outreya, Oxycarpha, Oxylaena, Oxylobus, Oxypappus, Oxyphyllum, Oyedaea, Ozothamnus, Pachylaena, Pachystegia, Pachythamnus, Pacifigeron, Packera, Pacourina, Palafoxia, Paleaepappus, Pamphalea, Pappobolus, Pappochroma, Paracalia, Parachionolaena, Paragynoxys, Paralychnophora, Paranephelius, Parantennaria, Parapiqueria, Paraprenanthes, Parasenecio, Parastrephia, Parthenice, Parthenium, Pasaccardoa, Pechuel-Loeschea, Pectis, Pegolettia, Pelucha, Pentacalia, Pentachaeta, Pentanema, Pentatrichia, Pentzia, Perdicium, Perezia, Pericallis, Pericome, Peripleura, Perityle, Perralderia, Pertya, Perymeniopsis, Perymenium, Petalacte, Petasites, Peteravenia, Petradoria, Petrobium, Peucephyllum, Phacellothrix, Phaenocoma, Phaeostigma, Phagnalon, Phalacrachena, Phalacraea, Phalacrocarpum, Phalacroseris, Phaneroglossa, Phanerostylis, Phania, Philactis, Philoglossa, Philyrophyllum, Phoebanthus, Phyllocephalum, Phymaspermum, Picnomon, Picradeniopsis, Picris, Picrosia, Picrothamnus, Pilosella, Pilostemon, Pinaropappus, Pingraea, Pinillosia, Piora, Pippenalia, Piptocarpha, Piptocoma, Piptolepis, Piptothrix, Piqueria, Piqueriella, Piqueriopsis, Pithecoseris, Pithocarpa, Pittocaulon, Pityopsis, Pladaroxylon, Plagiobasis, Plagiocheilus, Plagiolophus, Plagius, Planaltoa, Planea, Plateilema, Platycarpha, Platypodanthera, Platyschkuhria, Plazia, Plecostachys, Plectocephalus, Pleiotaxis, Pleocarphus, Pleurocarpaea, Pleurocoronis, Pleurophyllum, Pluchea, Podachaenium, Podanthus, Podocoma, Podolepis, Podotheca, Poecilolepis, Pogonolepis, Pojarkovia, Pollalesta, Polyachyrus, Polyanthina, Polyarrhena, Polycalymma, Polychrysum, Polymnia, Polytaxis, Porophyllum, Porphyrostemma, Praxeliopsis, Praxelis, Prenanthella, Prenanthes, Printzia, Prionopsis, Prolobus, Prolongoa, Proteopsis, Proustia, Psacaliopsis, Psacalium, Psathyrotes, Psathyrotopsis, Psednotrichia, Pseudelephantopus, Pseudobahia, Pseudoblepharisper, Pseudobrickellia, Pseudocadiscus, Pseudoclappia, Pseudoconyza, Pseudognaphalium, Pseudogynoxys, Pseudohandelia, Pseudojacobaea, Pseudokyrsteniopsi, Pseudoligandra, Pseudonoseris, Pseudostifftia, Psiadia, Psiadiella, Psilactis, Psilocarphus, Psilostrophe, Psychrogeton, Psychrophyton, Pterachaenia, Pterocaulon, Pterocypsela, Pteronia, Pterothrix, Pterygopappus, Ptilostemon, Pulicaria, Pycnocephalum, Pyrrhopappus, Pyrrocoma, Pytinicarpa, Quelchia, Quinetia, Quinqueremulus, Radlkoferotoma, Rafinesquia, Raillardella, Raillardiopsis, Rainiera, Raoulia, Raouliopsis, Rastrophyllum, Ratibida, Raulinoreitzia, Rayjacksonia, Reichardia, Relhania, Remya, Rennera, Rensonia, Revealia, Rhagadiolus, Rhamphogyne, Rhanteriopsis, Rhanterium, Rhetinolepis, Rhodanthe, Rhodanthemum, Rhodanthemum, Rhynchopsidium, Rhynchospermum, Rhysolepis, Richteria, Riencourtia, Rigiopappus, Robinsonecio, Robinsonia, Rochonia, Rojasianthe, Rolandra, Roldana, Rosenia, Rothmaleria, Rudbeckia, Rugelia, Ruilopezia, Rumfordia, Russowia, Rutidosis, Sabazia, Sachsia, Salmea, Santolina, Santosia, Sanvitalia, Sarcanthemum, Sartorina, Sartwellia, Saussurea, Scalesia, Scariola, Scherya, Schischkinia, Schistocarpha, Schistostephium, Schizogyne, Schizoptera, Schizotrichia, Schkuhria, Schlechtendalia, Schmalhausenia, Schoenia, Sciadocephala, Sclerocarpus, Sclerolepis, Sclerorhachis, Sclerostephane, Scolymus, Scorzonera, Scrobicaria, Selloa, Senecio, Sericocarpus, Seriphidium, Serratula, Shafera, Sheareria, Shinnersia, Shinnersoseris, Siapaea, Siebera, Sigesbeckia, Siloxerus, Silphium, Silybum, Simsia, Sinacalia, Sinclairia, Sinoleontopodium, Sinosenecio, Sipolisia, Smallanthus, Soaresia, Solanecio, Solenogyne, Solidago, Soliva, Sommerfeltia, Sonchus, Sondottia, Soroseris, Spaniopappus, Sparganophorus, Sphaeranthus, Sphaereupatorium, Sphaeromeria, Sphagneticola, Spilanthes, Spiracantha, Spiroseris, Squamopappus, Stachycephalum, Staehelina, Standleyanthus, Staurochlamys, Stebbinsoseris, Steiractinia, Steirodiscus, Stemmacantha, Stenachaenium, Stenocephalum, Stenocline, Stenopadus, Stenophalium, Stenops, Stenoseris, Stenotus, Stephanochilus, Stephanodoria, Stephanomeria, Steptorhamphus, Stevia, Steviopsis, Steyermarkina, Stifftia, Stilpnogyne, Stilpnolepis, Stilpnopappus, Stoebe, Stokesia, Stomatanthes, Stomatochaeta, Stramentopappus, Streptoglossa, Strotheria, Stuartina, Stuckertiella, Stuessya, Stylocline, Stylotrichium, Sventenia, Symphyllocarpus, Symphyopappus, Symphyotrichum, Syncalathium, Syncarpha, Syncephalum, Syncretocarpus, Synedrella, Synedrellopsis, Syneilesis, Synotis, Syntrichopappus, Synurus, Syreitschikovia, Taeckholmia, Tagetes, Takeikadzuchia, Takhtajaniantha, Talamancalia, Tamananthus, Tamania, Tamaulipa, Tanacetopsis, Tanacetum, Taplinia, Taraxacum, Tarchonanthus, Tehuana, Teixeiranthus, Telanthophora, Telekia, Telmatophila, Tenrhynea, Tephroseris, Tessaria, Tetrachyron, Tetradymia, Tetragonotheca, Tetramolopium, Tetraneuris, Tetranthus, Tetraperone, Thaminophyllum, Thamnoseris, Thelesperma, Thespidium, Thespis, Thevenotia, Thiseltonia, Thurovia, Thymophylla, Thymopsis, Tiarocarpus, Tietkensia, Tithonia, Tolbonia, Tolpis, Tomentaurum, Tonestus, Tourneuxia, Townsendia, Tracyina, Tragopogon, Traversia, Trichanthemis, Trichanthodium, Trichocline, Trichocoronis, Trichocoryne, Trichogonia, Trichogoniopsis, Trichogyne, Tricholepis, Trichoptilium, Trichospira, Tridactylina, Tridax, Trigonospermum, Trilisa, Trimorpha, Trioncinia, Tripleurospermum, Triplocephalum, Tripteris, Triptilion, Triptilodiscus, Trixis, Troglophyton, Tuberostylis, Tugarinovia, Turaniphytum, Tussilago, Tuxtla, Tyleropappus, Tyrimnus, Uechtritzia, Ugamia, Uleophytum, Unxia, Urbananthus, Urbinella, Urmenetea, Urolepis, Uropappus, Urospermum, Ursinia, Vanclevea, Varilla, Varthemia, Vellereophyton, Venegasia, Verbesina, Vernonia, Vernoniopsis, Viereckia, Vieria, Vigethia, Viguiera, Villanova, Vilobia, Vittadinia, Vittetia, Volutaria, Waitzia, Wamalchitamia, Warionia, Wedelia, Welwitschiella, Wendelboa, Werneria, Westoniella, Whitneya, Wilkesia, Willemetia, Wollastonia, Wulffia, Wunderlichia, Wyethia, Xanthisma, Xanthium, Xanthocephalum, Xanthopappus, Xeranthemum, Xerolekia, Xylanthemum, Xylorhiza, Xylothamia, Yermo, Youngia, Zaluzania, Zandera, Zexmenia, Zinnia, Zoegea, Zyrphelis, Zyzyxia.
General remarks. See Heywood, Harborne and Turner 1977.
Economic uses, etc. Sources of foodstuffs include Lactuca (lettuce), Cynara (globe artichoke), Cichorium (chicory and endive), Tragopogon (salsify). Insecticides from Pyrethrum, safflower dye from Carthamus. At least 200 genera are widely planted as ornamentals, and ragweed (Ambrosia), etc., are notorious hayfever plants.).
Quotations.
Wele by reason men
it call may
The dayeseye or ellis the eye of day
(Chaucer, Legend
of Good Women, Prologue (c. 1385))
Without the bed her other fair hand
was
On the green coverlet, whose perfect white
Showed like an April
daisy on the grass
(Rape of Lucrece)
Your pleasures spring
like daisies in the grass,
Cut down, and up again as blithe as ever
(Walter Savage Landor, Ianthe)
The marigold, that goes to bed
wi the sun,
And with him rises weeping.
(The Winters
Tale - Calendula officinalis)
Her eyes, like marigolds, had
sheathed their light,
And canopied in darkness sweetly lay,
Til
they might open to adorn the day
(Rape of Lucrece - Calendula
officinalis)
And winking marybuds begin
To ope their golden eyes
(Cymbeline, ii. 3 - Calendula officinalis (marigold)
buds)
Nay, friar, I am a kind of bur, I stick
(Measure for
Measure, iv. 3 - Arctium)
Ragwort thou humble flower with
tattered leaves
I love to see thee come and litter gold
(John Clare
c.1835, The Ragwort Senecio jacobaea)
And
iron-weed, content to share
The meanest spot that spring can spare:
Een roads where danger hourly comes
Are not without its purple
blooms;
(John Clare, quoted by Ann Pratt 1857 of Centaurea
scabiosa)
Then did we question of the down-balls, blowing
To know if
some slight wish would come to pass
(Quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild
Flowers (1857), unattributed - Taraxacum)
If the down flyeth off
Coltsfoot, Dandelion, and Thistle, when there is no winde, it is a signe of rain
(Coles, quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857))
-The remaining quotations contributed by N.S. Lander:
They are nice
flowers, he said, her emotional tones putting a constraint on him.
You know that a daisy is a company of florets, a concourse, become
individual. Dont the botanists put it highest in the line of development?
I believe they do.
The compositae, yes, I think so, said
Ursula . . .
Explain it so, then, he said. The daisy is a
perfect little democracy, so its the highest of flowers, hence its
charm.
No, she cried, no - never. It isnt
democratic.
No, he admitted. Its the golden
mob of the proletariat surrounded by a showy white fence of the idle rich.
How hateful - your hateful social orders! she cried.
Quite! Its a daisy - well leave it alone.
(David
H. Lawrence, Women in Love (1920)
The word is Days
eye (O.E. daeges eage), and the flower is so called because it
closes its pinky lashes and goes to sleep when the sun sets, but in the morning
expands its petals to the light.
(Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, revised by Ivor H.
Evans, Brewers Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Centenary Edn
(1970))
Daisy. An emblem of deceit. Greene (Quip for an Upstart Courtier) speaks of the dissembling daisie. Light of love wenches are warned by it not to trust every fair promise that such amorous bachelors make them. Ophelia in Shakespeares Hamlet gives the queen a daisy to signify, that her light and fickle love ought not to expect constancy in her husband.
Daisies,
those pearled Arcturi of the earth,
The constellated flower that never sets.
(Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Question)
Ennewed your colour
Is like the daisy flower
After the April shower.
(John Skelton
1460?-1529, To Mistress Isabell Pennell)
When you can tread on
nine daisies at once, spring has come.
(Proverb, 19th century)
When you
can put your foot on seven daisies summer is come.
(Proverb, quoted in M.
Grieve, A Modern Herbal (1931) 247)
Of all the floures in the
meade,
Thanne love I most those floures white and rede,
Such as men
callen daysyes.
Chaucer, Legend of Good Women, Prol. 43 (c.
1385))
Depeinted wonderly,
With many a thousand daisies, red as rose,
And white also.
(Chaucer, The Court of Love, xv (c.1450))
Let us Finde out the prettiest Daisied Plot we can.
(Cymbeline IV. ii. 398 (1611))
Pushing up daisies
is their creed, you know.
(Wilfred Owen, Poems 65 (1963))
I
think shes drinking herself under the daisies, so to speak.
(S. Vines,
Humours Unreconciled xxi, 268 (1928))
Where is the wife now? . .
.
Pushing up daisies . . .
(G. Heyer, Blunt Instrument xiii.
252 (1938))
Daisy roots.
Rhyming slang, boots.
(Oxford English
Dictionary, Supplement)
While waiting for my pal I had my daisies
cleaned.
(Macm. Magazine XL, 503/1 (1879))
The umpires called
play, Grange being again on the defensive to the under-hand daisy
cutters of Sadler.
(Bells Life I, Nov. 7/1 (1858))
The ball that kept low had to be a daisy-cutter although a first-class
cricket pitch has surely been sufficiently mown to lose all likeness to a
flowery meadow.
(Times, 13 June 13/3 (1963))
So courteous, so
kind,
As Merry Margaret, the midsummer flower,
Gentle as falcon or hawk
of the tower.
(John Skelton (1460?-1529, To Mistress Margaret
Hussey - Margaret = marguerite)
Kiss-me-and-Ill-tell-you replied an attractive native of
the Southern States when asked the name of that plant which people of colder
climes know as the daisy fleabane.
(W.N Clute, Common Names of
Plants 131 (1931))
Wormwood. It is said to have been so called because
this plant, according to legend, sprang up in the track of the serpent as it
writhed along the ground when driven out of Paradise. The word is also used
figuratively to denote bitterness or its cause.
(Ebenezer Cobham Brewer,
revised by Ivor H. Evans, Brewers Dictionary of Phrase and
Fable, Centenary Edn (1970) - Artemesia)
And the third angel sounded and there fell a great star from heaven, burning as it were a lamp, and it fell upon the third part of the rivers, and upon the fountains of waters.
And the name of the star is called Wormwood: and the third part of the waters
became wormwood: and many men died of the waters, because they were made bitter.
(Bible, Revelation, ch. 8, vv. 10–11 - Artemisia
This
riddle, Cuddy, if thou canst explain . . .
What flower is that which
bears the Virgins name,
The richest metal joined with the same?
(John Gay, The Shepherds Week, Monday - Calendula
officinalis; 17th-century Marygold (marigold) = a sovereign.)
Ill . . . presently go put five hundred Marygolds in a Purse for you.
(Cowley, Cutter of Coleman-st iII. iii (1663) - Calendula
officinalis; 17th-century Marygold (marigold) = a sovereign.)
Thistle. The heraldic emblem of Scotland which seems to have been adopted by James II (1451, 1460–1488), possibly as a symbol of defence. The motto Nemo me impune lacessit, Nobody touiches (or provokes) me with impunity, first appeared on the coinage of James VI (1566, 1567–1603).
Thistles, especially Our Ladys Thistle,
are said to be a cure for stich in the side. According to the doctrine of
signatures, Nature has labelled every plant, and the prickles of the thistle
tell us that the plant is efficacious for prickles or the stich. The
species called Silybum marianum, we are told, owes the white markings on its
leaves to milk from Our Ladys breast, some of which fell thereon and left
a white mark behind.
(Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, revised by Ivor H. Evans,
Brewers Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Centenary Edn (1970))
You can keep you litter and your hay and your oats. Long live the
thistles of the field, for there you can play the stallion to your
hearts content.
(François Rabelais (1494?-1553?),
Pantagruel, IV. 7)
He that hath a good harvest may be content
with some thistles.
(Proverb, J. Clarke, Paroemiologia
Anglo-Latina (1639))
Doubts are like the thistle, a bad weed, but
growing in good ground.
Baxter, Saints R., L. vii. (1650))
If the brain sows not corn, it plants thistles.
(Proverb, G. Herbert,
Outlandish Proverbs (1640), 2nd edn entitled Jacula
Prudentum (1651))
Get you some of this distilled Carduus Benedictus and
lay it to your heart; it is the only thing for a qualm. . . . I mean plain Holy
Thistle.
(Much Ado about Nothing - Cnicus benedictus)
Like a yonge artichocke that always carries pepper and salt, in itselfe.
(Ben Jonson, Ev. blan. in Humm. iv. ii. (1598))
Ah,
Sun-flower! weary of time,
Who counteth the steps of the Sun,
Seeking
after that sweet golden clime,
Where the travellers journey is done;
(William Blake (1757–1827), Ah, Sun-Flower! -
Helianthus)
Illustrations. • Le Maout and Decaisne: Taraxacum. • Le Maout and Decaisne: Tragopogon, Cichorium, Nassauvia. • Le Maout and Decaisne: Centaurea cyanus. • Le Maout and Decaisne: Calendula, Cirsium. • Le Maout and Decaisne: Chrysanthemum, Achillea, Senecio. • Le Maout and Decaisne: Asteriscus, Helianthus, Robinsonia, Tagetes. • Le Maout and Decaisne: Eupatorium. • Achillea rupestris: Bot. Mag. 112 (1886). • Anisopappus chinensis subsp. africanus (as Epallage dentata): Hook. Ic. Pl. 14 (1882). • Andryala pinnatifida subsp. mogadorensis: Bot. Mag. 99 (1873). • Ainsliaea walkeri: Bot. Mag. 102 (1876). • Aster tripolium: Sowerby, Eng. Bot. 5 (1878). • Barnadesia caryophyllea (as B. rosea): Bot. Mag. 72 (1846). • Barnadesia caryophylla: Bot. Reg. 29 (29), 1843. • Berkheya radula (as B. adlami): Bot. Mag. 123 (1897). • Berlandiera pumila (as B. tomentosa: Bot. Mag. 125 (1899). • Brachyglottis laxifolia (as Senecio): Bot. Mag. 120 (1894). • Brachyglottis repanda: Hooker, Fl. Novae-Zelandiae (1853). • Brachyscome decipiens: Hooker, Fl. Tasmaniae (1860). • Brachyscome iberidifolia: as Brachycome, Bot. Reg. 09, 1841. • Calendula officinalis: Köhler’s Medizinal-Pflanzen 3 (1898). • Caputia pyramidata (as Senecio): Bot. Mag. 90 (1864). • Carlina vulgaris: B. Ent. 642. • Celmisia holosericea: Hooker, Fl. Novae-Zelandiae (1853). • Centaurea benedicta (as Cnicus): Köhler's Medizinal Pflanzen 1 (1887). • Centaurea glastifolia: Bot. Mag. 2 (1788). • Centaurea pulchra: as C. pulcra, Bot. Reg. xxvi, 28 (1840). • ‘Cineraria lanata’, cf. C. tomentosolonatus: Bot. Mag. 2 (1788). • Cosmos scabiosoides: as Cosmus, Bot. Reg. XXIV, 15 (1838). • Cotula alpina and Leptinella filicula (as Cotula): Hooker, Fl. Tasmaniae (1860). • Cousinia multiloba (as C. elegans): J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19 (1882). • Craspedia uniflora: as C. glauca, Bot. Reg. 1908 (1836). Craspedia uniflora. 1, one of the multi-floreted components of the compound capitulum, subtended by an outer, herbaceous involucral bract. 2, a single floret, subtended by a scarious, inner bract. 4, detail of the pappus, its members basally coalescent. 5, anthers. • Curiotalinoides var. chordifolius (as Senecio or Kleinia chordifolia): Bot. Mag. 102 (1876). • Dahlia imperialis: Bot. Mag. 96 (1870). • Dahlia merckii: as D. glabrata, Bot. Reg. xxvi, 29 (1840). • Dimorphotheca ecklonis: Bot. Mag. 123 (1897). • Doronicum caucasicum: Bot. Mag. 59 (1832). • Dubautia ciliolata, as Railliardia: Bot. Mag. 91 (1865). • Echinops amplexicaulis: Trans. Lin. Soc. Lond. 29 (1875). • Erigeron jamaicensis: Fawcett and Rendle, Fl. of Jamaica 7 (1936). • Eupatorium glandulosum (cf. E. album): Bot. Reg. 1723, 1835. • Ewartia catipes (as Raoulia tasmanica) and Gnaphalium lawrwencii (as Pterygopappus): Hooker, Fl. Tasmaniae (1860). • Gazania pygmaea: Bot. Mag. 122 (1896). • Gerbera jamesoni: Bot. Mag. 115 (1889). • Gnaphalium gnaphalodes (as Amphidoxa): Hook. Ic. Pl. 14 (1881). • Grindelia squarrosa (as G. grandiflora): Bot. Mag. 78 (1852). • Gymnanthemum myrianthum (as Vernonia podocoma): Bot. Mag. 118 (1892). • Gynoxys fragrans: Bot. Mag. 76 (1850). • Gynura procumbens (as G. sarmentosa): Bot. Mag. 118 (1892). • Helichrysum leucopsideum: Hooker, Fl. Tasmaniae (1860). • Helichrysum filicaule and Raoulia tenuicaulis: Hooker, Fl. Novae-Zelandiae (1853). • Hieracium pilosella: Flora Danica 19 (1787–99). • Hillardiella pinifolia (as Webbia): Bot. Mag. 89 (1863). • Inula hookeri: Bot. Mag. 105 (1879). • Inula shirensis: Hook. Ic. Pl. 14 (1882). • Iostephane heterophylla var. dicksonii: as Echinacea dicksoni, Bot. Reg. XXIV, 27 (1838). Iostephane heterophylla var. dicksonii. 1, a ray floret. 2, a disc floret, with a receptacular scale. • Kleinia anteuphorbium (as Kleinia pteroneura): Bot. Mag. 98 (1872). • Kleinia fulgens: Bot. Mag. 92 (1866). • Lagenophora huegeli (as gunniana) and L. montana: Hooker, Fl. Tasmaniae (1860). • Lasthenia glabrata: as L. californica, Bot. Reg. 1823, 1836. • Layia calliglossa: as Oxyura chrysanthemoides, Bot. Reg 1850 (1836). Layia calliglossa. 2, a ray floret with its base enwrapped by an involucral scale. 3, top of style, with the two subulate, hairy stigma branches. 4, an anther. 1, a disk floret - but stated by Lindley to belong to another plant, having been placed here in error by the artist!. • Leucogenes leontopodium (as Helichrysum) and Raoulia grandiflora: Hooker, Fl. Novae-Zelandiae (1853). • Liatris scariosa: Bot. Reg. 1654, 1835. • Machaeranthera canescens var. incana: as Diplopappus incanus, Bot. Reg. 1693, 1835. • Madia elegans: Bot. Mag. 64 (1837). • Microseris forsteri (cf. M. lanceolata): Hooker, Fl. Tasmaniae (1860). • Mikania banisteriae: Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 62 (1975). • Miyamayomena piccolii (as Aster): Bot. Mag. 125 (1899). • Mutisia ilicifolia: Bot. Mag. 99 (1873). • Mutisia orbignyana (as M. clematis): Bot. Mag. 137 (1911). • Oldenburgia grandis (as O. arbuscula): Bot. Mag. 130 1904). • Olearia colensoi: Hooker, Fl. Novae-Zelandiae (1853). • Olearia cunninghamii (as Eurybia): Hooker, Fl. Novae-Zelandiae (1853). • Olearia gunniana: Bot. Mag. 78 (1852). • Olearia lirata (as Eurybia): Hooker, Fl. Tasmaniae (1860). • Olearia macrodonta (as O. dentata): Bot. Mag. 98 (1872). • Olearia obcordata (as Eurybia) and O. tasmanica (as E. alpina): Hooker, Fl. Tasmaniae (1860). • Olearia speciosa: Bot. Mag. 133 (1907). • Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius and O. rodwayi (as backhousii): Hooker, Fl. Tasmaniae (1860). • Pachystegia insignis (as Olearia): Bot. Mag. 115 (1889). • Palafoxia hookeriana: Bot. Mag. 91 (1865). • Pectis angustifolia: Bot. Mag. 103 (1877). • Perezia spathulata (as Homoianthus viscosus): Bot. Mag. 89 (1863). • Petasites hybridus (B. Ent., 1836). • Rhanterium epapposum: Hook. Ic. Pl. 14 (1881). • Rhodanthe chlorocephala subsp. rosea (as Acroclinium): Bot. Mag. 80 (1854). • Rhodanthe manglesii: Bot. Reg. 1703, 1835. • Senecio auriculatissimus: Bot. Mag. 126 (1900). • Senecio greyi: Hooker, Fl. Novae-Zelandiae (1853). • Senecio leptocarpus and S. pinnatifolius (as capillifolius): Hooker, Fl. Tasmaniae (1860). • Senecio macroglossus: Bot. Mag. 101 (1875). • Senecio magnificus: Bot. Mag. 127 (1901). • Silphium laciniatum: Bot. Mag. 107 (1881). • Stevia fascicularis: Bot. Reg. XXIV, 59 (1838). Stevia fascicularis. 1, detail of one component of the compound capitulum. 2, a single floret, with two pappus bristles. • Stifftia chrysantha: Bot. Mag. 75 (1849). • Taraxacum officinale, cf. T. campylodes: Köhler's Medizinal Pflanzen 1 (1887). • Tolpis macrorhiza (as Crepis): Bot. Mag. 57 (1830). • Triptilion spinosum: Bot. Reg. 22, 1841. • Tussilago farfara: Köhler's Medizinal Pflanzen 1 (1887). • Vernonia cotoneaster: as V. axilliflora, Bot. Reg. 1464, 1831. • Vernonia baumii: Thonner. • Waitzia nitida: Bot. Reg. 1941, 1837. • Waitzia suaveolens: as Morna nivea, Bot. Reg. XXIV, 9 (1838). • Wyethia mollis: Bot. Mag. 127 (1901). • Xanthisma texanum: Bot. Mag. 103 (1877). • Xerochrysum macranthum (as Helichrysum): Bot. Reg. XXIV, 58 (1838). • British Lactuceae (B. Ent. compilation, 1824–35). • British Lactuceae (B. Ent. compilation, 824–35). • British Lactuceae (B. Ent. compilation, 1824–35). • British Cynareae (B. Ent. compilation, 1824–35). • British Cynareae (thistles: B. Ent. compilation, 1824–35). • British Eupatorieae, Heliantheae, Inuleae: B. Ent. compilation, 1824–35. • British Inuleae (B. Ent. compilation, 1824–35). • British Senecioneae (B. Ent. compilation, 1824–35). • British Anthemideae (B. Ent. compilation, 1824–35). • British Anthemideae (B. Ent. compilation, 1824–35). • British Anthemideae (B. Ent. compilation, 1824–35). • British Astereae (B. Ent. compilation, 1824–35). • : Leaf hairs of assorted Compositae (Solereder, 1908).
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, distributions of character states within any set of taxa, geographical distribution, genera included in each family, and classifications (Dahlgren; Dahlgren, Clifford, and Yeo; Cronquist; APG). See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 25th April 2024. delta-intkey.com’.