Whistling Thorn

Acacia drepanolobium

Acacia drepanolobium, commonly known as Whistling Thorn (family Fabaceae), is a swollen-thorn acacia native to East Africa. The whistling thorn grows up to 6 meters tall. It produces a pair of straight thorns at each node, some of which have large bulbous bases. These swollen thorns are naturally hollow and occupied by any one of several symbiotic ant species. The common name of the plant is derived from the observation that when wind blows over bulbous thorns in which ants have made entry/exit holes, they create a whistling noise.

Whistling thorn is the dominant tree in some areas of upland East Africa, sometimes forming a nearly monoculture woodland, especially on "black cotton" soils of impeded drainage with high clay content. It is browsed upon by giraffes and other large herbivores. It is apparently fire-adapted, coppicing readily after "top kill" by fire.

Whistling thorn is used as fencing, tool handles, and other implements. The wood of the Whistling Thorn, although usually small in diameter, is hard and resistant to termites. The branches are also be used for kindling, and its gum is sometimes collected and used as glue. The ability to coppice after cutting make it a possibly sustainable source for fuel wood and charcoal. Conversely, Whistling Thorn also has been considered a weed of rangelands, and a bush encroachment species
Closeup of dust-covered Acacia drepanolobium outside Ngorongoro crater A closeup of the thorns of the Acacia drepanolobium. These thorns are often occupied by ants. If so, the entrance/exit holes create a whistling sound in the wind. Acacia drepanolobium,Africa,Serengeti Central,Serengeti National Park,Serengeti area,Tanzania,Whistling Thorn

Behavior

Like other acacias, Whistling Thorns have leaves that contain tannins, which are thought to serve a deterrents to herbivory. Like all non-Australian acacias, they are defended by spines. In addition, Whistling thorn acacias are myrmecophytes that have formed a mutualistic relationship with some species of ants. In exchange for shelter in the bulbous thorns (domatia) and nectar secretions, these ants appear to defend the tree against herbivores, such as elephants and giraffes, as well as herbivorous insects.
Crematogaster nigriceps ants in defensive demeanor. Note the absence of leaves except at the swollen thorns.

At one site in Kenya, four ant species compete for exclusive possession of individual whistling thorn trees: Crematogaster mimosae, C. sjostedti, C. nigriceps, and Tetraponera penzigi. Ants vary in their level of mutualism with whistling thorn trees. The most common ant symbiote (~ 50% of trees), C. mimosae, has the strongest mutualistic relationship, aggressively defending trees from herbivores while relying heavily on swollen-thorns for shelter and feeding off of nectar produced by glands near the base of leaves.

Because the ants compete for exclusive usage of a given tree, some species employ tactics to reduce the chance of a hostile ant invasion. Crematogaster nigriceps ants trim the buds of trees to reduce lateral growth in trees, thereby reducing chances of contact with a neighboring tree. Tetraponera penzigi, the only species which does not utilize the nectar produced by the trees, instead destroys the nectar glands in order to make a tree less appealing to other species.

The symbiotic benefits that the trees provide to the ants is maintained by the effects of browsing by large herbivores; in the absence of being browsed, trees reduce the number of nectar glands and swollen buds they provide to ants. In response, the usually dominant C. mimosae increase their farming of parasitic sap-sucking insects as a replacement food source. In addition, the number of C. mimosae-occupied trees declines while twice as many become occupied by C. sjostedti, a much less aggressive defender of trees. Because C. sjostedti is dependent on the holes created by boring beetle larvae, this species facilitates parasitism of trees by the beetles. As a result, the mutualistic relationship between whistling thorn trees and resident ants breaks down in the absence of large herbivores, and trees become paradoxically less healthy as a result.

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Status: Unknown
EX EW CR EN VU NT LC
Taxonomy
KingdomPlantae
DivisionAngiosperms
ClassEudicots
OrderFabales
FamilyFabaceae
GenusAcacia
Species
Photographed in
Kenya
Tanzania