Plant profile: Tulbaghia
New forms of these little-known gems with their umbels of dainty, tubular flowers and often delicious scent are at last finding their way into nurseries and gardens – and rightly so
Grown for their pretty umbels, and gaining in popularity among gardeners and breeders, this bulbous perennial lends an airy elegance to a planting scheme
South Africa is home to ten per cent of the world’s flowering plants so it is no surprise that much of this abundance has found its way into our gardens. Among the lesser-known gems from the country are tulbaghias: elegant, airy flowers that resemble small agapanthus, usually with sweetly scented flowers and pungent foliage. Tulbaghias are long-flowering and floriferous, qualities that are winning them enthusiasts among both gardeners and plant breeders.
Found only in southern Africa, the genus consists of about 22 species but only a few are currently widely grown in gardens. The most popular is Tulbaghia violacea, which has grass-like foliage typical of tulbaghias that smells strongly of garlic when it is crushed. The flowers form a pinkish-mauve umbel with individual flowers consisting of a ring of six tepals around a raised crown that resembles a miniature daffodil. Most reference books and nursery catalogues suggest that its common name is ‘society garlic’. The epithet may have been used long ago, but it is probably no longer current: I have certainly never heard it.
The plant spreads from fat, tuberous roots, which in ideal conditions will form large colonies. I remember seeing (and smelling) the purple haze of a meadow full of Tulbaghia violacea growing, appropriately, on the outskirts of the town of Tulbagh in the Western Cape area. Both town and plant are named for Ryk Tulbagh, the Governor of the Dutch Cape Colony in the mid-18th century, who found time away from governing to botanise. Tulbagh corresponded with the botanist and taxonomist Carl Linnaeus and sent him specimens of hundreds of indigenous plants. It’s not difficult to imagine the awe and wonder Linnaeus must have felt on seeing these treasures.
There are several white and very pale cultivars of Tulbaghia violacea and a couple with variegated foliage, although these are neither as vigorous nor as floriferous as their parent. On warm days the flowers of Tulbaghia violacea have a sweet perfume. A similar species, Tulbaghia simmleri, has a much stronger perfume that is released at night, suggesting, as is true for many of the species, that it is pollinated by moths. A pot of the plant standing on a terrace on a summer evening will fill the evening air with perfume. The foliage is broader than that of Tulbaghia violacea and has a glaucous sheen. The flowers are a similar colour but fatter and more densely packed than those of its cousin.
These two species, with their pink and mauve flowers, are the most commonly available, but there are species that tend to be grown only by specialist nurseries that have strikingly different flowers. Those of Tulbaghia montana and Tulbaghia acutiloba, for example, have an orange or rust-coloured centre and both are very highly scented. Tulbaghia natalensis has white flowers that are tinged with purple with a greenish-yellow centre. All three species are vigorous and long-flowering.
Until recently, most of the hybrids and cultivars available to gardeners have resulted from very few species, but nurseries and breeders in America, Australia and Britain are introducing other species into the mix, as well as offering for sale a wider range of hybrids and cultivars. In Britain, Steve Hickman, a holder of one of the National Collections of tulbaghias, has made several selections from seedlings grown at his nursery. One of his pride and joys is Tulbaghia ‘Hoyland Green Beauty’, which has an unusual, pale-green eye with a distinct green stripe on each of the soft-pink petals. Steve is continuing to make further selections. In Australia, a group of Tulbaghia named the Border Stars series includes Tulbaghia ‘Milky Way’, which has pale-pink flowers and dark stems and reputedly tolerates wet soil better than other hybrids. One of the most arresting of the new hybrids is from America, a plant called Tulbaghia ‘Flamingo’ that has pale-pink flowers and the same colour at the base of the leaves.
As these and similar hybrids are produced on a commercial scale, we can expect to see them more often in nurseries and garden centres, meaning that more of us can enjoy this beguiling plant.
• John Hoyland is a plantsperson and garden writer. His recommendation for the best tulbaghias can be found over the next five pages.
PLANT PROFILE
What A genus of bulbous plants belonging to the Alliaceae family that are grown for their pretty umbels of usually scented flowers, and for their long-flowering nature. Origins All are native to southern Africa with most found in the Cape area of South Africa. Season Flowering is from late spring and through the summer. Some forms flower continuously from May to October.
Size Between 30cm and 50cm tall with a spread of about 30cm. Conditions Full sun and well-drained, rich soils that do not dry out in summer. Hardiness RHS H2-H3, USDA 7a-10b.
*Holds an Award of Garden Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society. †Hardiness ratings given where available.
Tulbaghia violacea ‘Pearl’
This cultivar has a loose, open flowerhead that is pastel-pink in bud and opens to a glistening white that retains a pink sheen. Flowers are produced in abundance from June until the frosts. The foliage has an attractive, silvery-grey patina. 40cm. RHS H3.
Tulbaghia ‘John May’s Special’
A vigorous hybrid, probably a cross between T. violacea and T. simmleri, that is reputed to be the hardiest of all the genus. The flowers are about 2cm wide and create and imposing sight. John May raised plants in Dorset before retiring to Scotland. 60cm. RHS H3.
Tulbaghia ‘Fairy Star’
The pale, lilac-mauve flowers have a particularly strong evening scent.
First spotted by one of nurseryman Bob Brown’s family members growing among their plants at Cotswold Garden Flowers in Evesham. Flowers from May to October. 35cm. RHS H3.
Tulbaghia ‘Moshoeshoe’
Sharp-eyed Paul Barney of Edulis Nursery noticed this hybrid among a batch of seedlings from a plant sale. The plant forms a tight cluster of small, deep-lilac flowers, each with an ochre-coloured eye. The evening scent is sweet and delicate. 30cm. RHS H3.
Tulbaghia violacea ‘Alba’
A white form that makes an elegant plant, and is as long-flowering but not as floriferous as the species. The sparkling, white flowers are particularly attractive in the evening light. There are several white-flowered cultivars that are very similar to each other. 35cm. RHS H3.
Tulbaghia ‘Hoyland Pink Beauty’
A new introduction from National Collection holder Steve Hickman, selected for its abundant flowers – far more, says the breeder, than other hybrids. The pale-pink flowers have a diaphanous quality. Flowers from April to November. 30cm. RHS H3.
Tulbaghia violacea ‘Silver Lace’
Not as floriferous as the species, but the only widely available form with variegated foliage. The leaves have a central, greygreen stripe and are edged in white. Foliage evergreen in sheltered spots and in mild winters. 50cm. AGM. RHS H3, USDA 7a-10b.
Tulbaghia ‘Hazel’
A recent introduction with an unusual colour combination that makes for a discrete but charming plant. The flowers, which have soft-pink, narrow tepals and a hazel-coloured corolla, are grouped in a loose, open flowerhead. 50cm. RHS H3.
Tulbaghia acutiloba Unusual but attractive species that has small, greenish flowers with a rust-coloured centre. Flowers emit a strong, sweet perfume that on balmy evenings travels great distances. In the wild it grows on the dry, rocky grasslands of the Eastern Cape. 25cm. RHS H2.
Tulbaghia ‘Hoyland Dark Beauty’
Another recent introduction by Steve Hickman of Hoyland Plant Centre, who thinks the colour is the darkest of any hybrid. The flowers have large tepals with a small corona and form a densely packed, globe-shaped flowerhead. 40cm. RHS H3.
Cultivation
The first requirement for tulbaghias to thrive is sunshine, and plenty of it. Plants will grow in partial shade but will produce far fewer flowers. In mild areas of the country, where the temperature does not drop below about -5°C, tulbaghias can be grown in the garden as long as the soil is free-draining. They will tolerate periods of drought but to flower well they need moisture during the flowering season, which for most forms is from May to September.
National Collection holder Steve Hickman recommends that if tulbaghias are grown in the garden their leaves should be cut to about 3cm above ground level in mid-November and the whole plant covered with a 6cm-deep mulch. In coastal areas that are free from frost this probably won’t be necessary.
Those of us in the rest of the country will need to grow our tulbaghias in pots and store them during the winter away from frosts in a greenhouse or cold frame. A mixture of about a third each of loam, compost or leaf mould and horticultural grit is ideal. Make sure that the pots are regularly watered when the plant is in flower. An occasional feed with a high-potash fertiliser (the sort used for feeding tomatoes) will keep tulbaghias flowering. The only other regular attention the plant needs is to remove the stems of dead flowers.
To keep them vigorous and flowering well, all plants, whether grown in the ground or in pots, will need splitting every three or four years. Dig up the entire plant and pull apart the fleshy roots, replanting the pieces immediately so that they do not dry out.
Tulbaghias can also be easily propagated from seed.
The hard, black seeds are best sown in spring in deep pots. Young plants will flower in their second or third year. Tulbaghias are long-lasting as cut flowers and just a few blooms in a vase will scent a room.
Uses
In its native South Africa Tulbaghia is known as wild garlic and used both as a condiment and in traditional medicine. Water that has been infused with boiled bulbs is used to treat a variety of ailments, mainly bronchial problems. The leaves can be rubbed on the skin and are said to repel insect bites. Like garlic, Tulbaghia has antibacterial properties. Both the leaves and flowers have wide culinary uses. In salads use them sparingly; the leaves are much hotter than chives and the flowers have a strong, peppery taste that can overwhelm some salads.
In parts of KwaZulu-Natal tulbaghias are sometimes planted around houses because the strong smell is said to keep snakes away. I can’t vouch for the efficacy of this. The plant was recommended to me by a South African gardener as a way of repelling moles. This might work in the Cape, but it has no effect on moles in Hertfordshire.