By using the cultivation method of the present invention, the seedling can be such that the perfume cold production increased 10% or more, about half extended flowering. The present invention relates to a method of cultivating a hardy perfume lotus. By (1) selection and storage, (2) site preparation, (3) Disinfecting fertilization, (4) site preparation ridging, (5) were sown, (6) colonization, (7) insecticidal and cleaning, to achieve cold perfume the beneficial effect of planting lotus. Combination of four steps of Pest control methods of the present invention, and selecting particular compound microbial fertilizer, so that the cold lotus perfume during growth effectively prevent the harm of pests and diseases, and because it contains multiple species of microorganism starter compound microbial fertilizer of applications to meet the needs of the entire development of hardy perfume lotus on a variety of nutrients, microbial metabolites have a lot of special effects, can inhibit harmful microorganisms, by regulating metabolism, enhance disease resistance lotus perfume. By using the cultivation method of the present invention, the seedling can be such that the perfume cold production increased 10% or more, about half extended flowering.
V. K. Agnihotri, H. N. ElSohly, S. I. Khan, T. J. Smillie, I. A. Khan, and L. A. Walker, “Antioxidant Constituents of Nymphaea Caerulea Flowers,” Phytochemistry, vol. 69, no. 10, pp. 2061–2066, Jul. 2008.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.04.009.
As part of an ongoing search for antioxidants from medicinal plants, 20 constituents were isolated from the Nymphaea caerulea flowers, including two 2S,3S,4S-trihydroxypentanoic acid (1), and myricetin 3-O-(3′′-O-acetyl)-α-l-rhamnoside (2), along with the known myricetin 3-O-α-l-rhamnoside (3), myricetin 3-O-β-d-glucoside (4), quercetin 3-O-(3′′-O-acetyl)-α-l-rhamnoside (5), quercetin 3-O-α-l-rhamnoside (6), quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucoside (7), kaempferol 3-O-(3′′-O-acetyl)-α-l-rhamnoside (8), kaempferol 3-O-β-d-glucoside (9), naringenin (10), (S)-naringenin 5-O-β-d-glucoside (11), isosalipurposide (12), β-sitosterol (13), β-sitosterol palmitate (14), 24-methylenecholesterol palmitate (15), 4α-methyl-5α-ergosta-7,24(28)-diene-3β,4β-diol (16), ethyl gallate (17), gallic acid (18), p-coumaric acid (19), and 4-methoxybenzoic acid (20). The structures were determined by spectroscopic means. Compounds were tested for antioxidant activity and nine compounds 2–7, 11, 12 and 18 were considered active with IC50 of 1.16, 4.1, 0.75, 1.7, 1.0, 0.34, 11.0, 1.7 and 0.95μg/ml, respectively, while 1 was marginally active (IC50>31.25μg/ml). The most promising activity was found in the EtOAc fraction (IC50 0.2μg/ml). This can be attributed to the synergistic effect of the compounds present in it.
V. K. Agnihotri, H. N. ElSohly, S. I. Khan, T. J. Smillie, I. A. Khan, and L. A. Walker, “Constituents of Nymphaea Caerulea Flowers and Their Antioxidant Acivity,” Planta Medica, vol. 74, no. 03, pp. P-117, Feb. 2008.
doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1075313.
Different extractives of petals of Nymphaea nouchali were evaluated for membrane stabilizing, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. The membrane stabilizing activity was assessed by hypotonic solution and heat induced methods. In the present studies, the aqueous soluble (AQSF) materials of the petals demonstrated strong membrane stabilizing activity, whereas the chloroform (CSF) and petroleum ether soluble fractions (PESF) revealed moderate membrane stabilizing activity in both methods. The total phenolic content was also determined and expressed in gallic acid equivalent. In brine shrimp bioassay, the extractives of N. nouchali exhibited no lethality as evident from no death of nauplii after 24 hours of observation. On the other hand, the chloroform (CSF) and aqueous soluble fractions (AQSF) of methanol extract revealed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities against some microorganisms used in the screening.
The arid climatic conditions of Kuwait limits the range of plant species exploited in landscaping and in such environments, water gardening, which is suitable for a variety of climates including the desert climate, becomes significant. Hence, the relative growth rate and adaptability of 15 imported cultivars of water lilies (Nymphaea sp.) were assessed at the Urban Demonstration Garden Site (UDG) of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR). The cultivars were imported from Shanghai Xinhai Cultivation of Flowers Co., Ltd, China, and the experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The cultivars were planted in one-gallon containers filled with sand:sphagnum peat moss (2:1 v/ v) and placed in pond compartments filled with fresh water. The periodic data on the number of leaves, petiole length, leaf width, leaf area index, and number of flowers of water lily cultivars were analyzed using the statistical procedure, R method. The results of the study were very promising, indicating that using water lilies for greenery enhancement and in landscape beautification projects in Kuwait is a viable option. All the introduced water lily varieties from China were found suitable for growing under the climatic conditions of Kuwait as evidenced by the data on growth rate and survival percentage. All of the varieties exhibited a positive growth rate during the summer season and their growth was drastically reduced during the winter season. Further studies on the performance of water lilies are required to ascertain the long-term impact of prevailing environmental conditions on their growth and contribution to visual appeal.
H. S. Al-Menaie, O. Al-Ragam, N. Al-Dosery, M. Zalzaleh, M. Mathew, and N. Suresh, “Effect of Pot Size on Plant Growth and Multiplication of Water Lilies (Nymphaea Sp),” Environ. Sci., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 148–153, 2012.
Growth performance and multiplication of two promising water-lily varieties (Nymphaea sp.) namely, N. rosea and N. sunrise were studied at the Urban Demonstration Garden Site (UDG) of Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), using different types of pots. Three replicates of each variety were tested using pots of three different sizes i.e., 29 h x 30 w x 29 d cm (circular), 50 h x 45 w x 22 d cm (rectangular) and 22 h x 22 w x 13 d cm (baskets) in split plot design. The water lilies were planted in containers filled with a growing medium of sand: sphagnum peat moss in 2:1 (v/v) and then placed in tanks filled with fresh water. Growth rate was measured on a monthly basis through the petiole length, leaf width, number of leaves and number of flowers. At the end of the study, observations on the number of the offshoots, buds and seedlings produced from each plant were recorded to study the effect of pot size on water-plant growth. Among the three different sized pots studied, rectangular pots of size 50 h x 45 w x 22 d cm were found to be the best for the growth and multiplication of N. rosea and N. sunrise. This could be due to the increased plant-leaf area, shoot biomass and root biomass in rectangular pots compared to circular pots and baskets.
H. Al-Menaie, “Performance Evaluation of Water Lily Varieties (Nymphaea Sp) for Landscape Beautification in Kuwait,” 2011.
doi: 10.5251/AJSIR.2011.2.1.122.128.
It is revealed that a number of water lily varieties had good potential for growth and adaptability to the climatic conditions of Kuwait and were evaluated on evaluating the vegetative and reproductive parameters of 15 varieties ofWater lily procured from China. Growth performance of imported water lily varieties (Nymphaea sp.) was studied under the environmental conditions of Kuwait. The study focused on evaluating the vegetative and reproductive parameters of 15 varieties of water lily procured from China. The design of the experiment was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Rhizomes were planted in one-gallon containers filled with a growing medium comprising of sand: sphagnum peat moss (2:1 v/v) and placed in pond compartments filled with fresh water. Data on petiole length, number of leaves, number of flowers and leaf width were statistically analyzed using R method. The analysis provided a clear picture on the performance of different water lily varieties under arid conditions. The study revealed that a number of water lily varieties had good potential for growth and adaptability to the climatic conditions of Kuwait. Varieties such as N. mexicana, N. sumptuosa, N. texas, N. rosea, N. Perry’s Baby Red, N. colorado, N. odorata and N. sunrise produced attractive floating foliage and gorgeous flowers of various colors and, provided charm to the water garden. During the winter months growth was drastically reduced with indicator leaves remaining submerged underwater while during summer, the plants resumed their growth activities and started blooming.
S. Anisuzzaman, “Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic and Chloroformic Extracts of Nymphaeu Nouchali Leaves,” International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research, vol. 2, pp. 417–420, Aug. 2013.
F. O. Arimoro, A. E. Ogbeibu, and F. F. Raifu, “Phytophilous Macroinvertebrates of Floating Nymphaea Lotus and Pistia Stratiotes in River Orogodo, Niger Delta, Nigeria,” Tropical Freshwater Biology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 75–87, 2007.
doi: 10.4314/tfb.v16i1.20905.
Phytophilous macroinvertebrates associated with two dominant floating aquatic macrophytes, water lilly (Nymphaea lotus) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) in River Orogodo, Niger Delta were sampled between February and July 2006. The location of both plant species exhibited similar water quality characteristics during the study except for BOD5, pH and nitrate that were significantly different (P<0.05) among the locations of the aquatic plants studied. Twenty-seven (27) species of macroinvertebrates attached to the plants were recognized. Clearly, the dipterans particularly chironomid larvae and water mites (Hydracarina) were the preponderant species contributing over 25% each of the total phytophilous invertebrate density while the annelids were the least, contributing only 0.46% to the total density. The association of macroinvertebrates with these aquatic macrophytes is largely due to the fact that they depend on the macrophytes for shelter, food and also as refuge from predators. No odonate or plecopteran nymph was collected from Nymphaea lotus during the period of the study. It is hypothesized that this plant discharges certain compounds that prevented these nymphs from colonizing it. Furthermore, the general morphology of Pistia stratiotes ensured better colonization by phytophilous macroinvertebrates Keywords: Nymphaea lotus, Pistia stratiotes, phytophilous macroinvertebrates, River Orogodo, Niger Delta. Tropical Freshwater Biology Vol. 16 (1) 2007: pp. 75-87
C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, “Nymphaeaceae: A Basal Angiosperm Family (ANITA Grade) with a Fully Developed Embryo,” Seed Science Research, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 293–296, Dec. 2007.
doi: 10.1017/S0960258507834994.
Rudimentary, broad and small linear embryos occur among members of the most primitive (basal) extant angiosperms, collectively called the ANITA grade (i.e. Amborella, Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales). Amborella (rudimentary) and Austrobaileyales (rudimentary in Austrobaileyaceae, Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae and small linear in Trimeniaceae) have kinds of embryos that are known to be underdeveloped; consequently, they must grow inside the seed prior to radicle emergence (germination). On the other hand, it is not known if broad embryos need to grow before radicles can emerge, and whether they are underdeveloped or fully developed. Thus, we addressed the question: ‘Is the broad embryo of Nymphaeales also underdeveloped?’. Although the embryo length : seed length ratios in Nymphaea Albert Greenburg, N. capensis var. zanzibariensis and N. immutabilis were 0.311, 0.349 and 0.234, respectively, embryos did not grow prior to radicle emergence. Thus, they are fully developed at seed maturity. If Amborella and Nymphaeales are equally the most basal angiosperms, as some molecular phylogenetic studies indicate, then we must conclude that the broad and rudimentary embryos are equally primitive.
H. A. Begum, K. K. Ghosal, and T. K. Chattopadhyay, “Comparative Morphology and Floral Biology of Three Species of the Genus of Nymphaea from Bangladesh,” Bangladesh Journal of Botany, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 179–183, 2010.
doi: 10.3329/bjb.v39i2.7478.
Morphology and floral biology of three species of the genus Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) of Bangladesh revealed that N. nouchali, N. pubescens and N. rubra, were normal, protogynous or normal and protogynous, respectively. N. pubescens was night bloomer and each flower opened for three consecutive nights where as N. rubra opened for four consecutive nights and N. nouchali for three consecutive days. The behavior of anther dehiscence and stigma appendages had significant role in pollination. Excellent pollen germination and receptivity were observed in the exudate of stigma cup. Key words: Nymphaea; Comparative morphology; Floral biology DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v39i2.7478 Bangladesh J. Bot. 39(2): 179-183, 2010 (December)
G. Bendz and B. Jönsson, “Anthocyanins in Leaves of Nymphaea Candida,” Phytochemistry, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 471–472, Feb. 1971.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94083-4.
Delphinidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside and a pigment tentatively identified as delphinidin-7-galactoside have been isolated from the leaves of Nymphaea candida.
S. Bhowmik and B. Datta, “Pollen Dimorphism of Several Members of Nymphaeaceae and Nelumbonaceae: An Index of Geographical and Ecological Variation.” May-2013.
Pollen morphology of five Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) species, growing in Tripura, India were analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Pollen grains of Nymphaea are dimorphic (ellipsoidal and spheroidal). The exine pattern also varies among the species. The variation as reported in the present study in terms of exine pattern of the studied species suggests the feasibility of applying the data in the identification of the genus of Nymphaea. The difference in exine patterns with the earlier reports may be interpreted as reflections of genetic variations possibly due to mutational changes effected by ecological conditions. The present pollen dimorphism may be attributed by introgression of populations. The variability in pollen morphology, including size variation and morphological differences, is often associated with hybrids among angiosperm groups. The examinations of percentages of aborted grains, generally considered a good indicator of hybridity. The occurrence of monosulcate pollens in Nelumbo nucifera along with dominant tricolpate pollens may be considered as aberrant pollens because of very low percentage of occurrence of monosulcate pollens. The ecological and geographical variations in pollen morphology could be an index of the genetic impact of the environment on the plant. Thus the present difference in terms of exine pattern could be useful to separate them at varietal level.
The pollen morphology of four species (64 specimens) of the genus Nymphaea L. (Nymphaeaceae) was studied and documented in detail using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pollen is mostly medium or sometimes small in size,
D. K. Biswal, M. Debnath, S. Kumar, and P. Tandon, “Phylogenetic Reconstruction in the Order Nymphaeales: ITS2 Secondary Structure Analysis and in Silico Testing of Maturase k (matK) as a Potential Marker for DNA Bar Coding,” BMC Bioinformatics, vol. 13, no. Suppl 17, p. S26, Dec. 2012.
doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-S17-S26.
Background The Nymphaeales (waterlilly and relatives) lineage has diverged as the second branch of basal angiosperms and comprises of two families: Cabombaceae and Nymphaceae. The classification of Nymphaeales and phylogeny within the flowering plants are quite intriguing as several systems (Thorne system, Dahlgren system, Cronquist system, Takhtajan system and APG III system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III system) have attempted to redefine the Nymphaeales taxonomy. There have been also fossil records consisting especially of seeds, pollen, stems, leaves and flowers as early as the lower Cretaceous. Here we present an in silico study of the order Nymphaeales taking maturaseK (matK) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) as biomarkers for phylogeny reconstruction (using character-based methods and Bayesian approach) and identification of motifs for DNA barcoding. Results The Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian approach yielded congruent fully resolved and well-supported trees using a concatenated (ITS2+ matK) supermatrix aligned dataset. The taxon sampling corroborates the monophyly of Cabombaceae. Nuphar emerges as a monophyletic clade in the family Nymphaeaceae while there are slight discrepancies in the monophyletic nature of the genera Nymphaea owing to Victoria-Euryale and Ondinea grouping in the same node of Nymphaeaceae. ITS2 secondary structures alignment corroborate the primary sequence analysis. Hydatellaceae emerged as a sister clade to Nymphaeaceae and had a basal lineage amongst the water lilly clades. Species from Cycas and Ginkgo were taken as outgroups and were rooted in the overall tree topology from various methods. Conclusions MatK genes are fast evolving highly variant regions of plant chloroplast DNA that can serve as potential biomarkers for DNA barcoding and also in generating primers for angiosperms with identification of unique motif regions. We have reported unique genus specific motif regions in the Order Nymphaeles from matK dataset which can be further validated for barcoding and designing of PCR primers. Our analysis using a novel approach of sequence-structure alignment and phylogenetic reconstruction using molecular morphometrics congrue with the current placement of Hydatellaceae within the early-divergent angiosperm order Nymphaeales. The results underscore the fact that more diverse genera, if not fully resolved to be monophyletic, should be represented by all major lineages.
K. Bodhipadma, S. Noichinda, P. Thaiyanto, and D. W.M. Leung, “Morphology, Viability, and Germinability of Pollen from Two Forms of Nymphaea Nouchali Var. Versicolor, a Day-Blooming Waterlily,” ScienceAsia, vol. 39, no. 2, p. 214, 2013.
doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2013.39.214.
K. Bodhipadma, S. Noichinda, P. Wachirabongkoth, E. Pukpoomin, L. Punnakanta, and K. Nathalang, “Nymphaea Nouchali Var. Versicolor ‘Bua Phuean’: Seed Morphology and Germination In Vitro,” Environment and Natural Resources Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 19–25, 2011.https://ph02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ennrj/article/view/82475.
Nymphaea nouchali var. versicolor ‘Bua Phuean’ is one of Thai native species of day-blooming waterlily. Since the expansion of community from metropolitan area and the appreciation on exotic species of Nymphaea, number of this plant in environment is noticeably decreased. One of the efficient methods to conserve and increase the amount of this plant is seed germination. Thus, seed morphology and developmental stages of ‘Bua Phuean’ were investigated before germinating in vitro. The results revealed that ‘Bua Phuean’ seeds could be categorized into 5 stages and each stage also had dissimilar morphology. After the stages 3 to 5 seeds were germinated under aseptic condition, seed in stage 5 showed the highest germination rate at 82.22 %. During seed germination, coleoptile emerged from seed coat before root became visible.
J. Bonilla-Barbosa, A. Novelo, Y. Hornelas Orozco, and J. Márquez-Guzmán, “Comparative Seed Morphology of Mexican Nymphaea Species,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 189–204, Nov. 2000.
doi: 10.1016/S0304-3770(00)00125-X.
Seed morphology was studied in 10 species belonging to three subgenera of Nymphaea occurring in Mexico: subgenus Brachyceras (N. ampla, N. elegans, N. gracilis, N. pulchella); subgenus Hydrocallis (N. amazonum, N. conardii, N. jamesoniana, N. novogranatensis); and subgenus Nymphaea (N. mexicana, N. odorata). Phenetic relationships of Mexican species of Nymphaea were studied by cluster analysis (UPGMA). Among subgenera, the seeds showed morphological variation in shape, color, size, ornamentation of sclereids, and trichomes. A cluster analysis distinguished the three subgenera of Nymphaea in Mexico.
T. Borsch, K. W. Hilu, J. H. Wiersema, C. Löhne, W. Barthlott, and V. Wilde, “Phylogeny of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae): Evidence from Substitutions and Microstructural Changes in the Chloroplast trnT‐trnF Region,” International Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 168, no. 5, pp. 639–671, Jun. 2007.
doi: 10.1086/513476.
Nymphaea is the most speciose, phenotypically diverse, and geographically widespread (nearly global) genus of Nymphaeales. Phylogenetic relationships among 35 of an estimated 45–50 species of Nymphaea are presented based on an analysis of the chloroplast trnT‐trnF region. Because this is the first phylogenetic analysis of Nymphaea, monophyly of the genus had to be tested, and its status in Nymphaeales had to be inferred. Rooting was therefore extended to more distant outgroups (Amborella, Austrobaileyales). Monophyly of Nymphaea received weak support, with a Euryale‐Victoria clade appearing as sister. The three major lineages within Nymphaea are constituted by the northern temperate subg. Nymphaea that is sister to all remaining species, a subgg. Hydrocallis‐Lotos clade, and a subgg. Anecphya‐Brachyceras clade. The Australian genus Ondinea was nested at species level within Nymphaea subg. Anecphya. The pantropical subg. Brachyceras as currently circumscribed does not appear natural, with Nymphaea petersiana belonging to subg. Lotos. Microstructural changes are frequent and highly informative, exhibiting lower levels of homoplasy than substitutions. Reconstructing the evolution of microstructural changes shows a strong insertion bias in simple sequence repeats. Complex indels are often explained by mutational events that occurred independently in different parts of the tree rather than being the result of stepwise events at subsequent nodes. AT‐rich, satellite‐like sequence parts have evolved independently in the P8 stem loop of the trnL group I intron in Nuphar and in major lineages of Nymphaea. They seem to be conserved in sequence within species but are highly variable among species. Moreover, the trnT‐trnF region provides a signal that allows recognition (bar coding) of most species analyzed so far.
T. Borsch, C. Löhne, and J. Wiersema, “Phylogeny and Evolutionary Patterns in Nymphaeales: Integrating Genes, Genomes and Morphology,” TAXON, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 1052–4E, 2008.
doi: 10.1002/tax.574004.
The Nymphaeales (water lilies) clade has diverged as the second branch in the tree of angiosperms and is composed of the three families Cabombaceae, Nymphaeaceae and Hydatellaceae. Extant species diversity is constituted by 82 species, about half of which belong to the nearly globally distributed genus Nymphaea. DNA sequence datasets of multiple non-coding and rapidly evolving regions from all three genomic compartments (ca. 8 kb of sequence per taxon) for a dense sampling of Nymphaeales, Austrobaileyales and Amborella were examined. In an attempt to review the literature on water lilies of the past decades a matrix comprising 62 morphological characters was generated. The crown group of extant Nymphaeales is supported by a series of synapomorphies, several of which have evolved in line with the acquisition of herbaceous habits and adaptations to an aquatic lifestyle such as the loss of cambium and sclerenchyma. Further innovations evolved subsequently within the diversification of the water lily crown group such as hydropotes, or an aril as floating device for the seeds in core Nymphaeaceae that have evolved fruits ripening under water. Both Hydatellaceae and Cabombaceae exhibit many derived features that in part may be explained as adaptations to anemophily. The Nymphaeaceae are supported as monophyletic by most character partitions, including morphology, as are Nuphar and Barclaya as successive sisters to the core Nymphaeacae (Nymphaea, Ondinea, Euryale, Victoria). Parsimony analysis of the morphological dataset alone yielded a well resolved and statistically supported tree. Ondinea appears as a close relative of the Australian subg. Anecphya clade within Nymphaea by all genomic compartments and morphology. Earlier hypotheses of Nymphaea being paraphyletic to the Euryale-Victoria clade are inferred in nuclear trees, albeit with low support. Different morphological characters equivocally support a position of the Euryale-Victoria clade as sister to the subg. Hydrocallis-Lotus clade within Nymphaea or as sister to all species of Nymphaea. The diversification of the water lily clade is further characterized by a trend towards increased complexity in floral architecture.
T. Borsch, J. H. Wiersema, C. B. Hellquist, C. Löhne, and K. Govers, “Speciation in North American Water Lilies: Evidence for the Hybrid Origin of the Newly Discovered Canadian Endemic Nymphaea Loriana Sp. Nov. (Nymphaeaceae) in a Past Contact Zone,” Botany, vol. 92, no. 12, pp. 867–882, Dec. 2014.
doi: 10.1139/cjb-2014-0060.
T. Borsch, C. Löhne, M. S. Mbaye, and J. Wiersema, “Towards a Complete Species Tree of Nymphaea: Shedding Further Light on Subg. Brachyceras and Its Relationships to the Australian Water-Lilies,” 2011.
doi: 10.7751/telopea20116014.
A middle Miocene origin is inferred for the New World Brachyceras lineage that must have dispersed out of Africa either via a Beringian migrational route or through immediate long distance dispersal. The water-lily genus Nymphaea exhibits a worldwide distribution with an estimated number of more than 50 extant species. Recent phylogenetic analyses resolved three major lineages, a subg. Brachyceras–subg. Anecphya clade, also including Nymphaea ondinea, a subg. Hydrocallis-subg. Lotos clade, and the temperate subg. Nymphaea as a third clade. This study extends the taxon sampling for Brachyceras, previously the least understood subgenus. Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian analysis of nrITS sequence data depict a monophyletic subg. Brachyceras-clade and show a New World clade to be nested within African taxa. Plastid trnT-trnF sequence data are less conclusive. A middle Miocene origin is inferred for the New World Brachyceras lineage that must have dispersed out of Africa either via a Beringian migrational route or through immediate long distance dispersal. Within subg. Brachyceras, the West African individuals of Nymphaea guineensis form a distinct clade in both nuclear and plastid trees to which the Madagascan Nymphaea minuta is sister. Central and East African Brachyceras species appear well separated, suggesting a separating effect of the Dahomey gap to the evolution of these species. ITS sequences are more powerful in identifying Nymphaea species than trnT–trnF sequences. Nevertheless, about 15% of the known species remain to be sampled for a complete molecular tree of water-lilies. This also requires sampling of multiple populations in order to discover entities with a common evolutionary history and distinct molecular and morphological characters.
A. Bose, S. Dey Ray, and M. Sahoo, “Evaluation of Analgesic and Antioxidant Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Nymphaea Alba Rhizome,” Oxidants and Antioxidants in Medical Science, vol. 1, pp. 217–223, Jan. 2012.
doi: 10.5455/oams.140912.or.017.
M. A. Brock and K. H. Rogers, “The Regeneration Potential of the Seed Bank of an Ephemeral Floodplain in South Africa,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 123–135, Jun. 1998.
doi: 10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00062-X.
Germination from the seed banks of ephemeral floodplain wetlands of the Nyl River in South Africa was quantified in a glasshouse experiment to examine the potential of the seed bank for revegetation. Sediments from three sites with different wetting and drying histories (permanent, seasonal and occasional inundation) were collected in late summer after flooding and germination but before the seed bank was replenished. Samples were flooded artificially after dry, wet or wet/dry pretreatment and germination was recorded. Samples were then dried and reflooded to assess germination from the residual seed bank. All sites had a species-rich germinable seed bank. The water regime history of each site did not influence the number of species or individuals present in any trial or pretreatment. More species and individuals germinated in the first germination trial than the second. Fewer species germinated from the samples collected from above the water line than from underwater. Sixteen species (12 aquatic) and 1392 individuals germinated in the first trial. Most species from the field communities also germinated from the seed bank. Twelve species, including 2 new species, germinated from the residual seed bank. Many of the species from these wetlands have persistent seed banks with staggered germination of propagules. Species maintain themselves over space (sites), conditions (water regimes) and time (trials) by a range of life-cycle patterns. Wetland communities that depend on their seed banks for revegetation between wetting and drying events may be altered by human-induced changes to water regimes.
N. L. Burman, Flora Indica. apud C. Haek, Amstelaedami, apud J. Schreuderum, 1768.
M. Calviño-Cancela, C. A. Y. R. E. S. Fernández, and A. C. O. R. D. E. R. O. Rivera, “European Pond Turtles (Emys Orbicularis) as Alternative Dispersers of ‘Water-Dispersed’ Waterlily (Nymphaea Alba),” Ecoscience, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 529–534, Dec. 2007.
doi: 10.2980/1195-6860(2007)14[529:EPTEOA]2.0.CO;2.
Ecoscience publishes ecological research on patterns and processes at various temporal and spatial scales and at different levels of biological organization.
A. F. M. Camargo and E. R. Florentino, “Population Dynamics and Net Primary Production of the Aquatic Macrophyte Nymphaea Rudgeana C. F. Mey in a Lotic Environment of the Itanhaém River Basin (Sp, Brazil),” Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 83–92, Feb. 2000.
In this paper we evaluated the population dynamics and obtained estimates of the net primary production of the aquatic macrophyte Nymphaea rudgeana in an arm of the Itanhaém River (São Paulo State, Brazil). This species presents, in the studied area, a broad seasonal variation of biomass. As from November (13.1 g DW/m2) we observed a gradual increase of biomass that reached a maximum in February (163.1 g DW/m2). Then, the biomass decreased, maintaining low levels until a new growth period. The reduction of biomass is associated to the development of floating aquatic macrophytes (Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia molesta) and, subsequently to environmental factors (higher salinity values) that are unfavorable to their development. The net primary production of N. rudgeana was estimated from the biomass data, and the annual productivity value was estimated between 3.02 and 3.82 t/ha/year.
M. E. Capperino and E. L. Schneider, “Floral Biology of Nymphaea Mexicana Zucc. (Nymphaeaceae),” Aquatic Botany, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 83–93, Oct. 1985.
doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(85)90022-1.
The floral biology of Nymphaea mexicana Zuccarini has been investigated. Anthesis is diurnal with flowers opening and closing for two consecutive days. Flowers on the first day of anthesis are functionally female with the stigmatic papillae secreting a small quantity of fluid. Total dissolved solids of the stigmatic fluid range from 3 to 4%; glucose and fructose are in equal concentrations and a large number of free amino acids are present. Flowers are primarily visited by Dialictus bees, flies and beetles. These insects typically land on the wet stigmatic surface where the secretion loosens pollen from the insects’ body. On the second day of anthesis, the anthers dehisce and the stigmatic fluid disappears. This latter phenomenon is associated with a loss of stigmatic receptivity. Since protogyny is complete, flowers are obligatorily entomophilous. After anthesis, the flower closes and submerges. The perianth and androecium abscise and decompose as the fruit matures. The fruit yields large trichomic seeds. The phylogenetic position of N. mexicana within the genus is discussed.
G. Catian and E. Scremin-Dias, “Compared Leaf Anatomy of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) Species from Brazilian Flood Plain.,” Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia, 2013.
doi: 10.1590/S1519-69842013000400018.
Nymphaea has seven species already catalogued in the flood prone areas of the Brazilian Pantanal, and data on the arrangement of vascular bundles in the midrib and petiole, as well as the form and distribution of sclereids, were consistent. Nymphaea has seven species already catalogued in the flood prone areas of the Brazilian Pantanal. However, some species remain difficult to identify and descriptions of the anatomy of vegetative organs are an important tool for infrageneric separation to aid in group taxonomy. The species collected in the Pantanal and prepared according to the usual techniques for anatomical studies showed similar structural characteristics, and data on the arrangement of vascular bundles in the midrib and petiole, as well as the form and distribution of sclereids, were consistent. Nymphaea oxypetala stands out from the other evaluated species for having a greater number of differential characters, including angular collenchyma and the absence of bicollateral bundles in the petiole. Nymphaea lingulata stands out as the only species to feature bicollateral bundles in the leaf blade. The results, summarised in the dichotomous key, facilitate the identification of species that use the flower as the main differentiation, but are in a vegetative stage.
G. Catian and E. Scremin-Dias, “Phenotypic Variations in Leaf Anatomy of Nymphaea Gardneriana (Nymphaeaceae) Demonstrate Its Adaptive Plasticity1,” The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, vol. 142, no. 1, pp. 18–26, Jan. 2015.
doi: 10.3159/TORREY-D-14-00038.1.
To minimize the effects of abiotic factors in aquatic systems, aquatic plants feature efficient anatomical structures which are essential for successful colonization. The macrophytes show great plasticity in vegetative organ development, and such plasticity reflects environmental changes. Specifically, since Nymphaea gardneriana can inhabit completely different environments, featuring fully submerged leaves in rivers and floating leaves in lakes, this work aimed to compare the anatomy of these two kinds of leaves. Submerged plants show reddish leaves with a smaller and thinner leaf blade and different epidermal thickening in the midrib. Submerged leaves have a smaller stomatal density, but a greater density of hydropotes, which are present on both surfaces. They present a regular chlorenchyma and one to two vascular bundles in the midrib. On the other hand, floating leaves are green with thin-walled epidermal cells; hydropotes are found exclusively on the abaxial surface; a typical palisade chlorenchyma can be observed with two vascular bundles in the midrib. Studies indicate that the size, flexibility, color, and leaf anatomy are responses to factors such as flow, nutrients, turbidity of the water and light availability. The phenotypic variations of Nymphaea gardneriana that occur in fully submerged compared to floating leaves indicate that this species adjusts leaf development in response to physical variations in the environment.
A. Chaveerach, T. Tanee, and R. Sudmoon, “Molecular Identification and Barcodes for the Genus Nymphaea,” Acta Biologica Hungarica, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 328–340, Aug. 2011.
doi: 10.1556/abiol.62.2011.3.11.
Nymphaea species, the most popular decorative plants, were collected for specificity of inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analyses in species identification and differentiation of cultivars and natural populations. Dendrogram constructed from ISSR analyses separated out wild species, namely Nymphaea cyanea, N. nouchali, N. capensis, N. lotus and an outgroup N. mexicana, and cultivars. The dendrogram indicates that the cultivars should be differentiated from N. capensis, as they are sister individuals of N. capensis. The ISSR banding data and the dendrogram are concordantly concluded that wild N. capensis would be an effective type species for producing different cultivars. After plant identification by ISSR markers, DNA barcodes of all sample materials were done to provide species specific markers which can be used for rapid and accurate further plant identification without morphological characters. DNA barcoding sequence analysis indicates genetic distance values. All sequences were recorded in GenBank database.
F. Chen, X. Liu, C. Yu, Y. Chen, H. Tang, and L. Zhang, “Water Lilies as Emerging Models for Darwin’s Abominable Mystery,” Horticulture Research, vol. 4, p. 17051, Jan. 2017.
doi: 10.1038/hortres.2017.51.
Water lilies are not only highly favored aquatic ornamental plants with cultural and economic importance but they also occupy a critical evolutionary space that is crucial for understanding the origin and early evolutionary trajectory of flowering plants. The birth and rapid radiation of flowering plants has interested many scientists and was considered ‘an abominable mystery’ by Charles Darwin. In searching for the angiosperm evolutionary origin and its underlying mechanisms, the genome of Amborella has shed some light on the molecular features of one of the basal angiosperm lineages; however, little is known regarding the genetics and genomics of another basal angiosperm lineage, namely, the water lily. In this study, we reviewed current molecular research and note that water lily research has entered the genomic era. We propose that the genome of the water lily is critical for studying the contentious relationship of basal angiosperms and Darwin’s ‘abominable mystery’. Four pantropical water lilies, especially the recently sequenced Nymphaea colorata, have characteristics such as small size, rapid growth rate and numerous seeds and can act as the best model for understanding the origin of angiosperms. The water lily genome is also valuable for revealing the genetics of ornamental traits and will largely accelerate the molecular breeding of water lilies.
T. P. Choo, C. K. Lee, K. S. Low, and O. Hishamuddin, “Accumulation of Chromium (VI) from Aqueous Solutions Using Water Lilies (Nymphaea Spontanea),” Chemosphere, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 961–967, Feb. 2006.
doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.052.
This study describes an investigation using tropical water lilies (Nymphaea spontanea) to remove hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions and electroplating waste. The results show that water lilies are capable of accumulating substantial amount of Cr(VI), up to 2.119 mg g−1 from a 10mgl−1 solution. The roots of the plant accumulated the highest amount of Cr(VI) followed by leaves and petioles, indicating that roots play an important role in the bioremediation process. The maturity of the plant exerts a great effect on the removal and accumulation of Cr(VI). Plants of 9 weeks old accumulated the most Cr(VI) followed by those of 6 and 3 weeks old. The results also show that removal of Cr(VI) by water lilies is more efficient when the metal is present singly than in the presence of Cu(II) or in waste solution. This may be largely associated with more pronounced phytotoxicity effect on the biochemical changes in the plants and saturation of binding sites. Significant toxicity effect on the plant was evident as shown in the reduction of chlorophyll, protein and sugar contents in plants exposed to Cr(VI) in this investigation.
M. Coiro and M. R. Barone Lumaga, “Disentangling Historical Signal and Pollinator Selection on the Micromorphology of Flowers: An Example from the Floral Epidermis of the Nymphaeaceae,” Plant Biology, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 902–915, 2018.
doi: 10.1111/plb.12850.
The family Nymphaeaceae includes most of the diversity among the ANA-grade angiosperms. Among the species of this family, floral structures and pollination strategies vary. The genus Victoria, as well as subgenera Lotos and Hydrocallis in Nymphaea, present night-blooming, scented flowers pollinated by scarab beetles. Such similar pollination strategies have led to macromorphological similarities among the flowers of these species, which could be interpreted as homologies or convergences based on different phylogenetic hypotheses about the relationships of these groups. We employed scanning electron microscopy of floral epidermis for seven species of the Nymphaeaceae with contrasting pollination biology to identify the main characters of the floral organs and the potential homologous nature of the structures involved in pollinator attraction. Moreover, we used transmission electron microscopy to observe ultrastructure of papillate-conical epidermis in the stamen of Victoria cruziana. We then tested the phylogenetic or ecological distribution of these traits using both consensus network approaches and ancestral state reconstruction on fixed phylogenies. Our results show that the night-blooming flowers present different specialisations in their epidermis, with V. cruziana presenting the most elaborate floral anatomy. We also identify for the first time the presence of conical-papillate cells in the order Nymphaeales. The epidermal characters tend to reflect phylogenetic relationships more than convergence due to pollinator selection. These results point to an independent and parallel evolution of scarab pollination in Nymphaeaceae and demonstrate the promise of floral anatomy as a phylogenetic marker. Moreover, they indicate a degree of sophistication in the anatomical basis of cantharophilous flowers in the Nymphaeales that diverges from the most simplistic views of floral evolution in the angiosperms.
Z. S. Coles and N. Lall, “Sustainable Production of Aquatic and Wetland Plants,” in Aquatic Plants: Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Applications, CRC Press, 2020, pp. 291–329.
doi: 10.1201/9780429429095-6.
Wetlands most often support a rich biodiversity, well beyond their direct area, and provide significant ecological and socio-economic benefits. Benefits include improving/maintaining water quality by reducing pollutants and bio-conservation of soil, water, and biological diversity that reside in or migrate through these ecosystems. This displays the vast array of benefits provided by wetlands as hydrological systems, beyond their inherent ability to improve water quality, and the need to conserve them. In addition to wild collection of species possessing traditional/medicinal properties, placing further pressure on these habitats, these ecosystems are already threatened due to urbanization, agriculture, and mining. On the other hand, the medicinal use of wetland species may provide opportunity to conserve wetland ecosystems through the enrichment of ecological awareness and the need for sustainable utilization (in situ conservation) and ex situ cultivation/conservation. Due to the growing understanding and utilization of natural products, it is necessary that desired species be propagated and cultivated as to reduce pressure on natural ecosystems. Therefore, in the interest of wetland ecosystems and the biodiversity they support, it is necessary to inform readers of suitable propagation and cultivation practices for the regeneration and production of desired species with significant potential. Beyond the commercial production of these species, this information may facilitate sustainable rural development while reducing the exploitation of natural habitats and conserving biodiversity.
M. E. COLLINSON, “Recent and Tertiary Seeds of the Nymphaeaceae Sensu Lato with a Revision of Brasenia Ovula (Brong.) Reid and Chandler,” Annals of Botany, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 603–632, 1980.https://www.jstor.org/stable/42761371.
The nine extant genera within the Nymphaeaceae s.l. (Water Lilies) are shown to be separable from one another on the basis of seed morphology. In particular, epidermal detail, vertical section of the testa and relative position of the micropyle and hilum are diagnostic for each genus. These features are considered in connection with current systematic treatments of this family. Fossil seeds are reviewed at the generic level and many of the seeds previously assigned to Brasenia ovula (Brong.) Reid and Chandler are shown to belong to an extinct genus of Nymphaeaceae intermediate between the currently accepted families Cabombacaceae and Nymphaeaceae s.s. They are redescribed as Sabrenia chandlerae gen. et sp. nov. The British Tertiary fossils Brasenia spinosa Chandler, Palaeonymphaea eocenica Chandler emend and ?Nymphaea liminis sp.nov. are described. Fossil material of Carpolithes ovulum Brongniart 1822a, Brasenia victoria (Casp.) Weberbauer 1893, B. teumeri Kirchheimer 1935, B. tenuicostata Nikitin 1965 and Nymphaea arethusae Grambast 1962 has been studied for comparative purposes. The use of ’?’ before the extant generic name is advocated when all features of a fossil indicate that it may be placed in a living genus but when certain additional, critical features of the living genus are lacking on the fossil.
H. S. Conard, The Waterlilies: A Monograph of the Genus Nymphaea, no. 4. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1905, pp. 1–432.
doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.51290.
U. M. Cowgill, “Biogeochemical Cycles for the Chemical Elements in Nymphaea Odorata Ait. and the Aphid Rhopalosiphum Nymphaeae (L.) Living in Linsley Pond,” Science of The Total Environment, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 259–303, Dec. 1973.
doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(73)90020-X.
A hydrogeochemical study to determine the abundance of the chemical elements in the water of Linsley Pond, North Branford, Conn., U.S.A., was initiated in 1965. As the investigation progressed, it became clear that the aquatic macrophytes, associated sediments, and the soils and rocks of the basin had to be examined chemically in order to elucidate the biogeochemical cycle of the elements in the water. This aspect of the study concerns the elemental chemical composition of Nymphaea odorata Ait. and the aphid Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (L.) feeding on its leaves. Thirty-five elements were detected in the water but fifty-four were found in this water-lily and its aphid. Those not encountered in lake water concentrated twenty-fold were Cs, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Er, Yb, Ge, Zr, Hf, Th, As, Nb and Se. The water-lily, the aphid, the lake sediment and the soils and rocks of the basin all contained detectable quantities of the rare earths, though beyond Sm only those of even atomic number were encountered. The aphids contained more Na, Li, Cs, Ba, Zn, Al, Ga, Si, Ge, Pb, Ti, Hf, P, Bi, S, Se, Cr, Mo, I, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Y, La, Ce, Pr and Sm than the leaves upon which they feed. The water-lily leaves contain more Ag, Ca, Mg, Cd, Hg, B, Sn, Zr, Th, Cl, Br, Nd and Sc than the aphids. The amount of Be, Gd, Dy, Er, Yb, K, Rb, Cu, Sr, As, V and F is essentially the same in the insects as in the leaves which support them. Pertinent comparative data from other sources are also presented.
J. M. Cramer, A. D. J. Meeuse, and P. A. Teunissen, “A Note on the Pollination of Nocturnally Flowering Species of Nymphaea,” Acta Botanica Neerlandica, vol. 24, no. 5-6, pp. 489–490, 1975.
doi: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1975.tb01039.x.
M. Dąbrowska, K. Rola, P. Volkova, J. Suda, and J. Zalewska‐Gałosz, “Genome Size and Phenotypic Variation of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) Species from Eastern Europe and Temperate Asia,” 2015.
doi: 10.5586/ASBP.2015.016.
Assessment of phenotypic variation in Nymphaea taxa sampled over a wide area of Eastern Europe and temperate Asia revealed a considerably higher variation in the studied morphological traits (especially the quantitative ones) in N. alba and N. candida than reported in the literature. Despite long-term research, the aquatic genus Nymphaea still possesses major taxonomic challenges. High phenotypic plasticity and possible interspecific hybridization often make it impossible to identify individual specimens. The main aim of this study was to assess phenotypic variation in Nymphaea taxa sampled over a wide area of Eastern Europe and temperate Asia. Samples were identified based on species-specific genome sizes and diagnostic morphological characters for each taxon were then selected. A total of 353 specimens from 32 populations in Poland, Russia and Ukraine were studied, with nine biometric traits being examined. Although some specimens morphologically matched N. ×borealis (a hybrid between N. alba and N. candida ) according to published determination keys, only one hybrid individual was revealed based on genome size data. Other specimens with intermediate morphology possessed genome size corresponding to N. alba , N. candida or N. tetragona . This indicates that natural hybridization between N. alba and N. candida is not as frequent as previously suggested. Our results also revealed a considerably higher variation in the studied morphological traits (especially the quantitative ones) in N. alba and N. candida than reported in the literature. A determination key for the investigated Nymphaea species is provided, based on taxonomically-informative morphological characters identified in our study.
E. L. Dalziell, W. Lewandrowski, and D. J. Merritt, “Increased Salinity Reduces Seed Germination and Impacts upon Seedling Development in Nymphaea L. (Nymphaeaceae) from Northern Australia’s Freshwater Wetlands,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 165, p. 103235, Jun. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2020.103235.
Coastal, freshwater wetlands in northern Australia are at risk of increased saltwater intrusion associated with sea-level rise, which threatens the persistence of numerous freshwater plant species by increasing salinity. Waterlilies (Nymphaea) are widespread in northern Australia, and their loss from these wetlands will be detrimental, both ecologically and culturally. This study aimed to define the regeneration tolerance of Nymphaea to increased salinity through quantifying the effects of salinity on seed germination and early seedling growth in four Nymphaea species. Seed germination and seedling growth were assessed under a gradient of salinity concentrations. Seeds that did not germinate after salinity exposure were assessed for their ability to recover in fresh water. For all species, there was a significant reduction in germination when seeds were exposed to salinities of ≥100 mM NaCl. Total seedling biomass was less sensitive to increasing salinity than germination, however declined significantly across all species at salinities ≥100 mM NaCl. Ungerminated seeds from all salinity treatments displayed some degree of recovery when transferred to fresh water. For the majority of species, however, seed germination of these transferred seeds never reached the percentages observed in the non-saline controls. For most species of Nymphaea, any salinization event reaching ≥100 mM NaCl will significantly reduce recruitment from seeds, irrespective of whether saline water is flushed from the system. The predicted future increases of saltwater intrusion into coastal freshwater wetlands in Northern Australia associated with global sea-level rise will likely result in significant habitat loss for many Nymphaea species.
E. L. Dalziell, C. C. Baskin, J. M. Baskin, R. E. Young, K. W. Dixon, and D. J. Merritt, “Morphophysiological Dormancy in the Basal Angiosperm Order Nymphaeales,” Annals of Botany, vol. 123, no. 1, pp. 95–106, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.1093/aob/mcy142.
Background and Aims Substantial evidence supports the hypothesis that morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) is the basal kind of seed dormancy in the angiosperms. However, only physiological dormancy (PD) is reported in seeds of the ANA-grade genus Nymphaea. The primary aim of this study was to determine the kind of dormancy in seeds of six species of Nymphaea from the wet–dry tropics of Australia. Methods The effects of temperature, light and germination stimulants on germination were tested on multiple collections of seeds of N. immutabilis, N. lukei, N. macrosperma, N. ondinea, N. pubescens and N. violacea. Embryo growth prior to hypocotyl emergence was monitored. Key Results Germination was generally <10 % after 28 d in control treatments. Germination percentage was highest at 30 or 35 °C for seeds exposed to light and treated with ethylene or in anoxic conditions in sealed vials of water, and it differed significantly between collections of N. lukei, N. macrosperma and N. violacea. Seeds of N. pubescens did not germinate under any of the conditions. Embryo growth (8–37 % in length) occurred before hypocotyl emergence (germination) in seeds of the five species that germinated. Conclusions Fresh seeds were dormant, and the amount of pregermination embryo growth in seeds of N. lukei and N. immutabilis was relatively small, while in seeds of N. macrosperma, N. ondinea and N. violacea it was relatively large. Thus, seeds of N. lukei and N. immutabilis had PD and those of N. macrosperma, N. ondinea and N. violacea had MPD. Overall, we found that seeds in the most phylogenetically derived clades within Nymphaea have MPD, suggesting that PD is the most likely basal trait within the Nymphaeales. This study also highlights the broad range of dormancy types and germination strategies in the ANA-grade angiosperms.
E. L. Dalziell, B. Funnekotter, R. L. Mancera, and D. J. Merritt, “Seed Storage Behaviour of Tropical Members of the Aquatic Basal Angiosperm Genus Nymphaea L. (Nymphaeaceae),” Conservation Physiology, vol. 7, no. 1, p. coz021, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.1093/conphys/coz021.
Eighteen native species of Nymphaea (waterlilies) inhabit a range of freshwater wetlands in northern Australia, which are threatened by increased development and the potential impacts of climate change. To investigate conservation seed banking of these vulnerable species, we aimed to characterize their seed storage physiology by determining (i) seed desiccation tolerance and (ii) the effects of moisture content and storage temperature on seed germination and viability. Seeds of N. immutabilis, N. lukei, N. macrosperma and N. violacea (including multiple collections of three species) were placed in experimental storage at a range of temperatures (25◦C, 5◦C, −20◦C and −190◦C) following pre-equilibration at different RHs (15%, 30%, 50%, 70% or 95%). Seeds were also experimentally aged at 60% RH and 45◦C to assess comparative longevity. We found seeds of all species to be desiccation tolerant. However, the responses of seeds to experimental storage conditions were complex and variable between species and collections of the same species, and seeds of many species/collections were short-lived across many of the storage treatments. In many cases decreasing storage temperature did not increase longevity. Additional protocol development is necessary before we can have confidence that ex situ seed banking is a viable long-term germplasm conservation strategy for Nymphaea.
This work reports the first population of Nymphaea × marliacea ‘Rosea’ in the wild in the Iberian Peninsula, which is the southernmost known so far in Europe and is located under the warmest climate type of all European populations of N. ×Marliacea. espanolEn este trabajo se notifica la primera cita de Nymphaea × marliacea ‘Rosea’ en la peninsula iberica. Se trata de la poblacion mas surena de Europa, y bajo el tipo climatico mas calido de todas las poblaciones encontradas hasta la fecha en Europa. Se trata de un hibrido artificial obtenido por J. B. Latour-Marliac a final del siglo XIX. La determinacion se abordo, tanto mediante analisis molecular como por los metodos basados en caracteres morfologicos. El enfoque basado en tecnicas moleculares no permitio determinar el taxon, posiblemente debido a la existencia de errores de asignacion de bases en GenBank. Se revisan diversos aspectos nomenclaturales, taxonomicos y ecologicos. EnglishThis work reports the first population of Nymphaea × marliacea ‘Rosea’ in the wild in the Iberian Peninsula. The population is the southernmost known so far in Europe and is located under the warmest climate type of all European populations of N. × marliacea. Nymphaea × marliacea is an artificial hybrid raised by J. B. Latour-Marliac at the end of the 19th century. Identification of the species was faced by molecular techniques and based on morphological characters. Molecular techniques did not allow to conclude about its identity, surely due to errors in the assignation of sequences recorded in GenBank. Nomenclatural and taxonomic issues are discussed and information about ecological features is reviewed.
E. J. P. Delbecque, “A Comparison of the Periphyton of Nuphar Lutea and Nymphaea Alba,” in Periphyton of Freshwater Ecosystems, Dordrecht, 1983, pp. 41–47.
doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-7293-3_8.
The periphyton of Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. and Nymphaea alba L., the dominating species of the vegetation of an old branch of the River Waal near Nijmegen, was studied from May until October 1981. The study evaluated the influence of the architecture of nymphaeid plants on the periphyton-composition of different plant parts. In particular the composition of the epiphytic diatom-flora was studied. The first part of this study consisted of analyses of the diatoms present on the underside of healthy looking floating leaves of both species. For this purpose, leaves with a distinct visible horizontal zonation were collected. Although light could be expected to be an important factor affecting the distribution of diatoms on the underside of floating leaves, the results of the analyses indicated that the period, during which the particular leaf-area becomes exposed to be surrounding water, is most important. The spatial differences in the studied area were not determined by their position but they reflect the differences in time of colonization, which are sufficient to explain the differences in the various diatom populations. Differences in the diatom flora between the floating leaves of the two nymphaeid species could not be detected.
S. A. Devi, B. Thongam, and P. J. Handique, “Multivariate Analysis of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) Taxa in Manipur (India) through Morphological Variables,” Brazilian Journal of Botany, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 359–366, Mar. 2016.
doi: 10.1007/s40415-015-0231-1.
Nymphaea L. forms an economically important wetland plant of Manipur, India. However, there is a dearth of the diversity information about the Nymphaea in this region. There is availability of great variation in the Nymphaea taxa collected during the survey. A total of 40 morphological characters were evaluated and analysed in 207 individuals representing nine taxa, through principal component analysis. The results indicate that there are three distinct types of morphologically same construct Nymphaea taxa detected as components. The first component consists of five taxa, viz., N. micrantha, N. caerulea, N. nouchali, N. manipurensis and N. manipurensis var. versicolor, which can explain around 33 % of the total variation of the Nymphaea taxa. Two taxa, including N. × marliacea and N. mexicana, form the second component that contributes around 30 % of the total variation of the Nymphaea taxa. The last component pertains to N. rubra and N. pubescens that can explain the variation of the Nymphaea taxa by 12 % approximately. Finally, the three components so far identified are designated as a triangular rhizome group, tubular rhizome group and globular rhizome group, respectively. The present study emphasizes the importance of morphological characters in delimiting the taxonomic groups in the Nymphaea taxa.
R. K. Dissanayake et al., “Antimicrobial Activities of Endophytic Fungi of the Sri Lankan Aquatic Plant Nymphaea Nouchali and Chaetoglobosin A and C, Produced by the Endophytic Fungus Chaetomium Globosum,” Mycology, 2016.
doi: 10.1080/21501203.2015.1136708.
This is the first study to report the isolation, identification and antimicrobial properties of endophytic fungi of N. nouchali in Sri Lanka. ABSTRACT Twenty distinct endophytic fungi were isolated from the surface-sterilized plant parts of Nymphaea nouchali and were identified using morphological and molecular techniques. At 300 µg/disc concentration, eight of the 20 fungal extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778) while two within the eight showed activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218). Furthermore, investigation of the crude extract of Chaetomium globosum resulted in the isolation of two known cytochalasans, chaetoglobosin A and C, and their structures were elucidated and confirmed by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H, 13C, COSY, HSQC, HMBC and tROESY) spectral data. Chaetoglobosin A showed antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis (MIC 16 µg mL−1), Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 32 µg mL−1) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, MIC 32 µg mL−1). This is the first study to report the isolation, identification and antimicrobial properties of endophytic fungi of N. nouchali in Sri Lanka.
J. Dkhar, “Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationship in the Genus Nymphaea Using DNA Profiling,” in Biotechnological Approaches in Ex Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources of Northeast India, 1st ed., New Delhi, India: Excel India Publishers, 2015, pp. 105–120.http://hdl.handle.net/10603/5275.
A comprehensive reassessment of seven Indian representatives of the genus Nymphaea viz. N. alba var. rubra, N. caerulea, N. × marliacea, N. nouchali, N. pubescens, N. rubra and N. tetragona is presented based on morphology, RAPD, PCR-RFLP and sequence data of the ITS region, chloroplast trnK intron, matK and rbcL gene in the current study. Morphological examinations revealed considerable variation among the species investigated. Of significant interest, from the context of evolutionary genetic studies, are two sympatric races of N. nouchali viz. N. nouchali JD 06 and N. nouchali JD 07, resembling each other in all aspects but showed flower colour polymorphism with blue and white coloured flowers respectively. Furthermore, members of subgenus (subg.) Lotos namely N. pubescens and N. rubra showed white coloured pollen in contrast to yellow pollen of the remaining species. Interestingly, the white coloured petals of N. pubescens exhibited a tinge of pink at the apex, resembling the petals colour of N. rubra. Barring N. caerulea and N. nouchali, RAPD analysis of randomly selected individuals from each species showed low genetic variation. The variability detected for N. caerulea may be attributed to the breeding system followed, suggesting it to be an outcrossing species. Surprisingly, no genetic variation was recorded among individuals of N. tetragona, a critically rare and endangered plant of India, necessitating its immediate conservation plan. PCR-RFLP of the ITS region revealed additional fragments, exceeding the expected size of the ITS region when totalled, in N. alba var. rubra, N. × marliacea, N. rubra and N. pubescens. Sequencing of the ITS region indicated that the extra fragments, manifested as additional signals in the sequencing chromatogram in N. pubescens may be due to random mutations occurring in some of the ITS paralogues. However, recent hybridization and introgression may be the reason for the additional signals depicted in the chromatograms of N. alba var. rubra and N. rubra. Interestingly, matK gene of N. tetragona revealed higher number of nonsynonymous substitutions. Molecular evolutionary analysis indicated that three of these sites may be under mild selective pressures. Such adaptive changes at the DNA and protein sequence level of matK gene may have been associated with the colonization of N. tetragona, suggesting that it could have migrated from China. Based on neighbour joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, phylogenetic relationship among the investigated species is presented and discussed.
J. Dkhar, S. Kumaria, S. R. Rao, and P. Tandon, “Molecular Phylogenetics and Taxonomic Reassessment of Four Indian Representatives of the Genus Nymphaea,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 135–139, Aug. 2010.
doi: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2010.03.010.
Because the classification of Nymphaea in India has been reported to be confusing, molecular taxonomic revision of four Indian representatives of the genus namely N. nouchali, N. pubescens, N. rubra and N. tetragona based on ITS, trnK intron and matK gene is presented and discussed. Molecular evidence provided here is in disagreement about the taxonomic identity of one specimen of N. nouchali and indicated a probable misidentification of N. tetragona. Interestingly, sequence analysis revealed lack of or low sequence divergence between N. pubescens and N. rubra. Phylogenetic relationship among members of Nymphaea subg. Lotos, represented by all known species viz. N. lotus, N. petersiana, N. pubescens and N. rubra was also conducted. Maximum parsimony analysis of the combined data matrix depicted two clades with N. petersiana and N. lotus forming one, N. pubescens and N. rubra representing the other. Bayesian inference showed N. petersiana as first branching, followed by N. lotus with N. pubescens and N. rubra emerging as a separate clade. The results indicated no close association between N. petersiana and N. nouchali, thereby, contradicting the morphology-based treatment of placing N. petersiana in synonymy under N. capensis and N. nouchali, respectively.
J. Dkhar, S. Kumaria, and P. Tandon, “Molecular Adaptation of the Chloroplast matK Gene in Nymphaea Tetragona, a Critically Rare and Endangered Plant of India,” Plant Genetic Resources, vol. 9, pp. 193–196, Jul. 2011.
doi: 10.1017/S1479262111000396.
Sustainable utilization of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture has been increasingly discussed at both national and international forums. Besides exploitation, conservation of plant genetic resources has become an integral part of these discussions. Conservation aims at maintaining the diversity of living organisms, their habitat and the interrelationship between organisms and their environment. For achieving such goals, appropriate conservation strategies have to be adopted. Determining the genetic makeup of a particular plant species is of critical importance when planning a suitable conservation strategy. In this study, we sequenced the chloroplast trnK intron, matK and rbcL gene aimed at understanding the rarity of Nymphaea tetragona, a critically rare and endangered plant of India found at only one location. We extended our investigation to other Nymphaea species such as N. nouchali, N. pubescens and N. rubra that are commonly available throughout India. Interestingly, matK gene of N. tetragona revealed high number of non-synonymous substitutions. Molecular evolutionary analysis indicated that three of these sites may be under mild selective pressures. Such adaptive changes at the DNA and protein sequence level of matK gene may have been associated with the colonization of N. tetragona, suggesting that it could have migrated from China.
J. Dkhar, S. Kumaria, S. R. Rao, and P. Tandon, “New Insights into Character Evolution, Hybridization and Diversity of Indian Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae): Evidence from Molecular and Morphological Data,” Systematics and Biodiversity, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 77–86, Mar. 2013.
doi: 10.1080/14772000.2013.773949.
A comprehensive reassessment of Indian Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) based on morphology, RAPD and nucleotide sequence data of the ITS, trnK intron, matK and rbcL gene was conducted. Although considerable morphological variations have been reported, pollen colour and rhizome shape are two characters which have not been mentioned in previous studies. The transformation from yellow to white coloured pollen may have evolved independently and is probably associated with a strong selective pressure acted upon by the animal pollinators on white pollen of N. pubescens and N. rubra. Rhizome shape could easily discriminate among subgenera; the difference in shape (triangular, globular and cylindrical) probably highlights the success in their distribution. Our studies using RAPD revealed high genetic variability among individuals of N. caerulea. This may be attributed to the breeding system followed, which could be an outcrossing species. But the lack of genetic diversity in N. tetragona is probably due to founder events, whereby a solitary founder individual from China could have resulted in the establishment of this single population of ∼25–30 individuals with no detectable variations. Molecular cloning of the ITS region of N. rubra, necessitated by the presence of additional signals in the sequencing chromatogram, confirmed the origin of this plant taxon through hybridization involving N. lotus and N. pubescens as the parental species.
J. Dkhar, S. Kumaria, and P. Tandon, “Nymphaea Alba Var. Rubra Is a Hybrid of N. Alba and N. Odorata as Evidenced by Molecular Analysis,” Annales Botanici Fennici, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 317–324, Aug. 2011.
doi: 10.5735/085.048.0403.
Sequencing signals of the biparentally inherited ITS marker and sequence matching of the chloroplast trnK intron, matK and rbcL gene of an Indian plant identified as Nymphaea alba var. rubra contradict its identity. Additional signals depicted in chromatograms of the ITS region and the exact match of the maternally inherited chloroplast DNA sequences suggest that the Indian material is a hybrid of N. alba and N. odorata. Molecular cloning techniques resulted in the isolation of ITS alleles from the putative hybrid with DNA sequences not exclusive of either of the parental species. Such allelic DNA sequences confirmed that hybridization between N. alba and N. odorata has occurred. Our DNA sequence analyses indicate this plant is an interspecific hybrid involving N. odorata as the maternal parent, and N. alba as the paternal parent.
J. Dkhar, S. Kumaria, S. R. Rao, and P. Tandon, “Sequence Characteristics and Phylogenetic Implications of the nrDNA Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) in the Genus Nymphaea with Focus on Some Indian Representatives,” Plant Systematics and Evolution, vol. 298, no. 1, pp. 93–108, Jan. 2012.
doi: 10.1007/s00606-011-0526-z.
Nymphaea, an aquatic perennial herb with exceptionally beautiful flowers and floating leaves, is well represented globally. Out of ten species reported from India, the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of nrDNA was investigated in seven species of Nymphaea viz. N. alba var. rubra, N. caerulea, N. × marliacea, N. nouchali, N. pubescens, N. rubra and N. tetragona. Barring N. pubescens, whereby double peaks detected in the sequencing chromatograms may be due to random mutations occurring in some of the ITS paralogues, the additional signals detected for N. alba var. rubra and N. rubra are probably influenced by recent hybridization and introgression. Our study on sequence characteristics of ITS 1 and ITS 2 revealed high G + C content (ITS 1, 45.5–48.4%; ITS 2, 50.2–51.5%) and sequence divergence. Percentage of sequence divergence based on substitution and substitution plus indels is 44.15 and 57.19, respectively, for the ITS 1; 29.74 and 47.96% were recorded for the ITS 2. Although highly variable, conserved motifs within the ITS 1 and ITS 2 region of Nymphaea were identified and are found to be common throughout the order Nymphaeales. Sequence analysis of the ITS 1 and ITS 2 failed to detect any variation between two morphotypes of N. nouchali, namely N. nouchali JD 06 and N. nouchali JD 07, differing in flower color and found at the same geographical location. However, on comparison with another specimen of N. nouchali found at a different location, they showed considerable variation in nucleotide composition. Complemented by sequence data retrieved from GenBank, phylogenetic tree reconstruction of the genus Nymphaea based on neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods is presented and discussed.
S. Dong et al., “The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Early Flowering Plant Nymphaea Colorata Is Highly Repetitive with Low Recombination,” BMC Genomics, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 614, Aug. 2018.
doi: 10.1186/s12864-018-4991-4.
Mitochondrial genomes of flowering plants (angiosperms) are highly dynamic in genome structure. The mitogenome of the earliest angiosperm Amborella is remarkable in carrying rampant foreign DNAs, in contrast to Liriodendron, the other only known early angiosperm mitogenome that is described as ‘fossilized’. The distinctive features observed in the two early flowering plant mitogenomes add to the current confusions of what early flowering plants look like. Expanded sampling would provide more details in understanding the mitogenomic evolution of early angiosperms. Here we report the complete mitochondrial genome of water lily Nymphaea colorata from Nymphaeales, one of the three orders of the earliest angiosperms.
A. S. Doran, D. H. Les, M. L. Moody, and W. E. Phillips, “Nymphaea ‘William Phillips’, a New Intersubgeneric Hybrid,” HortScience, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 446–447, Apr. 2004.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.39.2.446.
"Nymphaea ‘William Phillips’, a New Intersubgeneric Hybrid" published on Apr 2004 by American Society for Horticultural Science.
W. Ejankowski and B. Małysz, “Morphological Variability of the Water Lily (Nymphaea) in the Polesie Zachodnie Region, Eastern Poland,” Biologia, 2011.
doi: 10.2478/s11756-011-0055-9.
The results provide evidences that N. candida occurs beyond formerly recognized southern border of its range in the country, and is likely to be related to N. × borealis. Morphological analysis of the water lily (Nymphaea) was carried out to verify distribution of two closely related species Nymphaea alba and N. candida in the large swampy area in Eastern Poland, Polesie Zachodnie. A total of 25 lakes were investigated across the region. Data were collected from 20 lakes of different origin. Based on morphological characters of flowers and leaves the specimens varied continuously from “pure” N. candida to N. alba with high number of plants with mixed morphology, commonly known as N. × borealis. The intermediate morphotypes were common in all over the study area, whereas plants with exact morphology of N. candida were found mostly in humic lakes, in the eastern part of the region. The results provide evidences that N. candida occurs beyond formerly recognized southern border of its range in the country.
Fragrant waterlily (Nymphaea odorata Ait.) is an aquatic weed of wide distribution. Seeds from weed populations in souther New Jersey were studied to determine germination requirements. Seeds were dormant at time of release and no after-ripening requirement was observed. Mechanical puncturing of the seed coat had no effect upon germination. Seeds germinated when large numbers were crowded in a small container, and it was thought that the seeds themselved produced something that promoted their germination. Promotion of germination by 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) and inhibition of germination by aeration and CO2 suggested that this substance was ethylene gas in solution. Germination under conditions of seed crowding was inhibited by darkness and promoted by stratification. Stratification at 4.4C for 5 months resulted in germination of crowded seeds in excess of 90%. Germination was strongly inhibited by periods of freezing or drying as short as 1 day.
W. A. Emboden, “The Mushroom and the Water Lily: Literary and Pictorial Evidence for Nymphaea as a Ritual Psychotogen in Mesoamerica,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 139–148, Mar. 1982.
doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(82)90039-3.
In reconstructing early uses of psychotogens in Mesoamerica, mushrooms have occupied the attention of botanists and anthropologists almost to the exclusion of other plant motifs. Not all of the images and literary fragments extant lend themselves to mycological interpretation. Some authors have interpreted the peltate leaves and flower buds of the psychotogen Nymphaea ampla as being green mushrooms and/or stalked sea shells. The context of presentation, information on the water lily in Maya antiquity, and recent information on the chemistry of this white water lily suggest that we must reassess the role of Nymphaea ampla. In a reevaluation of these ancient literary and iconographie sources, it would seem that both mushrooms and water lilies emerge as important ritual psychotogens. While the contextual use of mushrooms is well known, the water lily has been largely ignored. This presentation provides some perspective on both of these important New World narcotics.
W. A. Emboden, “The Sacred Narcotic Lily of the Nile: Nymphaea Caerulea,” Economic Botany, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 395–407, Oct. 1978.
doi: 10.1007/BF02907935.
W. A. Emboden, “Transcultural Use of Narcotic Water Lilies in Ancient Egyptian and Maya Drug Ritual,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 39–83, Jan. 1981.
doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(81)90013-1.
Comparisons are made between ancient ritual uses of the flowers of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) in Maya and Egyptian civilizations. Recurrent motifs encountered in the art of both of these ancient civilizations suggests that the role of the water lily was that of a narcotic (psychodysleptic) used to mediate ecstasis among a priestly caste. Relevant literature is reviewed as are chemical data. Elements in the complex belief systems of these two civilizations need to be reinterpreted in view of the use of two water lilies as ritual narcotics. The species implicated are Nymphaea caerulea Sav., in Egypt, and N. ampla DC., among the Maya.
\relax F. I. N. N. ERVIK and J. E. T. T. E. T. KNUDSEN, “Water Lilies and Scarabs: Faithful Partners for 100 Million Years?,” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 539–543, Nov. 2003.
doi: 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00258.x.
Night-flowering water lilies (Nymphaeaceae) in South America are pollinated by Cyclocephala scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae: Cyclocephalini) in a specialized relationship involving synchronized flowering movements, strong floral scent, food tissues, and heat-producing flowers. We report that a similar and closely related association exists in West Africa between Nymphaea lotus L. and Ruteloryctes morio Fabricius (Cyclocephalini). This finding strongly supports a late Early Cretaceous origin of a symbiosis between the night-flowering water lilies and pollinating Cyclocephalini beetles. We believe that this is the first unambiguous evidence of a plant-pollinator relationship of this age.
S. A. Etnier and P. J. Villani, “Differences in Mechanical and Structural Properties of Surface and Aerial Petioles of the Aquatic Plant Nymphaea Odorata Subsp. Tuberosa (Nymphaeaceae),” American Journal of Botany, vol. 94, no. 7, pp. 1067–1072, 2007.
doi: 10.3732/ajb.94.7.1067.
Lily pads (Nymphaea odorata) exhibit heterophylly where a single plant may have leaves that are submerged, floating, or above (aerial) the surface of the water. Lily pads are placed in a unique situation because each leaf form is exposed to a distinctly different set of mechanical demands. While surface petioles may be loaded in tension under conditions of wind or waves, aerial petioles are loaded in compression because they must support the weight of the lamina. Using standard techniques, we compared the mechanical and morphological properties of both surface and aerial leaf petioles. Structural stiffness (EI) and the second moment of area (I) were higher in aerial petioles, although we detected no differences in other mechanical values (elastic modulus [E], extension ratio, and breaking strength). Morphologically, aerial petioles had a thicker rind, with increased collenchyma tissue and sclereid cell frequency. Aerial petioles also had a larger cross-sectional area and were more elliptical. Thus, subtle changes in the distribution of materials, rather than differences in their makeup, differentiate petiole forms. We suggest that the growth of aerial petioles may be an adaptive response to shading, allowing aerial leaves to rise above a crowded water surface.
P. Farooqui, “Ontogeny of Stomata in Some Nymphaeaceae,” Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences, vol. 89, no. 6, pp. 437–442, Dec. 1980.
doi: 10.1007/BF03046172.
In all the three species studied stomata are mostly confined to the upper epidermis but a few occur on the lower surface as well. Development is of the perigenous type. The reduction in number of cell divisions in and around the stomata in parasitic and aquatic plants is discussed.
W. S. Fava and V. G. N. Gomes, “‘Back-to-Bud’ Strategy in Nymphaea Amazonum (Nymphaeaceae): A Protogynous Macrophyte of the Pantanal Wetlands,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 140, pp. 1–3, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2017.04.001.
Seven species of Nymphaea, a protogynous and night-flowering plant, occur in the Pantanal wetlands. In this study, we report the floral biology of Nymphaea amazonum in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul. We used focal observations and video monitoring throughout the anthesis. Its flowers start to open at dusk. This is followed by an interposing “back-to-bud” stage and finally a full opening from about 04:00h to 05:00h. We observed the flowers lasted 3 days and Cyclocephala sp. beetles and Apis mellifera bees visited them during this time. We compared the floral behavior of N. amazonum to Prance’s record and found there were several differences. We highlighted the use of non-traditional tools as a complement for a better understanding the floral biology of a previously understudied species.
E. Fischer and C. M. Rodriguez, “690. NYMPHAEA THERMARUM: Nymphaeaceae: Plant in Peril, 34,” Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 318–327, 2010.https://www.jstor.org/stable/45066012.
Nymphaea thermarum Eb. Fisch, is described and illustrated. Its history, distribution, cultivation, propagation and conservation status are discussed.
T. Fossen and Ø. M. Andersen, “Acylated Anthocyanins from Leaves of the Water Lily, Nymphaéa × Marliacea,” Phytochemistry, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 353–357, Sep. 1997.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00293-8.
Three anthocyanins have been isolated from the leaves of the water lily, Nymphaéa × marliacea. Even though the lability of the two major anthocyanins was high, especially the linkage between the acetic acid and the galactose moieties, it was possible by means of homo- and heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR techniques and electrospray mass spectrometry to give the full structures of the novel pigments; delphinidin 3-O(2″-O-galloyl-6″-O-acetyl-β-galactopyranoside) (69%) and delphinidin 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl-β-galactopyranoside) (24%). The third anthocyanin (1.5%) was identified as delphinidin 3-O-β-galactopyranoside. Diacylation including gallic acid as one acyl moiety has previously not been reported for any flavonoid, and this is the first report of a 2″,6″-diacylated anthocyanin involving an aliphatic acid.
T. Fossen, Å. Larsen, and Ø. M. Andersen, “Anthocyanins from Flowers and Leaves of Nymphaéa × Marliacea Cultivars,” Phytochemistry, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 823–827, Jul. 1998.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00918-7.
Five anthocyanins have been isolated from red flowers of the water lily, Nymphaéa × marliacea var. Escarboucle and identified by a combination of chromatography, electrospray MS and homo- and heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR techniques to be the novel pigment cyanidin 3-O-(2″-O-galloyl-6″-O-acetyl-β-galactopyranoside), and the 3-O-(2″-O-galloyl-6″-O-acetyl-β-galactopyranoside), 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl-β-galactopyranoside), 3-O-(2″-O-galloyl-β-galactopyranoside) and 3-O-β-galactopyranoside of delphinidin. The same five anthocyanins were also found in different proportions in both flowers and leaves of two other N. × marliacea cultivars with pink and white flowers, respectively. The chemotaxonomic significance of the acylated delphinidin derivatives is discussed.
T. Fossen, Å. Larsen, B. T. Kiremire, and Ø. M. Andersen, “Flavonoids from Blue Flowers of Nymphaèa Caerulea,” Phytochemistry, vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 1133–1137, Aug. 1999.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00049-7.
Seven flavonols including the novel 3-(2″-acetylrhamnosides) of myricetin and quercetin (2 and 6), the rare kaempferol 3-(2″-acetylrhamnoside) and quercetin 3-(3″-acetylrhamnoside), in addition to the 3-rhamnosides of kaempferol, quercetin and were isolated from blue flowers of the African water lily Nymphaèa caerulea (=Nymphaèa capensis). Their structures were elucidated by a combination of chromatography and homo- and heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR techniques and electrospray MS for compound 2.
N. I. Gabarayeva and G. El-Ghazaly, “Sporoderm Development in Nymphaea Mexicana (Nymphaeaceae),” Plant Systematics and Evolution, vol. 204, no. 1, pp. 1–19, Mar. 1997.
doi: 10.1007/BF00982528.
Mature pollen grains ofNymphaea mexicana have a verrucate proximal surface, a psilate distal surface and an anazonasulculus (encircling-sulcate aperture). The developmental events of microspores and tapetal cells were observed with TEM and SEM. Radially oriented substructural elements are seen in the microspore surface coating ofNymphaea mexicana from the early tetrad stage through the whole exine development. These elements, being the structural units of the microspore surface matrix (glycocalyx), are associated with sporopollenin precursor accumulation. In young free microspores, radially oriented elements are observed at both proximal and distal poles as a “palisade” between the endexine and plasmalemma.—Several points are discussed: (1) the initial and mature forms of exine substructure elements; (2) the significance of exine substructure for realisation of morphogenetic processes; (3) the ways by which verrucate and psilate sculpture patterns are developed.
ABSTRACTHeavy metals are highly toxic to human, and can enter the food chain via contaminated food or water. Conventional methods of heavy metal removal from contaminated water and wastewater are economically nonviable, this necessitated the search for cheap and promising methods of heavy metal removal. Nymphaea lotus (Water lily) grows naturally (as weed) in water logged areas; some of these areas are usually prone to heavy metals contamination, due to anthropogenic pressure and/or run-off. This has posed serious challenge in obtaining portable water for domestic and agricultural uses. In this study, batch adsorption experiment was carried out to determine the biosorption performance of different N. lotus parts. Regression analysis revealed that, the adsorption of Cd(II) onto N. lotus seeds, leaves and roots powder fit better to Langmuir isotherm model than Freundlich isotherm model. However, the adsorption of Pb(II) onto N. lotus seeds and leaves fit better to Freundlich isotherm model, while its adsorption onto N. lotus roots powder fit better to Langmuir isotherm model. The plant roots exhibited the highest theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of 49.074 mg g -1 and 25.468 mg g -1 for Pb(II) and Cd(II) respectively. This finding suggest that, the roots powder of N. lotus can be used as a biosorbent to mop up Pb(II) and Cd(II) from polluted water.
J. Gaudit, “Ontogeny of the Foliar Sclereids in Nymphaea Odorata,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 525–532, 1960.
doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1960.tb14902.x.
Gaudet, John. (U. Rhode Island, Kingston.) Ontogeny of the foliar sclereids in Nymphaea odorata. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(7): 525–532. Illus. I960.—The “diffused” idioblastic sclereids develop in the leaves of Nymphaea odorata Ait. during periods when leaves are forming on the shoot apex, and they are initiated by cells which are differentiated from other cells of the fundamental tissue by nuclear size. The ontogeny of the sclereids is similar in most cases, but differences are apparent among petiolar, laminar and stipular types, especially, when the adult morphology is considered. At maturity, the sclereids are usually pitted in the central portion, and they do not show “polarity” in the leaf or orientation near the tracheary elements, which occur in the same tissue. The “spicule-like” protuberances and the angular cross-sectional shape of the stipular sclereids are interpreted as evidence that growth of these sclereids was restricted as compared to other types of sclereids which were not restricted.
\relax T. G. Giesen and G. Van der Velde, “Ultraviolet Reflectance and Absorption Patterns in Flowers of Nymphaea Alba L., Nymphaea Candida Presl and Nuphar Lutea (L.) Sm. (Nymphaeaceae),” Aquatic Botany, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 369–376, Aug. 1983.
doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(83)90082-7.
Ultraviolet (u.v.) patterns of flowers of Nymphaeaceae as an important colour component for flower-visiting insects have been totally neglected in studies of their floral biology. The three day-flowering species studied show distinct u.v. patterns. Both Nymphaea species show hogh absorption in the centre of the flowers and u.v.-reflective thecae. In Nymphaea alba L. a radial u.v. stripe reflection pattern is visible on the stigmatic disc in u.v. photographs, which is weakly developed in Nymphaea candida Presl flowers. The flowers of Nuphar show the most distinct u.v. reflection pattern in the form of a circle formed by the u.v.-reflective tips and filaments of the stamens, in contrast to the shiny petals and u.v.-absorptive stigmatic disc, thecae and sepals.
J. J. Gongden, J. Nnebedum, and M. L. Kagoro, “Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Assessment of the Adsorption of Cadmium Using Water Lily (Nymphaea Ampla) Leaf Biomass,” The Journal of Middle East and North Africa Sciences, vol. 10, no. 3927, pp. 1–8, Oct. 2016.
doi: 10.12816/0032693.
Adsorption | Biomass | Cadmium ( II ) Ion | Equilibrium | Kinetics | Thermodynamics
V. Grob, P. Moline, E. Pfeifer, A. R. Novelo, and R. Rutishauser, “Developmental Morphology of Branching Flowers in Nymphaea Prolifera,” Journal of Plant Research, vol. 119, no. 6, pp. 561–570, Nov. 2006.
doi: 10.1007/s10265-006-0021-8.
Nymphaea and Nuphar (Nymphaeaceae) share an extra-axillary mode of floral inception in the shoot apical meristem (SAM). Some leaf sites along the ontogenetic spiral are occupied by floral primordia lacking a subtending bract. This pattern of flower initiation in leaf sites is repeated inside branching flowers of Nymphaea prolifera (Central and South America). Instead of fertile flowers this species usually produces sterile tuberiferous flowers that act as vegetative propagules. N. prolifera changes the meristem identity from reproductive to vegetative or vice versa repeatedly. Each branching flower first produces some perianth-like leaves, then it switches back to the vegetative meristem identity of the SAM with the formation of foliage leaves and another set of branching flowers. This process is repeated up to three times giving rise to more than 100 vegetative propagules. The developmental morphology of the branching flowers of N. prolifera is described using both microtome sections and scanning electron microscopy.
P. P. Gupta, “Cytogenetics of Aquatic Ornamentals. II. Cytology of Nymphaeas.: II. Cytology of Nymphaeas,” Cytologia, vol. 43, no. 3/4, pp. 477–484, 1978.
doi: 10.1508/cytologia.43.477.
P. P. Gupta, “Cytogenetics of Aquatic Ornamentals. VI. Evolutionary Trends and Relationships in the Genus Nymphaea.: VI. Evolutionary Trends and Relationships in the Genus Nymphaea,” CYTOLOGIA, vol. 45, no. 1/2, pp. 307–314, 1980.
doi: 10.1508/cytologia.45.307.
The present research on chromosome number, their mitotic and meiotic behaviour and fertility of the nymphaeas growing in India was undertaken to understand the evolutionary trends and relationships in this genus. This genus is named after the Greek Goddess of springs, Nymphe. The members are perennial, rhizomatous, aquatic herbs widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. The majority of members are cultivated for beautifying aquatic gardens. In many parts of Central America, Australia, West Africa and South Asia the seeds and tubers of locally growing species are used as food (Conard 1905). The genus Nymphaea comprises about 40 species and numerous forms (van Royen 1962). In addition to many natural hybrids, a large number of artifically raised varieties (Grey 1900, Ames 1900 and Nutt 1967) have been increasing the list of nymphaeas. Due to the great variation in this genus, the taxonomy is complicated and no proper attention has been paid to elucidate the evolutionary patterns. The present research on chromosome number, their mitotic and meiotic behaviour and fertility of the nymphaeas growing in India was undertaken to understand the evolutionary trends and relationships in this genus.
D. P. G. S. K. Guruge, D. Yakandawala, and K. Yakandawala, “Confirming the Identity of Newly Recorded Nymphaea Rubra Roxb. Ex Andrews Discerning from Nymphaea Pubescens Willd. Using Morphometrics and Molecular Sequence Analyses,” Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 107–117, Dec. 2016.
doi: 10.3329/bjpt.v23i2.30819.
A multivariate statistical analysis was carried out to evaluate the morphological variation between Nymphaea pubescens Willd., and a deep purplish red flowered Nymphaea that occur in Sri Lanka. The plant resembles N. rubra Roxb. ex Andrews, a species that had been sometimes circumscribed as a variety under N. pubescens Willd. DNA sequences data of matK and psbA-trnH regions were used to obtain further support. Morphological data were scored from collected samples and analyzed using PAST software. Extracted DNA were amplified for matK and psbA-trnH gene regions. Obtained sequences were matched with the related accessions deposited in the GenBank. Multivariate analysis supported the recognition of deep purplish red flowered Nymphaea as a different species from N. pubescens, and was identified as N. rubra based on literature. GenBank accessions for the matK region of N. rubra showed 99% similarity while it gave only a 96% similarity for N. pubescens with query coverage of 97% and 96% respectively, corroborating with the morphological analysis. Comparison of the sequence divergence between N. pubescens and N. rubra sequences indicated a 95% similarity for matK gene region while 92% similarity for psbA-trnH gene region. The sequences generated during the present study would provide additional reference sequences for the two taxa.Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 23(2): 107-117, 2016 (December)
S. Guruge, D. Yakandawala, and K. Yakandawala, “A Taxonomic Synopsis of Nymphaea Nouchali Burm. f. And Infraspecific Taxa,” Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 307–318, Sep. 2017.
doi: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v45i3.8194.
The Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka publishes the results of research in all aspects of Science and Technology. The journal also has a website at http://www.nsf.gov.lk/. 2020 Impact Factor: 0.515The JNSF provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
Epiphytic diatoms on Nymphaea alba L. floating leaves during plant growing seasons in the oligotrophic Sub-Mediterranean wetland Hutovo Blato, South Bosnia and Herzegovina, were investigated in 2003 and 2004. Epiphytic diatoms on Nymphaea alba L. floating leaves during plant growing seasons in the oligotrophic Sub-Mediterranean wetland Hutovo Blato, South Bosnia and Herzegovina, were investigated in 2003 and 2004. In total, 135 taxa (species and infraspecific taxa) of epiphytic diatoms were identified. Genera with the largest number of taxa were: Eunotia (14), Gomphonema (13), Cymbella and Navicula (9), Cyclotella (6), Diatoma and Nitzschia (5). Only three taxa were recorded in all samples: Brebissonia lanceolata, Eunotia arcus and Navicula radiosa. The most abundant taxa were Cocconeis placentula, Cyclotella comta, Eunotia arcus and Gomphonema longiceps.
R. W. Haines and K. A. Lye, “Seedlings of Nymphaeaceae,” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 255–265, 1975.
doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01649.x.
Seedlings of Nymphaea coerulea, N. lotus and Nuphar luteum were examined for monocoty-ledonous and dicotyledonous characters. The cotyledonary formation could be interpreted either as a single bilobed structure or as two separate cotyledons. However, the presence of an operculum and the recognition of a coleoptile and mesocotyl similar to those of grasses and sedges gave grounds for including Nymphaeaceae in the monocotyledons. The form of the hypocotyl and radicle and the leaf-type supported a position, as a specialized family, in or close to the Helobiae.
C. B. Hellquist, “New Species, Possible Hybrids and Intergrades in Australian Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) with a Key to All Species,” 2011.
doi: 10.7751/telopea20116016.
Nymphaea lukei and N. noelae, both Nymphaeaceae subgenus Confluentes, are described from the Kimberley region of Western Australia and Cape York region of Queensland respectively. Nymphaea lukei and N. noelae, both Nymphaeaceae subgenus Confluentes, are described from the Kimberley region of Western Australia and Cape York region of Queensland respectively. The new combination and status of Nymphaea kimberleyensis is provided for Nymphaea immutabilis subsp. kimberleyensis from Western Australia. From Central Eastern Queensland Nymphaea jacobsii (subgenus Anecphya), with two subspecies, and N. vaporalis are described as new taxa. The potential hybrid origin of N. kimberleyensis and N. vaporalis is discussed, as is the presence of an intergrade complex. Another hybrid, N. jacobsii × N. violacea, is described but not named. A key is provided for the native and naturalised species of Nymphaea in Australia.
C. B. Hellquist, A. Leu, and M. L. Moody, “Nymphaea Kakaduensis (Nymphaeaceae), a New Species from the Northern Portion of the Northern Territory, Australia,” Telopea, vol. 24, pp. 267–275, Jun. 2021.
doi: 10.7751/telopea15022.
Nymphaea kakaduensis C. B. Hellq., A. Leu & M. L. Moody (Nymphaeaceae) is described from Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory. This new species is endemic to the “Top End” of the Northern Territory and was formerly included in N. violacea Lehm. The distinct floral form of N. kakaduensis of having generally smaller flowers with blunt-tipped petals and different coloration than N. violacea instigated a genetic study of taxa from the region. The cpDNA trnL (UAA) - trnF (GAA) intergenic spacer region was sequenced from samples from across northern Australia and a haplotype network analysis was conducted. Plants from populations that had the distinct floral form of N. kakaduensis are found to be genetically distinct from N. violacea in northern Australia sharing 4 SNPs and a notable 23 bp indel in the cpDNA intergenic spacer region to support the morphological attributes and species designation.
Y. Heslop-Harrison, “Nymphaea L.,” Journal of Ecology, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 719–734, 1955.
doi: 10.2307/2257032.
G. Hirthe and S. Porembski, “Pollination of Nymphaea Lotus (Nymphaeaceae) by Rhinoceros Beetles and Bees in the Northeastern Ivory Coast,” Plant Biology, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 670–676, 2003.
doi: 10.1055/s-2003-44717.
Abstract: Detailed observations of the pollination biology of Nymphaea lotus were conducted by studying populations growing in seasonal ponds in the Comoé National Park (NE Ivory Coast). Flowers of N. lotus are protogynous and anthesis lasts for 4 to 5 days. Flowers open at sunset and close in the morning hours, thereby revealing a high variability in timing. For the first time, heat production in flowers could be observed in the genus Nymphaea. Flowers of N. lotus were visited by Ruteloryctes morio, an endemic dynastid beetle during the night. Beetles copulated in the flowers and fed on flower parts, but were less effective pollinators than several bee species that visited flowers in the early morning. Nymphaea lotus thus seems to be adapted to pollination by both nocturnal beetles and diurnal bees.
A. Hossain, G. Kabir, M. M. Ud-deen, and A. M. S. Alam, “Cytological Studies of Nymphaea Species Available in Bangladesh,” Journal of Bio-Science, vol. 15, pp. 7–13, 2007.
doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2197.
The present investigation was undertaken in order to study the somatic karyotypes of four species of Nymphaea available in Bangladesh. Karyotypes of four species of Nymphaea revealed that most of the chromosomes were metacentric indicating their primitive nature and chromosome counts revealed a polyploid series of tetraploid, pentaploid and hexaploid based on X=14. Findings of the present study indicated that Nymphaea pubescens is a hexaploid (6X=84, white flower) which might have originated by chromosome doubling of Nymphaea daubeniana (3X=42) while Nymphaea rubra and Nymphaea nouchali (Type-1) are tetraploid (4X=56) species. Key words: Nymphaea, karyotype  doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2197 J. bio-sci. 15: 7-13, 2007 Â
C. H. Huhn, “Vivipary in Nymphaea x Daubeniana,” Master's thesis, University of Delaware, 1972.
M. Ito, “Phylogenetic Systematics of the Nymphaeales,” The botanical magazine = Shokubutsu-gaku-zasshi, vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 17–35, Mar. 1987.
doi: 10.1007/BF02488417.
A cladistic analysis was applied to reveal the phylogenetic relationships among the Nymphaeales. Seventeen out of twenty three characters in gross morphology, anatomy and palynology were analyzed, for their evolutionary polarities. From the results of the present analysis, the phylogenetic status of each genus and their relationships were clarified: 1)Nelumbo is a distinct taxon and is presumed to have originated from an ancestral stock of the Nymphaeales; 2)Ceratophyllum has a close phylogenetic relationship withCabomba; and 3) in the Nymphaeaceaesensu stricto, Nuphar and the remaining genral constitute a monophyletic group.
M. Ito, “Studies in the Floral Morphology and Anatomy of the Nymphaeales. : II. Floral Anatomy of Nymphaea Tetragona GEORGE,” Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica, vol. 35, no. 1-3, pp. 94–102, 1984.
doi: 10.18942/bunruichiri.KJ00001078493.
Floral vasculature and its development of Nymphaea tetragona are observed and discussed on the basis of the conclusion of my previous paper (ITO 1983). It is cleared that a receptacular plexus consist of bridges of vascular strands (girdling vascular strands) and irregular vascular strands that are given off from them. The formation of that girdling bundle is related to the evolutionary trend of nymphaeous flower, producing an inferior ovary and the decrease in the number of vascular strands in the peduncle. Each ovary wall strand that is given off the traces to petals and stamens is consists of single vascular strands and leaves no trace of phylogenetical fusion of strands. Floral vasculature of Nymphaea tetragona is fundamentaly open vascular system and no gap is observed accompanying with petal and stamen traces.
S. Jacobs, “Further Notes on Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) in Australasia,” Telopea, pp. 703–706, Apr. 1994.
doi: 10.7751/telopea19934996.
Jacobs, S. W.L. (National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney NSW Australia 2000) 1994. Further notes on Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) in Australasia. Telopea 5(4): 703-706. Nymphaea nouchali is accepted as the correct name for what has been known as N. minima. The name N. nouchali has also been applied to another widespread African, Indian and SE Asian species, the earliest name for which is N. caerulea. The combination N. caerulea subsp. zanzibarensis is made for the taxon naturalised on the east coast of Australia formerly known as N. capensis. Attention is drawn to a localised unusual form of N. pubescens that lacks one of the main diagnostic characters.
S. Jacobs, “New Species, Lectotypes and Synonyms of Australasian Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae),” Telopea, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 635–641, Mar. 1992.
doi: 10.7751/telopea19814949.
Jacobs, S. W.L. (National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, NSW, Australia 2000) 1991. New species, lectotypes and synonyms of Australasian Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae). Telopea 4(4): 635-641. As a precursor to the forthcoming treatment of Nymphaeaceae for the ’Flora of Australia’, Nymphaea elleniae, N. atrans, N. immutabilis and N. immutabilis subsp. kimberleyensis are described as new taxa; lectotypes are chosen for N. violacea and some of its synonyms, namely N. violacea var. caerulea, N. holtzei, N. rehneltiana and N. casparyi; N. dictyophlebia is placed as a synonym under N. macrosperma; and some other names are discussed.
S. Jacobs and C. Hellquist, “New Species, Possible Hybrids and Intergrades in Australian Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) with a Key to All Species,” Telopea, vol. 13, no. 1-2, pp. 233–243, Feb. 2011.
doi: 10.7751/telopea20116016.
Nymphaea lukei and N. noelae, both Nymphaeaceae subgenus Confluentes, are described from the Kimberley region of Western Australia and Cape York region of Queensland respectively. The new combination and status of Nymphaea kimberleyensis is provided for Nymphaea immutabilis subsp. kimberleyensis from Western Australia. From Central Eastern Queensland Nymphaea jacobsii (subgenus Anecphya), with two subspecies, and N. vaporalis are described as new taxa. The potential hybrid origin of N. kimberleyensis and N. vaporalis is discussed, as is the presence of an intergrade complex. Another hybrid, N. jacobsii × N. violacea, is described but not named. A key is provided for the native and naturalised species of Nymphaea in Australia.
I. Jahan et al., “Antioxidant, Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Nymphaea Nouchali Flowers,” Research Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 62–70, 2012.
doi: 10.3923/rjpharm.2012.62.70.
Nymphaea nouchali leaves are used in folk medicine for the treatment of various disorders. In order to evaluate the actions of this plant, studies were performed on antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The Methanolic extract of Nymphaea Nouchali Flowers (MNNF) was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan induced hind paw edema model whereas hot plate, writhing and formalin tests was carried out for analgesic activity. Total phenolic and flavonoids content, scavenging of 1, 1-Diphenyl-2- Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, peroxynitrate (ONOO-) as well as inhibition of total ROS generation were used to evaluate antioxidant potential of MNNF. The extract MNNF at the dose of 100 and 200 mg kg-1, produced a significant (p<0.05) increase in pain threshold in hot plate method whereas significantly (p<0.05) reduced the writhing caused by acetic acid and the number of licks induced by formalin in a dose dependent manner. The same ranges of doses of MNNF caused significant (p<0.05) inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema after 4 h in a dose dependent manner. In DPPH, ONOO- and total ROS scavenging method, MNNF showed good antioxidant potentiality with the IC50 value of 10.33±1.02, 20.16±0.61 and 31.72±0.48 μg mL-1, respectively. The findings of the study suggested that Nymphaea nouchali has strong analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, conforming the traditional use of this plant for inflammatory pain alleviation to its antioxidant potentiality.
E. Javadi, F. Moattar, A. Karbassi, and S. M. Monavari, “Removal of Lead, Cadmium and Manganese from Liquid Solution Using Water Lily (Nymphaea Alba),” Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1220–1225, 2010.
doi: 10.1234/4.2010.3634.
This study aims to investigate the potential efficiency of white water lily (Nymphaea alba) to accumulate heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Mn) at four different concentrations (1, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/l) and 3 pH (5.5, 6.5 and 7.5) as well as the influence of pH and metal concentration in removal process. Using the correlation coefficient and cluster analysis statistical methods, the present study investigated the high capability of plant leaf in accumulation of heavy metals. Maximum accumulation is related to manganese (3.743 mg/g) at concentration 5 mg/L and pH 6.5 and the lowest level is found for cadmium (0.464 mg/g) at concentration 1 mg/L and pH 5.5. Totally, the minimum uptake occurred at the highest pH (7.5) and concentration (10 mg/L). Cadmium and manganese accumulation levels in water lily tissue decreased by increasing in metal concentration. The maximum accumulation of manganese (3.455 mg/g) fitted at concentration of 1 mg/L and pH 7.5. However, the maximum accumulation of cadmium (0.55 mg/g) fitted at concentration of 5 mg/L and pH 6.5. By increasing of lead concentration, uptake level decreased as well, but at concentration of 10 mg/L and pH 5.5 increased dramatically. The residues of mentioned heavy metals in laboratorial solutions had ascending trend by increasing the metal concentrations and decreasing trend by increasing pH. Eventually, the maximum residue of metals is related to cadmium (3.38 mg/L) and the minimum is due to manganese (0.002 mg/L). By considering the results, one can deduce that white water lily can be used as biological filter in order to heavy metal elimination from industrial wastewater. All these are emanated from characteristics of water lily, including resistance against wetlands and lakes environmental conditions, quick growth, simple cultivation and its good adaptation to environment.
M. Jenks, M. Kane, F. Marousky, D. McConnell, and T. Sheehan, “In Vitro Establishment and Epiphyllous Plantlet Regeneration of Nymphaea ‘Daubeniana,’” HortScience, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 1664–1664, Dec. 1990.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.25.12.1664.
"In Vitro Establishment and Epiphyllous Plantlet Regeneration of Nymphaea ‘Daubeniana’" published on Dec 1990 by American Society for Horticultural Science.
The results showed that the plant physiology and the water quality index were affected by the light intensity changes to some extent. With the non-aeration(Ⅰ) and aeration(Ⅱ) conditions of two aquatic plant purifying-tanks,the changes of plant physiological traits including the activities of POD,CAT,and the contents of SP,Chla,and the main physical water quality in a day at different times,were observed.Correlation between diurnal variation of plant physiological traits and removal efficiencies of CODCr,NH+4-N,TP were analyzed,and the effect of aeration to plant physiological traits and the purifying effect were studied.The results showed that the plant physiology and the water quality index were affected by the light intensity changes to some extent.The physiological traits of Nymphaea tetragona had positive correlations with the removal efficiencies of CODCr,NH+4-N,TP.Aeration affected the activities of POD,CAT and the contents of SP,Chla significantly;the water quality of two conditions of purification tanks were affected by the variation of light intensity.The content of DO and the removal efficiencies of CODCr,NH+4-N,TP in the conditionⅡexceeded the conditionⅠby 2.54 mg/L,21.0%,16.6% and 14.1%,respectively.
B. Jiang, Y. Xing, B. Zhang, R. Cai, D. Zhang, and G. Sun, “Effective Phytoremediation of Low-Level Heavy Metals by Native Macrophytes in a Vanadium Mining Area, China,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 25, no. 31, pp. 31272–31282, Nov. 2018.
doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-3069-9.
Heavy metal contamination, particularly vanadium contamination in mining and smelting areas, is a worldwide serious problem threatening the ecological system and human health. The contamination level of vanadium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and lead in sediments and waters in a vanadium mining area in China was investigated in the present study. The behavior of heavy metal uptake by 12 native aquatic macrophytes was evaluated, including 5 species of emergent aquatic plants (Acorus calamus, Scirpus tabernaemontani, Typha orientalis, Phragmites australis, and Bermuda grass), 3 species of floating plants (Marsilea quadrifolia, Nymphaea tetragona, and Eleocharis plantagineiformis), and 4 species of submerged plants (Hydrilla verticillata, Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllum verticillatum, and Potamogetom crispus). Different heavy metal accumulation abilities were found across these macrophytes. Generally, they tended to accumulate higher contents of chromium, and C. demersum showed a particularly higher accumulation capacity for vanadium. The heavy metals were preferentially distributed in roots, instead of translocation into leaves and stems, indicating an internal detoxification mechanism for heavy metal tolerance in macrophytes. In 24-day laboratory hydroponic experiments, the macrophytes had a satisfied phytoremediation performance for heavy metals, when their concentrations were at the microgram per liter level. Particularly, vanadium was effectively removed by P. australis and C. demersum, the removal efficiencies of which were approximately 50%. In addition, a combination of terrestrial plant (Bermuda grass) and aquatic macrophytes (P. australis, M. quadrifolia, and C. demersum) exhibited high uptake capacity of all the six heavy metals and their residual concentrations were 95 (vanadium), 39.5 (arsenic), 4.54 (cadmium), 17.2 (chromium), 0.028 (mercury), and 7.9 (lead) μg/L, respectively. This work is of significant importance for introducing native macrophytes to remove low-level heavy metal contamination, particularly vanadium, and suggests phytoremediation as a promising and cost-effective method for in situ remediation at mining sites.
The results showed that the 16 characters were independent strongly and the factors such as the plant types,flower diameter, leaf area and the spread of plant occupied the important status in classification. Using 101 Nymphaea tetragona cultivars from 245 cultivars described in Nymphaea tetragona as operational units,then carried through principle componential analysis and R-cluster analysis by statistic software of Spss.The results showed that the 16 characters were independent strongly and the factors such as the plant types,flower diameter,leaf area and the spread of plant occupied the important status in classification.In accordance with international regulations,the results of fastclus analysis and Q-cluster analysis and the status of Nymphaea tetragona category,the authors proposed that Nymphaea tetragona was divided into 6 groups,consisting of large-sized-flower tropical water lilies group,medium-sized-flower tropical water lilies group,Small-sized-flower tropical water lilies group,large-sized-flower hardy water lilies group,Medium-sized-flower hardy water lilies group and small-sized-flower hardy water lilies group.The framework embodies the content of ecological classification,and accord with international regulations in the form.
Based on the morphological data, the 60 taxa of Nymphaea were clustered into 2 groups,namely, tropical water lily group and hardy water l Lily group and no viviparity was observed in them. Thirty three morphological characters were investigated in 60 taxa of Nymphaea.The results showed that the morphological diversity was high among taxa.The average diversity index was 1.446.The morphological diversity index of numerical traits was overall higher than that of unnumerical traits.The average variation coefficient was 36.39%.The trend of the change of the diversity index was opposite to that of the variation coefficient.The principal component analysis showed that the 33 characters were integrated into 5 principal components(PC).The first and the second principal components represented 28.71% and 18.85% of variance,respectively.Based on the morphological data,the 60 taxa of Nymphaea were clustered into 2 groups,namely,tropical water lily group and hardy water lily group.The 16 taxa included in the tropical water lily group were characterized by apocarpous carpel and tooth leaf.The remaining 44 taxa included in the hardy water lily group had adnation carpel and tooth-absent leaf,and no viviparity was observed in them.
K, U. Vasu, J. V. Goud, A. Suryam, and M. A. S. Charya, “Biomolecular and Phytochemical Analyses of Three Aquatic Angiosperms,” African Journal of Microbiology Research, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 418–421, Aug. 2009.
doi: 10.5897/AJMR.9000134.
Aquatic plants produce a variety of compounds of known therapeutic properties and can be utilized as food and feed. These substances are used for developing new antimicrobial drugs. The present study deals with three aquatic plants dominant in Warangal district A. P. regionEichhornia crassipes, Ipomoea aquatica and Nymphaea pubescenswere selected. These three aquatic angiosperms were analysed for their biomolecules and phytochemicals. Key words:Aquatic angiosperms,Eichhornia crassipes, Ipomoea aquatica, Nymphaea pubescens,biomolecules, phytochemicals.
Objective: The aim of the present study is to examine Nymphaea nouchali leaves for phytochemical profile, in vitro antioxidant and hemolytic activities. Methods: The study was initiated by preliminary phytochemical screening to detect the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins an
B. P. Kamdem, E. Le Doux Kamto, Aboubakar, D. E. Pegnyemb, and F. E. Igne, “Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicity of the Genus Nymphaea L.: A Review,” Current Bioactive Compounds, vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 2–40, Oct. 2022.
doi: 10.2174/1573407218666220111110352.
Background: Plants from the genus Nymphaea L. have been used for decades to treat various diseases, including dysentery, diarrhea, uterine cancer, gonorrhea, inflammation conditions, etc. The present study aims to critically analyze comprehensive literature on ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of Nymphaea L. Methods: The available information on Nymphaea L. was obtained from textbooks, theses, as well as published articles through libraries and electronic databases. Results: More than 150 compounds, including flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, miscellaneous compounds, etc. were identified from Nymphaea L. extracts, and pure molecules from Nymphaea L. exhibited a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, cytotoxic, etc. Conclusion: According to in vitro and in vivo studies, Nymphaea sp. are very promising medicinal plants. However, more in vivo experiments, cytotoxicity tests, and detailed mechanisms of action of their extracts and compounds are recommended to translate their ethnomedicinal claims into scientific rationale-based information.
R. Kandeler and W. R. Ullrich, “Symbolism of Plants: Examples from European-Mediterranean Culture Presented with Biology and History of Art,” Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 2461–2464, 2009.
doi: 10.1093/jxb/erp166.
Leaves round to elliptic, up to 35(–45) x 30(–40) cm, often slightly peltate, green above, often ± reddish or purplish beneath, basal lobes diverging, nearly closed or overlapping, entire or dentate to lobulate at the margin, glabrous. Flowers 6–20(–30) cm wide, held above the water. Sepals green, 3–8(–13) x 1–2.5(–3) cm. Petals 12–27, blue or sometimes pink, mauve or white, mostly about as long as the sepals. Stamens 30–250; anthers with narrow usually 5–8(–15) mm long connective-appendage. Carpels 14–47. Fruit depressed-globose, 2–4 cm in diam.
I. Khaenthong et al., “The Effects of Seed Coat Scarification, Priming, and Cold Stratification on Seed Germination of a Tropical Night-Blooming Waterlily Hybrid Nymphaea Rubra ‘Maeploi,’” Acta Horticulturae, no. 1298, pp. 581–586, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2020.1298.80.
Nymphaea rubra ’Maeploi’ is a naturally tropical waterlily hybrid. It was discovered by Dr. Slearmlarp Wasuwat and then registered to the International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society (IWGS) in 2002. This waterlily hybrid cultivar has more attractive characteristics, such as the bright to shocking pink petals and reddish-brown leaves. In this research, we aimed to study the effects of seed coat scarification, seed priming, and cold stratification on germination of N. rubra ’Maeploi’ seeds. Clipped seeds cultured under light condition gave better germination (41.7%) than the other conditions. Seeds were investigated by hydropriming (distilled water and filtered water) and osmopriming (sucrose, glucose, maltose, and sorbitol) treatments at different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32% (w/v)). After 4 weeks of culture, the germination of primed seeds cultured in filtered water was 68.3% out of a total of 90% viable seeds. Non-clipped seeds cultured for four weeks without cold stratification (i.e., at 25°C) gave better germination (78.3%) than the seeds cultured with cold stratification (10%). The identified preconditioning treatments provide basic information and a starting point for future research on the ex situ conservation, propagation, and breeding experiment of tropical night-blooming waterlilies and their hybrids.
I. Khaenthong, N. Chuenboonngarm, and A. Muengkrut, “In Vitro Self and Cross Pollinated Seed Culture of Nymphaea Rubra ‘Maeploi’, A Night – Blooming Tropical Waterlily Hybrid (Nymphaeaceae) from Thailand,” Journal of Applied Research on Science and Technology (JARST), vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 123–133, Apr. 2021.
doi: 10.14456/rj-rmutt.2021.12.
This research was aimed to develop culture medium enhancing the germination of self and cross-pollinated seeds in Nymphaea rubra ‘Maeploi’ and Nymphaea pubescens Willd. The self-pollinated seeds of N. rubra ‘Maeploi’ were investigated for surface sterilization method, seed culture medium and light conditions. The self-pollinated seeds were surface sterilization with 20% (v/v) sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at various times (5, 10, 15 and 20 min), followed by the second surface sterilization with NaOCl at different concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20% (v/v)) for 10 min. MS medium at different strengths (MS, 1/2MS, 1/4MS, 1/8MS) was also studied to rescue the cross-pollinated seeds, compared to control. The results showed that the fruit set percentages of N. pubescens x N. rubra ‘Maeploi’ and N. rubra ‘Maeploi’ x N. pubescens were low at 5% and 3.33%, respectively. The N. rubra ‘Maeploi’ self-pollinated seeds were soaked with 20% (v/v) NaOCl for 5 min, followed by the sterilization with 5% (v/v) NaOCl for 10 min showed without the microbial contamination. Moreover, the suitable medium for N. rubra ‘Maeploi’ self-pollinated seeds was 1/8MS semi solid medium under dark condition. The germinated seedlings were developed shoots (60%), immature leaves (51.67%), and roots (48.33%) after 4 weeks of culture. Germination percentages of N. rubra ‘Maeploi’ and N. pubescens self-pollinated seeds cultured on 1/8MS were 51.67 higher than those of cross-pollinated seeds of N. pubescens x N. rubra ‘Maeploi’ and N. rubra ‘Maeploi’ x N. pubescens (35 and 31.67%, respectively).
S. Khurshid et al., “Adsorption Study of Nymphaea Alba for the Removal of Manganese from Industrial Waste Water,” 2013.
doi: 10.5897/IJPS12.717.
The application of adsorbents obtained from Nymphaea alba as a replacement for costly conventional methods of removing heavy metal ions from waste water has been reviewed. Detailed adsorption study of manganese on N. alba was investigated. Batch adsorption study was carried out as a function of amount of adsorbent, contact time, thermal treatment, pH and agitation speed. The adsorbent to solution ratio and the metal ion concentration in the solution affects the degree of metal ion removal. Instrumentation employed was atomic absorption spectrometer. N. alba was an excellent adsorbent as compared to number of other low cost adsorbents.
Y. Kim, W. Kwon, M. J. Song, S. Nam, and J. Park, “The Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence of the Nymphaea Lotus L. (Nymphaeaceae),” Mitochondrial DNA Part B, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 389–390, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.1080/23802359.2018.1547154.
Nymphaea lotus L. (Nymphaeaceae) is a type species of subgenus Lotos, which has been frequently cultivated in ornamental garden pools. Here, we presented complete chloroplast genome of N. lotus which is 159,311 bp long and has four subregions: 89,610 bp of large single copy (LSC) and 19,333 bp of small single copy (SSC) regions are separated by 25,184 bp of inverted repeat (IR) regions including 130 genes (85 coding genes, eight rRNAs, and 37 tRNAs). The overall GC contents of the chloroplast genome were 39.1% and in the LSC, SSC, and IR regions were 37.7%, 34.2%, and 43.4%, respectively. Phylogenetic tree constructed with whole chloroplast genomes present phylogenetic position of subgenus Lotos.
P. Klok and G. van der Velde, “Initial Decomposition of Floating Leaf Blades of Waterlilies: Causes, Damage Types and Impacts,” PeerJ, 2019.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.7158.
The initial decomposition of large floating-leaved macrophytes, such as waterlilies, can be studied by following changes in leaf damage and area loss of leaf blades tagged in their natural environment, which revealed several types of succession comprising different causes of damage. The initial decomposition of large floating-leaved macrophytes, such as waterlilies, can be studied by following changes in leaf damage and area loss of leaf blades tagged in their natural environment. This approach was taken in the present study to examine the initial decomposition patterns of floating leaf blades of Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm., Nymphaea alba L. and Nymphaea candida C. Presl at three freshwater sites differing in nutrient status, alkalinity and pH. Floating leaf blades of the three plant species were tagged and numbered within established replicate plots and the leaf length, percentages and types of damage and decay of all tagged leaves were recorded weekly during the growing season. Microbial decay, infection by phytopathogenic fungi (Colletotrichum nymphaeae) and oomycetes (Pythium sp.), consumption by pond snails, and mechanical factors were the most important causes of leaf damage. Several types of succession comprising different causes of damage were distinguished during the season. For example, young floating leaves are affected by more or less specialized invertebrate species consuming leaf tissue, followed by non-specialized invertebrate species feeding on the damaged floating leaves. In the two investigated hardwater lakes the seasonal patterns of initial decomposition differed between Nymphaea and Nuphar.
C. J. Kok, W. Haverkamp, and H. A. Y. R. 1992 Van Der Aa, “Influence of pH on the Growth and Leaf-Maceration Ability of Fungi Involved in the Decomposition of Floating Leaves of Nymphaea Alba in an Acid Water,” Journal of General Microbiology, vol. 138, no. 1, pp. 103–108, 1992.
doi: 10.1099/00221287-138-1-103.
Summary: Ten species of fungi were isolated from floating leaves cut from plants of Nymphaea alba in various initial stages of decay, which were collected from an acidic moorland pool. None of the fungal species isolated belonged to the aquatic Hyphomycetes sensu Ingold or the aero-aquatic fungi sensu Van Beverwijk. Growth experiments were conducted with five of the species on media containing glucose, polysaccharide or isolated cell walls of N. alba, each at three pH values. The fungi investigated were capable of growth on a variety of structural polysaccharides, indicating their potential importance in leaf degradation. Low pH inhibited growth on media containing glucose, pectin or cell wall fraction. Utilization of carboxymethylcellulose and crystalline cellulose did not differ much within the pH range studied. The fungi isolated were grown on N. alba leaf strips at three pH values to study the influence of pH on leaf maceration. All the fungi investigated could develop at low pH (4·0), but maceration was only observed at pH 5·5 or 7·5. It is likely that inhibition of pectin degradation is an important factor causing suppression of leaf fragmentation at low pH. This may contribute to the inhibition of the decomposition of macrophyte remains in acid aquatic systems.,
The Volta Lake is known for the proliferation of numerous aquatic plants in its shallow waters. A major cause for the presence of the luxuriant vegetation is the intensive agricultural activities along the banks. These activities are heavily dependent on agrochemicals including fertilizers, which eventually get into the aquatic ecosystem via water ways. In this study, two aquatic plants; Ceratophyllum demersum and Nymphaea lotus were investigated in a pilot study to determine their bioconcentration of pesticides. Levels of organochlorine (OCs) and synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) were analysed using gas chromatograghy equipped with electron capture detector while gas chromatography equipped with pulse flame photometric detector was used for the organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) determination in the plant tissues. The ambient concentrations of these pesticides in the aqueous medium were also determined and the ratios of pesticide concentration in the plant and water samples estimate bioconcentration potential of the plants. Out of 38 detected pesticides, 22 (representing 58%) were bioconcentrated by the aquatic weeds. The Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) range for Ceratophyllum demersum was 1.06 – 4,470 and that for Nymphaea lotus was 1.27 – 800. By the standard of the European Union regulation for registration of chemicals, levels of diazinon and chlorpyrifos in Ceratophyllum demersum fulfilled the ‘bioaccumulation’ criterion (i.e BCF > 2000) while fenitrothion, with BFC of 5500 in the same plant fulfilled ‘very bioaccumulation’ criterion (BCF ≥ 5000). This study shows that aquatic weeds in their natural ecosystem have the remediation potential, though to varying degrees and hence play a role in the improvement of water quality.
E. Kordyum, S. Mosyakin, G. Ivanenko, Y. Ovcharenko, and V. Brykov, “Hydropotes of Young and Mature Leaves in Nuphar Lutea and Nymphaea Alba (Nymphaeaceae): Formation, Functions and Phylogeny,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 169, p. 103342, Feb. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2020.103342.
Hydropotes are specialized trichomes in aquatic plants, especially in species of the Nympaeaceae and Cabombaceae; yet their function remains controversial. In this paper, we present data on the hydropotes formed on the abaxial surface of young etiolated leaves tightly packed in the rosette at the rhizome flattened apex in Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. and Nymphaea alba L. (Nymphaeaceae). The edges of the leaf blade are twisted in 3–5 scrolls. In N. lutea, long glandular hydropotes secreting mucilage are formed on the leaf abaxial surface and inside scrolls. In N. alba, non-glandular three-celled hydropotes are present but each leaf inside the rosette is enclosed by a thin film without mucilage. Only three-celled hydropotes are formed on the abaxial epidermis of green floating leaves of both species. Based on the similarity in initiation and first development of glandular hydropotes and hydropotes, we propose to distinguish two types of hydropotes: type I consisting of an apical cell that continues to divide and type II – an apical cell terminating division. This is well demonstrated by the presence of both types of hydropotes in N. lutea. We assume the function of type I is the secretion of mucilage to protect and facilitate growth of young etiolated leaves inside the rosette and that of type II the accumulation and removal of substances of endogenic and exogenic origin, perhaps residuals of metabolism and/or toxins, in green submerged growing and floating mature leaves. Phylogenetic implications of these morphological structures in Nymphaeales are discussed.
It was found that spots and necrosis of leaves were caused by complex of fungi and chromistan fungi from genera: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium, Mortierella, Mucor, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phialophora, Phoma, Phytophthora, Pythium, Sordaria, Trichoderma and others. White water lily Nymphaea alba L. is very popular among enthusiasts for aquatic plants cultivation in ponds. The decorative values are provided by magnificent flowers and attractive floating leaves. The aim of the study was to determine the health status of white water lily, and identificate of mycobiota accompanying those plants in the growing season, and thus causing symptoms of disease. The studies were carried out in twenty ponds, in 2006, 2008–2010. It was found that spots and necrosis of leaves were caused by complex of fungi and chromistan fungi from genera: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium, Mortierella, Mucor, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phialophora, Phoma, Phytophthora, Pythium, Sordaria, Trichoderma and others. White water lily plants often were colonized by Alternaria alternata, Penicillium verrucosum v. verrucosum, P. expansum, Paecilomyces farinosus, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Sordaria fimicola, Mucor hiemalis f. hiemalis and Fusarium oxysporum. Fungi colonized the most intensively white water lily in the autumn. It was also ascertained, that since pathogenic fungi and chromistan fungi infected white water lily, such complexes brought about a range of spotting symptoms up to leaves necrosis, on account of what has taken place sharp decrease of plants aesthetic value.
S. Kumar and A. Shanker, “In Silico Comparative Analysis of Simple Sequence Repeats in Chloroplast Genomes of Genus Nymphaea,” Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 186–192, 2020.
doi: 10.37398/jsr.2020.640127.
The identified common, polymorphic, and unique cpSSRs may play an important role in analysis of genetic diversity of genus Nymphaea. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) also known as microsatellites, found in almost all organisms, are one of the widely used genetic markers. Despite the availability of a number of chloroplast genome of genus Nymphaea the information about its chloroplast SSR (cpSSR) is not well understood. In the present study, a total of 96 cpSSRs were mined in 6 chloroplast genome of genus Nymphaea (N. alba, N. ampla, N. capensis, N. jamesoniana, N. lotus, and N. mexicana). Mononucleotides (33, 34.38%) were most abundant followed by tri-nucleotides (24, 25%), tetra-nucleotides (19, 19.79%), di-nucleotides (14, 14.58%), whereas pentaand hexanucleotides (3, 3.13%) were found with equal frequency among chloroplast genomes of genus Nymphaea. Moreover, common, polymorphic, and unique SSRs were also searched between each chloroplast genomes. The identified common, polymorphic, and unique cpSSRs may play an important role in analysis of genetic diversity of genus Nymphaea.
P. Lakshmanan, “In Vitro Establishment and Multiplication of Nymphaea Hybrid ‘James Brydon,’” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 145–148, Jan. 1994.
doi: 10.1007/BF00048326.
Rhizome tips were the most suitable explants for in vitro plant regeneration and multiplication of Nymphaea hybrid ‘James Brydon’ on Murashige and Skoog medium containing different concentrations and combinations of indole-3-acetic acid, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin, 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP) and gibberellic acid (GA3). A combination of 2iP, BA, and NAA strongly favored induction of shoot buds and shoot proliferation. Pretreatment of shoot cultures at 8°C for 30 days or with 14.4 or 28.9 μM GA3 for 15 days did not improve shoot multiplication. A 16-h photoperiod with photosynthetic photon flux of 30 μmol m-2 s-1 was found to be the optimum light condition for shoot growth and multiplication. Multiple shoots produced well developed root systems within 4 weeks after transfer to a plant growth regulator-free medium containing activated charcoal.
K. Landon, R. A. Edwards, and P. I. Nozaic, “A New Species of Waterlily (Nymphaea Minuta: Nymphaeaceae) from Madagascar,” SIDA, Contributions to Botany, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 887–893, 2006.https://www.jstor.org/stable/41969055.
A new species of waterlily, Nymphaca minuta, is described from Madagascar. It is closely related to N. stellata Willd. but displays a characteristic combination of morphological characters and two growth forms in its life history. The undersurfaces of the leaves are muddy-gray to brownish-violet in color, a unique feature of the taxon. Nymphaea minuta in nature is a dwarf with small, submerged, cleistogamous flowers. In cultivation, it exhibits two distinct growth forms: a submerged form and an emergent form with floating leaves and larger, emergent, chasmogamous flowers. Se describe una nueva especie de lirio de agua, Nymphaea minuta, de Madagascar. Está muy emparentada con N. stellata Willd. Pero tiene una combinación peculiar de caracteres morfológicos y dos formas de crecimiento en su ciclo vital. El envés de sus hojas es de color gris-pardo a marrón-violáceo, una característica singular del taxon. Nymphaea minuta en la naturaleza es una planta enana, sumergida, con flores deistógamas. En cultivo, muestra dos formas de crecimiento diferentes: una forma sumergida y una forma emergente con hojas flotantes y flores más grandes, emergentes y casmógamas.
M. Langanger, S. Jokl, and M. Musso, “UV-Reflectance in Flowers of Nymphaea Alba L. and Nuphar Lutea (L.) Sm. (Nymphaeaceae),” Aquatic Botany, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 13–21, May 2000.
doi: 10.1016/S0304-3770(99)00094-7.
Sepals, petals and stamens of Nymphaea alba and Nuphar lutea were examined with respect to their reflectance characteristics in the ultraviolet (UV) spectral range. The measurements, done with a spectrophotometrical set-up, support the photographic observations of the UV-patterns of these species. In both species floral parts contrast with a UV-reflecting circle formed by the anthers or the filaments of the stamens. In Nymphaea alba this circle is caused by the contrast between the UV-reflecting anthers and the UV-absorbing petals and filaments, while in Nuphar lutea this contrast is accomplished through the highly UV-reflecting filaments around the absorbing stigmatic disk.
K. Latowski, C. Toma, M. Dąbrowska, and E. Zviedre, “Taxonomic Features of Fruits and Seeds of Nymphaea and Nuphar Taxa of the Southern Baltic Region,” Limnological Review, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 83–91, May 2014.
doi: 10.2478/limre-2014-0009.
Research was carried out on fruits and seeds of Nymphaea and Nuphar taxa collected from Poland, Latvia and Estonia. The aim of the research was to establish diagnostic features which could enable identification of the examined taxa on the basis of the fruit and seed structure and creating a key to identify them. The examined organs were observed through an optic microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). New diagnostic features were discovered: spotting of fresh pericarp, the range of the fruit shape coefficient, the colour of the rays in the fruit stigma disc, the thickness of the seed testa, ribs in the seeds, and occurrence of the “puzzle shaped” cells on the surface of the testa. The discovered features were used in the taxonomic characteristics.
The present work attempts to summarize the morphological and microscopic character, etc. of the seeds of Nymphaea caerulea sav, prescribed to treat the liver, to remedy constipation and to regulate the urine. Nymphaea caerulea sav is distributed from Egypt, India and throughout south-east Australia. The seeds are edible and can be eaten raw or after parching; prescribed to treat the liver, to remedy constipation and to regulate the urine. The present work attempts to summarize the morphological and microscopic character, etc. of the seeds.
D. H. Les, E. L. Schneider, D. J. Padgett, P. S. Soltis, D. E. Soltis, and M. Zanis, “Phylogeny, Classification and Floral Evolution of Water Lilies (Nymphaeaceae; Nymphaeales): A Synthesis of Non-Molecular, rbcL, matK, and 18S rDNA Data,” Systematic Botany, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 28–46, 1999.
doi: 10.2307/2419384.
The water lilies (Nymphaeaceae) have been investigated systematically for decades because they are believed to represent an early group of angiosperms with relatively unspecialized floral organization. Although this group is small taxonomically, the relationships among genera of water lilies have eluded clarification and no single classification has become widely accepted. We present a well-corroborated phylogeny of water lily genera that is based on agreement between non-molecular data and DNA sequences obtained from both organellar and nuclear genomes. For specific portions of the resulting phylogeny, we evaluate the support conferred by each separate data set in comparison to various combinations. This approach enabled us to assess the potential benefits of further data acquisition, and also allowed us to evaluate the fundamental advantages and disadvantages of each data partition. Every data set contributed differently to the overall phylogenetic analysis and resolution of the cladogram. The 18S rDNA performed the most poorly, with homoplasious sites confounding some topological assessments in comparisons of closely related genera. However, as taxonomic distance increased, phylogenetic signal in the 18S rDNA data increased due to the expression of sequence variation in highly conserved sites. Even the 18S rDNA data were relatively congruent with the other data evaluated, and the resulting combined data analysis rendered a single maximum parsimony tree with strong nodal support throughout. When floral features were evaluated using this well-corroborated phylogeny, the pleiomerous condition of water lily flowers showed several instances of secondary derivations. Although the actual morphological details of the first water lily flowers remain uncertain, it is clear that the flowers of extant water lilies do not necessarily depict the ancestral organization. Results of the phylogenetic analysis are used to encourage the adoption of an evolutionarily based classification system for water lilies.
C. Li, M. Wang, and X. Luo, “Uptake of Uranium from Aqueous Solution by Nymphaea Tetragona Georgi: The Effect of the Accompanying Heavy Metals,” Applied Radiation and Isotopes: Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, vol. 150, pp. 157–163, Aug. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.05.024.
This study evaluated the application value of Nymphaea tetragona Georgi (N. tetragona) in the remediation of water co-contaminated with U and the U-accompanying heavy metals (UAHMs). Under greenhouse conditions, a 5-factor quadratic regression orthogonal rotation combination design (QRORCD) was employed to set up a hydroponic experiment to evaluate the effect of U and UAHMs on the enrichment of U from water in N. tetragona. The results showed that the coexisting U and UAHMs tend to inhibit the amount of U enriched in the whole plant. Under co-contaminated conditions, Mn and Hg can increase the enrichment of U from water in N. tetragona, while Pb and As usually inhibit it. The predicted amount of U enriched in the whole plant (UWP) was 57,131.32 μg (1938.66 mg•kg-1 D.W.), and the validation result of the optimization scheme was 53,285.88 μg. A single-factor effect analysis showed that the influence of the 5 types of contamination on the UWP was in the order of U\,> Hg\,> Pb\,> Mn\,> As. The interactive effects analysis showed that the concentrations of U and As, Mn and As, and Pb and Hg all had significant interactive effects on the UWP, and the change trend exhibited a basin or saddle shape.
The convertional cross breeding method was used to breed new varieties by using Nymphaea lotus var.pubescens as female parent and Nymphae lotus as male parent in 1999 to breed hybrid F1 seedlings, which were more excellent than their parents in flower diameter and colour of flowers and leaves. The convertional cross breeding method was used to breed new varieties by using Nymphaea lotus var.pubescens as female parent and Nymphaea lotus as male parent in 1999.Two parental species are both night blooming tropical waterlilies.821 bybrid seeds were obtained.408 hybrid F1 seedlings were cultivated successfully.The main characters of the hybrid F1 seedlings were compared with their parents,and 4 hybrid seedlings with excellent characteristics were picked out.4 clones were obtained by asexual reproduction.The 4 clones were more excellent than their parents in flower diameter and colour of flowers and leaves.The characteristics of the clones and their parents were described according to the standard of the registration of international new waterlilies cultivars.The colour characteristics were described with the Royal Horticultural Society colour chart (2003).
T. K. Lim, “Nymphaea Nouchali,” in Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 8, Flowers, T. K. Lim, Ed. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014, pp. 519–525.
doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-8748-2_37.
C. Löhne et al., “Biogeography of Nymphaeales: Extant Patterns and Historical Events,” Taxon, vol. 57, pp. 1123–1146, Oct. 2008.
doi: 10.1002/tax.574008.
With the present study we attempt to elucidate the history of the order Nymphaeales—water-lilies and relatives—in time and space. On the basis of a dense taxon sampling that covers all genera of Cabombaceae and Nymphaeaceae and all subgenera of the genus Nymphaea, and on the basis of well-supported phylogenetic hypotheses, we estimate divergence times in Nymphaeales. Distribution data for all species are used to reconstruct ancestral ranges and to identify possible dispersal events in the biogeographic history of Nymphaeales. Considering the fossil record for the clade as well as geologic history, a plausible historical scenario can be drawn. The assessment of extant biogeography shows that there are several centres of species diversity for Nymphaeales, i.e., northern South America, Central America, the Zambezian region of Africa and northern Australia. However, the diversification of the Nymphaeales started in the Northern Hemisphere when the northern landmasses were covered by tropical vegetation, except for the very high latitudes. The estimation of divergence times depicted two distinct radiation events, a rapid first differentiation into three major lineages during the Paleocene (Cabombaceae, Nuphar, remaining Nymphaeaceae) and the radiation of core Nymphaeaceae (Victoria, Euryale, Nymphaea incl. Ondinea) from the Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene. The second radiation probably started in the Northern Hemisphere. We hypothesize that subsequent spatial separation and southward relocation of the descendants led to the disjunct distribution of extant sister lineages in core Nymphaeaceae, e.g., Euryale-Victoria or Nymphaea subgg. Hydrocallis and Lotos.
\relax C. O. R. N. E. L. I. A. LÖHNE, \relax T. H. O. M. A. S. BORSCH, and J. O. H. N. H. WIERSEMA, “Phylogenetic Analysis of Nymphaeales Using Fast-Evolving and Noncoding Chloroplast Markers,” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 154, no. 2, pp. 141–163, Jun. 2007.
doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00659.x.
The Nymphaeales (water-lilies and relatives) represent one of the earliest branching lineages of angiosperms and comprise about 70 aquatic species. Here, we present a comprehensive study of phylogenetic relationships within the Nymphaeales from a dataset containing 24 representatives of the order, including all currently recognized genera and all subgenera of the genus Nymphaea, plus 5 outgroup taxa. Nine different regions of the chloroplast genome − comprising spacers, group II introns, a group I intron, and a protein coding gene − were analysed. This resulted in a character matrix of 6597 positions and an additional 369 characters obtained from coded length mutations. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses of the complete dataset yielded congruent, fully resolved and well-supported trees. Our data confirm the monophyly of the Cabombaceae but do not provide convincing support for the monophyly of Nymphaeaceae with respect to Nuphar. Moreover, the genus Nymphaea is inferred to be paraphyletic with respect to Ondinea, Victoria and Euryale. In fact, the Australian endemic Ondinea forms a highly supported clade with members of the Australian Nymphaea subgenus Anecphya. In addition, Victoria and Euryale are inferred to be closely related to a clade comprising all night-blooming water-lilies (Nymphaea subgenera Hydrocallis and Lotos). An experimental approach showed taxon sampling to be of influence on the nodes reconstructed in core Nymphaeaceae. The results underscore that more diverse genera, if not clearly known to be monophyletic, should be represented by all major lineages.
X.-M. Lu and J.-J. Chen, “Effects of the Diurnal Variation of Sunlight on Water Quality and the Physiology of Nymphaea Tetragona,” Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 294–309, Feb. 2012.
doi: 10.1080/02772248.2011.648939.
Date of this study was 10, 15, and 20 July 2010, and the location was the river Huichang located in Wenzhou China. A purifying tank containing Nymphaea tetragona was used to treat polluted river water. This study took place from 08:00 to 18:00 and in that period the physiological parameters of the plant and the water quality were analyzed. The results indicated that higher sunlight intensity increased the rate of photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (Tr) and the resistant enzymes activity of the plant. Sunlight also decreased the cations (Al3+, Fe3+, Ca2+), anions (Cl−, , ), biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and dissolved phosphorus of the water. Pn of the plant showed a double peak due to the decrease in photosynthesis at midday, while Tr showed a single peak. Pn and Tr were highest between 10:00 and 14:00, while cations and anions decreased during this time. The diurnal variation of sunlight influenced the Tr and Pn, the anion and cation absorption, and the oxygen efflux of the plant’s roots. The dissolved oxygen change was closely associated with the degradation and decomposition of water pollutants and the absorption variation of anions and cations was correlated to peroxidase and catalase activities of the plant.
X.-M. Lu, P.-Z. Lu, and J.-J. Chen, “Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal and Morphological and Physiological Response in Nymphaea Tetragona under Various Planting Densities,” Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, vol. 94, no. 7, pp. 1319–1330, Aug. 2012.
doi: 10.1080/02772248.2012.699054.
Various planting densities (5, 10, or 20 plants per tank) of Nymphaea tetragona were water-cultivated in nine tanks to treat polluted water. The effects of planting density on nitrogen and phosphorus removal and on plant physiology in various seasons were analyzed. The results indicated that an increase in planting density improved the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from polluted water. When planting density increased from 10 to 20 plants per tank, the rates of nitrogen and phosphorus removal increased slowly, but some decline in individual plants was observed. The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from polluted water correlated with seasonal variations in plant physiology, being most significant in autumn. There were 20 tillers in each plant with 10 plants per tank, compared to 11 tillers per plant with 20 plants per tank. The nitrogen and phosphorus contents of the plants for 5–10 plants per tank was 5.2 and 0.52 g kg−1, compared to 1.2 and 0.13 g kg−1 for 10–20 plants per tank, respectively. It is important to choose a reasonable planting density that is based on seasonal variations in plant physiology for the ecological restoration of polluted water.
D. Lu, Q. Huang, C. Deng, and Y. Zheng, “Phytoremediation of Copper Pollution by Eight Aquatic Plants,” Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 175–181, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.15244/pjoes/73990.
This study investigated the uptake capacity and bioaccumulation of heavy metal (Cu) in water using eight different aquatic plant species: Juncus effusus , Acorus calamus , Eichhornia crassipes , Sagittaria sagittifolia , Arundina graminifolia , Echinodorus major , Nymphaea tetragona and...
X.-M. Lu, P.-Z. Lu, M.-S. Huang, and L.-P. Dai, “Seasonal Variations and Aeration Effects on Water Quality Improvements and Physiological Responses of Nymphaea Tetragona Georgi,” International Journal of Phytoremediation, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 522–535, Jul. 2013.
doi: 10.1080/15226514.2012.716103.
Seasonal variations and aeration effects on water quality improvements and the physiological responses of Nymphaea tetragona Georgi were investigated with mesocosm experiments. Plants were hydroponically cultivated in six purifying tanks (aerated, non-aerated) and the characteristics of the plants were measured. Water quality improvements in purifying tanks were evaluated by comparing to the control tanks. The results showed that continuous aeration affected the plant morphology and physiology. The lengths of the roots, petioles and leaf limbs in aeration conditions were shorter than in non-aeration conditions. Chlorophyll and soluble protein contents of the leaf limbs in aerated tanks decreased, while peroxidase and catalase activities of roots tissues increased. In spring and summer, effects of aeration on the plants were less than in autumn. Total nitrogen (TN) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4 +-N) in aerated tanks were lower than in non-aerated tanks, while total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved phosphorus (DP) increased in spring and summer. In autumn, effects of aeration on the plants became more significant. TN, NH4 +-N, TP and DP became higher in aerated tanks than in non-aerated tanks in autumn. This work provided evidences for regulating aeration techniques based on seasonal variations of the plant physiology in restoring polluted stagnant water.
B. A. Lukács, A. Mesterházy, R. Vidéki, and G. Király, “Alien Aquatic Vascular Plants in Hungary (Pannonian Ecoregion): Historical Aspects, Data Set and Trends,” Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, vol. 150, no. 3, pp. 388–395, May 2016.
doi: 10.1080/11263504.2014.987846.
Estimating the extent of biological invasions is critical in predicting the effect of exotic species. We investigated the occurrence and number of alien freshwater plants and give information on the composition of alien aquatic flora, their trend in time, invasion pathway, and their invasive character.
A. C. D. Maia, C. T. de Lima, D. M. do A. F. Navarro, M. Chartier, A. M. Giulietti, and I. C. Machado, “The Floral Scents of Nymphaea Subg. Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae), the New World Night-Blooming Water Lilies, and Their Relation with Putative Pollinators,” Phytochemistry, vol. 103, pp. 67–75, Jul. 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.04.007.
Night-blooming water lilies are characterized by intense emission of floral VOCs. Their unique scent-oriented pollinators, cyclocephaline scarabs (Scarabaeidae, Cyclocephalini), are attracted to flowers that they use as reliable sources of food and as mating aggregation sites. Chemical analysis of floral scent samples of seven species of Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis established remarkably simple fragrant blends, each of which was dominated by one or two prominent compounds that alone accounted for over 95% of total scent emission. A total of 22 VOCs were identified: aliphatics (9), C5-branched chain compounds (5) and aromatics (8). Anisole was the dominant constituent in the floral scents of Nymphaea amazonum subsp. amazonum, N. amazonum subsp. pedersenii and N. tenerinervia, whereas (methoxymethyl)benzene was the most abundant VOC in samples of N. lasiophylla and N. lingulata. Flowers of N. rudgeana and N. gardneriana emitted high amounts of methyl hexanoate and methyl 2-methylbutanoate. Comparisons of floral VOC composition including other day- and night-blooming species of Nymphaea and Victoria obtained from the literature evidenced disparities related to habitus. While flowers of day-blooming species mostly emit aromatic alcohols and ethers, nocturnal species are particularly rich in aromatic ethers, aliphatic esters and C5-branched chain esters. These findings strongly suggest that the floral scent composition within closely related Nymphaea and Victoria is linked to pollinator selection, and the putative role of floral VOCs in pollinator attractiveness is discussed.
S. Marquina, J. Bonilla-Barbosa, and L. Alvarez, “Comparative Phytochemical Analysis of Four Mexican Nymphaea Species,” Phytochemistry, vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 921–927, Apr. 2005.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.02.027.
Four Mexican Nymphaea species, N. ampla, N. pulchella, N. gracilis and N. elegans belonging to subgenera Brachyceras were analyzed. In this work two 5-glycosyl isoflavones, 7,3′,4′-trihydroxy-5-O-β-d-(2″-acetyl)-xylopyranosylisoflavone (1) and 7,3′,4′-trihydroxy-5-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosylisoflavone (2), were isolated from N. ampla and N. pulchella, respectively, together with other known 3-glycosyl flavones and triterpene saponins from the same four species. The structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR, FABMS, and other spectroscopic analyses. These results confirmed that the four species were different from each other and established that N. pulchella represents a different taxa than N. ampla. In addition, the 5-glycosyl isoflavones could be considered as a taxonomic character of this group of plants.
F. S. Martínez and C. Franceschini, “Invertebrate Herbivory on Floating-Leaf Macrophytes at the Northeast of Argentina: Should the Damage Be Taken into Account in Estimations of Plant Biomass?,” Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 2018.
doi: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170415.
The damage produced by invertebrate herbivores per leaf lamina and per m2 of populations floating-leaf macrophytes of Neotropical wetlands in the growth and decay periods was assessed, and if the damage should be taken into account in the estimations of plant biomass or not. We assessed the damage produced by invertebrate herbivores per leaf lamina and per m2 of populations floating-leaf macrophytes of Neotropical wetlands in the growth and decay periods, and assessed if the damage produced by the herbivores should be taken into account in the estimations of plant biomass of these macrophytes or not. The biomass removed per lamina and per m2 was higher during the growth period than in decay period in Nymphoides indica and Hydrocleys nymphoides, while Nymphaea prolifera had low values of herbivory in growth period. During decay period this plant is only present as vegetative propagules. According to the values of biomass removed per m2 of N. indica, underestimation up to 17.69% should be produced in cases that herbivory do not should be taking account to evaluate these plant parameters on this macrophyte. Therefore, for the study of biomass and productivity in the study area, we suggest the use of corrected lamina biomass after estimating the biomass removed by herbivores on N. indica. The values of damage in N. indica emphasize the importance of this macrophyte as a food resource for invertebrate herbivores in the trophic networks of the Neotropical wetlands.
Results show POD activities ofroots,Chla,Chlb and SP contents of leaves between two plants all varied significantly, while CAT activities of roots did not, and TP and soluble P removals of the tanks are lower than tanks with Pontederia cordata. Two aquatic plants are hydroponics cultivated in 6 tanks(three parallel tanks for each plant) with same planting density of 20,to investigate physiological traits of plants and main physical and chemical traits of effluents.Nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) contents and dimension of plants are measured.Biomass,tillers and roots densities of plants are also measured.Analysis on physiological traits of plants and N and P removals of effluents during the treatment for heavy polluted river water is conducted,another tank without planting for contrast(CK).Results show POD activities of roots,Chla,Chlb and SP contents of leaves between two plants all varied significantly,while CAT activities of roots did not.POD and CAT activities of roots of Nymphaea tetragona exceeds Pontederia cordata by 0.075 7 U/(g.min) and 0.084 3 mg/(g.min),while Chla,Chlb and SP contents of leaves of Pontederia cordata exceeded Nymphaea tetragona.by 0.188 6 mg/g,0.044 3 mg/g and 24.079 5 mg/g.Roots lengths of Nymphaea tetragona.are longer than Pontederia cordata,while stems and leaves lengths are shorter,and tillers,roots densities,biomass are lower than Pontederia cordata.N and P contents of roots,stems and leaves of Nymphaea tetragona.are lower than Pontederia cordata by decreasing 1.88 g/kg and 0.30 g/kg,3.07 g/kg and 0.54 g/kg,4.22 g/kg and 0.59 g/kg.TP and soluble P removals of the tanks are lower than tanks with Pontederia cordata by declining 15.84% and 13.54%,while TN and NH+4-N removals exceeded 13.83% and 15.60%.
Studies on several populations of Nymphaea rubra in the Howrah, Hooghly and 24-Parganas districts in West Bengal and Barisal district in Bangladesh reveal that this species, claimed to be a native of Bengal, never sets fruit in nature. The plant propagates though stolons and vegetative buds and, in exceptional cases, by proliferation of flowers. The report of meiotic irregularity and high incidence of polysomaty and pollen sterility is indicative of its apomictic nature. The nomenclature of the plant has been discussed.
M. Mmusi, K. Mosepele, M. Murray-Hudson, D. Teketay, and M. Horn, “Role of Brycinus Lateralis (Teleostei: Alestidae) in Dispersal and Germination of Nymphaea Nouchali (Angiospermae: Nymphaeaceae) Seeds on a Seasonal Floodplain of the Okavango Delta, Botswana,” African Journal of Aquatic Science, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 489–494, Dec. 2016.
doi: 10.2989/16085914.2016.1244041.
Seed passage through the gut of vertebrates can be important for seed dispersal, but might influence seed viability. The ability of seeds to germinate after ingestion by seed-eating fish is important for the population dynamics of some plant species, and significant in the evolution of plant–fish interactions. Certain fish in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, are fruit- and seed-eaters and could act as seed dispersers. We sampled 14 fish species in 2013, finding Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea seeds in the digestive tracts of eight, most commonly in the striped robber Brycinus lateralis. Seeds extracted from the gut of this species had an overall mean germination success of 11.7%. This fish species might well be a legitimate seed disperser, having a positive effect on seed dispersal from parent plants in the Okavango Delta. The current study represents one of the first investigations of the likelihood of seed dispersal by fish on the African continent.
H. Mokhtar, N. S. Muhamad, N. A. A. Rahman, and A. Ayob, “Phytoremediation of Vegetable Leachate by Nymphaea Nouchali,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 616, no. 1, p. 012074, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/616/1/012074.
Leachate normally contains high concentration of pollutants and regulated under stringent discharge standards. Conventional treatments of leachate are no longer adequate to ensure compliance with the standard. Phytoremediation is a relatively new approach to treat leachate contaminated by organic and inorganic substances. Nymphaea Nouchali is an abundant and easy-growing free-floating aquatic plants found in the rice fields, reservoir and polluted ponds. Nymphaea and Nuphar are the most commonly found species in Malaysia. In the last few decades there has been an increasing interest in the study of phytoremediator plants which can serve as an alternative for leachate treatment. The main objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of organic removal from vegetable leachate (VL) using Nymphaea Nouchali. The results exhibited that after 7 days of phytoremediation, sample R0.5 shows excellent removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), colour and suspended solid (SS) to meet the allowable limit.
S. Moschin et al., “Expression and Functional Analyses of Nymphaea Caerulea MADS-Box Genes Contribute to Clarify the Complex Flower Patterning of Water Lilies,” Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 12, p. 2018, 2021.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.730270.
Nymphaeaceae are early diverging angiosperms with large flowers characterized by showy petals and stamens not clearly whorled but presenting a gradual morphological transition from the outer elements to the inner stamens. Such flower structure makes these plant species relevant for studying flower evolution. MADS-domain transcription factors are crucial components of the molecular network that controls flower development. We therefore isolated and characterized MADS-box genes from the water lily Nymphaea caerulea. RNA-seq experiments on floral buds have been performed to obtain the transcript sequences of floral organ identity MADS-box genes. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses confirmed their belonging to specific MADS-box gene subfamilies. Their expression was quantified by RT-qPCR in all floral organs at two stages of development. Protein interactions among these transcription factors were investigated by yeast-two-hybrid assays. We found especially interesting the involvement of two different AGAMOUS-like genes (NycAG1 and NycAG2) in the water lily floral components. They were therefore functionally characterized by complementing Arabidopsis ag and shp1 shp2 mutants. The expression analysis of MADS-box genes across flower development in N. caerulea described a complex scenario made of numerous genes in numerous floral components. Their expression profiles in some cases were in line with what was expected from the ABC model of flower development and its extensions, while in other cases presented new and interesting gene expression patterns, as for instance the involvement of NycAGL6 and NycFL. Although sharing a high level of sequence similarity, the two AGAMOUS-like genes NycAG1 and NycAG2 could have undergone subfunctionalization or neofunctionalization, as only one of them could partially restore the euAG function in Arabidopsis ag-3 mutants. The hereby illustrated N. caerulea MADS-box gene expression pattern might mirror the morphological transition from the outer to the inner floral organs, and the presence of transition organs such as the petaloid stamens. This study is intended to broaden knowledge on the role and evolution of floral organ identity genes and the genetic mechanisms causing biodiversity in angiosperm flowers.
S. Moschin, “MADS-Box Genes Expressed during Flower Development and Fruit Maturation in Nymphaea Caerulea,” Università degli Studi di Padova, Course Report, 2018.https://www.research.unipd.it/handle/11577/3426234.
A complex scenario for the expressed MADS-box genes in floral developing tissues was obtained, which reflects the complex floral morphology of the water lily and is in accordance with previous studies conducted in basal Angiosperms’ flowers. MADS-box genes have been found in all eukaryotes, but their number has greatly expanded in plants, where their functions range from root development to floral organ specification and to fruit development. During the development of flowers, some of them act as homeotic selector genes specifying the identity of the floral organs, according to the ABC(D)E model. The model was developed thanks to many studies carried out in eudicots and it works quite well to explain their flower development. By contrast, for many basal Angiosperms the same model does not fit equally well, because their flowers may be organized with a different architecture and their floral organs are not always similarly well defined. For instance, they may show transition forms for some of the floral components. My PhD project studied MADS-box genes expressed in the developing reproductive structures of the basal Angiosperm Nymphaea caerulea. The work has started with gene isolation, since no MADS-box sequence belonging to this species could be found in public databases. To isolate as many as possible MADS-box genes several starting samples and methods have been used. Overall, I was able to isolate the following different MADS-box genes from both flower and fruit tissues: APETALA1/FRUITFULL, APETALA3 (three splicing variants and two resulting proteins of different length), PISTILLATA, three different AGAMOUS-like genes (i.e. AG1, AG2, and AG3), SEPALLATA, AGL6, and JOINTLESS. Thus, genes belonging to all the functional classes of the canonical ABC(D)E model of flower development have been obtained and identified. A detailed expression analysis of the isolated genes during flower and fruit development has revealed some interesting results. A complex scenario for the expressed MADS-box genes in floral developing tissues was obtained, which reflects the complex floral morphology of the water lily and is in accordance with previous studies conducted in basal Angiosperms’ flowers. Considering that some MADS-box transcription factors involved in flower development are important also to regulate post-fertilization processes, I also studied in detail the N. caerulea fruit development, which appeared an interesting and finely tuned process. The study of fruit maturation in a water lily represents the most novel aspect of this work. N. caerulea has a pluricarpellate ovary that after fertilization develops into a fleshy capsule. It matures underwater until its opening occurs to disperse a multitude of arillate seeds. Detailed observations of the fruit opening evidenced some specific zones involved in cell separation events like those that occur in the abscission zones of petioles and pedicels in terrestrial organs. Such interesting observations have been supported by the expression of genes involved in the determination (i.e. JNT) and in the activation (i.e. AG2) of these zones, but also by the presence of some cell wall degrading/modelling enzymes that may cause the separation events which trigger the fruit opening. Finally, I noticed also that the actual seeds dispersion in this species is not carried out directly by its fleshy capsule, which almost completely dissolves in water shortly after its opening, rather by the soft arils that surround the seeds.
M. F. Moseley, “Morphological Studies of the Nymphaeaceae II. The Flower of Nymphaea,” Botanical Gazette, vol. 122, no. 4, pp. 233–259, Jun. 1961.
doi: 10.1086/336114.
1. The vascular anatomy and organogeny of eleven species and two hybrids of N ymphaea have been examined and described. 2. The arrangement of the floral organs is in a transitional stage between the ancient spiral phyllotaxy and a whorled condition, although superficially the carpels and, in some species, the appendicular organs appear to be in whorls. 3. Ovules are laminar and are attached between the dorsal and ventral carpellary veins. They have not been observed attached to the ventral limits of the locules. Rarely, they are attached to the median dorsal regions. 4. The peduncle typically has a large central vascular strand, a peripheral circle of large vascular strands which alternate with smaller ones, and an intermediate ring found in the septa between the principal air canals. Variations of this pattern are described. The central and the larger peripheral vascular strands are generally composed of two radially adjacent, collateral bundles. The inner bundle of each large peripheral strand is inverted. A variable number of very small vascular bundles are interspersed with the other peripheral bundles. 5. The vascular bundles of the peduncle form a complex receptacular plexus of vascular tissue in which no bundle maintains its identity. 6. The vascular supply to each sepal arises usually as a single trace from the lower peripheral region of the receptacular vascular plexus and divides into a median and two laterals just centripetal to the sepal base. 7. The vascular supplies to the appendicular organs and to the dorsal carpellary regions originate from large strands (gynoecial vascular strands) in the ovary wall, which in turn originate from the upper rim of the receptacular vascular plexus. Each strand is composed of two radially adjacent, normally oriented, collateral vascular bundles. 8. The inner vascular bundles of the gynoecial vascular strands are the dorsal carpellary bundles, since: (a) they supply branches to the dorsal carpellary regions and peripheral parts of the locular septa; (b) the number of gynoecial strands corresponds generally to the number of locules and stylar processes; and (c) the ventral carpellary bundles originate in close association, and anastomose distally, with them. Each branch to a septum arises by a radial division of the dorsal bundle. 9. The outer vascular bundles of the gynoecial vascular strands are the fused proximal parts of the vascular supplies (traces and vein bases) of the appendicular organs, since (a) they supply these organs and (b) each branch to an organ arises by a tangential division of the parent bundle. 10. The vascular supply to a petal or stamen originates as two radially adjacent, collateral vascular bundles, one from the appendicular bundle and one from the dorsal carpellary bundle. The two bundles fuse in various ways near the base of the organ. 11. The ovules receive their vascular supplies from a vascular reticulum which originates from branches of both dorsal and ventral carpellary bundles. 12. There is a residual stele in the central core of the gynoecium which varies in strength from complete absence to a circle of strong vascular bundles. 13. The ventral carpellary supplies arise typically from the dorsal carpellary bundles of the gynoecial vascular strands, at a point about one-half the radial distance out from the center of the receptacle. The supply to each carpel at point of origin is a single inverted bundle. Near the stigmatic disc region each bundle divides into two ventral veins which are rarely entirely inverted. Many variations of this pattern occur. 14. The ventral veins and the dorsal veins, or entire gynoecial vascular strands, terminate in the stylar processes. 15. Early development of the flower is fairly typical of a hypogynous flower, but meristematic activity soon shifts from the apex to an intercalary position slightly below. The upper appendicular organs and the proximal adnate portion of the gynoecium arise by differentiation of tissues formed by the intercalary meristem. The last primordia to arise form the distal carpellary and stigmatic regions and the stylar processes of the gynoecium. 16. The carpels are unsealed in the stigmatic region during early development, but a large proportion of the apposed ventral surfaces fuse by the time of anthesis. 17. The formation of the stigmatic and stigmatoid tissues is described. Stigmatoid tissue arises between previously fused ventral surfaces but closely resembles the papillose stigmatic tissue in method of formation. 18. Laticifers of the floral region are of the unbranched compound type; they contain latex but not rubber. 19. Astrosclereids with crystals imbedded in their walls are abundant in the peduncle and in the appendicular organs. 20. The present gynoecium is thought to have arisen by (a) the evolution of the intercalary floral meristem, (b) a condensation of the entire flower accompanied by an opposing tendency for a sheath of the adnate and coherent appendciular organs to envelope the gynoecium, (c) the coherence of the carpels and their adnation to the receptacular core centrally and the appendicular sheath peripherally, (d) some reduction of parts, and (e) a change from a spiral to a partially whorled phyllotaxy. 21. The gynoecium is considered to be essentially syncarpous, since, even in the species which have intercarpellary spaces, continuous limiting sheaths of carpellary tissue are present peripherally and at least proximally in the ventral region. 22. Many obvious similarities exist between the carpellary units of Nymphaea and the carpels of primitive woody Ranales, and the evidence supports the conduplicate hypothesis more strongly than it does the peltate or telomic concepts of the nature of the carpel. 23. The three principal characteristics supposedly indicating the peltate nature of carpels are interpreted as well-known basic characters supporting the appendicular concept of carpels and as not necessarily indicating peltation.
M. F. Moseley, E. L. Schneider, and P. S. Williamson, “Phylogenetic Interpretations from Selected Floral Vasculature Characters in the Nymphaeaceae Sensu Lato,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 325–342, Jan. 1993.
doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(93)90075-8.
The Nymphaeales are assigned a key, basal, pivotal evolutionary position in nearly every old and modern system of classification. Over the past three decades many of the studies on this plant group have focused on floral aspects, especially vasculature and developmental studies. In this investigation, literature on the floral vasculature of the taxon has been reviewed with 12 characters selected for cladistic analysis. Results of phylogenetic analysis of floral vascular features are in agreement with other sets of data (e.g. morphological, biochemical, molecular) in retaining the Nelumbonales as a separate order from the Nymphaeales. Floral vasculature features offer less resolution, however, of relationships within the Nymphaeales.
S. A. B. Muda, “Effects of Nymphaea Caerulea on Wastewater Quality from Palm Oil Production,” Undergraduate, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 2010.
Palm oil industry is the most important agro-industry in Malaysia, but its byproduct–palm oil mill effluent (POME), posed a great threat to water environment. Although the palm oil industry has applied biological treatment for POME, it still faces challenge of balancing the environmental protection, its economic viability and sustainable development. This experiment was carried out to examine the feasibility of POME treatment by using Nymphaea Caerulea. The sample was obtained from LCSB Oil Palm Plantation in Lepar Hilir and analysis would be conducted at University Malaysia Pahang in laboratory scale. The aquatic plant was collected from Semuji Agro Resort. The objectives of this experiment are to study the feasibility of aquatic plants in POME treatment for POME at stage 7 and to investigate treatment efficiency by using optimal design condition whereby emphasis is placed on waste water circulation. The presence of circulation in this experiment is to enhance the kinetic process, as compared to control. The sample is tested on day 1, day 3 and day 5. The parameters to be evaluated include BOD, COD, pH, TSS and Oil and Grease. From overall experiment, the highest percentage removal of BOD is 76%, COD is 62%, TSS is 56%, Oil and Grease is 84.7%. The specimen of plant can reduce the pH level. It is shown that in the presence of Nymphaea Caerulea that is supplemented with circulation can improve the water quality with five days of retention time compared to control.
J. B. Muntendam, G. D. E. Povel, and G. Van Der Velde, “Morphometric Patterns in the Nymphaea Alba—Candida Complex,” Acta Botanica Neerlandica, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 279–302, 1996.
doi: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1996.tb00517.x.
Multivariate analyses were used to study the morphological variation in two Nymphaea species, Nymphaea alba L. and Nymphaea Candida Presl. Three datasets consisting of qualitative, multistate discrete and continuous characters of water lily plants from 49 localities were analysed throughout The Netherlands. The analyses displayed a clear division between N. alba and N. Candida. The classification of the specimens with an intermediate morphology is less stable. The important parameters that account for the differentiation of the taxa were determined, and a comparison was made with those described in the literature. Frequency analyses and multivariate techniques revealed several characters which may be used as reliable identification rules.
K. S. N. Murty and V. Seshavatharam, “Decomposition Studies on Two Floating Leaved Macrophytes,Nymphaea Nouchali andNymphoides Indica, of Lake Kondakarla, India,” Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences, vol. 99, no. 5, pp. 473–483, Oct. 1989.
doi: 10.1007/BF03053617.
Rates of weight loss and nutrient release (N, P, Ca, Mg, Na, K) were measured in decomposing tissues ofNymphaea nouchali Burm (leaf and rhizome) andNymphoides indica (L.) O Kuntze under field (90 days) and laboratory (60 days) conditions. Dry weight loss followed the sequence ofNymphoides indica>Nymphaea nouchali leaf >Nymphaea nouchali rhizome. The rate of nutrient release (N, P, Ca, Mg) from the decomposing tissues ofNymphaea nouchali rhizome appears to be correlated with nutrient concentration in leachate (receiving water) under laboratory experiments. The concentration of nitrogen in the decomposing tissues of all the samples increased with time. No increase in sodium and potassium concentrations was observed during the study under both the conditions. The maximum elemental loss was mostly observed under laboratory experiments than in the field studies. Accumulation of nitrogen, calcium and magnesium instead of release at certain stages of decomposition is attributed to microbial immobilization. The sequence of elemental loss in the decomposing tissues of these macrophytes is Na>K>P>Mg>Ca>N.
M. Nandikar and M. Sardesai, “Invalidation of the Name Nymphaea Alba Var. Rubra and Addition of the New Nothospecies Name Nymphaea × Khurooi (Nymphaeaceae),” Phytotaxa, vol. 461, no. 3, pp. 219–221, 2020.
doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.461.3.9.
The introduced Indian taxon, N. rubra, which has been shown to be a hybrid between N. alba and N. odorata, is given the new nothospecies name Nymphaea × khurooi Sardesai & Nandikar. The introduced Indian taxon currently known by the incorrect name Nymphaea alba var. rubra, which has been shown to be a hybrid between N. alba and N. odorata, is given the new nothospecies name Nymphaea × khurooi Sardesai & Nandikar.
K. U. Nierbauer, B. Kanz, and G. Zizka, “The Widespread Naturalisation of Nymphaea Hybrids Is Masking the Decline of Wild-Type Nymphaea Alba in Hesse, Germany,” Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, vol. 209, no. 2, pp. 122–130, Feb. 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2013.12.005.
The genus Nymphaea has long been cherished for its ornamental value. Since the end of the 19th century, intensive breeding has produced a large number of widely available hybrids used in horticulture. However, their escape from cultivation and their introduction into the wild pose problems for the conservation of Nymphaea alba in its natural distribution area because many white-flowered hybrids cannot be identified by morphological characters alone. To reliably identify plants of hybrid origin and to study the extent of the invasion of natural habitats by such hybrids, a case study was performed in which plant material was sampled at 34 locations in the federal state of Hesse, Germany, and neighbouring federal states. In addition to morphological information and historical data on the populations, an AFLP analysis was used to distinguish populations of true Nymphaea alba from those of hybrid origin. Few wild populations of the species currently remain. Nymphaea alba has disappeared from 12 of 13 localities previously recorded in 19th century floras of the area. In two cases, the native form has been replaced by hybrids. The currently recorded distribution of Nymphaea alba in Germany appears to be biased by the occurrence of such hybrids. Therefore, we consider the endangered status of the species in Germany to be underestimated. Conservation management, including molecular studies of populations, appears to be an appropriate step to secure the species’ future. Other indigenous species that are also traded as garden ornamentals may face the same problem.
This conversation was started by Waterlily Expert and Hybridizer Rich Sacher in 2018. On February 1st 2018 Rich decided to dedicate the month of February to the topic surrounding Australian waterlily varieties which are not very available to most of us and therefore are surrounded by questions for all of us not lucky t
Straight off the bat I will say that germination of aquatic seeds is not the same as germination of normal plants and vegetables. It is no harder to do, and the greenness of your thumbs is totally irrelevant, but there are rules and methods specific to each of them. If you don’t give the conditions
“Growth Ecology of an Aquatic Macrophyte Nymphaea Lotus Linn from Nigerian Inland-Water,” Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 99–104, 2008.
doi: 10.3923/jps.2008.99.104.
Growth Ecology of an Aquatic Macrophyte Nymphaea lotus Linn from Nigerian Inland-water
A. Novelo-R, “Esclarecimiento taxonómico de Nymphaea gracilis Zucc., planta acuática endémica de México,” Botanical Sciences, no. 45, pp. 85–95, Dec. 1983.
doi: 10.17129/botsci.1301.
A review of the taxonomic history of Nymphaea ampla (Salisb.) DC. is presented, since its description by Salisbury in 1805 up to the present, including the mention of various names which have been incorrectly referred to this taxon as synonyms, most notably Nymphaea gracilis Zucc. N. gracilis is easily distinguished from N. ampla, the only other Mexican species with which it might be confused, by several-morphological and field characters, namely: the margin of the leaf, shape of the rhizome, venation of the lower leaf surface, angle of aperture of the sepals, and altitudinal distribution . The results of this research lead us to the conclusion that N. ampla var. speciose (Mart. & Zucc.) Casp . is restricted at present to the Antilles and South America. The confusion created by Conard’s work (1905) widening the range of this variety to temperate Mexico, by the inclusion of N. gracilis and N. undulata under this variety, has been clarified. Comparison of descriptions and type specimens of various Nymphaeas, which were involved in the problem, such as N. gracilis Zucc., N. flavo-virens Lehm. , N. undulate Lehm. , and N. tussilagifolia Lehm., indicates that all of them belong to the same species. Applying the rule of priority, the correct name which should be used for this plant is N. gracilis Zucc.
River Niger, the largest river in Nigeria flows southwards across Asaba and Onitsha to the Delta areas. The clarins buthopogon (fish) and Nymphaea lotus (aquatic plant) from the River Niger at Asaba were sampled for analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentration of the heavy metals from the three parts of the fish (head, muscle and tail) had the following ranges: Cr, 8.90-9.70; Cu, 2.90-3.90; Fe, 6.00-113.20; Mg, 138.00-3398; Ni, 5.48-14.68; Pb, 0.20-1.60; Hg, 0.38-2.00 and Cd, 1.41-1.78 mg kg - 1 on dry weight basis. These values were higher than those obtained in Kaduna River and Mediterranean coaster waters. The concentrations in Nymphaea Lotus (aquatic plant) were extremely high (Cr, 20.30; Cut 10.70; Fe, 569.20; Mg, 6798.00; Ni, 72.08; Pb, 6.00; Hg, 51.30 and Cd, 31.10 mg kg - 1 dry weight) and were also higher than those of fish part. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish parts and aquatic plant indicated pollution, as per WHO and FEPA standards for aquatic life.
J. M. Nzei, B. K. Ngarega, V. M. Mwanzia, P. M. Musili, Q.-F. Wang, and J.-M. Chen, “The Past, Current, and Future Distribution Modeling of Four Water Lilies (Nymphaea) in Africa Indicates Varying Suitable Habitats and Distribution in Climate Change,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 173, p. 103416, Jul. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2021.103416.
Mapping and modeling suitable habitat and distribution of aquatic species is important to help assess the impact of factors such as climate change in affecting the shift, decline, or expansion of species habitat ranges. In Africa, the distribution of water lily (Nymphaea) species is geographically varied and the habitats suitable for individual species are prone to effects of global warming, though only limited conservation measures have been taken to date in aquatic environments. In this study, four widely distributed water lily species (N. nouchali, N. micrantha, N. lotus, and N. heudelotii) were modeled using MaxEnt which highlighted the individual species’ suitable climatic distribution. The current distribution indicates a partial distribution of N. nouchali in West Africa unlike N. micrantha, N. lotus, and, N. heudelotii. Nymphaea lotus displays wider distribution in West, East, and parts of South African countries including their coastlines compared to all other species. Nymphaea nouchali indicates dense distribution in countries South of Africa while N. micrantha and N. heudelotii in West African countries. Greater habitat changes were noticed between the future and the past projection due to limited range expansion in 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 (2050) Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) in almost all species. The species’ suitable habitat distribution was mainly influenced by nine variables, mostly the temperature and precipitation variables. This study provides projections of future climatic scenarios potentially influencing the distribution of Nymphaea species in Africa, which may be useful for the ongoing conservation and management of these plants especially in areas loosing suitable climatic conditions.
C. B. Oosthuizen, M. Fisher, and N. Lall, “Chapter 31 - Nymphaea Caerulea,” in Underexplored Medicinal Plants from Sub-Saharan Africa, N. Lall, Ed. Academic Press, 2020, pp. 205–210.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-816814-1.00031-4.
Nymphaea caerulea or more commonly known as the blue water lily is a very recognizable aquatic plant. It is distributed widely throughout the world including Africa due to its esthetic value. Different communities have used the rhizome and flowers for various ailments including inflammation of various organs such as the bladder, kidneys, uterus, and intestine, as well as for fevers and insomnia. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of a variety of glycosides. There is anecdotal evidence of this plant being used as an intoxicant, but this claim has not been verified.
I. Orban and J. Bouharmont, “Megagametophyte Development of Nymphaea Nouchali Burm. f. (Nymphaeaceae),” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 126, no. 4, pp. 339–348, Apr. 1998.
doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1998.tb01386.x.
I. Orban and J. Bouharmont, “Reproductive Biology of Nymphaea Capensis Thunb. Var. Zanzibariensis (Casp.) Verdc. (Nymphaeaceae),” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 35–43, Sep. 1995.
doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1995.tb00727.x.
Anthesis in Nymphaea capensis var. zanzibariensis is diurnal with flowers opening and closing for three consecutive days. On the first day of anthesis, the stigmatic papillae secrete fluid and the outermost anthers are dehiscent. On the second day of anthesis the stamens form a cone above the dry stigmatic cup. The middle stamens open and turn outward. On the third day of flowering, all the stamens open and the dry stigmatic cup is exposed. The flowers are homogamous and not protogynous as the other Nymphaea. The gynoecium of the self-compatible N. capensis var. zanzibariensis, is characterized by a wet papillate stigma, a short hollow style, and secretory cells on the ventral surface of the ovary. The pollen is released on the receptive stigma. Following initial growth in intercellular spaces in the transmitting tract of the stigma, pollen tubes travel through the stylar canal and into the ovary.
J.-M. Paillisson and L. Marion, “Can Small Water Level Fluctuations Affect the Biomass of Nymphaea Alba in Large Lakes?,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 259–266, Apr. 2006.
doi: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2005.10.004.
In this study we investigated above-ground biomass and morphological responses of a floating-leaved plant species, Nymphaea alba, to small spring water level manipulations (0.1–0.5m) in a large, shallow lake over a 9-year period (1995–2003). A year effect was found in mean annual above-ground plant biomass with higher values found in years of low water levels, 275–339gDWm−2 in 1995 and 2003 against 143–198gDWm−2 in 1996–2002 (no data transformation). No significant changes in biomass patterns were observed within each season (one summer peak), except in 1995 when a summer decline in biomass occurred. The amplitude and duration of exposure to high water levels affected the spring and annual above ground biomass of N. alba. The plant responded to high spring water levels by producing longer and thinner petioles to preserve leaves from flooding while no significant changes in leaf surface area (except in May) and leaf/petiole biomass ratio were obtained. The results are interpreted with regard to plant adaptations to changing environments (biomass allocation patterns in the different plant organs and stem density) and the effects of other abiotic factors relevant to the size of the system. We concluded that small deviations in spring water level can be driving forces in a large system in controlling the above-ground biomass of this floating-leaved plant.
J.-M. Paillisson and Marion Loı̈c, “Interaction between Coot (Fulica Atra) and Waterlily (Nymphaea Alba) in a Lake: The Indirect Impact of Foraging,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 209–216, Nov. 2001.
doi: 10.1016/S0304-3770(01)00182-6.
A previously unrecorded indirect impact is described of coot (Fulica atra) on a floating-leaved species (Nymphaea alba) during the plant growing season in a shallow eutrophic natural freshwater ecosystem, Lake Grand-Lieu, western France. The bird population was counted, the proportion of petioles cut by bird was estimated and the density of the four main invertebrate groups on the leaves was measured just after the breeding season, in July and then in September 1997 in the whole N. alba area (739ha divided into 15 sections). Up to 6±1% of leaves were cut in July, with differences between sections (from 0.3±0.1 to 16±6%) when about 10,000 coots fed in this part of the lake. A positive relationship was recorded between the proportion of cut petioles and coot density during the first period (excluding sections where N. alba was mixed with another plant species, Trapa natans). In September, coot abundance fell to 5000 individuals and the impact decreased to 0.3±0.2% of leaves, new generations of leaves having meanwhile grown. The comparison of the mean density of invertebrates on cut and intact leaves showed a massive depletion of the beetle, Galerucella nymphaeae, present on the upper side of the leaves. The selection of this specific food item might explain this marked interaction, which was nevertheless insignificant in September because of high turn over rates of the plant.
A. Pareek and A. Kumar, “Pharmocognostic Studies on Nymphaea Spp.,” World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 18, 2016.
doi: 10.20959/wjpr20166-6285.
Wetlands provide a unique habitat for several medicinal plants attempt has been made to document some of the little known medicinal properties of wetland plants used by local community of India. Nymphaea is a genus of aquatic perennial plants having showy flowers (white, blue, pink, or yellow, often fragrant), including the white water lily currently Nymphaea, they are growing from an under water stem. which is buried in the mud and sends root lets for anchorage. Water lily, the member of the Nymphaeaceae family, is the symbol of Buddhism and Brahmanism in India. The plant has great medicinal value. Present review deals with various species and their applications in traditional medicines.
M. Parimala and F. G. Shoba, “Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Antioxidant Acitivity of Hydroalcoholic Seed Extract of Nymphaea Nouchali Burm. f.,” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 887–895, Nov. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60174-4.
Objective To evaluate the phytochemical constituents and the antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Nymphaea nouchali seed locally prescribed as a diet for diabetes mellitus. Methods The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of hydroalcoholic extract of the plant was assessed against 1,1 diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation using standard protocols. Total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins were also determined. Results Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavones, tannins, protein, reducing sugars, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids and steroids. The activities of plant extract against DPPH, nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation was concentration dependent with IC50 value of 42.82, 23.58 and 54.65 μg/mL respectively. The total antioxidant capacity was high with 577.73 mg vitamin E/g of the extract and showed a moderately high vitamin C content of 197.22 mg/g. The total tannin content of hydroalcoholic seed extract was high (195.84 GE/g), followed by phenolics (179.56 GE/g) and flavonoids (23.55 QE/g). Conclusion Our findings provide evidence that the crude extract of Nymphaea nouchali is a potential source of natural antioxidants and this justifies its use in folkloric medicine.
J. Park, Y. Kim, W. Kwon, S. Nam, and M. J. Song, “The Second Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Nymphaea Alba L. (Nymphaeaceae) to Investigate Inner-Species Variations,” Mitochondrial DNA Part B, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1014–1015, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1565968.
Nymphaea alba L. which belongs to Nymphaeaceae has been used as gardening plants, foods, and medicines. In this study, we completed whole chloroplast genome of N. alba of which length is 151,925 bp consisting four subregions: 90,001 bp of large single copy (LSC) and 19,562 bp of small single copy (SSC) regions are separated by 25,181 bp of inverted repeat (IR) regions. One hundred and twenty-eight genes (84 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNAs, and 36 tRNAs) were annotated successfully. The overall GC content of the chloroplast genome is 39.2% and those in the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 37.8%, 34.4%, and 43.4%, respectively. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms and six insertion and deletions are identified between two N. alba chloroplast genomes. This genome will be used for developing molecular markers and for understating micro-evolutionary events of this species.
P. I. P. Perera et al., “In Vitro Culture of Nymphaea Nouchali Seeds; a Conservation Approach for a Vulnerable Species,” Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, vol. 49, no. 3, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v49i3.10305.
Nymphaea nouchali var. nouchali is a non-viviparous species with a slow natural propagation by rhizomes or seeds. The plant is threatened in its natural habitats due to several reasons and included in the vulnerable category of the National Red List of Sri Lanka. In vitro contamination free culture method was developed to initiate mass propagation of the species. Results were validated through molecular and microscopic studies. Bacterial growth occurred in the seeds disinfected via standard method of using CloroxTM. Mature seeds scarified with 75 % H2SO4 for 60 seconds gave contamination free cultures with optimum seed germination. Scanning electron micrographs of mature seeds showed the rows containing trichomes running between the two poles of seeds and the sclereids between the rows of trichomes to be the potential habitats for bacteria. Light micrographs showed the thick seed coat that causes a physical dormancy. Sulphuric acid treatment was effective in degrading the trichomes completely and the seed coat partially. The highest seed germination (65.5 %) was obtained by culturing the seeds treated with 75 % H2SO4 on the solidified MS medium. The basal stem of the well-grown seedlings in vitro gave rise to the mini-rhizomes. Molecular analysis showed the close genetic relatedness within and among the isolated plant populations from where the seeds were collected. The in vitro protocol developed in this study can be used for propagation of seedlings of this vulnerable species for maintaining the biodiversity by population enhancement through restoration and introduction into new habitats.
H. B. L. Pettersson, G. Hancock, A. Johnston, and A. S. Murray, “Uptake of Uranium and Thorium Series Radionuclides by the Waterlily, Nymphaea Violacea,” Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 85–108, Jan. 1993.
doi: 10.1016/0265-931X(93)90071-E.
The waterlily Nymphaea violacea is a major aquatic macrophyte in the waters of the Alligator Rivers Region, Northern Teritory, Australia. It is also a traditional Aboriginal diet item, and is considered to be potentially one of the main contributors to the effective dose equivalent arising from consumption of so called ‘bush’ food in the region. Because of the proximity of the Ranger Uranium Mine (RUM), the activity concentrations of the U and Th series radionuclides have been studied in water, sediment and waterlily during different seasons at five sites downstream of the mine site. The objectives of the study are: 1.1. To identify the major source of radionuclide uptake by the plant; i.e. water or sediment.2.2. To assess the concentration factors/ratios needed for predicting the radiation exposure of the critical group resulting from any discharge of water to the aquatic environment from the Ranger uranium mine.3.3. To estimate the natural radiation exposure of the public arising from consumption of waterlilies. Results show that sediment is the major source of U and Th series radionuclides to waterlily roots, rhizomes and foliage. Waterlily to sediment concentration ratios, based on wet weights, are of the order of 0·01–0·03 for roots and rhizomes and 0·005–0·015 for foliage. The naturally occurring committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from an estimated annual intake of 3 kg waterlily rhizomes from the forage areas are of the order of 0·02 mSv.
W. Ping-he, C. Wei-pei, and C. Rui-yang, “Study on the Karyotype Analysis of Nymphaeaceae and Its Taxonomic Position,” Journal of Systematics and Evolution, vol. 32, no. 4, p. 293, Jul. 1994.https://www.jse.ac.cn/EN/.
The present paper reports the karyotypes of six species in the family...
P. Poczai et al., “Genetic Variability of Thermal Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) Populations Based on ISSR Markers: Implications on Relationships, Hybridization, and Conservation,” Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 906–918, Dec. 2011.
doi: 10.1007/s11105-011-0302-9.
The globally widespread genus Nymphaea exhibits a wide range of morphological and taxonomical diversity. The intrusion of a cultivated variety by progressive propagation and its affect on aquatic habitat is demonstrated in this case study. We have studied the genetic diversity, population, and stand structure of the neophyte Nymphaea\,×\,‘Panama Pacific’ as well as other species found in Lake Hévíz and dikes nearby using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The ISSR assay revealed a low genetic variability for the small populations of Nymphaea caerulea, Nymphaea lotus var. thermalis, and a medium level for Nymphaea alba, Nymphaea rubra var. longiflora, and Nymphaea\,×\,‘Panama Pacific’. The evolutionary genetic status of individuals found in the overlapping cultivation area of Nymphaea\,×\,‘Panama Pacific’ and N. caerulea was affirmed to be of hybrid origin by reticulate network analysis and with morphological parameters. The Bayesian analysis of hybrid classes and the segregation of the ISSR markers also confirmed the hybrid origin of the individuals in question and revealed that they are falling into F2 or latter genotype frequency classes, indicating the viability and fertility of the hybrids. The set of analyzed species by phylogenetic network analysis of ISSR data has been divided into three major groups according to their evolutionary patterns (subg. Barachyceras, Lotos, and Nymphaea). Our results are in accordance with these three major subgenera within Nymphaea.
R. A. Povilus, P. K. Diggle, and W. E. Friedman, “Evidence for Parent-of-Origin Effects and Interparental Conflict in Seeds of an Ancient Flowering Plant Lineage,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 285, no. 1872, p. 20172491, Feb. 2018.
doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2491.
Theoretical and empirical studies have long connected the evolutionary innovation of endosperm, a genetically biparental product of a double fertilization process unique to flowering plants (angiosperms), to conflicting parental interests over offspring provisioning. Yet, none of these studies examined interparental conflict in representatives of any of the most ancient angiosperm lineages. We performed reciprocal interploidy crosses in the water lily Nymphaea thermarum, a member of one of the most ancient angiosperm lineages, Nymphaeales. We find that an excess of paternal genomes is associated with an increase in endosperm growth. By contrast, maternal ploidy negatively influences development or growth of all seed components, regardless of paternal genome dosage. Most relevant to the conflict over distribution of maternal resources, however, is that growth of the perisperm (seed storage tissue derived from the maternal sporophyte, found in all Nymphaeales) is unaffected by paternal genome dosage—ensuring maternal control of maternal resources. We conclude that the evolutionary transfer of embryo-nourishing function from a genetically biparental endosperm to a genetically maternal perisperm can be viewed as an effective maternal strategy to recapture control of resource distribution among progeny, and thus that interparental conflict has influenced the evolution of seed development in this ancient angiosperm lineage.
R. A. Povilus, J. M. Losada, and W. E. Friedman, “Floral Biology and Ovule and Seed Ontogeny of Nymphaea Thermarum, a Water Lily at the Brink of Extinction with Potential as a Model System for Basal Angiosperms,” Annals of Botany, vol. 115, no. 2, pp. 211–226, Feb. 2015.
doi: 10.1093/aob/mcu235.
R. A. Povilus, “Reproduction and Seed Development in the Water Lily Nymphaea Thermarum – a New Perspective on the Evolution of Flowering Plant Seeds,” Aug. 2017.https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/42061466.
Almost a century of research connects the origin of double fertilization, a major evolutionary innovation of flowering plants (angiosperms), to conflicting parental interests over offspring provisioning during seed development. Furthermore, work in a small handful of model systems has revealed that imprinting, an epigenetic phenomena based on chromatin methylation patterns, underlies key components of parent-of-origin effects on seed development. However, neither parent-of-origin effects on development nor genetic imprinting have been studied in any early-diverging angiosperm lineage – hindering our understanding of the evolutionary relationships between interparental conflict, parent-of-origin-effects, and chromatin methylation. For my dissertation I identified and leveraged the experimental tractability of the water lily Nymphaea thermarum (Nymphaeales) to perform reciprocal interploidy crosses and to document patterns of gene expression related to chromatin methylation during reproductive development. In Chapter 1, we describe the floral biology, female reproductive development, fertilization, and seed ontogeny of N. thermarum, and thereby provide knowledge necessary for further experiments. In Chapter 2, we create autotetraploid lines of N. thermarum, and perform reciprocal interploidy crosses to test for parent-of-origin effects on seed development. By measuring the size of seed components and rates of embryo development in different types of crosses, we provide the first evidence that parent-of-origin effects on offspring development may date to the evolutionary origin of flowering plants. We also demonstrate that that the evolutionary transfer of embryo-nourishing function from a genetically biparental endosperm to a genetically maternal storage tissue (perisperm) can function as a maternal strategy to recapture control of resource distribution among progeny. In Chapter 3, we sequence transcriptomes of whole ovules and seeds from three key stages of reproductive development in N. thermarum. In particular, we examine the expression of genes associated with chromatin methylation – processes known to be essential for parent-of-origin effects on seed development in other angiosperms. We find evidence for a dynamic chromatin methylation landscape during reproductive development. However, genes involved in establishing, maintaining, and removing methylation marks associated with genetic imprinting show a mix of conserved and unique expression patterns between N. thermarum and other angiosperms, providing perspective on how the regulation of imprinting has changed throughout angiosperm evolution.
R. A. Povilus et al., “Water Lily (Nymphaea Thermarum) Genome Reveals Variable Genomic Signatures of Ancient Vascular Cambium Losses,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 117, no. 15, pp. 8649–8656, Apr. 2020.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1922873117.
For more than 225 million y, all seed plants were woody trees, shrubs, or vines. Shortly after the origin of angiosperms ∼140 million y ago (MYA), the Nymphaeales (water lilies) became one of the first lineages to deviate from their ancestral, woody habit by losing the vascular cambium, the meristematic population of cells that produces secondary xylem (wood) and phloem. Many of the genes and gene families that regulate differentiation of secondary tissues also regulate the differentiation of primary xylem and phloem, which are produced by apical meristems and retained in nearly all seed plants. Here, we sequenced and assembled a draft genome of the water lily Nymphaea thermarum, an emerging system for the study of early flowering plant evolution, and compared it to genomes from other cambium-bearing and cambium-less lineages (e.g., monocots and Nelumbo). This revealed lineage-specific patterns of gene loss and divergence. Nymphaea is characterized by a significant contraction of the HD-ZIP III transcription factors, specifically loss of REVOLUTA, which influences cambial activity in other angiosperms. We also found the Nymphaea and monocot copies of cambium-associated CLE signaling peptides display unique substitutions at otherwise highly conserved amino acids. Nelumbo displays no obvious divergence in cambium-associated genes. The divergent genomic signatures of convergent loss of vascular cambium reveals that even pleiotropic genes can exhibit unique divergence patterns in association with independent events of trait loss. Our results shed light on the evolution of herbaceousness—one of the key biological innovations associated with the earliest phases of angiosperm evolution.
G. T. Prance, “A Note on the Pollination of Nymphaea Amazonum Mart. & Zucc. (Nymphaeaceae),” Brittonia, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 505–507, Oct. 1980.
doi: 10.2307/2806159.
Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc. a nocturnally flowering species, is visited by the scarab beetleCyclocephala mollis Endrödi in the Pantanal region of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Beetles were found in all flowers examined and some remain in the flowers during the day. The beetles are dusted with pollen in second-day flowers and carry it to first-day flowers which have receptive stigmas.
Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is under explorations because of wide biomedical applications and research interest in nanotechnology. Silver nanoparticles have been recently used for a wide range of application including health. The present study is aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles from leaf extract of Nymphaea caerulea. Stable SNPs were produced after treating the extract with 1mM Ag (NO3)2 solution. A change of thick green color from dark brown was observed. The synthesized Ag NPs were monitored by UV-VIS spectroscopy, SEM, EDAX, AFM and FTIR for their size and shape. The poly dispersed particles having a spherical shape with the range of diameter from 20 to 100 nm. These nanoparticles exhibited high antibacterial effect on the growth of E. coli. It has been demonstrated that the leaf SNPs of N. caerulea are capable of producing silver nanoparticles having important advantage over conventional antibiotics.
Objectives: Nymphaea caerulea Savigny. is multipurpose medicinal plant has been mentioned for the treatment of liver disorders in Ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine. Hence the Phytochemical evaluation and estimation of secondary metabolites were carried out. Methods: Polar and non-polar solvents were used to extract maximum number of compounds from various plant parts of N. caerulea preliminary screening analysis (Gibbs, 1974) and quantitative estimation of phytochemicals (Makkar et al., 1993) was carried out. Results: The results revealed that the plant is a rich source of different secondary metabolites like anthocyanins, anthraqunones, emodins, fatty acids, flavonoids, luecoanthocyanins, glycosides, phenols, coumarins, tannins and triterpenoids. Methanol, ethanol, chloroform and water extracts of leaf and flower are excellent source of phytocostituenpts when compare with rhizome and root. Conclusion: The findings of the study will be helpful to the pharmacologists and phytochemists for identification of novel potential active compounds.
A. Prigioniero et al., “Plants Named ‘Lotus’ in Antiquity: Historiography, Biogeography, and Ethnobotany,” Harvard Papers in Botany, 2020.
doi: 10.3100/hpib.v25iss1.2020.n8.
Abstract. In ancient times, several plants were named “lotus.” They assumed very important roles in the religions and art of many cultures, but historiography and descriptions of the various plants called “lotus” have always been poor. The aim of this work is to define what plant species correspond to the ancient name “lotus.” Through analysis of classical texts and other historiographical sources, three types of “lotus” have been identified: “arboreal lotus,” “herbaceous lotus,” and “aquatic lotus.” From the sources examined, several botanical species have been identified for each “lotus” category. In the “arboreal lotus” category there are two species of Ziziphus: Z. lotus and Z. spina-christi. The “herbaceous lotus” include several species in Fabaceae that have been called “lotus,” more specifically in the genera Melilotus, Lotus, Trifolium, and Trigonella. In the last category, “aquatic lotus,” are two species of Nymphaea L. (N. lotus and N. nouchali var. caerulea) and the sacred Indian lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). The attributions of these species have been validated by research on their biogeography and ethnobotanical uses.
G. H. Pring, “A New Hybrid Nymphaea,” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 325–333, 1922.
doi: 10.2307/2990055.
О. Y. Puyrko and V. N. Sidorova, “Hystological-Functional Specifity of Nymphaea Alba L.Vegetative Organs,” 2012.
doi: 10.7905/BBMSPU.V1I2(5).71.
It is confirmed that the fruit of Nymphaea alba L . Показано, що досліджувана багаторічна рослина - Nymphaea alba L . відноситься до аерогідрофітів і володіє ознаками, притаманними для цієї екологічній групі рослин. Виявлено наступні анатомічні та функціональні особливості, що є пристосуванням до умов надлишку води: 1) утворення астросклереїд, які відносяться до механічних тканин; 2) наявність великих міжклітинників, які сприяють утриманню рослини; 3) відсутність продихів на нижній стороні листка та підводних органах, що змінює газообмін у рослині. Мікрохімічний аналіз золи вегетативних органів рослини показав наявність кристалів стронцію, сульфуру, калію, феруму, кальцію, натрію, нітрогену (аміачного амонію), які відрізняються за скупченням, формою та розмірами в вегетативних органах (листку, корені та стеблі). Можна зазначити, що кількістно-анатомічні та фізіологічні особливості вегетативних органів Nymphaea alba L . дозволяють більш чіткіше зрозуміти механізм пристосування аерогідрофітів до впливу факторів навколишнього середовища. Отже, в результаті впливу на Nymphaea alba L. зовнішніх чинників, зокрема таких як надлишок вологи, змінюються адаптивно-пристосувальні механізми рослини та їх функціонування. Ключові слова: Nymphaea alba L ., вегетативні органи, анатомічна специфічність.
M. K. M. M. Raja, N. K. Sethiya, and S. H. Mishra, “A Comprehensive Review on Nymphaea Stellata: A Traditionally Used Bitter,” Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 311–319, 2010.
doi: 10.4103/0110-5558.72424.
Nymphaea stellata Willd. (Syn. Nymphaea nouchali Burman f.) (Nymphaeaceae) is an important and well-known medicinal plant, widely used in the Ayurveda and Siddha systems of medicines for the treatment of diabetes, inflammation, liver disorders, urinary disorders, menorrhagia, blenorrhagia, menstruation problem, as an aphrodisiac, and as a bitter tonic. There seems to be an agreement between the traditional use and experimental observations, such as, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and particularly antidiabetic activity. Nymphayol, a steroid isolated from the flowers has been scientifically proved to be responsible for the traditionally claimed antidiabetic activity; it reverses the damaged endocrine tissue and stimulates secretion of insulin in the β-cells. However, taking into account the magnitude of its traditional uses, the studies conducted are still negligible. This review is an attempt to provide the pharmaceutical prospective of Nymphaea stellata.
J. H. Richards, T. G. Troxler, D. W. Lee, and M. S. Zimmerman, “Experimental Determination of Effects of Water Depth on Nymphaea Odorata Growth, Morphology and Biomass Allocation,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 9–16, Jul. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2011.03.002.
Growth, morphology and biomass allocation in response to water depth was studied in white water lily, Nymphaea odorata Aiton. Plants were grown for 13months in 30, 60 and 90cm water in outdoor mesocosms in southern Florida. Water lily plant growth was distinctly seasonal with plants at all water levels producing more and larger leaves and more flowers in the warmer months. Plants in 30cm water produced more but smaller and shorter-lived leaves than plants at 60cm and 90cm water levels. Although plants did not differ significantly in total biomass at harvest, plants in deeper water had significantly greater biomass allocated to leaves and roots, while plants in 30cm water had significantly greater biomass allocated to rhizomes. Although lamina area and petiole length increased significantly with water level, lamina specific weight did not differ among water levels. Petiole specific weight increased significantly with increasing water level, implying a greater cost to tethering the larger laminae in deeper water. Lamina length and width scaled similarly at different water levels and modeled lamina area (LA) accurately (LAmodeled=0.98LAmeasured+3.96, R2=0.99). Lamina area was highly correlated with lamina weight (LW=8.43LA−66.78, R2=0.93), so simple linear measurements can predict water lily lamina area and lamina weight. These relationships were used to calculate monthly lamina surface area in the mesocosms. Plants in 30cm water had lower total photosynthetic surface area than plants in 60cm and 90cm water levels throughout, and in the summer plants in 90cm water showed a great increase in photosynthetic surface area as compared to plants in shallower water. These results support setting Everglades restoration water depth targets for sloughs at depths ≥45cm and suggest that in the summer optimal growth for white water lilies occurs at depths ≥75cm.
J. H. Richards and C. Cao, “Germination and Early Growth of Nymphaea Odorata at Different Water Depths,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 12–19, Apr. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2011.12.003.
We experimentally determined the effects of water depth on seed germination and seedling growth and morphology, and we documented the transition from submerged to emergent plants in the white water lily, Nymphaea odorata. Seeds of N. odorata were germinated at 30, 60, and 90cm water depth in outdoor mesocosms and percent germination and morphology measured after a month. The presence of self-seeded seedlings in pots at the same 3 water levels was also recorded over two years. To examine juvenile growth, seeds planted in soil were placed at the same mesocosm depths; germination and growth were monitored for three months, when the plants were harvested for morphological and biomass measurements. N. odorata germinated equally well in 30, 60 and 90cm water; seedlings grew as submerged aquatics. After one month, seedlings in 90cm water had less biomass than those in 30cm (1.1 vs. 3.3mg and 1.0 vs. 1.8mg for different seed sources, respectively) and allocated relatively more biomass to shoots (97.5 vs. 67.8% and 73.1 vs. 58.0%, respectively). Seedlings in 60cm water were intermediate. After 3 months of submerged growth, plant biomass remained less in 90 vs. 60 and 30cm water (22.5 vs. 36.4 and 33.3mg, respectively). Plants in 90 and 60cm water had greater biomass allocation to shoots than plants in 30cm water (85.7 and 72.6% vs. 64.4%, respectively) and produced larger laminae on longer petioles (lamina length=33.3 vs. 25.2mm in 90 vs. 30cm; petiole length=99.0 vs. 36.0mm, respectively). After about 3 months, submerged plants produced floating leaves that had 39% shorter laminae but 267% to 1988% longer petioles than submerged leaves on the same plant. Lamina length to width allometric relations of submerged leaves were >1 at all water levels, distinguishing them from the equal allometry of adult floating leaves. The switch from production of submerged to emergent leaves resembles submergence-escape growth in other aquatics, but because the seedlings have been submerged throughout their life, submergence itself cannot be the stimulus to produce emergent leaves in these totally immersed plants. Our data show that N. odorata plants can establish from seeds in up to 90cm water and that seedlings grow as submerged aquatics until they switch abruptly to production of floating leaves.
J. H. Richards, D. N. Kuhn, and K. Bishop, “Interrelationships of Petiolar Air Canal Architecture, Water Depth, and Convective Air Flow in Nymphaea Odorata (Nymphaeaceae),” American Journal of Botany, vol. 99, no. 12, pp. 1903–1909, 2012.
doi: 10.3732/ajb.1200269.
• Premise of the study: Nymphaea odorata grows in water up to 2 m deep, producing fewer larger leaves in deeper water. This species has a convective flow system that moves gases from younger leaves through submerged parts to older leaves, aerating submerged parts. Petiolar air canals are the convective flow pathways. This study describes the structure of these canals, how this structure varies with water depth, and models how convective flow varies with depth. • Methods: Nymphaea odorata plants were grown at water depths from 30 to 90 cm. Lamina area, petiolar cross-sectional area, and number and area of air canals were measured. Field-collected leaves and leaves from juvenile plants were analyzed similarly. Using these data and data from the literature, we modeled how convective flow changes with water depth. • Key results: Petioles of N. odorata produce two central pairs of air canals; additional pairs are added peripherally, and succeeding pairs are smaller. The first three pairs account for 96% of air canal area. Air canals form 24% of petiolar cross-sectional area. Petiolar and air canal cross-sectional areas increase with water depth. Petiolar area scales with lamina area, but the slope of this relationship is lower in 90 cm water than at shallower depths. In our model, the rate of convective flow varied with depth and with the balance of influx to efflux leaves. • Conclusions: Air canals in N. odorata petioles increase in size and number in deeper water but at a decreasing amount in relation to lamina area. Convective flow also depends on the number of influx to efflux laminae.
R. J. Ritchie, “Photosynthesis in the Blue Water Lily (Nymphaea Caerulea Saligny) Using Pulse Amplitude Modulation Fluorometry,” International Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 173, no. 2, pp. 124–136, Feb. 2012.
doi: 10.1086/663168.
Water lilies, such as the blue Egyptian water lily (Nymphaea caerulea Savigny), are ubiquitous aquatic plants. Leaves of mature plants normally unfold at the surface and are floating or emergent. Some aquatic vascular plants have a form of CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) known as submerged aquatic metabolism (SAM). The presence of aerenchyma in water lily leaves and petioles makes it very difficult to measure photosynthesis in water lily plants by gas exchange. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometer techniques provide direct information on the light reactions of plants. PAM technology calculates photosynthesis as the electron transport rate (ETR) through PSII (4 electrons per O2 produced) in mol m−2 s−1. Here, relative ETR (rETR) was based on an assumed leaf absorptance factor of 0.84. Photosynthesis-versus-irradiance (P vs. E) curves were fitted with the waiting-in-line function (). Maximum effective quantum yield, maximum relative ETR (rETRmax), and quantum efficiency all vary on a diurnal cycle. The nonphotochemical quenching parameters qNmax and NPQmax are highly correlated with each other (, ) but do not show a systematic variation over a diurnal cycle. Nymphaea is a “sun plant” with optimum irradiance (Eopt) of 1000 μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD or higher. Titratable acid of leaves varied from ∼50 to 70 mol H+ m−3 (leaf water basis) and was depleted at ∼0600 and 1800 hours each day, a diel pattern inconsistent with SAM/CAM physiology. The N. caerulea C4 acid pool is too small to support substantial SAM-type metabolism. Gross photosynthesis of Nymphaea leaves had a high value of ∼5.3 g C m−2 d−1. For a daily irradiance of 56 mol m−2 PPFD, this works out to a 3.3% conversion efficiency in terms of moles of carbon.
B. Rodkiewicz, E. Duda, and K. Kudlicka, “Organelle Aggregations During Microsporogenesis in Stangeria, Nymphaea, and Malva,” in Sexual Reproduction in Higher Plants, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1988, pp. 175–180.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-73271-3_28.
Microsporocytes of Stangeria and Nymphaea acquire a polarizedappearance for a short part of prophase I, when the areas on the opposite sides of the nucleus differ in their organelle contents. By the end of prophase I in microsporocytes of Nymphaea plastids and mitochondria form a group which after telophase I stretches into the equatorial plane, and after telophase II separates a tetrad into four regions. During microsporogenesis in Malva organelles form a dense coat around the late prophase I nucleus and later around each nucleus in dyads and tetrads.
B. Rodkiewicz, E. Duda, and J. Bednara, “Organelle Aggregations during Microsporogenesis in Nymphaea,” Flora, vol. 183, no. 5, pp. 397–404, Jan. 1989.
doi: 10.1016/S0367-2530(17)31571-2.
By early prophase I, plastids and mitochondria of microsporocytes of Nymphaea alba aggregate for a short time at one side of the nucleus. Subsequently they become scattered, but by diakinesis all plastids and mitochondria again form an aggregation which after telophase I changes its shape and occupies an equatorial space between the nuclei, thus dividing a dyad into 2 parts. Until telophase II, this aggregation separates dividing nuclei of meiosis II, later the aggregation is reshaped and separates a tetrad into 4 parts until simultaneous cytokinesis begins.
A. D. Sagolsem and B. Thongam, “Two New Taxa of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) from Manipur, India,” Phytotaxa, vol. 188, no. 2, p. 112, Dec. 2014.
doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.188.2.5.
Two new taxa of Nymphaea, Nymphaea manipurensis and N. manipurensis var. versicolor are described from Manipur, India. They resemble N. tetragona Georgi in their tetragonal-shaped receptacle, but are easily distinguished from the latter by their partial apocarpy. In being partly apocarpous and having purplish leaf undersurfaces and erect rhizomes, they are similar to N. nouchali Burm. f. A comparison of these two taxa with N. nouchali is provided, along with a key to all Nymphaea known from India. The two new taxa have very similar characters, but differ in minor characteristics, and thus one is treated as a variety of the new species.
A. Sambasiva Rao, “Evapotranspiration Rates of Eichhornia Crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Salvinia Molesta d.s. Mitchell and Nymphaea Lotus (L.) Willd. Linn. in a Humid Tropical Climate,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 215–222, Mar. 1988.
doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(88)90052-6.
Under humid tropical conditions at Kottamparamba (11° 15′ N; 75° 52′ E; height 70 m above m.s.l.), the evapotranspiration rates of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell and Nymphaea lotus (L.) Willd. were 3.8–10.5, 2.1–6.8 and 2.5–6.0 mm day−1, respectively, compared to the open water evaporation of 2.1–7.1 mm day−1. Daily evapotranspiration was recorded for plants grown in 1-m3 fiberglass tanks from 1983 to 1985, whilst leaf area indices were maintained at a constant level. The ratios of evapotranspiration to open water evaporation were 1.30–1.96 for Eichhornia crassipes, 0.96–1.39 for Salvinia molesta and 0.82–1.35 for Nymphaea lotus. During the dry period (November-May), Eichhornia crassipes enhanced water losses by 32–51%, whereas Nymphaea lotus retarded losses by 5–18%. In wet periods (June-October), all the plants under study enhanced water losses. Quantitatively, the presence of Eichhornia crassipes increased the water losses by 750 mm year−1, whereas Nymphaea lotus saved 145 mm year−1. Evapotranspiration of these aquatic plants significantly correlated with solar radiation, relative humidity and wind speeds. The albedo under these aquatic plants ranged from 0.12 to 0.20 compared to that of open water at 0.09 to 0.13. The estimated evapotranspiration of Eichhornia crassipes using the Penman-Montieth equation was lower than the measured values by 35%, whilst estimates for Salvinia molesta and Nymphaea lotus were only 12–13% lower.
J. C. Savigny, “LIX. Description of the Nymphæa Cærulea,” The Philosophical Magazine, vol. 15, no. 60, pp. 327–331, May 1803.
doi: 10.1080/14786440308676283.
M. Schimpf, T. Ulmer, H. Hiller, and A. F. Barbuto, “Toxicity From Blue Lotus (Nymphaea Caerulea) After Ingestion or Inhalation: A Case Series,” Military Medicine, p. usab328, Aug. 2021.
doi: 10.1093/milmed/usab328.
Plant extracts and other novel psychoactives can be ingested, vaped, injected, or insufflated. This includes products such as extracts from the blue lotus flower (Nypmhaea caerulea), which is known to produce euphoria and hallucinations at high doses. Blue lotus is sold in several forms, including dried plant material, teas, and extracts for use in electronic cigarettes. Because newer generations of electronic cigarettes can deliver a variety of substances, practitioners need to be mindful of toxicity from a growing number of psychoactives, some of which are not detectable by standard urine drug screens. This case series describes five active duty patients who presented to the emergency department with altered mental status following the use of blue lotus products, four after vaping and one after making an infused beverage. Patients displayed similar symptoms, including sedation and perceptual disturbances. The patients in our series were successfully managed with supportive measures without the need for sedating agents. Recognizing and identifying new trends in substance use can help to provide directions in undifferentiated altered mental status.
Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f." by G. Schmelzer
E. L. Schneider and T. Chaney, “The Floral Biology of Nymphaea Odorata (Nymphaeaceae),” The Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 159–165, 1981.
doi: 10.2307/3671112.
Flowers of Nymphaea odorata open each morning for three successive days. The species is protogynous and first-day flowers are pollen-receptive with the stigmas secreting a fluid which fills the perigynous cup. As potential pollinators are attracted and enter first-day flowers they land on the vertical, but flexible, inner stamens which bend and the insects fall into the stigmatic fluid. The stigmatic fluid washes pollen from the insects and cross-pollination is achieved. Although most insects escape from the stigmatic fluid, some drown. During the second day of anthesis the stigmatic fluid disappears, the stigmas become non-receptive and anther dehiscence, which occurs for 2 days, begins. Self-pollination did not occur in the populations studied. Following the third day of anthesis, the flower submerges. The staminal and perianth parts abscise as the fruit matures underwater.
E. L. Schneider, “Notes on the Floral Biology of Nymphaea Elegans (Nymphaeaceae) in Texas,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 12, pp. 197–200, Jan. 1982.
doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(82)90014-6.
Various aspects of the pollination biology and floral behavior of Nymphaea elegans Hooker (Nymphaeaceae) are described. Flowers open each morning for 3 successive days. First-day flowers are protogynous with the stigmata secreting a fluid which fills the perigynous cup. As potential pollen-covered pollinators are attracted and enter first-day flowers, they land on the vertical, but flexible, inner stamens which bend and the insects fall into the stigmatic fluid. The stigmatic fluid washes pollen from the insects and pollination is achieved. Second- and third-day flowers are functionally staminate, lacking the stigmatic fluid. The pollination biology of N. elegans is compared to the pollination syndromes described in other species of Nymphaea.
T. Schor-Fumbarov, Z. Keilin, and E. Tel-Or, “Characterization of Cadmium Uptake by the Water Lily Nymphaea Aurora,” International Journal of Phytoremediation, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 169–179, Apr. 2003.
doi: 10.1080/713610178.
This study characterizes cadmium (Cd) uptake by the waterlily Nymphaea aurora, (Nymphaeaceae) in two systems: a model hydroponic Cd solution and heavily polluted sludge from two sites in Israel. The uptake of Cd from hydroponic solution resulted in Cd storage in petioles and laminae of Nymphaea, as well as in the roots. The pH of the solution affected Cd solubility and availability, with pH 5.5 yielding maximum Cd content in the plant (140 mg Cd per g DW). Cd uptake was reduced by the addition of EDTA to the hydroponic growth medium, although EDTA enhanced heavy metal uptake by terrestrial plants. Nymphaea efficiently reduced the concentration of Cd in heavy metal polluted urban and industrial sludge and the amount of Cd uptake was enhanced by the addition of KCl to the sludge and by adjustment of the pH to 5.5. The inherent growth patterns of Nymphaea plants allowed Cd uptake by the shoot and root, and resulted in maximum contact between the various plant parts and the growth media. Thus, Nymphaea has potential as an optimal, highly effective phytoremediation tool for the removal of Cd from polluted waste sources.
G. Schweinfurth, “The Flora of Ancient Egypt 1,” Nature, vol. 28, no. 709, pp. 109–114, May 1883.
doi: 10.1038/028109a0.
THE discovery made by Emil Brugsch Bey on July 6, 1881, in the vault of a king of the twentieth dynasty is of the greatest importance to botany in consequence of the large number of species of plants contained in the offerings and funeral repasts and in the wreaths which adorned the illustrious dead. Among them are several which were not known to belong to ancient Egypt. I have begun the study of the remains of these plants taken from the breasts of the most celebrated kings of Egypt and of such inestimable value to science. Deputed by Mr. Maspero to arrange these relics for the Egyptological Museum of Boulak, I have classified them according to the high personages for whom they were intended. On the eight cardboards which I have the honour to send you in the name of Mr. Maspero, you have a part of the funeral wreaths belonging to Ramses II., Amenhotep I., and Aahmes I.
G. Schweinfurth, “Further Discoveries in the Flora of Ancient Egypt 1,” Nature, vol. 29, no. 744, pp. 312–315, Jan. 1884.
doi: 10.1038/029312b0.
SINCE my last communication on the Flora of Ancient Egypt (NATURE, vol. xxviii. p. 109) I have made some interesting new botanical discoveries in connection with the mummies of the twenty-first dynasty, found at Deir-el-Bahari in July, 1881, which I will now describe in some detail; the objects having been for warded to the Museum of the Royal Gardens, Kew.
Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) is the most fascinating aquatic plants being consumed as food and recognized in traditional system of medicine for the treatment of various life threatening diseases. The different plant parts of the species belonging to Nymphaea are consumed as food in different countries globally. This review focuses on the genus Nymphaea and provides updated information on its botanical description, ethnopharmacology, pharmacognosy, phytoconstituents and its pharmacological aspects in health benefits. The detailed profiling of phytoconstituents from Nymphaea showed the structural diversity of unique and novel biochemical moiety that may provide a rich source of lead molecules for combating the human diseases in health benefits. In addition the compiled data will provide a way for the researchers to unlock the different targeted molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of various oxidative stress mediated diseases.
M. Sinden-Hempstead and K. T. Killingbeck, “Influences of Water Depth and Substrate Nitrogen on Leaf Surface Area and Maximum Bed Extension in Nymphaea Odorata,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 151–162, Apr. 1996.
doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(96)01020-0.
Relationships among water depth, substrate nitrogen, and leaf surface area in the floating-leaved macrophyte Nymphaea odorata Aiton (fragrant waterlily) were studied in seven ponds in Rhode Island, USA. Beds of N. odorata in ponds that varied three- to seven-fold in depth, total area, water-column phosphorus and nitrogen, transparency, and chlorophyll content grew to strikingly similar water depth maxima (1.9–2.2 m; coefficient of variation 5%) suggesting a significant effect of water depth on N. odorata growth. Surface areas of leaves growing within N. odorata beds were not influenced by water depth, yet leaves growing at the pondward perimeter of beds were up to 74% larger than mid-bed leaves. Water depth was not significantly correlated with the mean surface area of these bed-edge leaves (r = 0.28, P > 0.05) but 71% of the variance in surface area of mid-bed and bed-edge leaves was accounted for by the concentration of ammonium-nitrogen in the corresponding substrates (R2 = 0.71, P < 0.001). Leaf size of N. odorata was also related to pond trophic state, probably as a result of the inherent linkage between trophic state and nutrient dynamics. We conclude that both water depth and substrate nitrogen are instrumental in limiting growth of N. odorata.
M. Singh and A. P. Jain, “Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Potential of Nymphaea Nouchali Flowers,” Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, vol. 8, no. 6-s, pp. 111–115, Dec. 2018.
doi: 10.22270/jddt.v8i6-s.2095.
In the Indian ayurvedic system of medicine, Nymphaea nouchali is used for the treatment of diabetes, inflammation, liver disorders, cutaneous diseases, blenorrhagia, urinary disorders, menorrhagia, menstruation problem, as an aphrodisiac, bitter tonic, antimicrobial agent and anti antihepatotoxic effect. The aim of the present study is to examine Nymphaea nouchali flowers for phytochemical profile, in vitro antioxidant activities. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. The In vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of the flowers was assessed against nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide assay using standard protocols. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, fixed oil and fats. The total phenolics content of flowers ethanolic extract was (18.4 mg/100mg), followed by flavonoids (12.4mg/100mg). The activities of ethanolic flowers extract against nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide were concentration dependent with IC50 values of 68.39 and 64.54 μg/ml respectively. The present study concluded that the crude extract of Nymphaea nouchali is a potential source of natural antioxidants and this justifies its use in folkloric medicine. Keywords: Nymphaea nouchali, Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Nitric oxide, Hydrogen peroxide, Phenols, Flavonoids
Natural products, such as plants extract, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug discoveries because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. In the last few decades there has been an increasing interest in the study of medicinal plants, as knowledge on ethnopharmacology, its holistic system approach, supported by the experiential base, can serve as an innovative and powerful discovery engine for newer, safer, and affordable medicines. This review is an attempt to assess the available scattered literatures and compile them under different categories in a systematic way, to provide the pharmaceutical prospective of genus Nymphaea. It is expected that many novelties will rapidly enlarge the current knowledge about genus Nymphaea, their constituents and corresponding pharmacological effects.
M. M. Smart, “Annual Changes of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Two Aquatic Macrophytes (Nymphaea Tuberosa and Ceratophyllum Demersum),” Hydrobiologia, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 31–35, Apr. 1980.
doi: 10.1007/BF00015487.
The nitrogen and phosphorus content of Nymphaea tuberosa and Ceratophyllum demersum, in Lake Onalaska, Wisconsin, was studied for a year. On a yearly basis, N. tuberosa exhibited nitrogen and phosphorus differences among seasons and among plant parts. Variation among plant parts was also evident in C. demersum. However, within individual plant structures, no seasonal differences were observed.
R. M. Smart, G. O. Dick, and J. R. Snow, “Update to the Propagation and Establishment of Aquatic Plants Handbook,” US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, TR-05-4, Mar. 2005.https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.489.8096.
A. J. M. Smits, M. J. H. De Lyon, G. Van Der Velde, P. L. M. Steentjes, and J. G. M. Roelofs, “Distribution of Three Nymphaeid Macrophytes (Nymphaea Alba L., Nuphar Lutea (L.) Sm. and Nymphoides Peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze) in Relation to Alkalinity and Uptake of Inorganic Carbon,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 45–62, Oct. 1988.
doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(88)90087-3.
The presence/absence data of Nymphaea alba L., Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. and Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze in 588 water bodies throughout The Netherlands were converted into logistic response curves with respect to alkalinity. For Nuphar lutea and Nymphoides peltata maximum probability of occurrence was found at 2.86 and 3.76 meq l−1, respectively. Nymphaea alba has a broad ecological amplitude with respect to alkalinity in comparison with Nuphar lutea and Nymphoides peltata. Within the 95% confidence interval no optimum for Nymphaea could be determined. Uptake capacity for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was examined using the pH-drift technique. In a 1-mM NaHCO3 solution the DIC-extracting capacities of Nymphaea alba, Nuphar lutea and Nymphoides peltata were compared with those of the HCO3−-using macrophyte Potamogeton gramineus L. Unlike the situation for Potamogeton gramineus, no uptake of HCO3− could be registered by the floating and submerged laminae of the 3 nymphaeid species studied. A very limited uptake of HCO3− was measured when Nymphaea alba, Nuphar lutea and Nymphoides peltata seedlings were cultivated in solutions with a high bicarbonate concentration. Under natural conditions uptake of HCO3− can be neglected.
A. J. M. Smits, P. H. Van Avesaath, and G. Van Der Velde, “Germination Requirements and Seed Banks of Some Nymphaeid Macrophytes: Nymphaea Alba L., Nuphar Lutea (L.) Sm. and Nymphoides Peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze,” Freshwater Biology, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 315–326, Oct. 1990.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.1990.tb00712.x.
SUMMARY. 1 ?Germination experiments demonstrated that the innate dormancy of the seeds of Nymphaea alba L., Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. and Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze could be overcome by a cold treatment. Light stimulated the germination of the three species. Hypoxic conditions stimulated the germination of Nymphaea alba and Nuphar lutea seeds but the seeds of Nymphoides peltata did not germinate under these conditions. 2 ?Experimental seed banks of Nymphaea alba, Nuphar lutea and Nymphoides peltata were laid out in three water bodies, varying in pH and alkalinity. Germination patterns indicated that Nymphaea alba and Nuphar lutea produce transient seed banks, but that Nymphoides peliata produces a persistent seed bank. Sampling of natural seed banks and subsequent germination tests were in concordance with the results of the seed bank experiment. 3 ?The experimental above-ground seed banks of Nymphaea alba, Nuphar lutea and Nymphoides peltata showed similar germination patterns in the three selected water bodies, despite the differences in pH and alkalinity between them. However, the distribution of Nymphoides peliata is restricted to well-buffered waters, so that its absence from soft and acid water bodies must be due to post-germination mechanisms and/or processes. 4 ?In aquatic systems where Nymphoides peltata co-exists with the other nymphaeid species studied, it is largely restricted to a bell between the helophytes and the vegetation at deeper sites. The deeper sites were dominated by Nuphar lutea and Nymphaea alba. Germination requirements and seedling emergence from buried seeds of Nymphaea alba, Nuphar lutea and Nymphoides peliata play an important role in the establishment of the zonation pattern of these nymphaeid macrophytes.
A. Smits, G. Schmitz, G. Van Der Velde, and L. Voesenek, “Influence of Ethanol and Ethylene on the Seed Germination of Three Nymphaeid Water Plants,” Freshwater Biology, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 39–46, 1995.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.1995.tb00421.x.
1. Under anaerobic conditions cold stratified seeds of Nymphaea alba and Nuphar lutea germinated readily and released ethanol (up to 6–7 mM ethanol g-1 DW), whereas seeds of Nymphoides peltata did not germinate and hardly any ethanol was released (up to 1.5 mM ethanol g-1 DW). Ethylene release by seeds of Nymphaea, Nuphar and Nymphoides incubated under hypoxic conditions could not be detected. 2. Under aerobic conditions all Nymphaea and Nuphar seeds germinated, but at a lower rate compared with anaerobic incubation. Ethanol release under aerobic conditions was low (1.5–2 mM ethanol g-1 DW). Under aerobic conditions the seeds of Nymphoides germinated promptly and ethanol release was low (0–0.5 mM ethanol g-1 DW). 3. Germination of Nymphaea and Nuphar seeds in an ethanol solution (350 mM) was generally stimulated compared with that in water, but no significant effect was recorded if seeds had not received a cold treatment or had been stratified for 8 weeks. Germination of Nymphoides seeds was inhibited in the ethanol solution unless they had received a cold treatment of 12 weeks. 4. Germination of Nymphaea and Nuphar was stimulated by ethylene (5 νg 1-1) but germination in moist air was lower than under normal submersed conditions. A stimulating effect of ethylene on the germination of Nymphoides seeds was also evident. 5. It is suggested that ethanol and ethylene play an important role in determining niches for germination, contributing to the zonation of these nymphaeids in a water body.
A. J. M. Smits, R. Van Ruremonde, and G. Van Der Velde, “Seed Dispersal of Three Nymphaeid Macrophytes,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 167–180, Oct. 1989.
doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(89)90103-4.
Some aspects of the hydrochoric, endozoochoric and epizoochoric dispersal of seeds of Nymphaea alba L., Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. and Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze were studied by examining their buoyancy, their passage through the intestinal tract of waterfowl and fish, and their tolerance towards desiccation. Buoyancy of Nuphar lutea carpels was found to be poor compared with that of released Nymphoides peltata and Nymphaea alba seeds. Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos L.) and coot (Fulica atra L.) digested all seeds of Nymphoea alba, Nuphar lutea and Nymphoides peltata completely, in contrast to seeds of Potamogeton natans L., Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. et Kock and Potamogeton pectinatus L. Similar results were obtained when the seeds were fed to common carp (Cyprinus carpio (L.). Because of the complete digestion of the seeds of the nymphaeid waterplants by coot, duck and carp, endozoochory will hardly contribute to a successful dispersal between isolated water bodies. Unlike Nymphoides peltata seeds, the seeds of Nymphaea alba and Nuphar lutea are killed by desiccation. In view of these properties and the morphology of the seeds it is concluded that epizoochory can be an important factor in the seed dispersal between isolated water bodies of Nymphoides peltata, but not of Nymphaea alba and Nuphar lutea. It is also concluded that within one water body hydrochory is the main dispersal mode of the three nymphaeisd species studied.
P. Songpanich and V. Hongtrakul, “Intersubgeneric Cross in Nymphaea Spp. L. to Develop a Blue Hardy Waterlily,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 124, no. 4, pp. 475–481, May 2010.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2010.01.024.
Five waterlily cultivars, with good pod setting and completely formed flowers, from the subgenus Nymphaea (hardy waterlily) were used as pod (female) parent. Waterlilies from subgenera Anecphya (2 entities) and Brachyceras (20 entities), specifically the blue-flowered ones, were used as pollen (male) parent for transferring blue-flowered characteristic to the hardy waterlily. Hybridization of subgenus Nymphaea with subgenus Anecphya was unsuccessful. A successful crossing was obtained between the subgenera Nymphaea and Brachyceras, yielding one pod with 244 seeds, from which only 39 seeds germinated and yielded 20 good intersubgeneric hybrid plants. The characteristics of the hybrids were categorized by their flower colors into two groups, a pink-flowered group with 17 hybrids and a blue-flowered group with 3 hybrids. In the blue-flowered group, there was a prominent one with beautiful blue-purple flower, which was determined by PCR-RFLP markers to be a hybrid between Nymphaea and Brachyceras subgenera, as well as inherited some plant characteristics, for example, ovary carpel, leaf (pad), rootstock, position of flower at flowering from the parent. The blue-purple flowered hybrid had important characteristics inherited from the hardy waterlily (subgenus Nymphaea); therefore, the hybrid has been named Nymphaea ‘Siam Blue Hardy’ to honor the birth place and its distinct flower color.
M. Staines, K. Sassoon, and H. Lambers, “Phosphorus and Potassium Nutrition of a Tropical Waterlily (Nymphaea) Used for Commercial Flower Production Martin vH Staines · Kathy L. Sassoon · Hans Lambers,” Plant and Soil, Apr. 2022.
doi: 10.1007/s11104-022-05392-7.
Background and aims Waterlilies (Nymphaea spp) are ancient iconic plants. Scientific knowledge of their nutrient requirements is scarce. We investigated plant responses to phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) nutrition in a cultivar of tropical waterlilies used for commercial flower production. Methods Two studies with waterlilies were conducted simultaneously over 24 weeks. In Experiment 1, three amounts of fertiliser differing in P content were supplied either four, six or 12 times. Experiment 2 was similar, but fertiliser varied in K content. Flower production was recorded every two weeks, detailed plant measurements were made every six weeks and leaves were collected for nutrient analyses at week 20. At week 24, shoot biomass was harvested and weighed. Results Total flower production increased with increasing P supply but decreased with increasing K supply. With increasing P supply, leaf P concentration increased from 1.3 to 2.0 mg g-1 dry weight. Increasing the K supply decreased leaf P concentration but had no effect on K concentration. In the P experiment, leaf calcium and magnesium concentrations were generally low as was the leaf zinc concentration. Final plant size increased with increasing P supply but declined with increasing K supply. Conclusion Waterlily growth and flowering declined with increasing K supply and increased with increasing P supply. Fertiliser-P requirement was very high, and it is possible that plants would have responded to greater amounts of P than we used. This was partly due to the very high P-sorbing capacity of the soil we used. Inefficient nutrient uptake owing to the low capacity for P acquisition of waterlily roots at the near-neutral pH of flooded soil was also a likely factor.
E. S. Sulaiman, “Development of Sterilisation Procedures and in Vitro Studies of Nymphaea Lotus,” Master's thesis, University Putra Malaysia, 2004.http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/42/.
Water lilies (Nymphaea sp.) are one of the most valuable aquatic ornamental plants which have a bright potential to be a multimillion-dollar commodity in the floriculture trade. They could be exploited as cut flowers (Master, 1974), ornamental plants for water garden, urban landscape for aquascaping and restoration projects (Kane and Philman, 1992) and sources for pharmaceutical and cosmetic products (Perry, 1987). Water lily family consists of approximately 50-60 species found in tropical to cold temperate region (Halijah, 2000). Flowers of water lilies are available in many colours including red, pink, yellow and white. Water lilies are not only beautiful but they are also useful in creating a balanced environment in ponds or lakes as well as improving the water quality. They function as surface vegetation in controlling the amount of direct sunlight that penetrates the water surface, thus, stabilising the water temperature particularly during dry season, and also control the algal growth from over blooming which causes the green water problem (Dawes, 1989). In Putrajaya Wetland Garden in Malaysia, water lilies are planted in open water as ornamental plants (Radiah, 2000). Many years ago, Europeans, Asians and Africans consumed the seeds and tubers of water lilies as food in time of emergency. Nymphaea alba at one time was used by the French in the preparation of beer, while Irish and Scottish highlanders used it as a source of dye for dyeing wool (Perry, 1971). During the Egyptian civilization (approximately 4000 B.C), water lilies were used in religious ceremonies (Perry, 1987). Conventionally, water lilies are propagated vegetatively through tuber production or from new plants sprouting from the underground rhizomatous stem. However, such propagation methods are restricted due to the slow and limited number of plants produced, diseases, large propagation space needed and an extended period to produce saleable plants. These factors contribute to a high production cost (Kelly and Fret, 1986) and often prevent an efficient and rapid production of planting materials to meet the market demand (Kane, 1991).
S. Sumlu, H. H. Atar, and K. M. Khawar, “Breaking Seed Dormancy of Water Lily (Nymphaea Alba L.) Under In Vitro Conditons,” Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 1582–1586, Jan. 2010.
doi: 10.2478/V10133-010-0009-3.
Water lily (Nymphaea alba L.) is an important and popular aquatic perenniel plant. It has been used for ornamental and pharmaceutical purposes in Turkey and various countries. The populations of white water lily have seen rapid erosion in the last few years due to fast urbanization and industrialization that has produced negative effect on the lily’s habitats. It is multiplied vegetatively primarily through rhizomes, which produce uniform populations. Multiplication of plants through seeds helps to maintain genetic variability that could be easily used to preserve the species in an effective way. Multiplication of plants through seeds is difficult due to development of dormancy with the passage of time. The results of the study showed that the fresh seeds of the species gave highest germination on MS medium containing 1 mg/l BAP + 0.1 mg/l IAA. However, the seeds that were stored for five months at 40C failed to germinate on medium containing 1 mg/l BAP + 0.1 mg/l IAA, either used alone or combined with sucrose, IBA and GA3 in different concentrations in the germination medium. After five months these seeds could be germinated only on germination medium that contained 0.05 to 4 mg/l TDZ, with highest germination on 2 mg/l TDZ with germination frequency of 51.37%. No significant variation on germination was recorded in the light or dark; however, the seed germinated in the dark produced 2–3 times longer seedlings compared to those germinated under 16 h light photoperiod. This study signifies the role of TDZ to break the dormancy of N. alba seeds. As such the results indicate that TDZ could be used effectively to propagate N. alba from seeds which could help to conserve and multiply this plant species at its natural habitat.
C.-Q. Sun, Z.-H. Ma, G.-S. Sun, Z.-L. Dai, N.-jun Teng, and Y.-P. Pan, “Cellular Mechanisms of Reproductive Barriers in Some Crosses of Water Lily (Nymphaea Spp.) Cultivars,” HortScience, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 30–35, Jan. 2015.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.50.1.30.
Reproductive barriers exist in some water lily crosses that result in low seed set and low breeding efficiency. We investigated pollen morphology, pollen viability, microspore development, pistil receptivity, and embryo and endosperm development in six water lily crosses using paraffin section as well as light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results indicated that the percentage of pollen with normal morphology ranged from 8.9% to 55.2%. The pollen viabilities of ‘Fen Zhuang’, ‘Bai Lu’, and ‘Hong Ying’ were 33.9%, 3.3%, and 20.7%, respectively. Stigmatic pollen germination peaked at 12 h after pollination and varied from 0.3 to 65.7 grains per stigma among the crosses. The production of embryos with normal morphology ranged from 0% to 43.6% at 5 days after pollination, from 0% to 31.4% at 15 days after pollination, and from 0% to 19.7% by 20 days after pollination. The seed sets of the six crosses were from 0% to 10.9%. Our results suggest that the low seed set in some crosses is the result of low pollen viability, low pistil receptivity, and embryo abortion.
C. Sun, F. Chen, N. Teng, Y. Xu, and Z. Dai, “Comparative Analysis of the Complete Chloroplast Genome of Seven Nymphaea Species,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 170, p. 103353, Mar. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2021.103353.
Although there has been a long history of cultivation and research on Nymphaea, the taxonomic relationships and evolutionary relationships among Nymphaea species remain controversial. The chloroplast (cp) genome can provide a new method to determine species origin, evolution, and phylogenetic relationships of Nymphaea. The complete cp genomes of seven Nymphaea species were sequenced by high-throughput sequencing technology, and the structural characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of cp genomes were analyzed. The cp genomes of seven species of Nymphaea had rich variation in large single-copy (LSC) and small single-copy (SSC) regions. A comparative cp genomic analysis of seven Nymphaea species showed that the cp gene sequence of Nymphaea was consistent, with no signs of reverse rearrangement. Using N. colorata as the reference sequence, a total of 8328 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 1579 insertions/deletions were obtained. The degree of variation of the cp genome of the seven Nymphaea species in rpoA–rpl20, rbcL–ndhC, ndhD–ndhF, and trnN-GUU–ndhA regions was relatively high. The ycf2 gene was positively selected. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the genus Nymphaea can be further divided into five subgenera.
C. Sun, Z. Ma, Z. Zhang, G. Sun, and Z. Dai, “Factors Influencing Cross Barriers in Interspecific Hybridizations of Water Lily,” Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, vol. 143, no. 2, pp. 130–135, Mar. 2018.
doi: 10.21273/JASHS04302-17.
In interspecific hybridizations of water lily (Nymphaea), the existence of cross barriers makes it difficult to obtain hybrids and seriously influences the utilization of admirable characters from tropical water lilies. To determine the causes, pollen viability, pistil receptivity, and embryo and endosperm development were investigated in three water lily crosses, including Nymphaea odorata ‘Peter Slocum’ × Nymphaea micranthar (PM), ‘Peter Slocum’ × Nymphaea gigantea (PH), and ‘Peter Slocum’ × Nymphaea colorata (PC). The results indicated that the viability of pollen grains was 17.3% for ‘Peter Slocum’, 19.3% for N. colorata, 10.3% for N. micrantha, and 17.6% for N. gigantea. In the self-pollinated ‘Peter Slocum’, the number of germinated pollen grains on stigmas peaked at 12 hours after pollination (HAP), indicating its good pollen germinability. However, only a few pollen grains germinating on the sigma between 2 and 24 HAP in the crosses of PM, PH, and PC. In addition, a high percentage (81.2%) of normal embryos developed to different stages within 20 d after pollination in the self-pollinated ‘Peter Slocum’. But only 3.5% and 3.7% of normal globular embryos were observed in the PC and PM combinations, respectively. Moreover, no normal embryos were observed in the PH cross. At the same time, no seeds were obtained in PM, PC, and PH crosses. The results suggest that prefertilization barriers existed in the PH cross, whereas pre- and postfertilization barriers existed together in the PC and PM crosses. These may be the main causes resulting in the failure of interspecific hybridizations in water lily.
C.-Q. Sun, F.-D. Chen, N.-J. Teng, Y.-M. Yao, X. Shan, and Z.-L. Dai, “Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis Reveals Mechanisms of Low Pollen-Pistil Compatibility during Water Lily Cross Breeding,” BMC Plant Biology, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 542, Dec. 2019.
doi: 10.1186/s12870-019-2166-3.
In water lily (Nymphaea) hybrid breeding, breeders often encounter non-viable seeds, which make it difficult to transfer desired or targeted genes of different Nymphaea germplasm. We found that pre-fertilization barriers were the main factor in the failure of the hybridization of Nymphaea. The mechanism of low compatibility between the pollen and stigma remains unclear; therefore, we studied the differences of stigma transcripts and proteomes at 0, 2, and 6 h after pollination (HAP). Moreover, some regulatory genes and functional proteins that may cause low pollen-pistil compatibility in Nymphaea were identified.
R. Y. Taj, S. Renganathan, N. Partha, G. Baskar, and M. Velan, “Removal of Chromium from Synthetic Effluent Using Nymphaea Rubra,” CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 787–792, 2009.
doi: 10.1002/clen.200900104.
In the present work, biosorption of Cr(VI) by Nymphaea rubra was investigated in batch studies. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of initial sorbent dosage, solution pH and initial Cr(VI) concentration. The results showed that the equilibrium uptake capacity was increased with decrease in biomass dosage. The Cr(VI) removal was influenced by the initial chromium compound concentration. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were used to represent the equilibrium data. The Freundlich isotherm model was fitted very well with the equilibrium data when compared to Langmuir isotherm model. The sorption results were analyzed for pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic model. It was observed that the kinetic data fitted very well with the pseudo-second order rate equation when compared to the pseudo-first order rate equation. Fourier transform infrared spectrum showed the presence of different functional groups in the biomass. The surface morphology of the sorbent was exemplified by SEM analysis. Aquatic weeds seem to be a promising biosorbent for the removal of chromium ions from water environment. This paper reports the research findings of a laboratory-based study on the removal of Cr(VI) from the synthetic solution using the dried stem of N. rubra as a biosorbent.
P. Tetali, S. Sutar, and S. Tetali, “Selective Insectivory in Nymphaea Nouchali Burm. f.,” Nature Precedings, pp. 1–1, Apr. 2008.
doi: 10.1038/npre.2008.1817.1.
Carnivorous plants comprise roughly 0.24 percent of the flowering plants, or 640 species represented in 12 families. Yet they are regarded as miracula naturae. Over fifty percent of these taxa are represented in a single family, namely Lentibulariaceae. Carnivorous plants are generally insectivorous, and carnivory in flowering plants is generally found in taxa that are adapted to nutrient-deficient habitats. The extra nutrients such plants acquire by special ways serve merely as supplements. The origin and evolution of carnivorous plants is a mystery in the phylogenetic tree of angiosperms, they often appear without a clear linkage. Here, we report that Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f. (a cultivar of var. cernua), a large aquatic member of the family Nymphaeaceae, indulges in a primitive form of insectivory and represents the missing evolutionary link. To the best of our knowledge, an insectivorous flower was not reported in flowering plants before.
Torrey Botanical Society Spring 2022 Lecture Series presented by Sebastiano Nigris, Postdoctoral researcher, University of Padova, Italy MADS-box genes encode transcription factors which are involved in the control of many developmental processes in all green plants. In flowering plants, these genes play a role in root, flower, and fruit development. In some model species of flowering plants (such as Arabidopsis thaliana), the MADS-box genes responsible for correct floral organ initiation have been extensively studied, and a model of flower development has been described. However, this process is not the same across all angiosperms, and is understudied in many other groups. Nymphaea caerulea (blue water lily) is an early-diverging angiosperm which can be used as a model plant to study the involvement of MADS-box genes in this group of plants, and to further understand the genetic control of development in angiosperms, and the evolution of flowering plants. In this talk, we will explore the role of MADS-box genes in flower and fruit development of N. caerulea, as well as the unique seed dispersal mechanisms which the plant possesses. For more information on future lectures, field trips, and the Torrey Botanical Society, visit https://www.torreybotanical.org
D. Tungmunnithum, S. Renouard, S. Drouet, J.-P. Blondeau, and C. Hano, “A Critical Cross-Species Comparison of Pollen from Nelumbo Nucifera Gaertn. vs. Nymphaea Lotus L. for Authentication of Thai Medicinal Herbal Tea,” Plants, vol. 9, no. 7, p. 921, Jul. 2020.
doi: 10.3390/plants9070921.
"Bau Luang" or Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. is an aquatic medicinal herb that has been used as a component of traditional medicines, medicinal products, and herbal tea for good health, particularly in Asia. The stamen of N. nucifera is an important part of this medicinal plant that is used in the form of dried and/or powdered stamens for herbal tea as well as the main ingredient of some traditional remedies. However, there is another aquatic herb called "Bau Sai" or Nymphaea lotus L. that is distributed in similar locations. Living plants of these two aquatic species may be classified according to their morphology, but the dried and powdered stamens of these two medicinal species are difficult to distinguish. The major reason of adulteration is the higher price of Bau Luang stamen. As a result, various methods of authentication, such as pollen micromorphology evaluation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, bioinformatics analysis of two nuclear and plastic DNA markers, phytochemical stamen profiling, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of stamen plant material authentication from Bau Luang and Bau Sai, have been used in this present research in order to avoid some adulteration and/or misuse between the dried stamens of Bau Luang and Bau Sai. These results showed that the micro-morphology of pollen (size of pollen grain, number of apertures, and surface ornamentation) from the SEM analysis, some phytochemical compounds and the FTIR sporopollenin-to-protein ratio signal analysis are potential tools for authentication and identification of these two medicinal plants from their dried-stamen materials. This model of investigation may also be used to distinguish dried plant material from other problematic plant groups.
J. R. Twining, “Principal Coordinate Analysis of the Distribution of Radium-226 between Water, Sediment and the Waterlily, Nymphaea Violacea (Lehm), in the Vicinity of a Uranium Mine in the Northern Territory, Australia,” Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 99–113, Jan. 1989.
doi: 10.1016/0265-931X(89)90009-X.
Radium-226 concentrations in water, sediment and Nymphaea violacea (Lehm) root and rhizome samples were strongly correlated over 2 years between three sample sites from Magela Creek, Northern Territory, Australia. The uptake by roots and rhizomes was due primarily to surface accumulation. Radium-226 concentrations in foliage were not correlated with media concentrations. However, foliar tissue senescence was shown to increase radium accumulation across a range of aquatic plant species including N. violacea (P < 0·05). Principal coordinate analysis showed that the distribution of radium and calcium concentrations in the foliar organs of N. violacea were strongly correlated (r = 0·522; P < 0·001). This result supported the hypothesis that radium was accumulated and/or distributed by the mechanisms involved in uptake of the nutrient divalent cation. However, subsequent analyses comparing the ratio of extractable radium and calcium in the supporting media to their ratio in the plant showed no correlation, which suggested that different uptake mechanisms were involved.
J. R. Twining, “A Study of Radium Uptake by the Water-Lily Nymphaea Violacea (Lehm) from Contaminated Sediment,” Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 169–189, Jan. 1993.
doi: 10.1016/0265-931X(93)90008-U.
The rate and extent of radium-226 accumulation from sediment by the water-lily Nymphaea violacea (Lehm) were assessed. The plants were collected from Magela Creek, Northern Territory, Australia and grown in 226RaCl2-labelled laboratory sediment over a period of 570 days. The nominal sediment activity of 5 Bq g−1 dry weight was ∼100 times that of the naturally occurring concentration. In the roots and rhizomes, 226Ra accumulated on plant surfaces. This result was confirmed by autoradiographic studies which showed the presence of an iron-containing plaque on the surface of these tissues with which the radium was closely associated. Little radium reached the pith of the rhizomes and acropetal translocation was not detected. The average concentration ratio for growing rhizomes was 0·22. Assuming first order accumulation kinetics and likely incremental environmental concentrations, this Aboriginal dietary tissue could become dose-limiting within 50 years. The foliar accumulation of radium originating from the sediment was predominately due to contamination via the sediment-water-plant pathway. Differences in foliar radium concentrations in plants of different ages were due to differential biomass turnover rates. Plants with faster biomass turnover had higher average radium concentrations.
University of Oradea, Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, 1 Universităţii str., 410087 Oradea, Romania, C. F. Blidar, I. M. Tripon, and C. Ilea, “In Vitro Conservation of Genetic Resources of Nymphaea Lotus Var. Thermalis (DC.) Tuzs., an Endangered Plant Species,” Romanian Biotechnological Letters, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 448–457, Jun. 2019.
doi: 10.25083/rbl/24.3/448.457.
Nymphaea lotus var. thermalis (DC.) Tuzs. is the main relict hydrobiont that survived the Quaternary glaciations due to warm microclimate ensured by thermal ecosystem of "Peţea stream" Natural Reserve, which presently is the unique habitat hosting this variety. Currently this protected area is in an advanced degree of degradation due to decrease, until the cessation of the main thermal spring that feeds this aquatic ecosystem. The drastic reduction down to 2% in only 10 years critically endangers the survival of the species. The main purpose of this study was to explore ways of using in vitro culture techniques for the conservation of thermal water lily, namely the identification of the optimal culture medium, both in terms of plant hormones composition and physical support of type of inoculants. Research has revealed that using liquid culture medium MS62, lacking sustainment support of inoculants, supplemented with 2 mg/L IAA and 2 mg/L Z, resulted in highest germination indices and generated the best rate of caulogenesis, while using Blidar filter paper type bridges stimulated rooting, vitroplantlets’ stolon neoformation and development. The danger of imminent extinction of this intraspecific taxon urges further research for species conservation and the need to establish an ex vitro nursery to ensure plant supplies for ecological reconstruction, or to populate other aquatic habitats with similar properties.
H. A. van der AA, “A Leaf Spot Disease of Nymphaea Alba in the Netherlands,” Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 109–115, May 1978.
doi: 10.1007/BF01981538.
A destructive leaf spot disease was found onNymphaea alba in the lakes near Kortenhoef, Netherlands. After comparison of fresh material and herbarium specimens the causal agent is namedColletotrichum nymphaeae (Pass.) van der Aa, comb. nov. Synonymy, morphology and cultural characters of the fungus are described and discussed. Some remarks on the relationship with several host plants are given and the provisional conclusion is that the species is a widespread parasite, but that the destructive attack in the Kortenhoef region is probably caused by a combination of various factors.
G. van der Velde, “Developmental Stages in the Floral Biology S.l. of Dutch Nymphaeaceae (Nymphaea Alba L., Nymphaea Candida Presl, Nuphar Lutea (l.) Sm.),” Acta Botanica Neerlandica, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 111–113, 1986.
doi: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1986.tb00467.x.
B. Verdcourt, Flora of Tropical East Africa - Nymphaeceae (1989). CRC Press, 1989.
Flora of Tropical East Africa - Nymphaeceae (1989)was prepared at the Royal Botanic Gardens/Kew with the assistance from the East African Herbarium. Nymphaeceae are aquatic rhizomatous herbs tooted in the bottom mud, with their leaves mostly floating, emergent or sometimes submerged.
B. Verdcourt, “A Note on Nymphaea Zenkeri Gilg (Nymphaeaceae),” Kew Bulletin, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 484–484, 1989.
doi: 10.2307/4110369.
B. Verdcourt, “The Typification of Nymphaea Lotus L.,” Kew Bulletin, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 179–180, 1989.
doi: 10.2307/4114661.
Nymphaea lotus L. is typified by an Alpino illustration.
A. Verma, B. Ahmed, R. Upadhyay, and N. Soni, “Nymphasterol, a New Steroid from Nymphaea Stellata,” Medicinal Chemistry Research, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 783–787, Jun. 2012.
doi: 10.1007/s00044-011-9591-7.
A new steroid was isolated from methanolic fraction of ethanol extract of seeds of Nymphaea stellata and was characterized as 24-methyl-cholesta-5-ene-3-ol-(23,24,29)-cyclopropane (1) and designated as Nymphasterol. The structure was elucidated on the basis of UV, IR, 1 D and 2 D NMR and Mass spectroscopy.
P. A. Volkova, P. Trávníček, and C. Brochmann, “Evolutionary Dynamics across Discontinuous Freshwater Systems: Rapid Expansions and Repeated Allopolyploid Origins in the Palearctic White Water–Lilies (Nymphaea),” TAXON, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 483–494, 2010.
doi: 10.1002/tax.592013.
White water–lilies (Nymphaea) provide an excellent model for studying evolutionary diversification in a discontinuous habitat system, which has experienced dramatic differences in connectivity during different climatic periods. Here we explore cytogenetic and molecular variation and phylogenetic relationships in the Eurasian clade of this genus based on relative nuclear DNA contents, AFLP fingerprints, and nuclear (ITS) and cpDNA sequences. In line with some recent taxonomic treatments, our results support that the Eurasian clade consists of three species. We show that the Eurosiberian N. candida is an allopolyploid that originated at least twice by hybridization in the wide overlap zone between the mainly European N. alba lineage and the mainly Asian N. tetragona lineage. The N. alba lineage served as the chloroplast donor except for the Karelian N. candida, but the ITS region of the allopolyploid was homogenized in the direction of N. alba in all cases. The southern, widespread lineage of N. candida probably originated first, whereas the northwestern lineage, restricted to a small, previously glaciated area in Karelia, may have originated as late as in the current interglacial. We observed only low levels of DNA sequence variation within N. alba and N. tetragona, indicating rapid range expansions possibly preceeded by strong bottlenecks in glacial refugia. Our results suggest that populations of freshwater organisms found now in disjunct aquatic habitats across Eurasia were connected during previous climatic periods. These connections promoted rapid expansions of divergent lineages and repeated formation of evolutionary novelty via hybridization and polyploidization.
P. A. Volkova and A. B. Shipunov, “Morphological Variation of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) in European Russia,” Nordic Journal of Botany, vol. 25, no. 5-6, pp. 329–338, 2007.
doi: 10.1111/j.0107-055X.2007.00140.x.
The morphological variability of the genus Nymphaea is described on the basis of detailed studies of fresh material from 49 populations in European Russia and southern Siberia. Macromorphological characters in the field (including analysis of leaf shape using geometrical morphometry), pollen size and exine sculpture have been analyzed. One polymorphic widespread species, N. candida, grows in most of European Russia. Nymphaea tetragona seems to be absent in the investigated waters and possibly in the whole central part of European Russia, whereas N. alba was found only in the Astrakhan Region (the delta of the River Volga). These three species are separated relatively well by several morphological characters in fresh plants. Nymphaea tetragona differs from N. alba and N. candida by the sculpture of the exine of the proximal part of the pollen grains, but the latter species do not seem to be differentiated by pollen characters. Size characters of Nymphaea leaves and flowers do not depend on organic content in water.
M. Wajda, “The Distribution of Nymphaea Candida C. Presl (Nymphaeaceae) in Poland,” Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 75–78, 2000.
doi: 10.5586/asbp.2000.009.
Nymphaea candida C. Presl is a rare species limited in its distribution to NE Poland. It has often been confused with N. alba L., a much more frequent species. It is probably a threatened species.
W. H. Weidlich, “The Organization of the Vascular System in the Stems of the Nymphaeaceae. Ii. Nymphaea Subgenera Anecphya, Lotos, and Brachyceras,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 1365–1379, 1976.
doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1976.tb13222.x.
The anatomy and organization of the stem vascular system was analyzed in representative taxa of Nymphaea (subgenera Anecphya, Lotos, and Brachyceras). The stem vascular system consists of a series of concentric axial stem bundles from which traces to lateral organs depart. At the node each leaf is supplied with a median and two lateral leaf traces. At the same level a root trace supplies vascular tissue to adventitious roots borne on the leaf base. Flowers and vegetative buds occupy leaf sites in the genetic spiral and in the parastichies seen on the stem exterior. Certain leaves have flowers related to them spatially and by vascular association. Flowers (and similarly vegetative buds) are vascularized by a peduncle trace that arises from a peduncle fusion bundle located in the pith. The peduncle fusion bundle is formed by the fusion of vascular tissue derived from axial stem bundles that supply traces to certain leaves. The organization of the vascular system in the investigated taxa of Nymphaea is unique to angiosperms but similar to other subgenera of Nymphaea.
J. H. Wiersema, “A Monograph of Nymphaea Subgenus Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae),” Systematic Botany Monographs, vol. 16, pp. 1–112, 1987.
doi: 10.2307/25027681.
Nymphaea subgenus Hydrocallis is described to include 14 species. Evidence for this classification was obtained from numerical taxonomy, scanning electron microscopy of seeds and pollen, chromosome numbers, floral biology, artificial hybridization, flavonoid chemistry, and general morphology. Representative species from other subgenera of Nymphaea were included in many of these investigations for comparative purposes. Seed investigations were exceedingly valuable in defining certain species and in clarifying their phylogenetic relationships. Pollen studies, on the contrary, were of little value in distinguishing individual species but provided evidence for the relationship of subg. Hydrocallis to other subgenera. The addition of information on chromosome number and flavonoid profile for 12 taxa, supplemented by observations on floral biology and crossability, has permitted a general phylogenetic interpretation of subg. Hydrocallis. Two major evolutionary lines are apparent. One includes N. amazonum, N. prolifera, N. lasiophylla, and N. lingulata. Hybridization events within this line involving subg. Lotos may have contributed to the formation of N. rudgeana, but more evidence is needed to substantiate this interpretation. The other lineage includes N. novogranatensis, N. gardneriana, N. conardii, and N. jamesoniana, with a secondary branch involving N. glandulifera, N. potamophila, N. oxypetala, and perhaps N. belophylla. Nymphaea tenerinervia exhibits affinities to both major lines and appears to represent an evolutionary link between them. A complete taxonomic treatment of subg. Hydrocallis, including the description of the new subspecies N. amazonum subsp. pedersenii, is presented.
J. H. Wiersema, “Reproductive Biology of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae),” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 795–804, 1988.
doi: 10.2307/2399367.
Several reproductive strategies have evolved within the genus Nymphaea. Sexual reproduction is mostly protogynous; flowers are open two to several days (depending on the species), with pollen release usually commencing on the second day. The five subgenera of Nymphaea exhibit differences in floral biology. There is considerable variation in the timing of flower opening, floral odor, flower color, and the form and function of various flower parts. These differences may contribute to genetic isolation between species both through temporal separation of flowering and attraction of different pollinators. While sexual reproduction in many species is dependent on xenogamy or geitonogamy, other species have adaptations to promote autogamy. No species of Nymphaea is known to be agamospermous, but several other modes of asexual reproduction are exhibited: detachable tubers, stolon formation, and proliferations of floral and foliar tissue. Wide-ranging tropical species all avoid being totally reliant on pollinators by employing one or more reproductive alternatives to outcrossing; clearly some obligate outcrossers are limited in their colonizing by pollinator availability. The most important of these reproductive alternatives is autogamy. Wide-ranging temperate species, which mostly rely exclusively on outcrossing for sexual reproduction, probably avoid pollinator limitations by utilizing a broader range of pollinators.
J. H. Wiersema, A. R. Novelo, and J. R. Bonilla-Barbosa, “Taxonomy and Typification of Nymphaea Ampla (Salisb.) DC. Sensu Lato (Nymphaeaceae),” TAXON, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 967–974, 2008.
doi: 10.1002/tax.573025.
Recent work on Nymphaea ampla (Salisb.) DC. s.l. in tropical America suggests that two species should be distinguished within this broadly circumscribed taxon, which formerly has mostly been treated to include all of the native tropical diurnally flowering water-lilies of Central and South America and the Antilles. The two species are distinguished by their leaf margins, venation pattern, and coloration; by the number of flower parts; and by seed morphology. To determine proper nomenclature for the two recognized species, the typification of all relevant names is investigated. The typification of several names is reported, including the two names proposed for acceptance: N. ampla for a species of Mexico, Mesoamerica, and the Greater Antilles and N. pulchella DC. for a species from southern and central Mexico, southern Mesoamerica, South America, and the Greater and Lesser Antilles.
J. H. Williams, R. T. Mcneilage, M. T. Lettre, and M. L. Taylor, “Pollen Tube Growth and the Pollen-Tube Pathway of Nymphaea Odorata (Nymphaeaceae): POLLEN TUBE GROWTH IN NYMPHAEA (NYMPHAEACEAE),” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 162, no. 4, pp. 581–593, Apr. 2010.
doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01039.x.
Molecular and morphologic studies were used to determine the evolution, classification and differentiation of Nymphaea odorata, and both morphology and molecular characteristics supported the classification of subspecies for ssp. Molecular and morphologic studies were used to determine the evolution, classification and differentiation of Nymphaea odorata. Molecular analyses of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the chloroplast trnL-F region, and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers determined the variation present between and within two species of Nymphaea. The ITS region resulted in a phylogeny depicting strong separation between species (N. mexicana and N. odorata) and some separation between N. odorata’s subspecies. The ITS region contained polymorphisms, which upon SAHN clustering and principle coordinate (PCOA) and minimum spanning tree (MST) analyses produced groups similar to the clades in the ITS phylogeny. Sixteen accessions were chosen for trnL-F analysis, where a subspecies-specific molecular marker was found. In most accessions the marker confirmed the original subspecies classification. Molecular analyses using ISSRs characterized among population variation in N. odorata and N. mexicana using five primers. ISSR markers among populations were highly variable within a species and were used in UPGMA, PCOA and MST analysis, which resulted in separation between the subspecies. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on quantitative and qualitative morphological characters. An analysis of variance resulted in six morphological characteristics that were statistically significant (P< 0.05), the majority being leaf blade characteristics. Multivariate statistics of principle component analysis and discriminate analysis resulted in groups for each subspecies, both emphasized the importance of quantitative leaf blade characteristics. Overall, both morphology and molecular characteristics supported the classification of subspecies for ssp. odorata and ssp. tuberosa, due a lack of strong segregation of characteristics. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Khidir Hilu for his tremendous support, encouragement and critique throughout this research. Thanks also to my committee Lynn Adler and Bruce Turner for fruitful discussions and edits to earlier drafts on my manuscript. Thank you to Thomas Borsch for without his previous work and current dedication to Nymphaea, this project would not have been possible. Also, thanks to John Wiersema whose intimate knowledge and life long devotion to Nymphaea has made this project outstanding. Additionally, I would like to thank Susan Neves for training me on molecular analyses and expert advice. Also, for her help with field collections in Tennessee. I am also indebted to Tracey Slotta for her many hours of patience while teaching me frustrating statistical programs. Thank you to the International Waterlily Society, Virginia Academy of Sciences, Virginia Graduate Student Association, Sigma Xi and the Virginia Tech Biology Department which all provided funding. Finally, without the unending support of my parents and Jim Woods this work would not have been possible. Further thanks to Jim for help with field collections and graphic support. I would also like to thank Dr. Kimberly Hunter for giving me the tools to succeed and making me believe in myself.
K. Woods, K. W. Hilu, J. H. Wiersema, and T. Borsch, “Pattern of Variation and Systematics of Nymphaea Odorata: I. Evidence from Morphology and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSRs),” Systematic Botany, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 471–480, Jul. 2005.
doi: 10.1600/0363644054782161.
Nymphaea odorata, Nymphaeaceae, is the most widely distributed water-lily in North America. Disagreement exists on whether this morphologically variable species should be split into two species, N. odorata and N. tuberosa, or treated as one species with two subspecies. Morphological characters and markers from the inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) were examined to assess taxonomic status and elucidate patterns of genetic variation among populations. This study provides evidence against treatment of N. tuberosa at species rank. The principal component analysis of 26 vegetative characters underscores immense variability, but does partially segregate populations of subsp. odorata and subsp. tuberosa. Based on analysis of variance, a new set of morphological characters is proposed to distinguish the two subspecies: mean leaf blade length-to-width ratio, petiole striping, and lobe apex shape. Results from ISSRs show high polymorphism within and among populations. Genetic variation was found largely within geographical regions (89%) rather than among regions. Principal coordinate (PCOA) analyses and minimum spanning tree (MST) analyses based on ISSRs clearly distinguished Nymphaea mexicana and N. odorata. Within N. odorata, samples of subsp. odorata appear to be a distinct entity, whereas samples largely but not completely separated from samples of subsp. tuberosa. PCOA and MST showed linkage between most samples of subsp. odorata whereas this was less evident in UPGMA.
M. Xu, F. Chen, S. Qi, L. Zhang, and S. Wu, “Loss or Duplication of Key Regulatory Genes Coincides with Environmental Adaptation of the Stomatal Complex in Nymphaea Colorata and Kalanchoe Laxiflora,” Horticulture Research, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–16, Aug. 2018.
doi: 10.1038/s41438-018-0048-8.
The stomatal complex is critical for gas and water exchange between plants and the atmosphere. Originating over 400 million years ago, the structure of the stomata has evolved to facilitate the adaptation of plants to various environments. Although the molecular mechanism of stomatal development in Arabidopsis has been widely studied, the evolution of stomatal structure and its molecular regulators in different species remains to be answered. In this study, we examined stomatal development and the orthologues of Arabidopsis stomatal genes in a basal angiosperm plant, Nymphaea colorata, and a member of the eudicot CAM family, Kalanchoe laxiflora, which represent the adaptation to aquatic and drought environments, respectively. Our results showed that despite the conservation of core stomatal regulators, a number of critical genes were lost in the N. colorata genome, including EPF2, MPK6, and AP2C3 and the polarity regulators BASL and POLAR. Interestingly, this is coincident with the loss of asymmetric divisions during the stomatal development of N. colorata. In addition, we found that the guard cell in K. laxiflora is surrounded by three or four small subsidiary cells in adaxial leaf surfaces. This type of stomatal complex is formed via repeated asymmetric cell divisions and cell state transitions. This may result from the doubled or quadrupled key genes controlling stomatal development in K. laxiflora. Our results show that loss or duplication of key regulatory genes is associated with environmental adaptation of the stomatal complex.
X.-J. Xu et al., “Purification of Eutrophic Water Containing Chlorpyrifos by Aquatic Plants and Its Effects on Planktonic Bacteria,” Chemosphere, vol. 193, pp. 178–188, Feb. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.171.
In this study, the removal of nutrients and chlorpyrifos as well as shifts of planktonic bacterial communities in constructed microcosms were investigated to evaluate the influence of Phragmites australis, Nymphaea alba, and Myriophyllum verticillatum, and their combination, on the restoration of eutrophic water containing chlorpyrifos. Plant-treated groups showed a higher pollutant removal rate than did no-remediation controls, indicating that treatment with plants is effective at remediation of eutrophic water containing chlorpyrifos. Different plants showed different performance on the remediation of eutrophic water, e.g., P. australis manifested stronger capacity for removal of sediment chlorpyrifos. This finding indicated that an appropriate plant combination is needed to deal with complex wastewater. During the treatments, the planktonic bacterial communities were influenced by the concentrations of nutrients and pollutants. The changes of composition of bacterial communities indicated a strong correlation between the bacterial communities and the concentrations of pollutants. The plants also influenced the planktonic bacterial communities, especially at the early phase of treatments. For example, P. australis increased the abundance of Limnohabitans and Nevskia significantly and decreased the abundance of Devosia, Luteolibacter, Methylibium, and Caulobacter significantly. The abundance of Hydrocarboniphaga significantly increased in N. alba-treated microcosms, whereas in M. verticillatum-treated microcosms, the abundance of Limnohabitans and Bdellovibrio significantly increased. Our results suggest that the planktonic bacterial communities may be altered during phytoremediation, and the functions of the affected bacteria should be concerned.
D. Yakandawala, D. P. G. S. Kumudumali, and K. Yakandawala, “Evidence for Interspecific Hybridization between Exotic ‘Dam Manel’ ( Nymphaea × Erangae ) and Native ‘Nil Manel’ ( Nymphaea Nouchali Burm. f.) in Sri Lanka,” 2017.
doi: 10.4038/CJS.V46I3.7445.
The results confirmed the identity of the populations with intermediate characters as hybrids between the native N. nouchali and Nymphaea × erangae, highlighting the importance of conserving the natural populations of the native, as hybridization with the exotic pose a threat to its genetic purity. Biological invasions are considered a serious threat to the biodiversity, and second only to habitat loss, but predicted to soon become the key cause of environmental degradation globally. In addition to competing with natives in natural habitats, another serious threat possessed by Invasive Alien Species (IAS) is their ability to hybridize with natives. The exotic violet flowered Nymphaea × erangae has been introduced to the country for ornamental purposes where it has got naturalized. Now it is recognized as a silent invader in wetlands of the country. The revealing of Nymphaea populations with intermediate characters, both of the native N. nouchali and Nymphaea × erangae in the wetlands of the island raised the question of the occurrence of natural hybridization. The present study was carried out to investigate the event of natural hybridization between the native and the exotic using morphological data. Data collected from putative hybrids and pure populations of the two parents were subjected to multivariate statistical analyses. The results confirmed the identity of the populations with intermediate characters as hybrids between the native N. nouchali and Nymphaea × erangae, highlighting the importance of conserving the natural populations of the native, as hybridization with the exotic pose a threat to its genetic purity.
D. Yakandawala, S. Guruge, and K. Yakandawala, “The Identity of the Violet Flowered Water Lily (Nymphaeaceae) and Its Hybrid Origin in the Wetland Ecosystems of Sri Lanka,” 2017.
doi: 10.4038/JNSFSR.V45I4.8232.
The morphometric analyses and the results of the BLAST search confirmed the identity of the native N. nouchali, and recognised the Sri Lankan violet water lily as a hybrid of N. micrantha and N. caerulea, which is named and described as a new hybrid. The Sri Lankan violet water lily (Dam-manel) that is widely spread in natural water bodies of the country has been erroneously identified as Nymphaea nouchali (Nil-manel) in literature. Further the image of this flower, which has been erroneously used to depict the national flower of the country for nearly three decades, has not been taxonomically described and therefore does not have a botanical identity. Many scientific studies have been conducted on different aspects of the violet coloured water lily under either the erroneous identification or without a proper scientific name. The present study was conducted with the aim of clarifying its confused identity with N. nouchali, and also elucidating the parentage of the hybrid origin of Sri Lankan violet water lily using morphological and matK and psbA-trnH molecular sequence data. The morphometric analyses and the results of the BLAST search confirmed the identity of the native N. nouchali, and recognised the Sri Lankan violet water lily as a hybrid of N. micrantha and N. caerulea. Therefore, the plant is named and described as a new hybrid, Nymphaea × erangae Yakandawala, Guruge & Yakandawala. A taxonomic description is also provided for the newly described hybrid.
T. Yamada, M. Ito, and M. Kato, “Expression Pattern of INNER NO OUTER Homologue in Nymphaea (Water Lily Family, Nymphaeaceae),” Development Genes and Evolution, vol. 213, no. 10, pp. 510–513, Oct. 2003.
doi: 10.1007/s00427-003-0350-8.
Two homologues of INNER NO OUTER (INO) in Nymphaea alba and N. colorata (Nymphaeaceae) were isolated and the expression pattern of the N. alba INO homologue NaINO was examined by in situ hybridization. The INO homologues obtained have a portion similar to INO in the predicted amino acid sequences between the conserved zinc finger-like and YABBY domains. In an in situ hybridization analysis, NaINO is expressed in the outer epidermis of the outer integument, inner integument, and the tip of the nucellus. The pattern observed in the outer integument is very similar to that of Arabidopsis thaliana, while the expression in the inner integument and nucellus is not observed in A. thaliana.
X. Yang, G. Tuskan, T. Tschaplinski, and (M. Z.-M. Cheng, “Third-Codon Transversion Rate-Based Nymphaea Basal Angiosperm Phylogeny – Concordance with Developmental Evidence,” Nature Precedings, pp. 1–1, Jul. 2007.
doi: 10.1038/npre.2007.320.1.
Flowering plants (angiosperms) appeared on Earth rather suddenly approximately 130 million years ago and underwent a massive expansion in the subsequent 10-12 million years. Current molecular phylogenies have predominantly identified Amborella, followed by Nymphaea (water lilies) or Amborella plus Nymphaea, in the ANITA clade (Amborella, Nymphaeales, Illiciaceae, Trimeniaceae and Austrobaileyaceae) as the earliest angiosperm. However, developmental studies suggest that the earliest angiosperm had a 4-cell/4-nucleus female gametophyte and a diploid endosperm represented by Nymphaea, suggesting that Amborella, having an 8-cell/9-nucleus female gametophyte and a triploid endosperm, cannot be representative of the basal angiosperm. This evolution-development discordance is possibly caused by erroneous inference based on phylogenetic signals with low neutrality and/or high saturation. Here we show that the 3rd codon transversion (P3Tv), with high neutrality and low saturation, is a robust high-resolution phylogenetic signal for such divergences and that the P3Tv-based land plant phylogeny cautiously identifies Nymphaea, followed by Amborella, as the most basal among the angiosperm species examined in this study. This P3Tv-based phylogeny contributes insights to the origin of angiosperms with concordance to fossil and stomata development evidence.
M. J. Yoo, P. S. Soltis, and D. E. Soltis, “Expression of Floral MADS‐Box Genes in Two Divergent Water Lilies: Nymphaeales and Nelumbo,” International Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 171, no. 2, pp. 121–146, Feb. 2010.
doi: 10.1086/648986.
To provide insights into the floral developmental genetics of Nymphaeales (water lilies), we investigated the expression patterns of floral organ identity genes in three genera: Cabomba, Nuphar, and Nymphaea. Additionally, because of the superficial floral similarity between Nymphaea and the early‐diverging eudicot Nelumbo, we conducted the same experiments in the latter taxon. We focused on gene expression associated with (1) perianth differentiation in Nymphaeales, (2) the transition of petaloid staminodes to stamens in Nymphaea, and (3) organ identity in Nymphaea and Nelumbo. In Cabomba, the expression patterns of B‐class gene homologues fit the “sliding boundaries” model, with B‐class gene expression in sepals and petals. In contrast, Nuphar and Nymphaea exhibit broad B‐class gene expression that extends across all floral organs (i.e., “fading borders” model). The gene expression patterns observed suggest that the innermost petals of Nymphaea originated from petaloid staminodes. Also, despite the morphological differences between flowers of Nymphaea and Nelumbo and the phylogenetic distance between these genera, floral gene expression patterns are nearly identical. Last, we infer that either the “out‐of‐male” hypothesis or the “mostly male” hypothesis, both of which specify derivation of floral parts from male structures, might apply to the ancestors of Nymphaeales.
Flower extracts of the ancient Egyptian sacred plant, the Blue Lily of the Nile {Nymphaea caerulea Savigny, Nymphaeaceae), were analyzed by GO/MS, LC/MS and NMR. Eight compounds were identified: one flavone: 7-hydroxyflavone; 2 aurones: 4’,7-dihydroxyaurone and 4’-hydroxyaurone; and 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol, benzamide, methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, methyl vanillate and cinnamyl alcohol. Two substances, 4’,7-dihydroxyaurone and 4’-hydroxyaurone are reported for the first time as natural compounds. A general discussion on the iconography of N. caerulea, as well as a review on ethnobotany and phytochemistry and chemosystematics of Nymphaeaceae are also presented.\vphantom}
C. Yu et al., “Molecular Breeding of Water Lily: Engineering Cold Stress Tolerance into Tropical Water Lily,” Horticulture Research, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–11, Nov. 2018.
doi: 10.1038/s41438-018-0086-2.
Water lilies (order Nymphaeales) are rich in both economic and cultural values. They grow into aquatic herbs, and are divided into two ecological types: tropical and hardy. Although tropical water lilies have more ornamental and medicinal values compared to the hardy water lily, the study and utilization of tropical water lilies in both landscaping and pharmaceutical use is greatly hindered due to their limited planting area. Tropical water lilies cannot survive the winter in areas beyond 24.3°N latitude. Here, the transgenic pipeline through the pollen-tube pathway was generated for water lily for the first time. To improve cold stress tolerance of tropical water lilies, a gene encoding choline oxidase (CodA) driven by a cold stress-inducible promoter was transformed into a tropical water lily through the pollen-tube transformation. Six independent transgenic lines were tested for survival rate during two winter seasons from 2015 to 2017 in Hangzhou (30.3°N latitude). PCR and southern blot detection revealed that the CodA gene had been integrated into the genome. Reverse transcription PCR showed that CodA gene was induced after cold stress treatment, and further quantitative real-time PCR revealed different expressions among six 4 lines and line 3 had the highest expression. Multiple physiological experiments showed that after cold stress treatment, both the conductivity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels from transgenic plants were significantly lower than those of non-transgenic plants, whereas the content of betaine and the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase were higher than those from non-transgenic plants. These results suggest that expression of exogenous CodA gene significantly improved the cold stress tolerance of tropical water lilies through a wide range of physiological alterations. Our results currently expanded a six-latitude cultivating area of the tropical water lilies. These results not only illuminate the bright future for water lily breeding but will also facilitate the functional genomic studies.
H. Zhang, H. Wu, Q. Zhou, R. Zhao, Q. Sheng, and Z. Zhu, “Flowering Characteristics and Reproductive Biology of Nymphaea Hybrid, a Precious Water Lily,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 287, p. 110268, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110268.
Nymphaea hybrid is a precious aquatic plant of the family Nymphaeaceae that has esthetic, economic, medicinal, and ecological values. Owing to its spectrum of color, especially that of the rare blue strain of the genus Nymphaea, it has gained importance in the breeding of water lilies. However, the lack of research on its flowering characteristics and reproductive biology has severely hindered the reproduction and breeding of superior water lily varieties. In this study, the flowering phenology, floral characteristics, and flower-visiting insects of N. hybrid were assessed. The microstructures of stigmata and pollen grains were observed and the stigma receptivity was determined. Pollen viability was measured by an in vitro germination experiment. We also evaluated the breeding system by measuring the pollen/ovule (P/O) ratio, determining the outcrossing index (OCI), and performing field pollination experiments. The N. hybrid population flowered from late May to mid-November, with a flowering period of approximately 160 days. The florescence of a single flower ranged for 3‒5 days from June‒August and for 5‒10 days from September‒November. Inverse herkogamy and protogyny were exhibited by N. hybrid flowers. Stigmata were wet with papillae distributed on their surface, and the pollen grains were oblate with granular ornamentation of different sizes on their surface. The pollen germination rate was highest when they were deposited in a medium containing 5% sucrose, 0.001% boric acid, 1% agar, and 20 mg/L calcium chloride and cultured at 30 °C. Stigma receptivity was the strongest on the 1st day of floral anthesis, and pollen viability was the highest between 9:30 a.m. and 11:30 a.m. on the 2nd day of floral anthesis. The P/O ratio suggests that xenogamy is the main reproductive system. Artificial pollination results indicated that N. hybrid favored outcrossing and required the participation of pollinators, such as Bombus lucorum L. and Xylocopa s.str. valga Gerstaecker, both of which are effective bee pollinators. These results can aid in formulation and implementation of strategies for N. hybrid hybridization programs, and can also improve the controlled pollination efficiency for agronomic and ornamental purposes.
L. Zhang et al., “The Water Lily Genome and the Early Evolution of Flowering Plants,” Nature, vol. 577, no. 7788, pp. 79–84, 2020.
doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1852-5.
Water lilies belong to the angiosperm order Nymphaeales. Amborellales, Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales together form the so-called ANA-grade of angiosperms, which are extant representatives of lineages that diverged the earliest from the lineage leading to the extant mesangiosperms–. Here we report the 409-megabase genome sequence of the blue-petal water lily (Nymphaea colorata). Our phylogenomic analyses support Amborellales and Nymphaeales as successive sister lineages to all other extant angiosperms. The N. colorata genome and 19 other water lily transcriptomes reveal a Nymphaealean whole-genome duplication event, which is shared by Nymphaeaceae and possibly Cabombaceae. Among the genes retained from this whole-genome duplication are homologues of genes that regulate flowering transition and flower development. The broad expression of homologues of floral ABCE genes in N. colorata might support a similarly broadly active ancestral ABCE model of floral organ determination in early angiosperms. Water lilies have evolved attractive floral scents and colours, which are features shared with mesangiosperms, and we identified their putative biosynthetic genes in N. colorata. The chemical compounds and biosynthetic genes behind floral scents suggest that they have evolved in parallel to those in mesangiosperms. Because of its unique phylogenetic position, the N. colorata genome sheds light on the early evolution of angiosperms., The genome of the tropical blue-petal water lily Nymphaea colorata and the transcriptomes from 19 other Nymphaeales species provide insights into the early evolution of angiosperms.
Q. Zhou, Y. Zeng, J. Shan, and Z. Zhu, “Study of Volatiles from Flowers of Nymphaea Hybrida by HS-SPME-GC-MS,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 951–952, Sep. 2019.
doi: 10.1007/s10600-019-02857-7.
M. Zhu et al., “Relationship between the Composition of Flavonoids and Flower Colors Variation in Tropical Water Lily (Nymphaea) Cultivars,” PLOS ONE, vol. 7, no. 4, p. e34335, Apr. 2012.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034335.
Water lily, the member of the Nymphaeaceae family, is the symbol of Buddhism and Brahmanism in India. Despite its limited researches on flower color variations and formation mechanism, water lily has background of blue flowers and displays an exceptionally wide diversity of flower colors from purple, red, blue to yellow, in nature. In this study, 34 flavonoids were identified among 35 tropical cultivars by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detection (DAD) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Among them, four anthocyanins: delphinidin 3-O-rhamnosyl-5-O-galactoside (Dp3Rh5Ga), delphinidin 3-O-(2″-O-galloyl-6″-O-oxalyl-rhamnoside) (Dp3galloyl-oxalylRh), delphinidin 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl-β-glucopyranoside) (Dp3acetylG) and cyanidin 3- O-(2″-O-galloyl-galactopyranoside)-5-O-rhamnoside (Cy3galloylGa5Rh), one chalcone: chalcononaringenin 2′-O-galactoside (Chal2′Ga) and twelve flavonols: myricetin 7-O-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-rhamnoside (My7RhRh), quercetin 7-O-galactosyl-(1→2)-rhamnoside (Qu7GaRh), quercetin 7-O-galactoside (Qu7Ga), kaempferol 7-O-galactosyl-(1→2)-rhamnoside (Km7GaRh), myricetin 3-O-galactoside (My3Ga), kaempferol 7-O-galloylgalactosyl-(1→2)-rhamnoside (Km7galloylGaRh), myricetin 3-O-galloylrhamnoside (My3galloylRh), kaempferol 3-O-galactoside (Km3Ga), isorhamnetin 7-O-galactoside (Is7Ga), isorhamnetin 7-O-xyloside (Is7Xy), kaempferol 3-O-(3″-acetylrhamnoside) (Km3-3″acetylRh) and quercetin 3-O-acetylgalactoside (Qu3acetylGa) were identified in the petals of tropic water lily for the first time. Meanwhile a multivariate analysis was used to explore the relationship between pigments and flower color. By comparing, the cultivars which were detected delphinidin 3-galactoside (Dp3Ga) presented amaranth, and detected delphinidin 3′-galactoside (Dp3′Ga) presented blue. However, the derivatives of delphinidin and cyanidin were more complicated in red group. No anthocyanins were detected within white and yellow group. At the same time a possible flavonoid biosynthesis pathway of tropical water lily was presumed putatively. These studies will help to elucidate the evolution mechanism on the formation of flower colors and provide theoretical basis for outcross breeding and developing health care products from this plant.
L. M. Zini, B. G. Galati, M. Gotelli, G. Zarlavsky, and M. S. Ferrucci, “Carpellary Appendages in Nymphaea and Victoria (Nymphaeaceae): Evidence of Their Role as Osmophores Based on Morphology, Anatomy and Ultrastructure,” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 191, no. 4, pp. 421–439, Nov. 2019.
doi: 10.1093/botlinnean/boz078.
In flowers of Nymphaea and Victoria, carpellary appendages are regarded as structures related to pollination by deceit of night-blooming species. In this study, the anatomy, histochemistry and ultrastructure of carpellary appendages were analysed to investigate their possible role in the production of volatile compounds in nocturnal species Nymphaea amazonum, N. gardneriana, N. prolifera (Nymphaea subgenus Hydrocallis) and Victoria cruziana, and in diurnal species N. caerulea (Nymphaea subgenus Brachyceras). Carpellary appendages were studied using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy from pre-anthesis to the second day of anthesis. Anatomical and ultrastructural features are characteristic of osmophores. In all species, the most frequent components in secretory cells are amyloplasts, lipid bodies, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum and elaioplasts. The epidermis and multilayered parenchyma accumulate abundant starch grains and lipophilic substances, both of which vanish during anthesis. Amorphous substances are deposited between the plasmalemma and the outer cell wall of epidermal cells, and are then released by cuticular diffusion. Odour production in carpellary appendages might be an ancient role of primary importance both in diurnal and nocturnal species that are pollinated by deceit. Olfactory and visual cues of small carpellary appendages in Nymphaea subgenus Brachyceras correspond to bee pollination, and large carpellary appendages in subgenus Hydrocallis and Victoria represent parallel functional specializations of the flowers to the attraction and reward for exclusive beetle pollination.
