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Endangered / Threatened Plants

Serial Name of Plant Family Description Image
1 Aconogonum molle (D. Don) H. Hara (unresolved) Polygonaceae A perennial, tall, erect, soft-hairy undershrub; stems pubescent; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, velvety above, hairy below, stipulate; stipule ochreate, ovate, tubular up to 5 cm long, membranous; flowers numerous, beautiful creamy white, arranged in a large thyrsoid, velvety panicle, perianth (tepals) 5, oblong-lanceolate; stamens 8 with long thread like filaments; styles 3 with head-like stigmas, ovary trigonous with basal placentation; fruits baccate (nuts included within reddish black fleshy tepals, exserted upo to ½ or 1/3 rd of its length).
2 Atylosia scarabaeoides(L.) Benth. Fabaceae (Leguminosae) ennial climber or trailer with woody root. Stem is covered with rusty reddish pubescence. Leaves are trifoliolate, with 7-27 mm long stalk. Leaflets, elliptic or elliptic-obovate, lateral leaflets slightly oblique, blunt to somewhat pointed, velvety and gland dotted on both surfaces.. Yellow flowers are borne in 2-6-flowered clusters on short axillary stalks. Flowers are yellow, flushed crimson externally.. densely velvety and glandular, 3-6-seeded, furrowed between the seeds.
3 Balanophora indica (Arn.) Griff. Balanophoraceae Unisexual dioecious, parasitic (Plants’ arise from an irregularly-shaped, hard, bulbous mass attached to the roots of rain forest plants), herbs, 10-25 cm high; rootstock warted with lenticels; stem stout, short, cylindric, leafy bracts/leaves ovate to sub orbicular, without chlorophyll, obtuse at apex, purple, without venation; male flowers small, reddish, actinomorphic, 0.4-0.6 cm long; perianth lobes 2-6, white, each subtended by a truncate bract; stamens 2-6 or more; filaments united,; male inflorescence obovoid, dense raceme, Pollen white. Backs of the anthers fused to one another to form a globular head of anthers in the middle of each male flower. Anthers opening by a horseshoe-shaped slit. 5-10 cm long, 3-6 cm wide. Female inflorescence globose heads, 2-5 cm diam., Spadicles subclavate in female flower, bright red in colour; no perianth, ovary vary ellipsoid, minute.
4 Borreria hispida K. Schum. Rubiaceae A procumbent, branched, hairy or rough annual herb 10 to 14 centimeters in length; branches are greenish or purplish, ascending, stout, quadrangular; leaves simple, linearly-ovate, spatulate, or elliptic, and pointed or rounded at the tip; stipulate; interpetiolar; flowers are 4 to 6, arranged in a whorl in the leaf axils; calyx-teeth are linear-lanceolate; corolla pale blue or white; fruit is a hairy capsule about 5 millimeters in length. The seeds are oblong, granulate, opaque.
5 Brachiaria reptans (L.)Gardner & Hubbard Poaceae (Gramineae) Decumbent annual herb, 15-60 cm high rooting at nodes. Leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate. Inflorescence of 5-16 cm racemes on an axis; racemes with a triquetrous rhachis. Spikelets, glabrous, narrowly ovate, borne in pairs and crowded on the rachis; Fertile spikelets: Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile floret; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets elliptic, or oblo
6 Cephalotaxus mannii Hook.f. Cephalotaxaceae Evergreen tree up to 20 meters tall; Bark light brown to reddish brown, flaking off; twigs elliptic or oblong-elliptic in outline; blade dark green or shining olive green adaxially, linear or linear-lanceolate, usually straight, occasionally slightly falcate, flat; leathery or relatively thin, midvein prominent adaxially, 0.2-0.3 mm wide abaxially, stomatal bands white or bluish white, often indistinct and green when dry because of white powder being shed, marginal bands 0.1-0.3 mm wide, base very broadly obtuse or obtusely truncate, symmetric or not, margin narrowly revolute, apex cuspidate (with leaf tapered into apex from at least middle, often from base), or abruptly and very shortly mucronate (with leaf parallel-sided and mucro 0.1-0.2 mm). Pollen cones borne 6-8 together, pale yellow, globose, 4-4.5 mm in diam.; peduncle (1-)4-5 mm, usually with at least 10 bracts; microsporophylls 7-13, each with 3 or 4 pollen sacs. Seed cones solitary or borne 2 or 3 together; peduncle 6-10 mm; fruit aril green initially, turning red when ripe
7 Cheilanthes farinosa (Forssk.) Kaulf. Adiantaceae Fern; stems rhizomatous; rhizome erect, short, scaly, dark brown scales, entire, margins pale; fonds tufted, erect, herbaceous or slightly coriaceous; stipe black, shiny, with brown scales scattered; lamina ovate-lanceolate, 2-3-pinnatifid; pinnae glabrous, dark matt green above, covered with whitish, yellow powder beneath (hence farinosa); upper pinnae oblong, decurrent; lower pinnae basiscopically developed; ultimate pinnae oblong, minutely toothed; rachis, costa, costules shiny, glabrous; sori small, marginal, in discrete or in clusters, indusiate; indusium small, semi-transparent, variously lacerate.
8 Calamintha umbrosa (M. Bieb.) Rchb. Lamiaceae Softly, hairy perennial aromatic herb/undershrub with 1-3ft height, 4- angled stem; leaves thin-textured, ovate, sub-sessile, sharply toothed margin, rounded at base, acute above, sparingly pilose especially on veins beneath, with or without scattered sessile oil globules; flowers small, pink or purple arranged in lax-few-flowered whorls (verticillaster), bracts, unequal sepals with bristle hairy; corolla 2-lipped, upper lip deflexed; stamens didynamous (2+2), epipetalous, protruding; styles gynobasic; fruits cercerule.
9 Casuarina equisetifolia L. Casuarinaceae An evergreen tree (100-150 ft) bearing minute scale-leaves in whorls of 6–8 and having a conifer like appearance. Leaves resemble to a horse’s tail and hence equisetifolia. Trunk stout, covered with thick pebbly textured brownish grey bark. The flowers are produced in small catkin like inflorescences; the male flowers in simple spikes; the female flowers on short peduncle. The fruit is an oval woody structure, long, superficially res
10 Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Chenopodiaceae An annual or perennial erect herb, height of five feet; stems slightly woody at the bottom, branched, with potent smell; leaves simple, alternate, roughly toothed, lanceolate; flowers thick spines of minute flowers, numerous, yellowish-green in cymose clusters forming axillary spikes or long terminal panicles at the leaf axils; sepals 5, sometimes only 3, enclosing the utricle; stamens are as many as sepals, hypogynous or somewhat perigynous, filaments distinct; fruit is perfectly enclosed in the calyx, obtusely angled; seed smooth and shining
11 Circaea alpina L. Onagraceae Perennial herb with runners 10-30 cm tall; stem unbranched, fragile; leaves simple, opposite, acute at apex, cordate at base, toothed at margin, no stipules; flowers white, regular, bracteate, radially symmetrical, arranged In a lax raceme, has hypanthium; both sepals and petals 2 each in number, the petals are thin and delicate, obovate, retuse at apex, and pigmented ; stamens 2, anthers basifixed to filaments, ovary inferior, carpels 2 fused; fruit dry indehiscent, hairy achene, 1.6-2.6 mm
12 Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Perennial branched shrub with 1-3 m in length; stems 4-angled at young; leaves light green, opposite, ovate-lanceolate, crowded at branch ends, finely serrate at margins, acute at apex; flowers numerous, small, often gynodioecious, clustered in a panicles of upright spikes, looking hairy like squirrel’s tail; Calyx 1-2 mm in flower; teeth prominently plumose in fruit; corolla 2 mm long, equally 4-lobed; stamens 4, exserted in male flowers, included in female flowers, filaments glabrous; style bifid at tip; fruits nutlets long, obovoid, not trigonous, densely pilose
13 Costus speciosus (J.Koenig) Sm. Zingiberaceae A succulent, erect, perennial, undershrub growing to a height of 1- 3 m, rhizomatous, resembling ginger plant; root stock tuberous stem, sub-woody at the base, thick creeping rhizomes; leaves are 6-12 inch long, slightly oval and 3-4 inch wide; flowers are found in clusters, white in color with reddish end and 2-4 inch long, fragrant, looking like crepe paper, thus "Crepe ginger", with a cupshaped labellum and crest yellow stamens; fruits red in color whereas seeds are black, five in number with a white fleshy aril
14 Cupressus torulosa D.Don Cupressaceae Evergreen tree carrying large, oval to broadly conical crown, 15-25 m tall, with a dbh of 40-60 cm; the bark is thick which is brown in color; the branches are slender and the branchlets are cylindrical, branching lies in whorls; leaves are scale-shaped and dark green which are closely appressed, obtuse, often with a small dorsal furrow; shoots lie in a single plane, male cones are subglobular and the female cones are elliptical, composed of 6-8 scales, with a small central depression; stamens are numerous, each with 2–6 globose anther cells; seeds are reddish-brown in color and 6-8 in each scale
15 Cyperus odoratus L. Cyperaceae An annual herb ,has some long, thin grass-like leaves around the base. The inflorescence is made up of several small bottlebrush-like clusters of spikelets; Each spikelet is usually light brown to reddish-brown and has a few to over 20 flowers. Each flower is covered by a tough, flat bract with a visible mid vein. Spikelets 12–34 × 0.9–1.5 mm, 0.6–1.1 mm thick. Rachilla articulate at the base and all nodes, spikelet splitting into unities composed of rachilla 1 internode + 1 glume + 1 achene, internodes 1.3–2 mm long. Rachilla wings present, 0.6–1.3 mm wide, spongy, becoming membranaceous at the margins, yellowish-brown to ochraceous. Stamina 3; anther 0.4–0.7 × 0.1–0.2 mm; connective prolongation absent or present at the anther apex, up to 0.1 mm long, vinaceous to reddish, glabrous. The fruit is a flat achene
16 Crawfurdia speciosa Wall. Gentianaceae A climbing vine; rhizomes yellow, divaricate, fleshy. Stems twining, terete, glabrous; leaves linar to ovate-lanceolate, acute to acuminate at apex, irregularly toothed at margins, opposite with 3 prominent parallel veins; flowers axillary, bellshaped, blue-purple, borne in stalked clusters of 1-3 flowers, tubular with five triangular lobes, spreading outwards; calyx campanulate, sepals connate, 5 tiny parts, lobes triangular, apex acute; corolla blue-purple to purple, campanulate; lobes broadly ovatetriangular, acute at apex; plicae semiorbicular to truncate, oblique, margin crenulate at margins; stamens inserted at middle of corolla tube; filaments linear-subulate, anthers sagittate; nectaries narrowly ovate.; style 2-lobed; fruit capsule; dark brown, ellipsoid, compressed, included in corolla to exserted; gynophore 1.5-3.5 cm. Seeds brown
17 Desmodium gangeticum Blanco Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Perennial herb, erect shrubby, 20-200 cm tall, rarely prostrate or straggling; stems angular, pubescent with longer hairs on the angles; leaves unifoliolate, simple (unique in Fabaceae), round, oblong, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, rounded or pointed at the apex, almost hairless or with fine very short hairs above, with much longer hairs beneath; entire at margin; stipulate; stipules lanceolate; inflorescences terminal and axillary racemes, sometimes branched 7-40 cm long; flowers pea-flower shaped, with standard pink, blue, mauve, white or greenish and dark blue; calyx hairy; sepal cup pale –green; fruit 8-25 mm long pods, joined by narrow necks and covered with short hooked hairs, sometimes with longer hairs on the margins
18 Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Caryophyllaceae A weak prostrate or creeping annual, or less commonly perennial, herb, usually with a mass of extensively branched, trailing weak stems; leaves opposite, round to heart-shaped or oval with rounded bases, rounded or bluntly pointed at tips, glabrous, weakly three-nerved, and paler below; stipulate; Very short stipules persist at the bases of the petioles; flowers small consisting of five narrow green sepals, deeply forked, white petals which are shorter than the sepals, and two or three stamens surrounding the deeply divided style; arranged in small repeatedly forked terminal or axillary cymes, on slender, densely hairy pedicels; fruit- a papery capsule, splitting at maturity into three parts; seeds 5-10 small reddish tuberculate flattened
19 Eriocaulon cinereum R.Br. Eriocaulaceae A submerged aquatic annual plant, growing up to 8 cm in height with a large root system and due to its small size it is an ideal as a foreground plant. The leaves are bright green in color, linear, rosette in form, sessile, entire at margins with parallel venation; flowers white, funnel-shaped
20 Globba bulbifera Roxb. Zingeberaceae An erect rhizome forming herbs, with slender stem up to 50 cm tall, usually solitary. Leaves are bifarious, oblong-lance shaped, pointed at tip, sessile, glabrous. Inflorescence type is a spike, up to 10 cm long, often with bulbils towards the base. Bracteate; bracts are 1-2 cm long, broadly ovate, greenish; bracteolate with bracteoles 1 cm long, ovate. Flowers are single formed in each bract, 1.4 cm long, tube slender, petals short, yellow; lip as long as the flower, deeply 2-lobed, yellow, calyx funnel shaped, 3-lobed.; stamen 1, anthers broadly winged; lateral staminodes oblong; ovary 1-celled; ovules many on 3-parietal placentas; style 1, slender; stigma top-shaped. Fruit capsule type oblong, glabrous, coarsely rugose
21 Gnaphalium luteoalbum L. Asteraceae (Compositae) An erect ascending, wooly annual herbs, grows up to 70 cm high, often woody at base; leaves sessile, semi-amplexicaul at base, oblong, spathulate or oblanceolate, woolly on both surfaces, obtuse at apex, sometimes mucronate, entire at margins, those at apical nodes linear-oblong, acute at apex; flowers arranged in capitula borne in dense terminal corymbs, golden-yellow, glistening; involucre bracts shining, straw-coloured, sub-herbaceous at base and transparent towards apex, outer ones ovate, sub-acute, inner linear, acute or sub-acute. Ray-florets: numerous, pappus shorter than the involucre. Disc-florets: slender; style-branches truncate; fruits cypsela oblong, papillose; Achenes are tubercled or have minute curved bristles
22 Hedera nepalensis K.Koch Araliaceae (Ginseng Family) Evergreen, woody climber, climbing into tall trees by aerial roots; leaves ovate to lanceolate to variously lobed, leathery, dark-green, glossy, ivy-like, subacute to obtuse at apex, cordate to rounded to cuneate at base; flowers tiny, many, yellowish-green, in stalked spherical umbel-arranged in domed clusters, the petals are placed edge-to-edge; fruit a berry, round.
23 Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Saururaceae Perennial aromatic herb with aromatic rhizome and creeping root stock; leaves broad, ovate-cordate, thinly papery, densely glandular, purplish abaxial, base cordate at base, shortly acuminate at apex; stipular sheath as long as petiole, usually ciliate, base enlarged and slightly clasping; flowers naked, subtended by four white and petalloid bracts, involucres, non-petal, yellow inflorescences (spike dense); stamens three
24 Hedyotis scandens Roxb. Rubiaceae A slender woody much-branched climbing, lianescent, shrub; stems compressed terete to angled, smooth or sulcate, glabrous or puberulent in lines; leaves sessile or shortly petioled, elliptic or lanceolate, acuminate at apex, stipulate; stipule interpetiolar; flower small, white, subumbellate, in terminal, spreading, leafy cymes; Inflorescences terminal and usually also in axils of uppermost leaves, cymose to compound-cymose, densely pilosulous or hirtellous, pedunculate; flowers pedicellate, distylous. Calyx glabrous; hypanthium portion obconical, sometimes ridged; limb 1-2 mm, lobed for 1/3-1/2, lobes triangular and thickened, sometimes costate; corolla white or yellow, tubular-funnelform to funnelform, outside glabrous, inside densely villous in throat and throughout lobes; tube 1-2 mm; lobes narrowly spatulateoblong to narrowly triangular, 3-4 mm, acute; anthers shortly to long exserted; stigmas 0.3-1 mm; fruit capsular, subglobose, ellipsoid, or ovoid
25 Hewittia sublobata Kuntze Convolvulaceae Herbaceous, prostrate or twining perennial herb with slender stems, stems climb into the surrounding vegetation, or scramble over the ground occasionally forming new roots at the nodes; leaves oblong or ovate, variably cordate or hastate at the base, velvety or hairy on both surfaces; entire or dentate at margins; flowers in 1-3-flowered clusters; corolla pale yellow or whitish with a dark purple-red centre; capsule depressed-spherical to almost square, hairy, crowned with the persistent style
26 Ecbolium linneanum Kurz. Acanthaceae Low shrubby habit with woody root stock, bluish bifid flowers in dense spikes,large imbricate 4-ranked bracts oblong lanceolate lamina tapering at both ends and very short petioles; large oval glandular cells with dense contents, on leaf and stem periphery; leaves with caryophyllaceous stomata.The bacterial pathogens were strongly inhibited by leaf extracts but acetone extracts of stem have failed to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa even at the highest concentration.
27 Fagopyrum cymosum (Trevir.) Meisn. Polygonaceae An annual herb, growing up to 1 m tall, glabrous or young parts rarely minutely pubescent. Stem is ribbed, reddish. Leaves are stalked, stalk 0.5-2 cm long. Lower leaves have long stalks, upper ones are sub-sessile. Leaves are triangular or sagittate, heart-shaped, basal lobes rounded to long-pointed, 1.5-10 x 1-8 cm. Flowers are pedicellate many-flowered corymb-like clusters, in leaf axils and the end of branches. Flowers are pink or white, stalked. Petals are 5, ovate or oblong-ovate. Stamens are 8, unequal, about 1.5 mm long. Ovary is 3-angled, styles 3, as long as ovary. Nuts are deeply 3-angled, angles acute, brown, smooth, narrowed at both the ends,
28 Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Asteraceae (Compositae) An annual branched ascending herb; leaves stalked, simple-opposite, lower leaves with petioles, upper ones without; leaf blade oval to oblong with sharp apex. Composite flowers 5-8 mm across, borne on long acillary peduncles arranged in capitulum bearing two types of flower: ligulate female white flowers at the margin (white ray) and tubular hermaphrodite yellow flowers in the central disc; fruits cypsela- peripheral and central-Both types are black. The dispersal units are achenes bearing pappus or parts of flower structures (involucral bractea and the two paleas) that are easily transported by wind or animals.
29 Herpestis chamaedryoides Kunth Scrophulariaceae An annual decumbent trailing ephemeral herb; rooting at lower nodes; stems weak, sharply quadrangular, glabrous; leaves opposite, glabrous, short-petioled or petioles indistinct, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, apically obtuse, basally cuneate or obtuse; flowers bisexual, zygomorphic, axillary, solitary; pedicellate; pedicels thin, glabrous, 4-6 mm long; bracteates; sepals free, with acute base, glabrous, 5 – lobed; the 3 outer lobes ovate – oblong, attenuate at apex, subobtuse at base, the 2 inner ones shorter, much narrower, linear, calyx accrescent; corolla bilabiate, yellow with purple lines on upper lip, slightly longer than the calyx; upper lip emarginated; stamens 4, didynamous; anther cells divaricate; ovary superior, narrowly ovoid; style filiform, 1.3 mm long, curved at apex. Fruit-capsule, narrowly ellipsoid, 2-valved, glabrous, dehiscent loculicidally and septicidally from apex; Seeds numerous, tuberculate, yellow or greenish brown, oblong with obtuse or truncate apex and subobtuse base
30 Hydrangea paniculata Raf. Hydrangeaceae A vigorous deciduous upright shrub with panicles of creamy white flowers arranged in a cone-shaped panicle (racemose) which fade to deep pink, from late summer into autumn; leaves simple, elliptic or ovate, opposite or in cluster of three, serrate at margins, acuminate at apex, rounded or tapered at the base, sparsely pubescent; sterile flowers are mixed with small white fertile flowers, fruit-cup like capsule
31 Hydrolea zeylanica Vahl Hydrophyllaceae/Hydroleaceae An annual aquatic herb, ascending or prostrate, laxly branched; leaves simple, alternate, linear lanceolate, acute at apex, shortly petioled; flowers bright blue, numerous, arranged in solitary axillary raceme; sepals 5, hairy, green, oblong-linear, hairy, often persistent; petals deeply partite; stamens 5, inserted into the corolla throat, alternipetalous, anthers deeply sagitate at base; ovary superior, 2-celled, styles 2, widely divergent, stigma club-shaped, capitate; fruit capsule, ellipsoid, surrounded by the persistent calyx-lobes, contains numerous small seeds
32 Hygrophila phlomoides (Wall.) Nees. Acanthaceae Perennials to 1 m tall, erect. Stems quadrangular, brown strigose. mm, hirsute; leaf blade elliptic, obovate, or oblong, papery, cystoliths dense, both surfaces hirsute, , base usually attenuate and decurrent onto petiole. Flowers axillary, several clustered or in whorls upward; bracteoles linear-oblong, hirsute. Calyx, white hirsute, 5-lobed to middle; lobes linear. Corolla, pubescent; lower lip oblong, sparely pilose, 3-lobed; upper lip triangular, 2-lobed. Stamens 4; mm; pubescent. Capsule.
33 Hypericum japonicum Thunb. Clusiaceae An annual erect to decumbent herb; stems solitary, unbranched below inflorescence or variously branched, 4-lined, with scattered gland dots; leaves sessile; ovate or ovate-triangular to oblong or elliptic, thickly papery, abaxially paler and sometimes glaucous, laminar and intramarginal glands dense, basal, base cordate-amplexicaul to cuneate, margin plane, apex obtuse to rounded; flowers stellate, buds cylindric-ellipsoid, obtuse at apex, arranged in cymes; sepals free, erect, narrowly oblong or rarely lanceolate to elliptic, distally dots, apex acute to rounded; petals pale to bright yellow or orange, obovate to oblong or elliptic, entire at margin, glandular, stamens 5-30, irregular or in 5 obscure groups when few; Ovary broadly ovoid to subglobose; styles as long as ovary, spreading; fruits-capsule cylindric to globose,
34 Liparis chungthungnensis Orchidaceae Annual Herbs; stem round; sheaths few; leaves 2, opposite, very slender, 10-17 cm long, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute at apex; scape tall; bracts slender at length deflexed; flowers small, yellowish, arranged in terminal racemes, resupinate; sepals 3-5 nerved, obtuse, lateral oblong, dorsal longer oblong-lanceolate; petals as long, very slender, lip flabelliform, with a contracted 2-auricled base; column compressed from back to front, short straight flattened truncate, wing less; anthers terminal; capsule 2 cm long, clavate.
35 Muehlenbeckia platyclada (F.Muell.) Meisn. Polygonaceae Perennial erect, 1m tall shruby plant with broad, flat, thin, articulate, delicately striate, ribbon-like phylloclades-short flattened photosynthetic shoots that functions like leaves; leaves small, green, membranous, entire, often lobed at base, 1.5-6.5 cm long. Ochreae 1-2 mm long, ovate, obtuse; flowers sessile, clustered, borne directly from the shoot-joint; bracteate, bracts ovate, c. 1 mm long. Perianth segments 5, greenish, oblong, 1-1.5 mm long. Stamens 8. Ovary ovoid, 3-angular c. 1 mm long; styles 3; fruits red, nuts enclosed in the fleshy deep red or purplish perianth
36 Mukia scabrella Arn. Cucurbitaceae Scabridly hairy climber, unisexual; stem much branched, angled, grooved, petioles and inflorescence axis hispid and scabrid with small white prickles. Leaves pale green or hoary, rather coriaceous, cordate or oblong or deltoid-cordate, entire or 3–7-lobed, obtusely sinuate-soothed, scabrid on both surfaces and hispid below. Male fl.: Pedicellate, fascicled, stamens synandrous. Female fl: Sessile. pale to bright yellow. Fruit red or yellowish berries
37 Neillia thyrsiflora D. Don. Rosaceae Erect, deciduous shrubs with branchlets red-brown, angled, glabrous to slightly pubescent; leaves stipulate; stipules ovate-lanceolate, subglabrous, margin remotely serrate, apex acute; petiolate; petioles 1–1.5 cm, partially glabrous; leaf blade ovate to ovate-elliptic, abaxially sparsely pubescent on veins or semiglabrous, margin usually 3-parted, rarely with 3–5 equal lobes, sharply doubly serrate, apex long acuminate. Panicle many flowered, densely or laxly branched; peduncle and pedicels marginally pubescent. Hypanthium campanulate, abaxially pubescent. Sepals triangular, equaling hypanthium, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, entire at margin, caudate at apex. Petals white, obovate. Stamens 10–15. Follicles cylindric. Seeds ovoid.
38 Nephrodium filix-mas (L.) Rich. ex Desv. Dryopteridaceae An evergreen Fern up to 1.20 m tall; rhizomatous; The rhizome occurs in pieces from 7.5 to 15 cm in length, and from 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter. It is covered with the hard, persistent, curved, angular, dark brown bases of the petioles, which bear numerous brownish membranous hairs. Externally, the rhizome is brown; internally, green, becoming brown on long keeping.
39 Panicum repens L. Poaceae (Gramineae) A rhizomatous, creeping perennial, rooting at the base; branching rhizomes which are thick and pointed, leaf-blades usually inrolled when dry, with scattered hairs on the upper surface. Inflorescence an open loose panicle long carrying small spikelets, branches ascending, spikelets 3 mm long, 2-flowered pale green/glaucous, sometimes tinged with purple, oblong-ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, 2.5-3 mm long. Lower glume 1-3 nerved, broadly ovate one-fifth to one-third as long as the spikelet, upper glume and lower lemma similar, 7-nerved, as long as the spikelet, upper lemma shorter, pale and glossy, anthers three, yellow-orange, stigmas purple; fruit-caryopsis (seed) lanceolate, pale, white or straw-coloured. acute and gaping at the tip, Fruit glossy white. Young shoots covered by leaf-sheaths (hence "torpedo grass").
40 Prenanthes alba L. Asteraceae (Compositae) Erect perennial herb with milky juice; stems thick,often purplish, central stem is terete, light green to purple (usually the latter), glabrous, and glaucous; leaves alternate, hairy below; The generic name is derived from two Greek words “prenes” meaning often inclined forward and “anthos” meaning flower, indicating the weak inflorescence inclining forward; inflorescence with nodding heads branched clusters, in panicles of flowerheads; cylindrical base of each flowerhead has 8 primary bracts (phyllaries) linear in shape, pale greenish purple to purple, and glabrous flower-pink to cream ray florets, the petaloid rays of these florets spread outward widely when the flowerhead is in bloom. These petaloid rays are pale purple, lavender, or white; they are linear in shape with minutely toothed truncate tips and no disk florets; purplish bracts with no hairs; fruit- dry seed with brownish, fluffy pappus.
41 Primula vulgaris Hill Primulaceae A perennial hemicryptophyte herb, with a basal rosette of leaves, often heavily wrinkled, lamina oblanceolate to obovate, rounded at apex, gradually tapering at the base into the petiole, irregularly erose-denticulate to crenate at the margin, membranous in texture, glabrous above, with impressed veins; inflorescence solitary, axillary; The flowers are typically pale yellow, though white or pink, a dark yellow spot present at the base of each petal, heteromorphic; two kinds of flowers, externally apparently identical, but inwardly of different construction. Only one kind is found on each plant, never both, one kind being known as ‘pin-eyed’ and the other as ‘thrum-eyed.’ In both, the green-tubed calyx and the pale yellow corolla of five petals, joined into a tube below and spreading into a disk above are identical, but in the centre of the pin-eyed flowers there is only the green knob of the stigma, looking like a pin’s head, whereas in the centre of the thrum-eyed flowers there are five anthers, in a ring round the tube, but no central knob. Farther down the tube, there are in the pin-eyed flowers five anthers hanging on to the wall of the corolla tube, while in the thrum-eyed, at this same spot, is the stigma knob. Corolla pale yellow with dull diffuse orange marks at the base of each petal, annulate or exannulate, heteromorphic; tube as long as or a little longer than the calyx, cylindrical, becoming slightly wider above the insertion of the stamens, limb 2–4 cm in diameter with patent overlapping lobes. At the bottom of the tube in both alike is the seed-case and round it the honey; stamens prominent; fruit-capsule, open by valves, seeds small, black.
42 Prunella vulgaris L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Erect perennial herb, square, reddish stems; stems often square, crimson tinged, and erect to decumbent; leaves are lance shaped, short petiolate, serrate at margin, and reddish at tip, growing in opposite pairs down the square stem; Flowers are bright blue-violet, rarely pink or white, two lipped and tubular, top lip is a purple hood, and the bottom lip is often white; stamens 4 ,free; fruit dry, nutlets 4. The genus name, Prunella, comes from the German word for quinsy, a severe sore throat caused by a tonsil abscess for which self-heal is said to be a cure. The species name vulgaris, meaning “common,” indicates the plant’s ubiquitous nature.
43 Ranunculus sceleratus L. Ranunculaceae Annual herb which produces a multitude of small yellow flowers. The flowers have three to five yellow petals 2-5 × 1-3 mm and reflexed sepals as long as petals. The leaves have small blades each deeply lobed or divided into usually three leaflets, and look like coriander leaves. They are borne on long stalks. The fruits arise in heads 5-13 × 3-7 mm and make the plant easy to identify.
44 Sagittaria sagittifolia L. Alistamaceae A herbaceous aquatic erect, perennial plant; leaves sagittate-shaped, glossy, borne on triangular stalks that vary in length with the depth of the water in which the plant is growing. The early, submerged leaves are ribbon like. The flower-stem rises directly from the root and bears several rings of buds and blossoms, three in each ring or whorl, and each flower composed of three outer sepals and three large, pure white petals, with a purple blotch at their base. The upper flowers are stamen bearing; the lower ones generally contain the seed vessels only. Tubers are walnut sized and grow just below the mud surface, produced on creeping runner.
45 Selinum wallichianum (DC.) Raizada & Saxena Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Tap-rooted perennial herb, taproot elongate or cylindrical; stems erect, base clothed with fibrous remnant sheaths; ; leaves finely dissected, pinnate, large, basal leaves 2–3-pinnate or ternate-2-pinnate; stem leaves gradually reduced upwards, becoming sessile on expanded sheaths; inflorescence compound umbel, with small, white flowers, terminal and lateral; bracts entire, 2–3-lobed at apex, or 1–2-pinnate, or absent; rays numerous; bracteoles longer than umbels, lanceolate, ascending, margins white membranous; calyx teeth evident, linear-lanceolate, equaling or exceeding the stylopodium, unequal; petals white or pinkish, obovate, base cuneate, apex notched with small incurved lobule; stylopodium conic; styles ca. 2 × stylopodium, reflexed after flowering; fruits oblong-ovoid, compressed dorsally, glabrous; dorsal ribs thickened; lateral ribs broad-winged (2 × dorsal wings); seed face plane; carpophore 2-cleft to base.
46 Cardanthera triflora Buch.-Ham. Ex Nees Acanthaceae Viscid aromatic herbs; stem erect or ascending, rooting at nodes, Leaves opposite, dimorphic, submerged leaves, pinnately or bipinnately dissected,serrate-dentate, densely glandular hairy above. Flowers axillary. Corolla pale blue with a purple palate, 1.3 cm long, bilabiate, lower lip pubescent, shortly 3-lobed at apex, upper lip shortly 2-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous; filaments hairy at base; Style filiform, pubescent; stigma 2-fid; Capsule; seeds many.
47 Heliotropium curassavicum L. Boraginaceae An annual to perennial, prostrate to ascending, subsucculent herb with stems up to 50cm or more long; leaves simple, linear-lanceolate, alternate, pubescent, acute to acuminate at apex, decurrent at base along the petiole, flowers small, white; calyx green, stamens 5, insertyed into the corolla tube, included, styles terminal; fruits dry nutlets
48 Hymenopyramis brachiata Wall. ex Griff. Lamiales/Verbenaceae Climber/creeper bushy; The thorn is stiff. Branches and inflorescences perpendicular to the trunk. Soft branches are short, light brown, dense ; leaves simple, alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acute at apex, entire at margin, cuneate to tapering at base; flowers small, bouquet branching; perennial petal, perpendicular to the small white flowers; the base of the petals; the base is small, very short brown hairs petals, petals 4, very cone-shaped cone. At the end of the split, four stamens are longer than the petals, about 2 times smaller than the smaller stamens. Female stigma splits into two lobes
49 Hyphaene thebaica Mart. Arecaceae (Palmae) Tall, multi-stemmed evergreen palm tree growing slowly up to an ultimate height of around 15 metres. The stem can be 15cm in diameter.
50 Hypoestes triflora Roem. & Schult. Acanthaceae Annual decumbent herb, 1 m tall, much branched; stems 4-angled, sulcate, strigose; petiolate; petiole 1-3 cm, pubescent; leaf ovate, ovate-elliptic, or oblong, both surfaces sparsely pubescent, secondary veins 4-7 on each side of mid vein, acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, minutely crenate to denticulate at margin. Cymes pedunculate in leaf axils and/or in axils of subleaflike bracts distally or in a terminal cluster; outer pair of bracteoles elliptic to obovate to oblanceolate, abaxially pilose, rounded to acute at apex, cuneate at base; inner pair of bracteoles linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, smaller, acute at apex, connate at base. Calyx 5-lobed almost to base; lobes linear-lanceolate. Corolla white to pink with maroon markings, outside pubescent; tube basally cylindrical; lip in lower position lanceolate, apex slightly 2-lobed; lip in upper position oblong; ovary pubescent; style glabrous; stigma unequally 2-lobed; fruit-capsule, pubescent
51 Impatiens glandulifera Royle Balsaminaceae An annual, erect, herb; stems jointed, reddish colored, multi-branched, hollow, glabrous, shiny with large swollen nodes; leaves simple, oblong, ovate to elliptical, and arranged oppositely, sharply serrated at margins; flowers irregular, bilaterally symmetrical, pink to purple or red, blue, pink 2-14 arranged in a raceme, bearing 5 petals with the lowest sepal forming a sac that ends in a straight spur. Seed capsule
52 Ipomoea learii Paxton Convolvulaceae Perennial prostrate or twining herbaceous climber up to 15 m tall but scrambling over low vegetation or creeping over ground; stems hairy retrotrse in young with a white milky sap; leaves lush green, leathery, cordate or 3-lobed, alternately arranged, acute at apices, hairy; flowers funnel shaped, tubular, with a flared top, opening in the morning and closing by mid-afternoon, reddish-pinkish purple arranged in clusters in leaf axils, bracts parallel sided 10-20 mm long, stamens - Included, both filaments and anther lobes white; fruits globular, papery capsules
53 Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton Oleaceae Perennial scandent or sub erect shrub; branchlets pubescent; leaves opposite or in whorls of three, entireat margin, elliptic or broad elliptic to sub-orbicular, obtuse or acute at apex, glabrous, shining above; nerves prominent beneath; petiole short, pubescent; flowers fragrant, in few-flowered terminal cymes, white, pedicellate; bracteates; bracts linear, up to 6 mm long; calyx teeth 5-9, V-shaped, pubescent; corolla white, simple or double, lobes 5-9, oblong, acute or obtuse; fruit -berry simple or didymous, globose
54 Lygodium scandens (L.) Sw. Lygodiaceae/Schizaeaceae Evergreen climbing fern with dark brown, wiry rhizomes; Rhizomes are short, creeping, underground, dichotomously branched, young regions clothed by stiff brown hairs and producing a single row of climbing leaves; fronds twining, indeterminate in growth, about 30 m; main rachis (leaf stalk above petiole) wiry, stem like; leafy branches of main rachis constituting the leaflets compound once, oblong overall outline; leaflets unlobed, stalked, articulate; leaf balde usually glabrous below; fertile leaflets of similar size, fringed with tiny lobes of enrolled leaf covering the sporangia along the leaf margin; fertile leaflets narrower than sterile ones and fringed by short narrow lobes about 0.32-inch long. Each lobe bears two lateral rows of sporangia attached individually to a short vein and covered by a marginal scale like indusium
55 Micromeria biflora Benth. Lamiaceae Low growing aromatic undershrub/herb; stems numerous, erect, 4-angled, subterete, slender, densely ± patent white pilose and pubescent, red-purple narrowly ovate almost sessile leaves, base rounded to shallowly cordate, margin flat or recurved, entire, acute at apex; verticillaster peduncle 1-2 mm; bracts and bracteoles subequal, linear-subulate, with few rose to mauve bilabiate flowers, narrow tubular calyx, calyx 2-lipped, to 4 mm, veins puberulent, throat pilose, 13-veined, ciliate; posterior teeth narrowly triangular, apex long acuminate; anterior teeth subulate, apex spinescent; corolla rose, sparsely puberulent, tube; upper lip elliptic; lower lip, lobes subequal or middle larger; anterior stamens nearly included; ovary yellow-brown, glabrous; fruits-nutlets brown, oblong, glabrous.
56 Nepeta cataria L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) A perennial pungent aromatic herb, erect and branching; stems finely pubescent, 4-angled; leaves heart-shaped, toothed at margin, hairy at the bottom, with serrated edge, grey-green; flowers white to light blue-violet, arranged in dense spikes; corolla tubular, 2-lipped; stamens epipetalous, didynamous; fruit-four ovoid achenes, brown in color with a smooth surface, enclosed in the persistent calyx.
57 Ocimum basilicum L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)-the mint family A stout, bushy, aromatic, perennial herb; leaves opposite, stem 4-angled; white irregular-shaped flowers arranged in loose racemes (verticillaster), bilabiate corolla, epipetalous with didynamous stames (2+2), style gynobasic; fruit cercerule showing dry indehiscent nature
58 Ocimum plectranthus J.F.Gmel Lamiaceae Aromatic herb; stems weak; leaves simple, opposite, ovate, acuminate at apex, serrate at margins; flowers are on a short stem (shortly pedicelled), pale purplish in dense whorls at distant intervals in a long slender raceme; calyx bell-shaped, corolla pale-purple, 2-lipped- upper lip being ovate and thin, the lower lip having four narrow teeth; stamens 4, epipetalous, didynamous; carpels 2, stigmas bifid; fruits cercerule-nutlets
59 Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Euphorbiaceae Much-branched, scadent, deciduous shrub 0.5 - 4.5 metres tall with long, thin often drooping branches, to a tree growing 5 - 18 metres tall; leaves simple, alternate, lanceolate, acute at apex; flowers small, yellowish, unisexual monoecious, are borne in clusters on short axillary branches, fruits small
60 Pimpinella anisum L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) an annual hairy plant that reaches an average height of 30–50 cm; root thin, spindle-shaped, the stem up, stalk-round, grooved and branched upward; leaves alternate, stalked, base pod-like, blade of basal leaves reniform, serrate-shallowly lobed, stem leaf blades 2-3 times pinnate, lobed leaflets; flowers tiny white arranged in umbrella-shaped clusters (compound umbel-racemose); corolla regular, white, petals 5, notched, with an incurved point, sepals stunted, stamens 5, pistils of two fused carpels, styles 2; fruits grey brown or yellow brown, ovoid-pear-shaped schizocarp somewhat compressed at the side, two-parted, separated heavily. The carpophore is almost two-piece up to the base. Vittae (oil ducts) are almost always present embedded in the fruit wall on the dorsal surface, sometimes in or directly beneath the ridges.
61 Polygonum alatum Buch. Polygonaceae An erect or procumbent annual; stem slender, glabrous, internodes long; leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate, entire at margin, acute at apex, minutely verrucose; petiole long, broadly winged, wing often cordate at the base; ochreæ tubular, oblique, membranous, entire; flowers in capitate few-flowered cymes subtended by a reduced leaf at the apex of slender branches, which are glandular or slightly hairy at their tips; perianth 1 1/2 lin. long; lobes about as long as the tube, oblong, obtuse; stamens 6–8, much shorter than the perianth; filaments narrowly lanceolate; anthers dark brown, cells discrete; ovary compressed; styles 2, nearly as long as the ovary, united nearly half-way; nut lenticular, chestnut-brown, shining, very minutely verrucose.
62 Psoralea corylifolia L. Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Erect annual herb Grooved; Leaves Simple, 3.8x2.5-5.0 cm, broadly elliptic, inciso-dentate, rounded and mucronate at apex, white hairy, nigro-punctate, petioles hairy and gland dotted. Flowers In dense axillary, solitary, 10-30 flowered racemes; Corolla bluish purple, standard orbicular, clawed. Pod-ovoid-oblong, closely pitted, mucronate, Seeds- One, smooth.
63 Roylea elegans Wall. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Aromatic herb; stems erect, 4-angled; leaves simple, dark green with lemon like odor and bitter taste, ovate, toothed to almost lobed, hairy upper and lower surface, acute at apex; flowers pinkish-white, arranged in a spike, bracteates; bracts linear-subulate; sepals sub-equal, elegant, obling-elliptic, narrowed at base, persistent and sparsely enlarging in fruits; corolla white to pinkish-white, 2-lipped, upper lip enlarged, hairy, lower lobes 3, median marginally larger; stamens 4, didynamous, epipetalous; carpels 2, stigma bifid; fruits nutlets-cercerule, flat at the tip
64 Rubus moluccanus L. Rosaceae Tall scrambling shrub or climber with woody, and thorny stems; leaves simple, dark green, lamina ovate to ± circular, mostly 2–15 cm long, usually shortly and widely 3–5-lobed, margins toothed, sometimes shallowly lobed, base often cordate, lower surface tomentose; flowers pinkish red or white, arranged in irregular panicles; fruit berry, globose, red, falling away from receptacle when ripe.
65 Swertia bimaculata (Siebold & Zucc.) Hook. f. & Thoms. Gentianaceae Erect slender branched hardy biennial herb; Inflorescence lax panicles of cymes, many flowered; flowers yellow or white with purple spots, petals oblong to elliptic with narrow base and has two yellow-green spots carrying nectarines; anthers ellipsoid; stigma lobes are capitates; fruit capsule.