| | Family guide for fruits and seeds |
Synonyms: Antirrhinaceae Pers.; Aragoaceae D. Don; Calceolariaceae Olmstead; Chelonaceae Martinov; Digitalaceae Martinov; Ellisiophyllaceae Honda; Globulariaceae DC., nom. cons.; Hebenstretiaceae Horan.; Limosellaceae J. Agardh; Linderniaceae Borsch et al.; Melampyraceae Rich. ex Hook. & Lindl.; Oftiaceae Takht. & Reveal; Paulowniaceae Nakai; Pedicularidaceae Juss.; Rhinanthaceae Vent.; Selaginaceae Choisy, nom. cons.; Sibthorpiaceae D. Don; Spielmanniaceae J. Agardh, nom. illeg.; Verbascaceae Bercht. & J. Presl; Veronicaceae Cassel
Common name: Figwort Family.
Number of genera 276 (including Globularia & Poskea). Number of species 4650.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) simple, or compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium; simple, or schizocarp; capsule, or berry (not Spjut); achenarium (Globularia, Poskea; unknown in Lagotis); denticidal capsule, or fissuricidal capsule, or foraminicidal capsule (Spjut Fig. 32B), or loculicidal capsule, or septicidal capsule, or poricidal capsule (3 families: Loganiaceae, Saxifragaceae, Scrophulariaceae & in this family opening by valves, teeth, irregular ruptures of operculum, forming 1–2 pores); capsule not inflated, or inflated; capsule without operculum; berry indehiscent; berry without central placental mass; without persistent central column; valves not diverging at top of central column; with styles(s); at apex; within accessory organ(s); within calyx; accrescent; persistent; soft calyx; many-seeded; many; 2-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels not radiating at maturity; with carpels remaining connected at style, or separating at style; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; in transection terete; apex not beaked; wall membranaceous (at least); dehiscent, or indehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent passively, or actively; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp brown (all shades); dull; durable; membranous (Globularia); glabrous (without hairs), or not glabrous (with hairs); hairs short; hairs dense, or scattered; hairs white; hairs not glandular; without armature; smooth; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp absent, or present. Endocarp present, or absent; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed minute, or larger than minute; less than 1 mm long to 1 to less than 5 mm long; 0.5–3.5 mm long; irregular, or oval, or obovate, or circular, or linear; in transection terete, or compressed, or flattened; bowl shaped, or not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves, or without food reserves (rarely), or without apparent food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present, or absent; adnate to epicarp; without embryo surrounded and capped by viscid tissue; with markedly different marginal tissue, or without markedly different marginal tissue; marginal tissue winglike; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; surface unsmooth, or smooth; surface with depressed features, or discreet raised features, or merged raised features; surface punctate; surface granular, or papillate, or tuberculate; surface reticulate, or rugose, or striate; with crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle, or without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; with notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approaching each other, or without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings, or with wing(s); 1-winged; with wing encompassing seed; with wing(s) solid; with solid wing(s) similar to testa; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades), or black; crustaceous; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding endosperm, or surrounding embryo. Endosperm development cellular, or nuclear; copious; fleshy, or cartilaginous; smooth; with oils; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; completely filling testa (no food reserve), or nearly filling testa (trace or scanty food reserve), or partially filling testa (with food reserve); chamber central to wings; 0.4–1 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; foliate, or linear, or miniature; with spatulate cotyledons; straight, or C-shaped, or annular (rarely); parallel to seed length; embedded in endosperm; with cotyledons abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle, or gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green (but may be violet); with 2 or more cotyledons, or acotyledonous (Lathraea). Cotyledons 2; tiny, or moderately developed, or well developed; 0.1–0.7 times length of embryo; as wide as hypocotyl-radicle, or somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 1–3 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; partially concealing hypocotyl-radicle; thin; flat; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle moderately developed, or well developed; straight, or curved; not thickened.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan. New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Notes
Now including Globulariaceae. Cronquist: Fruit rarely (Lagotis) a schizocarp - but which kind? Read Sutton (1988).
Weed information
1 or more USA Federal noxious weeds, 1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA Federal noxious weeds: -- Alectra alba (Hepper) B. L. Burtt: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra aspera (Cham. & Schltdl.) L. O. Williams: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra asperrima Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra atrosanguinea (Hiern) Hemsl.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra aurantiaca Hemsl.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra bainesii Hemsl.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra basserei Berhaut: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra basutica (E. Phillips) Melch.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra capensis Thunb.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra chitrakutensis (M. A. Rau) R. Prasad & R. D. Dixit: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra congolensis Troupin: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra dolichocalyx Philcox: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra dunensis Hilliard & B. L. Burtt: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra fruticosa Eb. Fisch.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra glandulosa Philcox: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra gracilis S. Moore: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra hildebrandtii Eb. Fisch.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra hippocrepandra (Hiern) Hemsl.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra humbertii Eb. Fisch.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra hundtii Melch.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra ibityensis Eb. Fisch.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra lancifolia Hemsl.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra ledermannii Engl.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra linearis Hepper: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra lurida Harv.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra moeroensis Engl.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra natalensis (Hiern) Melch.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra orobanchoides Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra parasitica A. Rich.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra picta (Hiern) Hemsl.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra pseudobarleriae (Dinter) Dinter: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra pubescens Philcox: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra pumila Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra rigida (Hiern) Hemsl.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra rigida subsp. paludosa (A. Chev.) Hepper: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra rigida subsp. rigida: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra schliebenii Melch.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra schoenfelderi Dinter & Melch.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra sessiliflora (Vahl) Kuntze: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra spp.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: FL●, MA●, NC●. -- Alectra stricta Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra thyrsoidea Melch.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra trinervis Hemsl.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra virgata Hemsl.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Alectra vogelii Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: MA●, NC●. -- Alectra welwitschii (Hiern) Hemsl.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●.-- Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume: USA Federal Noxious Weedª; USA state noxious weed: ALª, FLª, MAª, NCª, NHª, SCª, TXª. -- Striga aequinoctialis A. Chev. ex Hutch. & Dalziel: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga angolensis K. I. Mohamed & Musselman: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga angustifolia (D. Don) C. J. Saldanha: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: NC●. -- Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: CA●, NC°, SC°. -- Striga aspera (Willd.) Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga bilabiata (Thunb.) Kuntze: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga bilabiata subsp. barteri (Engl.) Hepper: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga bilabiata subsp. bilabiata: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga bilabiata subsp. jaegeri Hepper: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga bilabiata subsp. ledermannii (Pilg.) Hepper: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga bilabiata subsp. linearifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) K. I. Mohamed: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga bilabiata subsp. rowlandii (Engl.) Hepper: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga brachycalyx Skan: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga chrysantha A. Raynal: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga curviflora (R. Br.) Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga dalzielii Hutch.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga densiflora (Benth.) Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: NC●. -- Striga elegans Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga ellenbergeri A. Raynal: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga forbesii Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: NC●. -- Striga gastonii A. Raynal: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: NC●. -- Striga glumacea A. Raynal: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga gracillima Melch.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga hallaei A. Raynal: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: NC●. -- Striga hirsuta Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga junodii Schinz: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga klingii (Engl.) Skan: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga latericea Vatke: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga lepidagathidis A. Raynal: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga lutea Lour.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga macrantha (Benth.) Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga masuria (Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.) Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: NC●. -- Striga multiflora Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga parviflora (R. Br.) Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga passargei Engl.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga pinnatifida Getachew: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga primuloides A. Chev.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga pubiflora Klotzsch: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga spp.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: AR●, AZ●, HI●°, MA●, NC●. -- Striga squamigera W. R. Barker: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga sulphurea Dalzell: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Striga yemenica Musselman & Hepper: USA Federal Noxious Weed●. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: Alabama (AL), Alaska (AK), Arizona (AZ), Arkansas (AR), California (CA), Colorado (CO), Connecticut (CT), Florida (FL), Hawaii (HI), Idaho (ID), Massachusetts (MA), Montana (MT), Nevada (NV), New Hampshire (NH), North Carolina (NC), North Dakota (ND), Oklahoma (OK), Oregon (OR), Puerto Rico (PR), South Carolina (SC), South Dakota (SD), Texas (TX), Washington (WA), Wyoming (WY).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Alectra spp.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: FL●, MA●, NC●. -- Alectra vogelii Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: MA●, NC●. -- Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell: USA state noxious weed: CAª. -- Bacopa spp.: USA state noxious weed: PRª. -- Buddleja davidii Franch.: USA state noxious weed: OR●.-- Chaenorhinum minus (L.) Lange: USA state noxious weed: WA°. -- Limnophila indica (L.) Druce: USA state noxious weed: CAª. -- Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume: USA Federal Noxious Weedª; USA state noxious weed: ALª, FLª, MAª, NCª, NHª, SCª, TXª. -- Limnophila spp.: USA state noxious weed: OKª. -- Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill.: USA state noxious weed: CO●°, ID°, MT●°, NV●°, OR●°, SD●, WA●°, WY●°. -- Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill.: USA state noxious weed: CO●. -- Linaria genistifolia subsp. dalmatica (L.) Maire & Petitm. (=Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill.): USA state noxious weed: CA●, ID●°, ND●, NM●. -- Linaria vulgaris Mill.: USA state noxious weed: AK°, CO●°, ID●°, MT●°, NM●, NV●, OR●, SD●, WA°, WY●°. -- Micranthemum umbrosum (J. F. Gmel.) S. F. Blake: USA state noxious weed: PRª. -- Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud.: USA state noxious weed: CT●.-- Striga angustifolia (D. Don) C. J. Saldanha: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: NC●. -- Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: CA●, NC°, SC°. -- Striga densiflora (Benth.) Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: NC●. -- Striga forbesii Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: NC●. -- Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: NC●. -- Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: NC●. -- Striga masuria (Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.) Benth.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: NC●. -- Striga spp.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: AR●, AZ●, HI●°, MA●, NC●. -- Verbascum blattaria L.: USA state noxious weed: CO●. -- Verbascum thapsus L.: USA state noxious weed: CO●, HI●°. -- Symbols: ªaquatic 1weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Alectra Thunb. spp. -- Calceolaria L. spp. -- Castilleja chromosa A. Nelson -- Castilleja indivisa Engelm. -- Castilleja integra A. Gray -- Castilleja linariifolia Benth. -- Castilleja rhexifolia Rydb. -- Castilleja Mutis ex L. f. spp. -- Euphrasia L. spp. -- Nemesia Vent. spp. -- Odontites serotinus Dumort. = Odontites vernus subsp. serotinus (Dumort.) Corb. -- Odontites vernus subsp. serotinus (Dumort.) Corb. -- Parentucellia viscosa (L.) Caruel -- Pedicularis L. spp. -- Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh -- Scrophularia marilandica L. -- Scrophularia L. spp. -- Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze -- Striga lutea Lour. = Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze -- Striga Lour. spp. -- Torenia fournieri Linden ex E. Fourn. -- Verbascum blattaria L. -- Verbascum L. spp. -- Verbascum thapsus L. -- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Alectra vogelii Benth.w -- Alonsoa meridionalis (L. f.) Kuntze -- Alonsoa warscewiczii Regel = Alonsoa meridionalis (L. f.) Kuntze -- Antirrhinum majus L.f -- Calceolaria × herbeohybrida Vossf -- Calceolaria mexicana Benth. -- Calceolaria polyrrhiza Cav.f -- Chelone barbata Cav. = Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth -- Collinsia heterophylla G. Buist ex Graham -- Cymbalaria muralis P. Gaertn. et al.f -- Digitalis lanata Ehrh.f -- Digitalis purpurea L.f -- Erinus alpinus L. -- Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blumew -- Linaria Bipartita Hybrids -- Linaria bipartita (Vent.) Willd.f -- Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. = Cymbalaria muralis P. Gaertn. et al. -- Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill.w -- Linaria incarnata (Vent.) Spreng. -- Linaria maroccana Hook. f.f -- Linaria vulgaris Mill.f -- Mimulus cardinalis Douglas ex Benth.f -- Mimulus cupreus hort. ex Dombrainf -- Mimulus guttatus DC.-- Mimulus × hybridus hort. ex Vossf -- Mimulus luteus L.f -- Nemesia strumosa Benth.f -- Nemesia versicolor E. Mey. ex Benth.f -- Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud.w -- Penstemon Hybrids f -- Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Rothf -- Penstemon gloxinioides hort. = Penstemon Hybrids -- Penstemon hartwegii Benth.f -- Penstemon ×hybridus hort. = Penstemon Hybrids -- Pseudolysimachion spicatum (L.) Opiz = Veronica spicata L. -- Scoparia dulcis L.w -- Stemodia viscosa Roxb.w -- Striga angustifolia (D. Don) C. J. Saldanhaw -- Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntzew -- Striga densiflora (Benth.) Benth.w -- Striga euphrasioides (Vahl) Benth. = Striga angustifolia (D. Don) C. J. Saldanha-- Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth.w -- Tetranema mexicanum Benth. ex Lindl. = Tetranema roseum (M. Martens & Galeotti) Standl. & Steyerm. -- Tetranema roseum (M. Martens & Galeotti) Standl. & Steyerm. -- Torenia fournieri Linden ex E. Fourn.f -- Verbascum blattaria L.w -- Verbascum densiflorum Bertol.f -- Verbascum olympicum Boiss. -- Verbascum phlomoides L.f -- Verbascum thapsiforme Schrad. = Verbascum densiflorum Bertol. -- Verbascum thapsus L.f -- Verbascum virgatum Stokes w -- Veronica agrestis L.w -- Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.w -- Veronica arvensis L.w -- Veronica hederifolia L.w -- Veronica officinalis L.w -- Veronica persica Poir.w -- Veronica spicata L. -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Acanthorrhinum Rothm. -- Achetaria Cham. & Schltdl. -- Adenosma R. Br. -- Agalinis Raf., nom. cons. -- Albraunia Speta -- Alectra Thunb. -- Allocalyx Cordem. -- Alonsoa Ruiz & Pav. -- Amalophyllon Brandegee -- Amphianthus Torr. -- Amphiolanthus Griseb. -- Anarrhinum Desf., nom. cons. -- Anastrabe E. Mey. ex Benth. -- Androya H. Perrier -- Angelonia Bonpl. -- Antherothamnus N. E. Br. -- Anticharis Endl. -- Antirrhinum L. -- Aptosimum Burch. ex Benth., nom. cons. -- Aragoa Kunth -- Artanema D. Don, nom. cons. -- Asarina Mill. -- Aureolaria Raf. -- Bacopa Aubl., nom. cons. -- Bampsia Lisowski & Mielcarek -- Barthlottia Eb. Fisch. -- Bartsia L., nom. cons. -- Basistemon Turcz. -- Baumia Engl. & Gilg -- Benjaminia Mart. ex Benj. -- Besseya Rydb. -- Bowkeria Harv. -- Brachystigma Pennell -- Brandisia Hook. f. & Thomson -- Brookea Benth. -- Bryodes Benth. -- Buchnera L. -- Buddleja L. -- Bungea C. A. Mey. -- Buttonia McKen ex Benth. -- Bythophyton Hook. f. -- Calceolaria L., nom. cons. -- Camptoloma Benth. -- Campylanthus Roth -- Capraria L. -- Castilleja Mutis ex L. f. -- Centranthera R. Br. -- Centrantheropsis Bonati -- Chaenorhinum (DC.) Rchb. -- Charadrophila Marloth -- Cheilophyllum Pennell ex Britton -- Chelone L. -- Chenopodiopsis Hilliard -- Chionohebe B. G. Briggs & Ehrend. -- Chionophila Benth. -- Clevelandia Greene -- Cochlidiosperma (Rchb.) Rchb. -- Collinsia Nutt. -- Colpias E. Mey. ex Benth. -- Conobea Aubl. -- Cordylanthus Nutt. ex Benth., nom. cons. -- Craterostigma Hochst. -- Crepidorhopalon Eb. Fisch. -- Cromidon Compton -- Cycniopsis Engl. -- Cycnium E. Mey. ex Benth. -- Cymbalaria Hill -- Cymbaria L. -- Dasistoma Raf. -- Deinostema T. Yamaz. -- Dermatobotrys Bolus -- Detzneria Schltr. ex Diels -- Diascia Link & Otto -- Diclis Benth. -- Digitalis L. -- Dintera Stapf -- Diplacus Nutt. -- Dischisma Choisy -- Dizygostemon (Benth.) Radlk. ex Wettst. -- Dodartia L. -- Dopatrium Buch.-Ham. ex Benth. -- Elacholoma F. Muell. & Tate -- Ellisiophyllum Maxim. -- Emorya Torr. -- Encopella Pennell -- Epixiphium (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Munz -- Eremogeton Standl. & L. O. Williams -- Erinus L. -- Escobedia Ruiz & Pav. -- Esterhazya J. C. Mikan -- Euphrasia L. -- Faxonanthus Greenm. -- Fonkia Phil. -- Freylinia Colla -- Galvezia Dombey ex Juss. -- Gambelia Nutt. -- Geochorda Cham. & Schltdl. -- Gerardiina Engl. -- Ghikaea Volkens & Schweinf. -- Glekia Hilliard -- Globularia L. -- Globulariopsis Compton -- Glumicalyx Hiern -- Gomphostigma Turcz. -- Gosela Choisy -- Graderia Benth. -- Gratiola L. -- Harveya Hook. -- Hebe Comm. ex Juss. -- Hebenstretia L. -- Hedbergia Molau -- Hemianthus Nutt. -- Hemiarrhena Benth. -- Hemimeris L. f., nom. cons. -- Hemiphragma Wall. -- Hiernia S. Moore -- Holmgrenanthe Elisens -- Holzneria Speta -- Howelliella Rothm. -- Hydranthelium Kunth -- Hydrotriche Zucc. -- Hygea Hanst. -- Hyobanche L. -- Ildefonsia Gardner -- Isoplexis (Lindl.) Loudon -- Ixianthes Benth. -- Jamesbrittenia Kuntze -- Jerdonia Wight -- Jovellana Ruiz & Pav. -- Kashmiria D. Y. Hong -- Keckiella Straw -- Kickxia Dumort. -- Lafuentea Lag. -- Lagotis Gaertn. -- Lamourouxia Kunth, nom. cons. -- Lathraea L. -- Legazpia Blanco -- Leptandra Nutt. -- Leptorhabdos Schrenk -- Leucophyllum Bonpl. -- Leucosalpa Scott-Elliot -- Leucospora Nutt. -- Limnophila R. Br., nom. cons. -- Limosella L. -- Linaria Mill. -- Lindenbergia Lehm. -- Lindernia All. -- Lophospermum D. Don -- Lyperia Benth. -- Mabrya Elisens -- Macranthera Nutt. ex Benth. -- Maeviella Rossow -- Magdalenaea Brade -- Manulea L., nom. cons. -- Manuleopsis Thell. ex Schinz -- Maurandella (A. Gray) Rothm. -- Maurandya Ortega -- Mecardonia Ruiz & Pav. -- Melampyrum L., nom. cons. prop. -- Melanospermum Hilliard -- Melasma P. J. Bergius -- Melosperma Benth. -- Micranthemum Michx., nom. cons. -- Micrargeria Benth. -- Micrargeriella R. E. Fr. -- Microcarpaea R. Br. -- Microdon Choisy -- Mimetanthe Greene -- Mimulicalyx P. C. Tsoong -- Misopates Raf. -- Mohavea A. Gray -- Monochasma Maxim. ex Franch. & Sav. -- Monopera Barringer -- Monttea Gay -- Mosheovia Eig -- Namation Brand -- Nathaliella B. Fedtsch. -- Nemesia Vent. -- Neogaerrhinum Rothm. -- Neopicrorhiza D. Y. Hong -- Nothochelone (A. Gray) Straw -- Nothochilus Radlk. -- Nuttallanthus D. A. Sutton -- Odicardis Raf. -- Odontites Ludw. -- Oftia Adans. -- Omphalotrix Maxim. -- Ophiocephalus Wiggins -- Oreosolen Hook. f. -- Orthocarpus Nutt. -- Otacanthus Lindl. -- Ourisia Comm. ex Juss. -- Paederota L. -- Paederotella (E. Wulff) Kem.-Nath. -- Parahebe W. R. B. Oliv., nom. cons. -- Parastriga Mildbr. -- Parentucellia Viv. -- Paulownia Siebold & Zucc. -- Pedicularis L. -- Peliostomum E. Mey. ex Benth. -- Pennellianthus Crosswh. -- Penstemon Schmidel -- Phtheirospermum Bunge ex Fisch. & C. A. Mey. -- Phygelius E. Mey. ex Benth. -- Phyllopodium Benth. -- Physocalyx Pohl -- Picria Lour. -- Picrorhiza Royle ex Benth. -- Pierranthus Bonati -- Polycarena Benth. -- Porodittia G. Don ex Kraenzl. -- Poskea Vatke -- Psammetes Hepper -- Pseudobartsia D. Y. Hong -- Pseudolysimachion (W. D. J. Koch) Opiz -- Pseudomelasma Eb. Fisch. -- Pseudomisopates Güemes -- Pseudorontium (A. Gray) Rothm. -- Pseudoselago Hilliard -- Pseudosopubia Engl. -- Pseudostriga Bonati -- Radamaea Benth. -- Rehmannia Libosch. ex Fisch. & C. A. Mey., nom. cons. -- Reyemia Hilliard -- Rhamphicarpa Benth. -- Rhaphispermum Benth. -- Rhinanthus L. -- Rhodochiton Zucc. ex Otto & F. Dietr. -- Rhynchocorys Griseb., nom. cons. -- Russelia Jacq. -- Schistophragma Benth. ex Endl. -- Schizosepala G. M. Barroso -- Schizotorenia T. Yamaz. -- Schwalbea L. -- Schweinfurthia A. Braun -- Scolophyllum T. Yamaz. -- Scoparia L. -- Scrofella Maxim. -- Scrophularia L. -- Selago L. -- Seymeria Pursh, nom. cons. -- Seymeriopsis Tzvelev -- Shiuyinghua Paclt -- Sibthorpia L. -- Sieversandreas Eb. Fisch. -- Silviella Pennell -- Siphonostegia Benth. -- Sopubia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don -- Spirostegia Ivanina -- Stemodia L., nom. cons. -- Stemodiopsis Engl. -- Striga Lour. -- Strigina Engl. -- Strobilopsis Hilliard & B. L. Burtt -- Sutera Roth -- Synthyris Benth. -- Teedia Rudolphi -- Tetranema Benth., nom. cons. -- Tetraselago Junell -- Tetraspidium Baker -- Tetraulacium Turcz. -- Thunbergianthus Engl. -- Tonella Nutt. ex A. Gray -- Torenia L. -- Tozzia L. -- Triaenophora (Hook. f.) Soler. -- Trieenea Hilliard -- Triphysaria Fisch. & C. A. Mey. -- Trixago Haller f. -- Trungboa Rauschert -- Tuerckheimocharis Urb. -- Uroskinnera Lindl. -- Vellosiella Baill. -- Verbascum L. -- Veronica L. -- Veronicastrum Heist. ex Fabr. -- Wightia Wall. -- Wulfenia Jacq. -- Wulfeniopsis D. Y. Hong -- Xizangia D. Y. Hong -- Xylocalyx Balf. f. -- Zaluzianskya F. W. Schmidt, nom. cons.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 951 (including 953: Globulariaceae & Mabberley & excluding genera in Phrymaceae). Sutton, D.A. 1988. A revision of the tribe Antirrhineae. Oxford University Press, London; Musselman, L.J. & W.F. Mann, Jr. 1976. A survey of surface characteristics of seeds of Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae using scanning electron microscopy. Phytomorphology 26:370–379; Elisens, W.J. & A.S. Thomb. 1983. Seed morphology in New World Antirrhinae (Scrophulariaceae): Systematic and phylogenetic implications. Pl. Syst. Evol. 142:23–47; Canne, J.M. 1980. Seed surface features in Aureolaria, Brachystigma, Tomanthera, and certain South American Agalinis (Scrophulariaceae). Syst. Bot. 5:241–252; Falcão Ichaso, C.L. 1978. Tipos de sementes encontradas nas Scrophulariaceae. Rodriguésia 30:335–344.
General references
Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R. and C.A. Ritchie. 1988. Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1719:1–313, Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450:1–883, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182, Wood, C.E., Jr. 1974. A student's atlas of flowering plants: Some dicotyledons of eastern North America, 120 pp. Harper and Row, New York.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit and seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Sutton (1988), Gaertner, Wood, Jr., Cronquist, LeMaout & Decaisne. Seed illustration(s): Sutton (1988), Wood, Jr., Schopmeyer, Ichaso (1978), Gunn & Ritchie, Cronquist, Canne (1980), LeMaout & Decaisne. Embryo illustration(s): Wood, Jr., Schopmeyer, NoxWeed, LeMaout & Decaisne, Martin.
• Fruit. 1 of 36. Agalinis auriculata (Michx.) S. F. Blake: dehisced fruit with calyx. • Seed. 2 of 36. Agalinis auriculata (Michx.) S. F. Blake: seeds. • Seed. 3 of 36. Agalinis auriculata (Michx.) S. F. Blake: seeds with exterior layer of seed coat removed. • Fruit. 4 of 36. Alectra stricta Benth.: fruit with calyx. • Seed. 5 of 36. Alectra stricta Benth.: seeds. • Fruit. 6 of 36. Buddleja davidii Franch.: dehisced fruit. • Seed. 7 of 36. Buddleja davidii Franch.: seeds. • Fruit. 8 of 36. Castilleja pilosa (S. Watson) Rydb.: dehisced fruit. • Seed. 9 of 36. Castilleja pilosa (S. Watson) Rvdb.: seeds. • Seed. 10 of 36. Castilleja pilosa (S. Watson) Rvdb.: seeds with exterior layer of seed coat removed. • Seed. 11 of 36. Euphrasia subexserta Benth.: seeds. • Seed. 12 of 36. Euphrasia subexserta Benth.: seeds. • Seed. 13 of 36. Euphrasia subexserta Benth.: seeds with exterior layer of seed coat removed. • Fruit. 14 of 36. Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort.: fruit with calyx. • Seed. 15 of 36. Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort.: seeds. • Fruit. 16 of 36. Linaria vulgaris Mill.: fruit. • Seed. 17 of 36. Linaria vulgaris Mill.: seeds. • Fruit. 18 of 36. Penstemon palmeri A. Gray: dehisced fruit with calyx. • Seed. 19 of 36. Penstemon palmeri A. Gray: seeds. • Seed. 20 of 36. Striga sp.: seeds. • Seed. 21 of 36. Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke: seeds. • Fruit. 22 of 36. Verbascum thapsus L.: fruit with calyx. • Seed. 23 of 36. Verbascum thapsus L.: seeds. • Seed. 24 of 36. Veronica fruticulosa L.: seeds. • Embryo. 25 of 36. Alectra stricta Benth.: embryo. • Embryo. 26 of 36. Bacopa decumbens (Fern.) F. N. Williams: embryo. • Embryo. 27 of 36. Dopatrium junceum (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.: embryo. • Embryo. 28 of 36. Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth.: embryo. • Embryo. 29 of 36. Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume: embryo. • Embryo. 30 of 36. Linaria triphylla (L.) Mill.: embryo. • Embryo. 31 of 36. Lindernia ciliata (Colsm.) Pennell: embryo. • Embryo. 32 of 36. Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell.: embryo. • Embryo. 33 of 36. Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis: embryo. • Embryo. 34 of 36. Mecardonia dianthera (Sw.) Pennell: embryo. • Embryo. 35 of 36. Misopates orontium (L.) Raf.: embryo. • Embryo. 36 of 36. Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
