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Mean final percent germination of Halopyrum mucronatum seed. Vertical lines on graphs represent standard error. 0 mM = Distilled water, 100, 200, 300 NaCl concentrations. Values on the bars having similar capital letter between concentration within each of the two seed morphs are not significantly different at p=0.05 (Bonferroni test). Similar small letter between the seed morphs within each concentration are not significantly different at p=0.05 (t-test).
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Role of seed coat phenolics on water uptake and early protein synthesis of Halopyrum mucronatum dimorphic seeds during germination were tested. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showed seed texture with differential deposition of secondary metabolites in both morphs. Ability of both seed morphs to retain secondary deposition was dependent on expo...
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... in total protein: Change in total protein content was significant in response to NaCl concentration (Fig. 5, F = 3.96, p<0.05), the duration of seed's exposure to NaCl (F = 17.31 p<0.001) and seed type (F = 65.85, p<0.001). However, interaction of all three factors was highly significant (F = 7.80, ...
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... Seed impermeability or permeability is determined by the seed coat (Shao et al., 2007). Water uptake is an important step towards the initiation of biochemical changes that lead to germination completion (Zamin et al., 2010). ...
Four wild and two cultivated soybeans were examined for the water imbibition and relationships with seed coat structure, histochemical and epicatechin content using light, fluorescence, electron microscope, and HPLC technique. Cultivated cultivars, Pungsan and Chungja showed the highest water permeability, while the wild soybean lines, YWS16 and YWS136 showed moderate, and YWS1420 and YWS1459 did not absorb water for 24 hours. Seed coat surface of Pungsan, Chungja, YWS16, and YWS16 showed free deposits with rarely thin deposits exposing a cutin layer, while those of YWS1420 and YWS1459 were thick, rarely exposing the cuticle. In permeable genotypes, several cracks were found and the size of the cracks ranged from 1 to 2 μm. However, in impermeable genotypes, the cracks were not found in all seeds except for the tiny cracks (0.1 - 0.2 μm) in YWS1459. The free deposit with lager cuticle cracks on the seed coat surface seems to be related to permeability of wild soybean seed coat.
Drought is the most destructive abiotic stress and negatively affects crop growth and productivity. Modern breeding efforts have produced numerous cultivars with distinct genetic traits that improve crop growth and drought stress tolerance. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance drought tolerance in soybean plants by directly providing nutrients to plants, promoting photosynthesis, or influencing interspecific plant interactions in natural communities. However, the interactions between AMF and wild and transgenic soybean genotypes remain unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth performance of drought-stressed transgenic soybean lines (ZXOE-11 and ZXOE-13) overexpressing GmSPL9d gene and their wild soybean Tianlong 1 (TL1) at the seedling stage (45 d after sowing). The results showed that colonization of wild and transgenic soybean with Rhizophagus irregularis significantly decreased the adverse effects of drought on plant growth. AMF inoculation significantly increased plant biomass, root activity, chlorophyll metabolism, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence in wild-type and transgenic plants under both control and drought stress conditions. Drought causes the production of ROS, such as hydrogen peroxide, which enhances MDA, thereby decreasing the membrane stability index (MSI). However, AMF-inoculated plants exhibited decreased ROS accumulation and increased MSI. Moreover, AMF treatment significantly improved osmolyte, nitrogen, and nitrate reductase activity under control and drought conditions, which increased the relative water content. Furthermore, AMF treatment enhanced the antioxidant systems of drought-stressed plants by increasing the activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase. AMF improved the growth performance, photosynthesis, and antioxidant activity of transgenic plants under drought stress conditions. The present findings indicate that the AMF contribution to soybean seedling drought tolerance was more significant for the transgenic plants than for the wild plants under drought conditions. The current findings emphasize the possibility of growth and photosynthetic variation in the degree of AMF-associated drought resistance in soybean plants. Our findings suggest that future crop breeding challenges include developing cultivars for sustainable production and maximizing crop cultivar and fungal species (AMF) combinations in drought-stressed regions.
GPD encodes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme involved in sugar mobilization, particularly glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The objective of this study was to determine physiological aspects of germination and early seedling establishment of PsGPD (Pleurotus sajor-caju glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) expressing transgenic rice (T5) against different salt concentrations. The T5 line that carried 2 copies of T-DNA and had the highest level of PsGPD expression was used in the investigation. Final germination percentage, amylase activity, reducing sugar accumulation, and chlorophyll biosynthesis were comparatively higher in PsGPD expressing transgenic rice against elevating saline conditions. A slow-paced conversion of porphyrin's precursors was seen through the matrix model and further elaborated by a graphical model. A sustained level of porphyrin was observed in PsGPD expressing transgenic rice. These data were concurrent with the relative gene expression and thermal imaging (thermography) of PsGPD expressing transgenic rice against salt stress. Morphological attributes also favored the salt tolerance exhibited by PsGPD-transformed rice. Siddiqui et al. PsGPD Stimulate Chlorophyll Biosynthesis GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT | HIGHLIGHTS-PsGPD expressing transgenic rice was tested against salt stress at the most sensitive stage of plants.-Transgenic rice (line T5) showed a proper supply of energy and substrate to complete germination.-Seedlings were established due to rapid chlorophyll synthesis.
Seed germination experiments with Corylopsis coreana, C. sinensis var. calvescens, and Corylopsis gotoana were conducted. Corylopsis coreana seeds were treated at 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 20°C to study the upper temperature limit to break dormancy. Seeds of C. sinensis var. calvescens were treated 1 month with warm stratification (WS) at 10, 15, 20, and 25°C followed by cold stratification (CS) at 5°C for 0, 1, 2, and 3 months to understand the requirements of WS and CS to effectively break dormancy. Germination of Corylopsis seeds at 15-20°C without CS suggests that dormancy is considered shallow and the upper temperature limit to break is 12.5°C. Immersing seeds in water or ethanol induced seed germination which may result from leaching of inhibitors from the seed. Observation of seed coats following treatment with water and ethanol by means of low temperature scanning electron microscopy (LT-SEM) revealed elongated and rectangular/hexagonal shaped cells in C. coreana and irregular jigsaw puzzle-piece shapes in C. gotoana. In conclusion, dormancy in Corylopsis is considered shallow and the optimum CS is suggested to be 7.5°C, while the optimum WS is ranging from 12.5 to 20°C. © 2016, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences. All rights reserved.
The role of enzyme amylase in two germinating seed morphs, i.e. black and brown, of Halopyrum mucronatum in saline and non-saline environment was examined. Both seed morphs of this halophytic grass have variations in their moisture
content, total lipid, protein, sugar, phenol and tannin contents. Black seed exhibited higher activity compared to brown in
saline medium. Sugar mobilization in both seed morphs was also affected due to the difference in amylase activity. However,
exogenous application of GA3 in saline medium enhanced the amylase activity and sugar mobilization. Phenolic contents were similar except for vanillic
acid which was found only in brown seeds while catechol was present only in black seeds. Phenols extracted from both seed
morphs were applied to determine their effects on amylase activity. Phenolic extracts obtained from brown seeds showed higher
degree of inhibition of amylase activity. Results are discussed in relation to seed coat phenols, leaching, amylase activity
and sugar mobilization.
KeywordsAmylase–Phenols–Seed types–Leaching–Germination–Response
